Lecture-22

On

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (ESO203)

▪ Δ-Δ system.
▪ Δ-Y system.
▪ Power in balance system.
▪ Power in unbalance system.
▪ Three Phase Power Measurement.

1
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection
• A balanced ∆-∆ system consists of a balanced ∆-connected source feeding a balanced ∆-connected load.
• The balanced ∆-∆ system is shown in the below figure.
• There will be no neutral connection from source to load for this case.
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection (Cont…)

• Assuming the positive sequence, the phase voltage for a ∆-connected source are,

𝐕ab = 𝑉p ∠0°
𝐕bc = 𝑉p∠ − 120°
𝐕ca = 𝑉p ∠120°
• The line voltages are same as the phase voltages.
• Assuming there is no line impedance, the phase voltages of the delta-connected source are equal to the voltage
across the impedance,
𝐕𝑎𝑏 = 𝐕𝐴𝐵

𝐕𝑏𝑐 = 𝐕𝐵𝐶

𝐕𝑐𝑎 = 𝐕𝐶𝐴
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection (Cont…)

• From these voltages, we can obtain the phase currents as,

𝐕𝐴𝐵 𝐕𝑎𝑏
𝐈𝐴𝐵 = =
𝐙𝛥 𝐙𝛥

𝐕𝐵𝐶 𝐕𝑏𝑐
𝐈𝐵𝐶 = =
𝐙𝛥 𝐙𝛥

𝐕𝐶𝐴 𝐕𝑐𝑎
𝐈𝐶𝐴 = =
𝐙𝛥 𝐙𝛥

• These currents have the same magnitude but are out of phase with each other by 120°.
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection (Cont…)

• The line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying KCL at nodesA, B, and C.
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection (Cont…)
• Thus,
𝐈𝑎 = 𝐈𝐴𝐵 − 𝐈𝐶𝐴
• Since,
𝐈𝐶𝐴 = 𝐈𝐴𝐵 ∠ − 240∘

𝐈𝑎 = 𝐈𝐴𝐵 − 𝐈𝐶𝐴 = 𝐈𝐴𝐵 1 − 1∠ − 240∘

= 𝐈𝐴𝐵 1 + 0.5 − 𝑗0.866

= 𝐈𝐴𝐵 3∠ − 30∘
• Similarly,
𝐈𝑏 = 𝐈𝐵𝐶 − 𝐈𝐴𝐵 = 𝐈𝐵𝐶 3∠ − 30∘
I𝑐 = 𝐈𝐶𝐴 − 𝐈𝐵𝐶 = 𝐈𝐶𝐴 3∠ − 30∘

• This shows that the magnitude of the line current is 3 times the magnitude of the phase current, i.e.,

𝐈L = 3 𝐈 p
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection (Cont…)

• An alternative way of analyzing the circuit is to transform the ∆-∆ connected circuit to an equivalent Y-Y connected
circuit.
• The load can be transformed using,

𝐳𝛥
𝐳𝑌 =
3
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection (Cont…)

Example:

• A balanced ∆-connected having an impedance of (20 − 𝑗15)Ω per phase is connected to a ∆- connected positive
sequence generator having 𝐕ab = 330∠0° V. Calculate the phase currents of the load and the line currents?

Solution: The load impedance is,

𝐙∆ = (20 − 𝑗15) Ω = 25∠ − 36.87°Ω

𝐕ab = 330∠0° V = 𝐕AB
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection (Cont…)

• The phase currents are

𝐕𝐴𝐵 330∠0∘ ∘𝐀
𝐈𝐴𝐵 = = = 13.2∠36.87
𝐙𝛥 25∠ − 36.87∘

𝐈𝐵𝐶 = 𝐈𝐴𝐵 ∠ − 120∘ = 13.2∠ − 83.13∘ 𝐀

𝐈𝐶𝐴 = 𝐈𝐴𝐵 ∠120∘ = 13.2∠156.87∘ 𝐀

• The line currents are

𝐈𝑎 = 𝐈𝐴𝐵 3∠ − 30∘ = 3 13.2 ∠ 36.87∘ − 30∘ = 22.86∠6.87∘ 𝐀

𝐈𝑏 = 𝐈𝑎 ∠ − 120∘ = 22.86∠ − 113.13∘ 𝐀

𝐈𝑐 = 𝐈𝑎 ∠120∘ = 22.86∠126.87∘ 𝐀
 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection
• A balanced delta-star system consists of a balanced ∆-connected source feeding a balancedY-connected load.
• The balanced ∆-Y system is shown in the below figure, where the source is ∆-connected and the load is Y-
connected.
 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection (Cont…)

• Assuming the positive sequence, the phase voltages of a ∆ connected source are,

𝐕ab = 𝑉p ∠0°

𝐕bc = 𝑉p∠ − 120°

𝐕ca = 𝑉p ∠120°

• These are also the line voltages as well as the phase voltages.

• The line currents are evaluated using KVL as detailed in the next slide.
 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection (Cont…)

• Applying KVL around the around the loop 𝑎𝐴𝑁𝐵𝑏𝑎 gives,

−𝐕ab + 𝐙F𝐈a − 𝐙F𝐈b = 0

or 𝐙F(𝐈a−𝐈b) = 𝐕ab = 𝐕p∠0°

• Therefore,
𝐕𝑝 ∠0∘
𝐈 𝑎 − 𝐈𝑏 =
𝐙𝑌
 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection (Cont…)

• But 𝐈b lags 𝐈a by 120°, i.e.,

𝐈b = 𝐈a∠ − 120°

• Hence,
𝐈a − 𝐈b = 𝐈 a (1 − 1∠ − 120°)

1 𝑗 3
= 𝐈𝑎 1+ + = 𝐈𝑎 3∠30∘
2 2

• Therefore,
𝐕𝑝
∠ − 30∘
3
𝐈𝑎 =
𝐙𝑌
 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection (Cont…)

• Another way to obtain the line currents is to replace the delta connected source with its equivalent Y connected
source as shown below.

• We had already discussed that the line-line voltages of a wye-connected source leads their corresponding phase
voltages by 30 degree and is 3 times in magnitude as well.
 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection (Cont…)
• Therefore, the equivalentY connected source has the phase voltages,

𝐕𝑝
𝐕𝑎𝑛 = ∠ − 30∘
3
𝐕𝑝
𝐕𝑏𝑛 = ∠ − 150∘
3

𝐕𝑝
𝐕𝑐𝑛 = ∠90∘
3

• If the delta connected source has a source impedance of 𝐙S per phase the wye-connected source will have a
source impedance of 𝐙 s /3 per phase.
• Once the source is transformed to Y the circuit becomes a Y-Y network and can be solved using the single
phase analysis as discussed previously.
 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection (Cont…)

Example:
• A balanced Y-connected load having an impedance of (40 + 𝑗25)Ω per phase is connected to a ∆- connected
positive sequence source having 𝐕ab = 210∠0° V.Calculate the phase currents of the load and the line currents?

Solution: The load impedance is,

𝐙F = (40 + 𝑗25) Ω = 47.17∠32°Ω

and the source voltage is

𝐕ab = 210∠0° V
 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection (Cont…)

• When the delta connected source is transformed to aY-connected source,

𝐕𝑎𝑏
𝐕𝑎𝑛 = ∠ − 30∘ = 121.2∠ − 30∘
3

• The line currents are

𝐕𝑎𝑛 121.2∠ − 30∘ ∘𝐀
𝐈𝑎 = = = 2.57∠ − 62
𝐙𝑌 47.17∠32∘

𝐈b = 𝐈a∠ − 120° = 2.57∠178° A

𝐈c = 𝐈a∠120° = 2.57∠58° A
 Power in a Balanced System
• We now consider the power in a balanced three-phase system.

• To find the instantaneous power absorbed by the load, the analysis needs to be done in the time domain.

• For a Y-connected load, the phase voltages are

𝑣𝐴𝑁 = 2𝑉𝑝 cos𝜔 𝑡

𝑣𝐵𝑁 = 2𝑉𝑝 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 120∘

𝑣𝐶𝑁 = 2𝑉𝑝 cos 𝜔 𝑡 + 120∘

• where the factor 2 is necessary because 𝑉p has been defined as the rms value of the phase voltage.
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)

• If 𝐙Y = 𝑍∠𝜃, the phase currents lag behind their corresponding phase voltages by 𝜃.

• Thus,

𝑖a = 2 𝐼p cos(𝜔 𝑡 − 𝜃)

𝑖b = 2 𝐼p cos(𝜔 𝑡 − 𝜃 − 120°)

𝑖c = 2 𝐼p cos(𝜔 𝑡 − 𝜃 + 120°)

where 𝐼p is the rms value of the phase current.

 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)

• The total instantaneous power in the load is the sum of the instantaneous power in the three phases, i.e.,

𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑝𝑏 + 𝑝𝑐 = 𝑣𝐴𝑁 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑣𝐵𝑁 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑣𝐶𝑁 𝑖𝑐

= 2𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 ሾcos𝜔𝑡cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 +
cos 𝜔𝑡 − 120∘ cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 − 120∘ +
cos 𝜔𝑡 + 120∘ cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 + 120∘ ሿ

• Applying the trigonometric identity

1
cos𝐴cos𝐵 = cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
2
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)
• The above identity transforms the instantaneous power equation as follows,

𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 ሾ3cos𝜃 + cos 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 +

cos 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 − 240∘ + cos 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 + 240∘ ሿ

• Let 𝛼 = 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃
𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 ሾ3cos𝜃 + cos𝛼 + cos𝛼 cos240∘ + sin𝛼 sin240∘
+cos𝛼 cos240∘ − sin𝛼 sin240∘ ሿ

1
= 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 3cos𝜃 + cos𝛼 + 2 − cos𝛼 = 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 cos𝜃
2

• Thus the total instantaneous power in a balanced three-phase system is constant—it does not change with time
while the instantaneous power of each phase does change.
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)
𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 cos𝜃
• Since the total instantaneous power is independent of time, the average power per phase for the delta or wye
connected load is 𝑝/3
𝑃p = 𝑉p 𝐼p cos 𝜃
• The reactive power per phase can be given by,
𝑄p = 𝑉p 𝐼p sin 𝜃
• The apparent power per phase is,
𝑆p = 𝑉p 𝐼p
• The complex power per phase is, therefore,

𝐒𝑝 = 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑗𝑄𝑝 = 𝐕𝑝 𝐈𝑝∗

where 𝐕p and 𝐈p are the phase voltages and phase currents with magnitude 𝑉p and 𝐼p, respectively.
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)

• The total average power is the sum of the average powers in the three phases,

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑏 + 𝑃𝑐 = 3𝑃𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 cos𝜃 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos𝜃

• For aY connected load 𝐼L = 𝐼p and 𝑉L = 3 𝑉p, whereas for a delta connected load 𝐼L = 3 𝐼 p and 𝑉L = 𝑉p .

• Thus the above power equation is applicable for both wye and delta connected loads.
• Similarly, the total reactive power is,

𝑄 = 3𝑉p 𝐼p sin 𝜃 = 3𝑄p = 3 𝑉L𝐼L sin 𝜃

• Therefore, the total complex power is given by,

3𝐕 2
𝑝
𝐒 = 3𝐒𝑝 = 3𝐕𝑝 𝐈𝑝∗ = 3𝐈𝑝2 𝐙𝑝 = ∗
𝐙𝑝
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)

• Here, 𝐙p = 𝑍p∠𝜃 is the load impedance per phase.

• Alternatively,

𝐒 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 ∠𝜃

• Remember that 𝑉L, 𝐼L, 𝑉p, and 𝐼p are all rms values and 𝜃 is the angle of the load impedance or the angle between
the phase voltage and the phase current.
• A major advantage of three-phase systems for power distribution is that the three-phase system uses a lesser
amount of wire than the single-phase system for the same line voltage 𝑉L and the same absorbed power 𝑃L.
• We will compare these cases and assume in both that the wires are of the same material (e.g., copper with same
resistivity ), of the same length, 𝑙, and that the loads are resistive (i.e.,unity power factor).
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)

• For the two wire single phase system, shown in the figure below,
𝑃𝐿
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑉𝐿

• The power loss in the two wires is,

2
𝑃𝐿
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 2𝐼𝐿2 𝑅 = 2𝑅 2
𝑉𝐿
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)
𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 cos𝜃 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos𝜃
• For the three wire three phase system, shown in the figure below,
𝑃𝐿
𝐼𝐿′ = 𝐈𝑎 = 𝐈𝑏 = 𝐈𝑐 =
3𝑉𝐿

• The power loss in the three wires is,

2 2
′ 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3 𝐼𝐿′ 2 𝑅′ = 3𝑅′ 2 = 𝑅′ 2
3𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)

• From the power loss equations, for the same total power delivered 𝑃L and the same line voltage 𝑉L-
𝑃𝐿2
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 2𝑅 2 − 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠. , 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑅 2
= ′ 𝑉𝐿
′
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑅
2
′
𝑃𝐿
3 − 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠. , 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅′ 2
𝑉𝐿
• But resistance 𝑅 = 𝜌𝑙/𝜋𝑟 2 and 𝑅' = 𝜌𝑙/𝜋𝑟 ' 2 , where 𝑟 and 𝑟 ' are the radius of the wires.
• Thus,
2
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 2𝑟 ′
′ = 2
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟

• If the same power loss is tolerated in both the systems, then 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟'2.
• The ratio of the material required is determined by the number of wires and their volumes.
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)

• This can be expressed mathematically as,

𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 − 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙 2𝑟 2

= = ′2
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 − 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 𝜋𝑟 ′2 𝑙 3𝑟

• But 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟'2,
• Therefore the above equation reduces to,

2𝑟 2 2
= 2 = 1.33
3𝑟 ′ 2 3
• This shows that the single-phase system uses 33 percent more material than the three-phase system, alternatively,
three-phase system uses only 75 percent of the material used in the equivalent single-phase system.
• In other words, considerably less material is needed to deliver the same power with a three-phase system than
is required for a single-phase system.
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)
Example:
• For the circuit given below determine the total average power, reactive power, and complex power at the source
and at the load?

Solution: It is sufficient to consider one phase as the system is balanced.

• Considering phase-a
𝐕p = 110∠0°, 𝐈p = 6.81∠ − 21.8° (yesterday lecture-21)
• Thus at the source the complex power absorbed is,
𝐒𝑠 = −3𝐕𝑝 𝐈𝑝∗ = −3 110∠0∘ 6.81∠21.8∘ = −2247∠21.8∘ = − 2087 + 𝑗834.6 VA
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)
𝐒𝑠 = − 2087 + 𝑗834.6 VA
• Therefore, the real or average power absorbed at the source is -2087 W and the reactive power absorbed is
-834.6 VAR.
• At the load end 𝐙p = 10 + 𝑗8 = 12.81∠38.66° and 𝐈p = 𝐈a = 6.81∠ − 21.8°
• Hence, the complex power absorbed is
2 2
𝐒𝐿 = 3 𝐈𝑝 𝐙𝑝 = 3 6.81 ∗ 12.81∠38.66∘ = 1782∠38.66∘ = 1392 + 𝑗1113 VA
• The real power absorbed is 1392 W and the reactive power absorbed is 1113 VAR.
 Power in a Balanced System (Cont…)

• The difference between the two complex powers is absorbed by the line impedance (5 − 𝑗2) Ω

• Hence, the complex power absorbed by the line is

2 2
𝐒𝑙 = 3 𝐈𝑝 𝐙𝑙 = 3 6.81 ∗ 5 − 𝑗2 = 695.6 − 𝑗278.3VA

• This is the difference between 𝐒 s and 𝐒L.

• Therefore,

𝐒 s + 𝐒L + 𝐒 l = 0
 Power in an Unbalanced System

• An unbalanced system is caused by two possible situations:

• The source voltages are not equal in magnitude and/or differ in phase by angles that are unequal
• Load impedances are unequal.
• Thus, an unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an unbalanced load.
• To simplify analysis, we will assume balanced source voltages, but an unbalanced load.
 Power in an Unbalanced System (Cont…)
• Unbalanced three-phase systems are solved by direct application of mesh and nodal analysis.
• The below figure shows an example of an unbalanced three-phase system that consists of balanced source
voltages (not shown in the figure) and an unbalancedY-connected load (shown in the figure).
• Since the load is unbalanced,𝐙A, 𝐙B, and 𝐙C are not equal.
• The line currents are determined by Ohm’s law as

𝑉𝐴𝑁
Ia =
Z𝐴
𝑉𝐵𝑁
𝐼𝑏 =
Z𝐵

V𝐶𝑁
𝐼𝑐 =
Z𝐶
 Power in an Unbalanced System (Cont…)

• This set of unbalanced line currents produces current in the neutral line, which is not zero as in a balanced
system.
• Applying KCL at node N gives the neutral line current as
• The line currents are determined by Ohm’s law as
𝐈n = −(𝐈a + 𝐈b + 𝐈c)
• In a three-wire system where the neutral line is absent, we can still find the line currents 𝐈a, 𝐈b, and 𝐈c
using mesh analysis.
• At node N, KCL must be satisfied so that 𝐈a + 𝐈b + 𝐈c = 0 in this case.
• The same could be done for an unbalanced ∆-Y, Y-∆, or ∆-∆ three-wire system.
• As mentioned earlier, in long distance power transmission, conductors in multiples of three (multiple three-wire
systems) are used, with the earth itself acting as the neutral conductor.
 Power in an Unbalanced System (Cont…)

• To calculate power in an unbalanced three-phase system requires that we find the power in each phase using the
following equations.
𝑃p = 𝑉p 𝐼p cos 𝜃
𝑄p = 𝑉p 𝐼p sin 𝜃
𝑆p = 𝑉p 𝐼p

𝐒𝑝 = 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑗𝑄𝑝 = 𝐕𝑝 𝐈𝑝∗

• The total power is not simply three times the power in one phase but the sum of the powers in the three phases.

𝑃 = 𝑃a + 𝑃b + 𝑃c
 Three Phase Power Measurement

• A single wattmeter can also measure the average power in a three-phase system that is balanced, so that 𝑃1 = 𝑃2
= 𝑃3: the total power is three times the reading of that one wattmeter.
• However, two or three single-phase wattmeters are necessary to measure power if the system is unbalanced.
• The three wattmeter method of power measurement will work regardless of whether the load is balanced or
unbalanced,wye or delta-connected.
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)
• The three-wattmeter method is well suited for power measurement in a three-phase system where the power
factor is constantly changing.
• The total average power is the algebraic sum of the three wattmeter readings,
𝑃T = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3
where, 𝑃1, 𝑃2, and 𝑃3 correspond to readings of wattmeter 𝑊1, 𝑊2, and 𝑊3.
• Notice that the common or reference point o is selected arbitrarily.
• If the load is wye-connected, point o can be connected to the neutral point n.
• For a delta-connected load, point o can be connected to any point.
• If point o is connected to point b,for example, the voltage coil in wattmeter 𝑊2 reads zero and 𝑃2 = 0
indicating that wattmeter 𝑊2 is not necessary.
• Thus, two wattmeters are sufficient to measure the total power.
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)

• The two-wattmeter method is the most commonly used method for three-phase power measurement.
• The two wattmeters must be properly connected to any two phases, as shown in the figure.
• Notice that the current coil of each wattmeter measures the line current, while the respective voltage coil is
connected between the line and the third line and measures the line voltage.
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)
• Also notice that the ± terminal of the voltage coil is connected to the line to which the corresponding current coil
is connected.
• Although the individual wattmeters no longer read the power taken by any particular phase, the algebraic sum of
the two wattmeter readings equals the total average power absorbed by the load, regardless of whether it is wye-
or delta-connected, balanced or unbalanced.
• The total real power is equal to the algebraic sum of the two wattmeter readings,
𝑃T = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
• We will study the two-wattmeter method for a balanced three-phase system.
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)

• Consider the balanced, wye-connected load in the above figure.

• Our objective is to apply the two-wattmeter method to find the average power absorbed by the load.
• Assume the source is in the abc sequence and the load impedance 𝐙Y = 𝑍Y∠𝜃.
• Due to the load impedance, each voltage coil leads its current coil by 𝜃 so that the power factor is cos 𝜃.
• We recall that each line voltage leads the corresponding phase voltage by 30°.
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)
• Thus, the total phase difference between the phase current 𝐈a and line voltage 𝐕ab is 𝜃 + 30°, and the average
power read by wattmeter 𝑊1 is
𝑃1 = Re 𝐕𝑎𝑏 𝐈𝑎∗ = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 30∘ = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 + 30∘
• Similarly, we can show that the average power read by wattmeter 2 is,

𝑃2 = Re 𝐕𝑐𝑏 𝐈𝑐∗ = 𝑉𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑐 cos 𝜃 − 30∘ = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 − 30∘

• We use the trigonometric identities,

cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

to find the sum and difference of two wattmeter readings.

 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)
• Therefore,
𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 + 30∘ + cos 𝜃 − 30∘

= 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos𝜃 cos30∘ − sin𝜃 sin30∘ + cos𝜃 cos30∘ + sin𝜃 sin30∘

= 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 2cos𝜃 cos30∘ = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos𝜃

• From the above it can be observed that the sum of the wattmeter readings in the two wattmeter method gives the
total average power, i.e.,
𝑃T = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2

• Similarly, 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 + 30∘ − cos 𝜃 − 30∘

= 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos𝜃cos30∘ − sin𝜃sin30∘ − cos𝜃cos30∘ − sin𝜃sin30∘

= −𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 2sin𝜃sin30∘ = −𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin𝜃
• Thus the total reactive power can be evaluated using,
𝑄T = 3(𝑃2 − 𝑃1)
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)

• Therefore, the total apparent power can be obtained as,

𝑆𝑇 = 𝑃𝑇2 + 𝑄𝑇2

• Power factor is evaluated using,

𝑄𝑇 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
tan𝜃 = =
𝑃𝑇 𝑃1 + 𝑃2

• From this we can obtain the power factor as 𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜃.

• Thus, the two-wattmeter method not only provides the total real and reactive powers, it can also be used to
compute the power factor.
• From the above equations it can be observed that,
• If 𝑃2 = 𝑃1, the load is resistive.
• If 𝑃2 > 𝑃1, the load is inductive.
• If 𝑃2 < 𝑃1, the load is capacitive.
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)
Example:
• The unbalanced Y load in the figure given below has balanced voltages of 100 V and acb sequence. Calculate the
line currents and the neutral current. Take 𝐙A = 15Ω, 𝐙B = 10 + 𝑗5Ω, 𝐙C = 6 − 𝑗8Ω.

Solution: Each line current has to be solved separately since the system is unbalanced.
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)

• The line currents are evaluated as,

100∠0∘
𝐈𝑎 = = 6.67∠0∘ 𝐴
15

100∠120∘ 100∠120∘ ∘𝐀
𝐈𝑏 = = = 8.94∠93.44
10 + 𝑗5 11.18∠26.56∘

100∠ − 120∘ 100∠ − 120∘ ∘𝐴

𝐈𝑐 = = = 10∠ − 66.87
6 − 𝑗8 10∠ − 53.13∘

• The current in the neutral line is evaluated as,

𝐈𝑛 = − 𝐈𝑎 + 𝐈𝑏 + 𝐈𝑐 = 10.06∠178.4∘ 𝐀
 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)

Example:
• For the previous problem three wattmeters are connected to the individual phases to measure the total power
absorbed by the unbalanced Y-connected load. Predict the wattmeter readings and the total power absorbed.

• Solution: The wattmeters are connected as shown in the figure below.

 Three Phase Power Measurement (Cont…)
• From the previous problem we know that,
𝐕AN = 100∠0°, 𝐕BN = 100∠120°, 𝐕CN = 100∠ − 120°
While
𝐈a = 6.67∠0° A, 𝐈b = 8.94∠93.44°A, 𝐈c = 10∠ − 66.87°A
• The wattmeter readings are evaluated as,

𝑃1 = Re 𝐕𝐴𝑁 𝐈𝑎∗ = 𝑉𝐴𝑁 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜃𝐕𝐴𝑁 − 𝜃𝐈𝑎 = 100 ∗ 6.67 ∗ cos 0∘ − 0∘ = 667W

𝑃2 = Re 𝐕𝐵𝑁 𝐈𝑏∗ = 𝑉𝐵𝑁 𝐼𝑏 cos 𝜃𝐕𝐵𝑁 − 𝜃𝐈𝑏 = 100 ∗ 8.94 ∗ cos 120∘ − 93.44∘ = 800W

𝑃3 = Re 𝐕𝐶𝑁 𝐈𝑐∗ = 𝑉𝐶𝑁 𝐼𝑐 cos 𝜃𝐕𝐶𝑁 − 𝜃𝐈𝑐 = 100 ∗ 10 ∗ cos −120∘ + 66.87∘ = 600W
• The total power absorbed is therefore,
𝑃T = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = 2067W
• The power absorbed by the individual resistors can be found as

𝑃𝑇 = 𝐼𝑎 2 15 + 𝐼𝑏 2 10 + 𝐼𝑐 2 6 = 2067𝑊
which is exactly same as the wattmeter readings.
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