QUEUEING MODELS

Model: I : (𝑴 ∕ 𝑴 ∕ 𝟏) ∶ (∞⁄𝑭𝑰𝑭𝑶)
1. In a railway marshalling yard goods trains arrive at a rate of 30 trains per
day. Assume that the inter arrival time follows exponential distribution and
the service time distribution is also exponential with an average of 36 minutes.
Calculate the following
(i) The mean queue size.
(ii) The probability that the queue size is atleast 10.
(iii) If the input of the trains increases to an average of 33 per day, what
will be the change in the above quantities.
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
⇒1day – 30 arrivals
24 hours – 30 arrivals
30
1 hour – arrivals
24
30
60 min – arrivals
24
30
1 min – arrivals
24∗60
1
1 min – arrivals
48

⇒λ =1/48 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁
36 mins – 1 service
1 min – 1/36 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄36 per min

𝝀 𝟏⁄ 𝟑
To find 𝝆 = = 𝟏 𝟒𝟖 =
𝝁 ⁄𝟑𝟔 𝟒
(i)Mean line length:

𝜆2 (1⁄48)2
𝐿𝑞 = =
𝜇(𝜇 − 𝜆) 1⁄ (1⁄ − 1⁄ )
36 36 48
0.000434
= = 2.27 trains
0.0277(0.0277−0.0208)

(ii)P(queue size exceeds 10) = 𝑃(𝑁 > 10)

𝑃(𝑁 > 𝐾) = 𝜌𝐾+1
𝜆 11 3 11
⇒ 𝑃(𝑁 > 10) = 𝜌10+1 = ( ) = ( ) = 0.0422
𝜇 4
(iii)If the input of the train increases to an average of 33 per day
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
⇒1day – 33 arrivals
24 hours – 33 arrivals
33
1 hour – arrivals
24
33
60 min – arrivals
24
33
1 min – arrivals
24∗60
11
1 min – arrivals
480
11
⇒λ = / min
480

𝜆 11⁄ 33
480
To find 𝜌 = = 1⁄ =
𝜇 36 40

(i)Mean line length:

𝜆2 (11⁄480)2
𝐿𝑞 = =
𝜇(𝜇 − 𝜆) 1⁄ (1⁄ − 11⁄
36 36 480)
𝐿𝑞 = 3.889 trains
Change in mean line length = 3.889 − 2.27 = 1.619
 (ii)P(queue size exceeds 10) = 𝑃(𝑁 > 10)
𝑃(𝑁 > 𝐾) = 𝜌𝐾+1
⇒ 𝑃(𝑁 > 10) = 𝜌10+1

10+1
33 11
⇒ 𝑃(𝑁 > 10) = 𝜌 = ( ) = 0.1205
40
Change in queue size = 0.1205 − 0.0422 = 0.0783
2. Customers arrive at a watch repair shop according to a Poisson process at a
rate of one per every 10 minutes and the service time is an exponential
random variable with mean 8 minutes. Find (i) the average number of
customers in the shop (ii) the average waiting time of a customer spends in the
shop (iii) the average time a customer spends in waiting for service (iv)
utilization factor.
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
10 min – 1 arrivals
1
1 min – arrivals
10

⇒λ =1/10 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁
8 mins – 1 service

1 min – 1⁄8 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄8 per min

To find 𝝆:
𝜆 1⁄ 4
10
⇒𝜌= = 1⁄ =
𝜇 8 5

(i)Average number of customers in the shop

𝜆 1⁄
10
𝐿𝑠 = =1
𝜇−𝜆 ⁄8−1⁄10
 𝐿𝑠 = 4 customers
(ii)Average waiting time a customer spends in the shop.
𝐿𝑠 1
𝑊𝑠 = (𝑜𝑟) =
𝜆 𝜇−𝜆
4
𝑊𝑠 = 1 = 40 minutes
⁄10

(iii)Average time a customer spends in waiting for service 𝑊𝑞

𝐿𝑞 𝜆
𝑊𝑞 = (𝑜𝑟)
𝜆 𝜇(𝜇−𝜆)

1⁄ 1⁄
10 10
𝑊𝑞 = 1 =1 = 32
⁄8(1⁄8−1⁄10) ⁄320

𝑊𝑞 = 32 minutes
𝜆
(iv)utilization factor 𝜌 =
𝜇
4
⇒𝜌=
5

3. In a store there is only one cashier at its counter. Nine customers arrive on
an average 5 minutes while the cashier can serve 10 customers in 5 minutes.
Assuming Poisson distribution for arrival rate and exponential distribution
for service rate, find
(i) The average number of customers in the system.
(ii) The average number of customers in queue or average queue length.
(iii) The average time a customer waits before being served.
(iv)The average time a customer spends in the system
(v) The traffic intensity
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
5 min – 9 arrivals
9
1 min – arrivals
5
 ⇒λ = 9/5 per min
Mean service rate : 𝝁
5 mins – 10 service

1 min – 10⁄5 service

⇒ μ = 2/ min
(i)Average number of customers in the system 𝐿𝑠
𝜆 9⁄
5
𝐿𝑠 = =
𝜇−𝜆 2−9⁄5

𝐿𝑠 = 9 customers
(ii)average number of customers in the queue 𝐿𝑞
𝜆2 (9⁄5)2
𝐿𝑞 = = = 8.1
𝜇(𝜇−𝜆) 2(2−9⁄5)

𝐿𝑞 = 8 customers
(iii)Average time a customer waits before being served 𝑊𝑞
𝐿𝑞
𝑊𝑞 =
𝜆
8.1
𝑊𝑞 = 9 = 4.5 minutes
⁄5

(iv)Average time a customer spends in the system 𝑊𝑠

𝐿𝑠 9
𝑊𝑠 = = 9 = 5 minutes
𝜆 ⁄5

(v) Traffic intensity 𝜌

9⁄
= 9⁄10
𝜆 5
𝜌= =
𝜇 2

4. Customers arrive at the first class ticket counter of a theatre at a rate of 12

per hour. There is 1 clerk servicing the customers at the rate of 30 per hour.
(i) What is the probability that there is no customer at the counter?
(ii) What is the probability that there are more than 2 customers at the
counter?
(iii) What is the probability that there is no customer waiting to be served?
(iv) What is the probability that a customer is being served and nobody is
waiting?
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
⇒ 1 hour – 12 arrivals
60 min – 12 arrivals
12
1 min – arrivals
60
1
1 min – arrivals
5

⇒λ =1/5 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁
⇒ 1 hour – 30 service
60 mins – 30 services

1 min – 30⁄60 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄2 per min

(i)Prob that there is no customer at the counter 𝑃0

1⁄
𝑃0 = 1 − = 1 − 1 5 = 3⁄5
𝜆
𝜇 ⁄2

To find 𝝆:
1⁄
= 1 5 = 2⁄5
𝜆
𝜌=
𝜇 ⁄2

(ii)Prob that there are more than 2 customers at the counter

𝑃(𝑁 > 2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑁 ≤ 2) = 1 − (𝑃0 + 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 )
𝑃𝑛 = (1 − 𝜌)𝜌𝑛
 𝑃1 = (1 − 𝜌)𝜌1 = (1 − 2⁄5) 2⁄5 = 6⁄25

𝑃2 = (1 − 𝜌)𝜌2 = (1 − 2⁄5)(2⁄5)2 = 12⁄125

𝑃(𝑁 > 2) = 1 − (3⁄5 + 6⁄25 + 12⁄125) = 1 − 117⁄125

1

= 8⁄125 = 0.064

(iii) Prob that there is no customer waiting to be serve

= Prob that atmost one customer at the counter

𝑃(𝑁 ≤ 1) = 𝑃0 + 𝑃1 = 3⁄5 + 6⁄25 = 21⁄25 = 0.84

(iv) Prob that a customer is being served and nobody is waiting = Prob exactly
one customer at the counter getting the service

𝑃1 = 6⁄25 = 0.24

⇒ 𝑃1 = 0.24
5. A T.V. repairman finds that the time spend on his job has an exponential
distribution with mean 30 minutes. If he repair sets in the order in which they
came in and if the arrival of sets is approximately Poisson with an average
rate of 10 per 8 – hour day,
(i)What is the repairman’s expected idle time each day?
(ii) What is the average queue length?
(iii)Find the average number of jobs in the system.
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
⇒ 8 hours – 10 arrivals
10
1 hour – arrivals
8
10
60 mins – arrivals
8
10
1 min – arrivals
8∗60
 1
1 min – arrivals
48

⇒λ = 1⁄48 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

30 mins – 1 services

1 min – 1⁄30 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄30 per min

To find 𝝆:
1⁄
= 5⁄8
𝜆 48
𝜌= = 1⁄
𝜇 30

(i)Idle time = system empty

= 𝑃0 = 1 − 𝜌 = 1 − 5⁄8 = 3⁄8

∴ 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 8 ∗ 3⁄8 = 3 hours

(ii)Average queue length 𝐿𝑞

𝜆2 (1⁄48)2
𝐿𝑞 = = = 25⁄24 = 1.04 𝑇𝑉
𝜇(𝜇 − 𝜆) 1⁄ (1⁄ − 1⁄ )
30 30 48
(iii)Average no. of jobs in the system 𝐿𝑠
1⁄
= 5⁄3 = 1.667
𝜆 48
𝐿𝑠 = =1
𝜇−𝜆 ⁄30−1⁄48

Model: II : 𝑴 ∕ 𝑴 ∕ 𝒔 ∶ ∞⁄𝑭𝑪𝑭𝑺 (𝑭𝑰𝑭𝑶)

(Infinite capacity, Multi server Queueing model)
1. A supermarket has 2 girls running up sales at the counters. If the service
time for each customer is exponential with mean 4 minutes, and if people
arrive in a Poisson fashion at the rate of 10 per hour
(i) What is the probability of having to wait for service?
(ii) What is the expected percentage of idle time for each girl?
(iii) If a customer has to wait, what is the expected length of waiting time?
Solution:
Given 𝑠 = 2
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
1 hour – 10 arrivals
60 mins – 10 arrivals
10
1 min – arrivals
60
1
1 min – arrivals
6

⇒λ = 1⁄6 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

4 min – 1 service

1 min – 1⁄4 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄4 per min

(i)To find 𝝆:
1⁄
= 1⁄3
𝜆 6
𝜌= =
𝑠𝜇 2∗1⁄4

1⁄
= 1 6 = 2⁄3
𝜆
Let
𝜇 ⁄4

−1
1 𝜆 𝑛 1 𝜆 𝑠 1
𝑃0 = [∑𝑠−1
𝑛=0 ( ) + 𝑠! (𝜇) ]
𝑛! 𝜇 1−𝜌

−1
1⁄ 𝑛 1⁄ 2
2−1 1 1 1
= [ 𝑛=0 𝑛! (1 6)
∑ + ( 1
2! ⁄4
6
) (1−1⁄3)
]
⁄4

−1
1 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 2
=[ ( ) + ( ) + 2 ( ) ]
0! 3 1! 3 2(3) 3

2
= 1 + ( ) + 0.33 = 1.996
3
 (ii)Prob. of a customer has to wait for the service
1 𝜆 𝑠 1
𝑃[𝑁 ≥ 𝑠] = ( ) . 𝑃0
𝑠! 𝜇 1−𝜌

1 2 2 1
= ( ) ∗ 1.996
2! 3 1−1⁄3

= 0.222 ∗ 2.994
𝑃[𝑁 ≥ 𝑠] = 0.6658
(iii)Average queue length 𝐿𝑞
1 𝜆 𝑠+1 1
𝐿𝑞 = ( ) (1−𝜌)2
𝑃0
𝑠. 𝑠! 𝜇

1 2 2+1 1
= ( ) 2 ∗ 1.996
2∗ 2! 3 (1−1⁄3)

= 0.111 ∗ 4.4991
𝐿𝑞 = 0.4994
(iv)Average time spend by a customer in the queue 𝑊𝑞
𝐿𝑞 0.4994
𝑊𝑞 = = 1⁄
𝜆 6

𝑊𝑞 = 2.9964 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠.
(v)Idle time = 1 − 𝜌

= 1 − 1⁄3 = 2⁄3 = 0.6667

% of idle time for each girl = 0.6667 ∗ 100 = 67%

2. There are 3 typists in an office. Each typist can type an average of 6 letters
per hour. If letters for being typed at the rate of 15 letters per hour.
(i) What fraction of time all the typist will be busy?
(ii) What is the average number of letters waiting to be typed?
(iii) What is the average time a letter has to spend waiting and for being
typed?
 (iv) What is the probability that a letter will take longer than 20 minutes.
waiting typed and being typed.
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
1 hour – 15 arrivals
60 mins – 15 arrivals
15
1 min – arrivals
60
1
1 min – arrivals
4

⇒λ = 1⁄4 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

1 hour – 6 service
60 mins – 6 service

1 min – 6⁄60 service

1 min – 1⁄10 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄10 per min

i)To find 𝜌: 𝑠 = 3
1⁄
= 5⁄2
𝜆 4
Let =1
𝜇 ⁄10

1⁄
= 5⁄6
𝜆 4
𝜌= =
𝑠𝜇 3∗1⁄10

−1
1 𝜆 𝑛 1 𝜆 𝑠 1
𝑃0 = [∑𝑠−1
𝑛=0 ( ) + 𝑠! (𝜇) ]
𝑛! 𝜇 1−𝜌
−1
3−1 𝑛 3
1 5 1 5 1
= [∑ ( ) + ( ) ]
𝑛! 2 3! 2 (1 − 5⁄ )
𝑛=0 6
 −1
1 5 0 1 5 1 1 5 2 1
= [ ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + (15.625)]
0! 2 1! 2 2! 2 1
5 25 −1
= [1 + + + 15.625] = 0.0449
2 8

𝑃0 = 0.0449
(i)P(all the typists are busy) = P(arrival has to wait)
1 𝜆 𝑠 1
𝑃[𝑁 ≥ 𝑠] = ( ) . 𝑃0
𝑠! 𝜇 1−𝜌

1 5 3 1
= ( ) ∗ 0.0449
3! 2 1−5⁄6

= 2.6041 ∗ 0.2694
𝑃[𝑁 ≥ 𝑠] = 0.7015
(ii)Average no. of letters waiting to be typed
1 𝜆 𝑠+1 1
𝐿𝑞 = ( ) (1−𝜌)2
𝑃0
𝑠. 𝑠! 𝜇

1 5 3+1 1
= ( ) 2 ∗ 0.0449
3∗3! 2 (1−5⁄6)

= 2.1701 ∗ 1.6164 = 3.50

𝐿𝑞 = 3.50
(iii)Average time a letter has to spend for waiting and for being typed
𝐿𝑠
𝑊𝑠 =
𝜆

𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿𝑞 + = 3.50 + 5⁄2 = 6
𝜆
𝜇
6
𝑊𝑠 = 1 = 24 minutes
⁄4

(iv)P(that a letter will take longer than 20 minutes waiting to be typed and being
typed) , 𝑡 = 20 minutes
 𝜆
𝜆 𝑠 −𝜇𝑡(𝑠−1− )
𝜇 ]𝑃
( ) [1−𝑒 0
𝜇
𝑃[𝑊𝑠 > 𝑡] = 𝑒 −𝜇𝑡 [1 + 𝜆 𝜆 ]
𝑠!(1− )(𝑠−1− )
𝜇𝑠 𝜇

𝜆
5 𝑠 −𝜇𝑡(𝑠−1− )
𝜇 ]𝑃
( ) [1−𝑒 0
1⁄ ∗20 2
= 𝑒− 10 [1 + 𝜆 𝜆 ]
𝑠!(1− )(𝑠−1− )
𝜇𝑠 𝜇

1 − 2.7182
= 0.1353 [1 + 15.625 × × 0.0449]
−0.5
= 0.4614
3. Four counters are being run on the frontier of a country to check the
passports and necessary papers of the tourists. The tourist chooses a counter a
random. If the arrival at the frontier is Poisson at the rate of 𝝀, and the
𝝀
service time is exponential , what is the steady – state average queue at each
𝟐
counter.
Solution:
Given, 𝑠 = 3 + 1 = 4
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
𝜆=1
Mean service rate : 𝝁

𝜇 = 1⁄2

To find 𝜌: 𝑠 = 4
𝜆 1
Let =1 =2
𝜇 ⁄2

𝜆 1
𝜌= = = 1⁄2
𝑠𝜇 4∗1⁄2

−1
1 𝜆 𝑛 1 𝜆 𝑠 1
𝑃0 = [∑𝑠−1
𝑛=0 ( ) + 𝑠! (𝜇) ]
𝑛! 𝜇 1−𝜌
 4−1 −1
1 1 1
= [∑ (2)𝑛 + (2)4 ]
𝑛! 4! (1 − 1⁄ )
𝑛=0 2
−1
1 1 1 1 1
=[ (2)0 + (2)1 + (2)2 + (2)3 + 4
(2) ]
0! 1! 2! 3! 4!∗1⁄2

4 8 2 −1
= [1 + 2 + + + ( ∗ 16)]
2 6 24

23 −1
=[ ] = 0.1304
3

𝑃0 = 0.1304
(i)Average queue at each counter 𝐿𝑞
1 𝜆 𝑠+1 1
𝐿𝑞 = ( ) (1−𝜌)2
𝑃0
𝑠. 𝑠! 𝜇
1 1
= (2)4+1 2 ∗ 0.1304
4∗ 4! (1−1⁄2)

= 0.3333 ∗ 0.5216
𝐿𝑞 = 0.1738
4. A telephone exchange has two long distance operators. The telephone
company finds that during the peak load, long distance calls arrive in a
Poisson fashion at an average rate of 15 per hour. The length of service on
these calls is approximately exponentially distributed with mean length 5
minutes (i) what is the probability that a subscriber will have to wait for his
long distance call during peak hours of the day. (ii) If the subscribers will wait
and are served in turn, what is the expected waiting time.
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
1 hour – 15 arrivals
60 mins – 15 arrivals
15
1 min – arrivals
60
 1
1 min – arrivals
4

⇒λ = 1⁄4 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

5 mins – 1 service

1 min – 1⁄5 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄5 per min

(i)To find 𝜌: 𝑠 = 2
1⁄
= 1 4 = 5⁄4
𝜆
Let
𝜇 ⁄5

1⁄
= 5⁄8
𝜆 4
𝜌= =
𝑠𝜇 2∗1⁄5

−1
1 𝜆 𝑛 1 𝜆 𝑠 1
𝑃0 = [∑𝑠−1
𝑛=0 𝑛! (𝜇) + ( ) ]
𝑠! 𝜇 1−𝜌

−1
1 5 𝑛 1 5 2 1
= [∑2−1
𝑛=0 𝑛! (4) + ( ) ]
2! 4 (1−5⁄8)

−1
1 5 0 1 5 1 1 5 2
=[ ( ) + ( ) + 3 ( ) ]
0! 4 1! 4 2!∗ 4 ⁄8

5 −1
= [1 + + (1.3333 ∗ 1.5625)] = 0.2320
4

𝑃0 = 0.2320
(i)P(that an arrival has to wait)
1 𝜆 𝑠 1
𝑃[𝑁 ≥ 𝑠] = ( ) . 𝑃0
𝑠! 𝜇 1−𝜌

1 5 2 1
= ( ) ∗ 0.2320
2! 4 1−5⁄8

= 0.5 ∗ 1.5625 ∗ 0.61866 = 0.48

𝑃[𝑁 ≥ 𝑠] = 0.48 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
 (ii)Expected waiting time including service 𝑊𝑠
𝐿 𝜆
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑠 , 𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿𝑞 +
𝜆 𝜇

1 𝜆 𝑠+1 1
𝐿𝑞 = ( ) (1−𝜌)2
𝑃0
𝑠. 𝑠! 𝜇

1 5 2+1 1
= ( ) 2 ∗ 0.2320
2 ∗ 2! 4
(1 − 5⁄8)
1
= ∗ 1.9531 ∗ 1.6497
4

𝐿𝑞 = 0.8054
5
𝐿𝑠 = 0.8054 + = 2.0554
4
2.0554
𝑊𝑠 = 1⁄ = 8.2216 minutes
4

𝑊𝑠 = 8.2216 minutes

Model: III : 𝑴⁄𝑴⁄𝟏 ∶ 𝒌⁄𝑭𝑰𝑭𝑶

1. The local one – person barber shop accommodate a maximum of 5 people
at a time (4 waiting and 1 getting hair cut). Customers arrive according to a
Poisson distribution with mean 5/hr. The barber cuts hair at an average rate
of 4/hr (exponential service time).
(i) What percentage of time is the barber idle?
(ii) What fraction of the potential customers are turned away?
(iii) What is the expected number of customers waiting for a hair – cut?
(iv) How much time can a customer expect to spend in the barber shop?
Solution:
Given 𝑘 = 5
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
1 hour – 5 arrivals
 60 mins – 5 arrivals
5
1 min – arrivals
60
1
1 min – arrivals
12

⇒λ = 1⁄12 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

1 hour – 4service
60 mins – 4 service

1 min – 4⁄60 service

1 min – 1⁄15 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄15 per min

To find 𝝆:

𝜆 1⁄12 5
𝜌= = = ⁄4
𝜇 1⁄
15
(i)% of time the barber idle= system empty= 𝑃0
1−𝜌
𝑃0 = ,𝜆 ≠ 𝜇
1 − 𝜌𝑘+1

1 − 5⁄4
= = 0.0888
1 − (5⁄4)5+1

% of idle time= 0.0888 ∗ 100 = 8%

(ii)P(a potential customer turned away) 𝑃𝑘 = 𝜌𝑘 ∗ 𝑃0
5
= (5⁄4) ∗ 0.0888 = 0.2709

(iii)Expected no. of customers waiting for a hair cut 𝐿𝑞

𝜆′
𝐿𝑞 = 𝐿𝑠 − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜆′ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑃0 )
𝜇
 𝜌 (𝑘+1)𝜌𝑘+1
𝐿𝑠 = −
1−𝜌 1−𝜌𝑘+1
6
5⁄ 6∗(5⁄4)
4
𝐿𝑠 = 5 − 6 = 3.13 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
1− ⁄4 1−(5⁄4)

To find 𝝀′ :
𝜆′ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑃0 )

= 1⁄15 (1 − 0.0888) = 0.06074

0.06074
𝐿𝑞 = 3.13 − 1⁄ = 2.218 customers
15

(iv)Customer spend in the barber shop 𝑊𝑠

𝐿𝑠 3.13
𝑊𝑠 = = = 51.53 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠.
𝜆′ 0.06074

2. At a railway station, only one train is handled at a time. The railway yard is
sufficient only for 2 trains to wait, while the other is given signal to leave the
station. Trains arrive at the station at an average rate of 6/hr and the railway
station can handle them on an average of 6/hr. Assuming Poisson arrivals and
exponential service distribution.
(i) Find the probabilities for the numbers of trains in the system.
(ii) Find the average waiting time of a new train coming into the yard.
(iii) If the handling rate is doubled then what about (i) and (ii).
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝜆
1 hour – 6 arrivals
60 mins – 6 arrivals
6
1 min – arrivals
60
1
1 min – arrivals
10

⇒λ = 1⁄10 per min

 Mean service rate : 𝝁
1 hour – 6 services
60 mins – 6 services

1 min – 6⁄60 service

1 min – 1⁄10 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄10 per min

To find 𝝆:
𝜆 1⁄
𝜌= = 1 10 = 1, 𝑘 = 2 + 1 = 3
𝜇 ⁄10

(i)P(the number of trains in the system)

1
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑖𝑓 𝜆=𝜇
𝑘+1
1 1
= = = 0.25
3+1 4

𝑃𝑛 = 0.25
(ii)average time a new train coming into the yard 𝑊𝑠
𝐿𝑠
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜆′ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑃0 )
𝜆′
𝑘
𝐿𝑠 = , 𝜆 = 𝜇
2
3
𝐿𝑠 = = 1.5 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠
2

To find 𝝀′
𝜆′ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑃0 )

𝜆′ = 1⁄10 (1 − 0.25) = 0.075

1.5
𝑊𝑠 = = 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
0.075

If the rate of handling is doubled

Mean service rate : 𝝁
 1 hour – 12 services
60 mins – 12 services

1 min – 12⁄60 service

1 min – 1⁄5 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄5 per min, 𝜆 ≠ 𝜇

(1−𝜌)𝜌0 1⁄
= 1⁄2
𝜆 10
(i)𝑃0 = 𝑖𝑓 𝜆 ≠ 𝜇 ; 𝜌= = 1⁄
1−𝜌𝑘+1 𝜇 5
0
(1−1⁄2)(1⁄2)
= 3+1 = 8⁄15 = 0.5333
1−(1⁄2)

𝐿𝑠
(ii) 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜆′ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑃0 )
𝜆′

𝜌 (𝑘+1)𝜌𝑘+1
𝐿𝑠 = −
1−𝜌 1−𝜌𝑘+1

1⁄ 4
2 4∗(1⁄2)
𝐿𝑠 = − = 0.7334 trains
1−1⁄2 1−(1⁄2)
4

To find 𝝀′
𝜆′ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑃0 )

= 1⁄5 (1 − 0.5333) = 0.0933

𝐿𝑠 0.7334
𝑊𝑠 = = = 7.86
𝜆′ 0.0933

𝑊𝑠 = 7.86 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠.
3. Patients arrive at a clinic according to Poisson distribution at a rate of 30
patients per hour the waiting room does not accommodate more than 14
patients. Diagnosis time per patient is exponential with mean rate of 20 per
hour. Find out (i)The effective arrival rate at the clinic. (ii) The probability
that an arriving patient will not have to wait. (iii) the expected waiting time
until a patient is discharged from the clinic.
Solution:
Mean arrival rate:𝝀
 1 hour – 30 arrivals
60 mins – 30 arrivals
30
1 min – arrivals
60
1
1 min – arrivals
2

⇒λ =1⁄2 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

1 hour – 20 services
60 mins – 20 services

1 min – 20⁄60 service

1 min – 1⁄3 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄3 per min

To find 𝝆:
1⁄
= 1 2 = 3⁄2
𝜆
𝜌=
𝜇 ⁄3

Given, 𝑘 = 14 + 1 (14 waiting and 1 in the doctor room)

(i)Effective arrival time 𝜆′ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑃0 ), 𝜆 ≠ 𝜇
(1−𝜌) (1−3⁄2)
𝑃0 = = 15+1 = 0.00076
1−𝜌𝑘+1 1−(3⁄2)

𝜆′ = 1⁄3 (1 − 0.00076) = 0.33308 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠.

(ii)P(that an arriving patient will not wait) 𝑃0

𝑃0 = 0.00076
(iii)Expected waiting time 𝑊𝑠
𝐿𝑠
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜆′ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑃0 )
𝜆′
 𝜌 (𝑘+1)𝜌𝑘+1
𝐿𝑠 = − , 𝜆≠𝜇
1−𝜌 1−𝜌𝑘+1

3⁄ 15+1
2 15∗(3⁄2)
𝐿𝑠 = 3 − 15+1 = 12.022 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
1− ⁄2 1−(3⁄2)

𝐿𝑠 = 12.022 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐿𝑠 12.022
𝑊𝑠 = = = 36.09 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝜆′ 0.33308

4. A car park contains 5 cars. The arrival of cars is Poisson at a mean rate of
10/hr. The length of time each car spends in the car park is exponential
distribution with mean of 2hrs. how many cars are in the car park on
average? Probability of a newly arriving customer finding the car park full
and leaving to park his car elsewhere.
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
1 hour – 10 arrivals
60 mins – 10 arrivals
10
1 min – arrivals
60
1
1 min – arrivals
6

⇒λ =1⁄6 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

2 mins – 1 services

1 min – 1⁄2 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄2 per min

To find 𝝆:
1⁄
= 1 6 = 1⁄3
𝜆
𝜌=
𝜇 ⁄2

Given, 𝑘 = 5
 (i)Average no. of cars in the car park 𝐿𝑠
𝜌 (𝑘+1)𝜌𝑘+1
𝐿𝑠 = − , 𝜆≠𝜇
1−𝜌 1−𝜌𝑘+1

1⁄ 5+1
3 6∗(1⁄3)
𝐿𝑠 = − = 0.4972
1−1⁄3 1−(1⁄3)
5+1

(ii)P(of a newly arriving customer finding the car park full and leaving to park
his car elsewhere) 𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = 𝜌𝑛 ∗ 𝑃0 , 𝜆 ≠ 𝜇
(1−𝜌) (1−1⁄3)
𝑃0 = = 6 = 0.6675
1−𝜌𝑘+1 1−(1⁄3)

5
𝑃5 = 𝜌5 ∗ 0.6675 = (1⁄3) ∗ 0.6675 = 0.00274

5. In a railway marshalling yard, goods train arrive at a rate of 15 trains per

day. Assume that the inter arrival time follows an exponential distribution
and the service time distribution is also exponential with an average of 33
minutes. Calculate
(i) The probability that the yard is empty.
(ii)Average number of trains in the system.
Assuming that the line capacity of the yard is 9 trains.
Solution:
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
15 mins – 1 arrival
1
1 min – arrival
15

⇒λ =1⁄15 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

33 mins – 1 service

1 min – 1⁄33 service

 ⇒ μ = 1⁄33 per min

To find 𝝆:
1⁄
= 1 15 = 11⁄5
𝜆
𝜌=
𝜇 ⁄33

Given, 𝑘 = 4
(i)P( the yard is empty) 𝑃0
(1−𝜌) (1−11⁄5)
𝑃0 = = 5 = 0.02374
1−𝜌𝑘+1 1−(11⁄5)

(ii)average no. of trains in the system 𝐿𝑠

𝜌 (𝑘+1)𝜌𝑘+1
𝐿𝑠 = − , 𝜆≠𝜇
1−𝜌 1−𝜌𝑘+1

11⁄ 5
5 5∗(11⁄5)
𝐿𝑠 = 11 − 5 = 3.26 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
1− ⁄5 1−(11⁄5)

Model: IV : 𝑴⁄𝑴⁄𝒔 ∶ 𝒌⁄𝑭𝑰𝑭𝑶

1. A 2 – person barber shop has 5 chairs to accommodate waiting customers.
Potential customers, who arrive when all 5 chairs are full, leave without
entering barber – shop. Customers arrive at an average rate of 4/hr and spend
an average of 12 minutes in the barber’s chair. Compute
𝑃0 , 𝑃1 , 𝑃7 , 𝐸(𝑁𝑞 ), 𝐸(𝑊𝑠 ).
Solution:
Given, 5 waiting and 2 in barber’s chair.
Mean arrival rate: 𝝀
𝑠 = 2, 𝑘 = 7
1 hour – 4 arrivals
60 mins – 4 arrivals
4
1 min – arrivals
60
 1
1 min – arrivals
15

⇒λ =1⁄15 per min

Mean service rate : 𝝁

12 mins – 1 services

1 min – 1⁄12 service

⇒ μ = 1⁄12 per min

To find 𝜌:
1⁄
= 2⁄5
𝜆 15
𝜌= =
𝜇𝑠 2∗1⁄12

1⁄
= 1 15 = 4⁄5
𝜆
𝜇 ⁄12

−1
1 𝜆 𝑛 1 𝜆 𝑠 𝜆 𝑛−𝑠
(i) 𝑃0 = [∑𝑠−1
𝑛=0 𝑛! (𝜇 ) + (𝜇) 𝑘
∑𝑛=𝑠 ( ) ]
𝑠! 𝑠𝜇
−1
1 𝜆 𝑛 1 𝜆 𝑠 𝜆 𝑛−2
𝑃0 = [∑2−1
𝑛=0 𝑛! (𝜇) +
𝑠!
(𝜇) 7
∑𝑛=2 ( ) ]
𝑠𝜇

1 4 0 1 4 1
={ ( ) + ( )
0! 5 1! 5
−1
1 4 2 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5
+ ( ) [( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ]}
2! 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4 8 2 4 8 16 32 −1
= {1 + + [1 + + + + + ]}
5 25 5 25 125 625 3125
𝑃0 = 0.4289
1 𝜆 𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = ( ) 𝑃0 , 𝑛 ≤ 𝑠, 𝑛 = 1, 𝑠 = 2
𝑛! 𝜇

1 4 1
(ii) 𝑃1 = ( ) ∗ 0.4289 = 0.34312
1! 5

1 𝜆 𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = ( ) 𝑃0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠<𝑛≤𝑘
𝑠! 𝑠 𝑛−𝑠 𝜇
 1 4 𝑛7
(iii) 𝑃7 = ( ) ∗ 0.4289 = 0.00140, 2<𝑛≤𝑘=7
2! 27−2 5
𝐿𝑠
(iv) 𝑊𝑠 = where 𝜆′ = 𝜇[𝑠 − ∑𝑠−1
𝑛=0(𝑠 − 𝑛) 𝑃𝑛 ]
𝜆′

To find 𝜆′

𝜆′ = 1⁄12 [2 − ∑2−1
𝑛=0(2 − 𝑛) 𝑃𝑛 ]

= 1⁄12 [2 − (2 − 0)𝑃0 − (2 − 1)𝑃1 ]

= 1⁄12 [2 − 2 ∗ 0.4289 − 1 ∗ 0.34312]

𝜆′ = 0.0666
𝜌 𝜆 𝑠
𝐿𝑞 = ( ) [1 − 𝜌𝑘−𝑠 − (𝑘 − 𝑠)(1 − 𝜌)𝜌𝑘−𝑠 ]𝑃0
𝑠! (1−𝜌)2 𝜇

(2⁄5) 4 𝑠 7−2 7−2

= ( ) [1 − (2⁄ ) − (7 − 2)(1 − 2⁄ )(2⁄ ) ] ∗ 0.4
2 5 5 5 5
𝑠! (1 − 2⁄5)

16
= ∗ (0.98976 − 0.03072) ∗ 0.4289
45
𝐿𝑞 = 0.1462 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝜆′ 0.0666
𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿𝑞 + = 0.1462 + 1⁄
𝜇 12

𝐿𝑠 = 0.9454 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠.
𝐿𝑠 0.9454
𝑊𝑠 = = = 14.195 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝜆′ 0.0666

𝑊𝑠 = 14.195 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠.