EFFECTS OF PLANTING METHODS AND NUTRIENT SOURCES ON

THE PERFORMANCE OF Celosia argentea IN SOUTHERN GUINEA

SAVANNA, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT
Agronomic practices which includes planting methods and nutrition’s are among the major
constrains to the performance of crops in the tropics. Celosia argentea is an important leafy
vegetable that requires proper agronomic practices to enhance its growth, yield and quality.
This research was conducted to determine the effect of planting methods and sources of nutrient
on the growth, yield and quality of C. argentea. The study was conducted at Ibrahim Badamasi
Babangida University, Lapai (Latitude 9o06” and Longitude 6o57).The experiment was
conducted between April- August 2024. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was
used to lay-out the experiment, replicated three(3) times. There were 2 levels of planting
methods (transplanting and direct sowing) and four levels of nutrient sources (poultry manure,
cowdung, goat manure and control). Data were collected on plant height (cm), number of
leaves, number of branches, stem girth (cm), leaf area (cm 2), harvest index, yield per plot (kg)
and cumulative yield (tonnes/ha). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated that planting
methods had significant differences (P<0.05) on the growth and yield of C. argentea as
transplanting had the highest values in the growth and yield parameters with exception of the
number of branches. The study also showed that poultry and goat manures supported
significantly taller plant, higher number of leaves , higher number of branches, wider shoot
girth, as well as higher yield per plot and cumulative yield at P< 0.05, at Lapai, compared to
other sources of nutrient. Goat manure showed supported significantly the growth parameters
while poultry manure significantly supported yield parameter followed by goat manure, cow
dung and control which had the lowest yield.

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Celosia argentea popularly known as Lagos spinach is a leafy vegetable of the genus Celosia
and family Amaranthiaceae. The crop is produced in Nigeria and worldwide by small holder
farmers; they are planted solely or intercropped with arable starchy staples to produce enough
food and to satisfy their cash requirement. Celosia is majorly grown in backyard gardens in
Nigeria and other areas of West Africa. The plant is a vertical, short-lived annual vegetable and
are light green to dark green. The leafs of C. argentea are red or pink and have a prominent dark
purple marking. The leaves contain high level of phosphorus and iron. It is an important source
of proteins, calories, vitamins and minerals (Tijani-Eniola, 2022). The seeds could be processed
into snacks and the leaves and stems are cooked into soups, sauces or stews and consumed as
vegetables. The blossoming point is pink and it becomes white when the seeds reach maturity.

The production of this vegetable has been constrained in Nigeria by some factors such as cultural
practices such as intercropping, weeding, disease and pest, fertilizer application, and planting
methods among others (Awe and Abegunrin, 2019; Muoneke and Ndukwe, 2008).

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Transplanting involves carefully moving seedlings at appropriate age and time from the nursery
to the permanent field. The importance of transplanting are to obtain uniform growth, seed
economy, selection of seedlings and better care of seedlings (Oswald et al., 2021).
A number of chemical compounds including oleanane-type triterpenoidsaponins (celosin H, I
and J), cristatain, celosin E, celosin F, celosin G have been isolated from Celosia argentea.
Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, as well as micronutrients like Mg, Ca, S, P,
K and Fe have been identified from the plant (Koh et al., 2019). Some of these compounds elicit
antioxidant and chemoprotective properties (Dauda et al., 2018). Its rich medicinal uses have
also been demonstrated while utilizing its other properties namely: antifungal, antidiarrhoeal,
antidiabetic, nutritive, wound healing and antimetastatic properties (Ramos et al., 2011).

Organic manure have been used as source of nutrients for farming for centuries, but due to the
slow action and delay in the release of nutrient of organic manure, farmers have tend to diverse
to the use of inorganic fertilizers for the growth of crops. Due to the adverse effect of inorganic
fertilizers on soil and human health, the use of organic manure is been encouraged among
farmers. The most commonly used organic manure include poultry manure, cow dung, goat
manure, rabbit manure, sheep manure etc.

Inadequate nutrients/fertility of the soil is one of the major constraints facing agricultural
development in the world especially developing countries of the tropics. Another production
constraints among others are lack of water and low fertility as a result of environmental
degradation. Thus, Soil management practices should be adopted to conserve soil moisture and
nutrient on a sustainable basis. Kusnarta et al., (2016) reported that the system of soil
management controls root distribution and soil properties such as porosity, compaction, water
content and concentration of organic matter. Unsuitable land preparation practices causes
degradation in soil health (depletion of organic matter and other nutrients) as well as decline in
crop productivity. Soil tillage is among the important factors affecting soil properties and crop
yield among the crop production factors, tillage contributes up to 20 % and affects the use of
sustainable soil resources through its influence on soil properties (Ramos et al., 2011). The main
objective of this study is to examine the effect of planting method and different nutrient sources
on the performance of Celosia argentea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site:
The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, IBB University, Lapai Niger State.
The experimental site is located behind the Faculty situated on latitude 9 o4’11’’N and 6o34’21”E
in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria with mean annual temperature ranging between
21oC and 36.5oC. The seeds of Celosia argentea were obtained from a reliable and reputable seed
vendor in Niger State.

Land Preparation and Manure Application

The experimental field was prepared by clearing and removal of debris, the soil was ploughed,
harrowed and prepared into sunken bed in order to retain moisture as the research commenced in
April when the raining season is yet to set in. The field covering about 189 m 2 was divided into
three (3) blocks, each block was partitioned into eight (8) plots of 1.5m × 2m each with alley
ways of 1m between blocks and plots respectively.

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Poultry manure, goat manure and cow dung were sourced from the Animal Production section of
the University farm. The quantity of 1.5kg of each of the manure was broadcasted on assigned.
The manure was incorporated into the soil and was left for two weeks before planting/sowing.

The direct sowing treatments were planted directly on the beds using drilling method and were
later thinned, while the seedlings of transplanted Celosia was raised in the nursery for 21days.
The seedlings were planted in the experimental field using spacing of 20cm x 65cm which give a
total of 30 plants per plot.
Experimental Design
The experiment was laid in a 2 × 4 factorial combinations in a Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD). Consisting of two planting methods (direct sowing and transplanting) and three
organic manure (poultry manure, goat manure and cow dung) at same rate of application and
replicated three times.

Agronomic Practices
All agronomic practices were carried out as at when due. Weeding were done regularly using hoe
to keep the field neat and free from weeds. Pests and diseases were controlled using Neem
extract and neem seed oil at 10 ml /2 Ltr on the experimental site. The organic pesticides (Neem
extract and neem seed oil) were applied at intervals of 3 days.
Data Collection
Growth parameters which includes; plant height/plant (cm), number of leaves/plant, number of
branches /plant, leaf area/plant (cm2) and shoot girth (cm) were taken forthnightly
Also, the yield parameter which includes; Shoot yield/plot (kg), Cumulative yield/ Ha tonnes)
were evaluated at harvest. The harvest index was calculated using the following equation

Weight of edible part

Harvest Index= ×100
Total weight of plant
Data Analysis
All data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant means were
separated using Least Significant Differences (LSD) at 5% probability Level at 5% probability
level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Result
Soil and Manure Analysis
Table 1 showed the result of soil and manure analysis. The result indicated that the soil in the
experimental site is slightly acidic. The soil was also observed to have low essential nutrients
(total N 0.16, available P 25.98 and exchangeable bases of 0.44). The result also show that goat
manure is more acidic compared to poultry manure, likewise goat manure contain more total
nitrogen as well as zinc. There were no observed difference between goat manure and cow dung
in zinc content.

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Plant Height
Table 2 showed the effects of planting methods and source of nutrients on the growth and yield
of Celosia argentea in southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria. The result indicated that
there were significant differences among the plant height with reference to planting methods.
Transplanted seedlings of C. argentea produced taller plants at 6 and 8 weeks after transplanting
and this was significantly different from direct sowing at 5% probability level (P< 0.05) in 2021
cropping season at Lapai, Southern Guinea savanna. Also, the effects of source of nutrients were
significantly varied. Poultry manure applied at 15 tonnes/ ha significantly supported taller plants
at 6 and 8WAP/WAT when compared with goat manure and cow dung. The least plant height
was produced by the control.
Number of Leaves
Table 3 revealed that number of leaves of C. argentea was significantly affected by planting
methods as a significant difference was observed statistically at (P<0.05). Transplanted seedlings
had more leaves compared to the directly sown seeds. Transplanted seeds had higher number of
leaves at 4, 6 and 8WAT. However, the number of leaves of C. argentea were significantly
affected by the sources of nutrient at 4, 6 and 8WAP/WAT respectively. There were no
significantly different between poultry manure and goat manure at nut were significantly
different from cow dung and control as control produced the least number of leaves and goat
manure produced the higher number of leaves in 2021 cropping season.
Number of Branches
The effects of different planting methods and different sources of nutrient on C. argentea in
southern guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria is presented in table 3. There was a significant
difference in the number of branches with reference to planting methods. Direct planting
supported higher number of branches the compared transplanting seedlings at 6 and 8WAT at
(P<0.05) in 2021 cropping season. Similarly, there were no significant difference between goat
manure and poultry manure at 6 and 8WAP/WAT on the number of branches but were
significantly different from cow dung and control as control had the least number of branches.
Goat manure supported higher number of branches at 6 and 8WAP/WAT but is not statistically
different from poultry manure at 5% probability level (P<0.05). Cow dung was significantly
different from control with the values of 4.80; 4.30 and 10.30; 3.43 and 6 and 8WAP/WAT
respectively.

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 Table 1. The results of Soil and Manure Analysis used for the experiment
Poultry Goat manure Cow dung
Sample Description Soil manure
pH (H2O) 6.80 5.86 7.8
Organic Carbon (%) 0.77 1.32
Organic Matter (%) 1.33 1.42 468
Total N (%) 0.16 3.14 20.22 1.68
Available P (ppm) 25.98 16.54 1980.10 0.14
Na (cmolKg-1) 0.15 0.36 4315 0.82
Potassium (cmolKg-1) 0.05 1.36 2005 4.89
Calcium (cmolKg-1) 2.80 2.32 5 65 0.52
Magnesium (cmolKg-1) 3.28 7.02 0.20 0.34
Exchangeable Acid (CmolKg-1) 0.44 0.53 0.52 0.28
CEC (CmolKg-1) 6.72 6.25 355.00 200.00
Sulphur (ppm)+ 0.032 0.032
Zinc (ppm) 0.373 0.92 0.96
Sand (%) 84.4
Silt (%) 6.36
Clay (%) 9.24
Texture Loamy Sandy

Table 2: Effect of planting methods and sources of nutrients on plant height of Celosia
argentea in 2024 cropping season
Plant height/plant (cm)
2WAP/WAT 4WAP/WAT 6WAP/WAT 8WAP/WAT
Planting Methods (P)
Direct planting 2.19a 6.69a 12.00b 26.24b
Transplanting 2.37a 6.34a 15.73a 31.69a
LSD 0.146 0.380 1.636 2.102
Sources of Nutrient (S)
Control 2.14a 4.19d 6.38d 12.95d
Poultry Manure 2.29a 7.21a 20.82a 42.63a
Cow Dung 2.32a 4.92c 12.15c 25.19c
Goat manure 2.37a 5.76b 16.11b 35.09b
LSD 0.296 0.537 2.313 6.802
Interaction
P*S NS NS NS NS
Means followed with same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level. Weeks After Planting
(WAP), Weeks After Transplanting (WAT), Not Significant (NS)

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Table 3: Effect of planting methods and source of nutrients on Number of leaves of Celosia
argentea in 2024 cropping season
Number of Leaves/plant
2WAP/WAT 4WAP/WAT 6WAP/WAT 8WAP/WAT
Planting Methods (P)
Direct planting 3.83a 11.44b 32.73b 74.75b
Transplanting 5.97a 17.60a 40.88a 70.13a
LSD 3.139 4.380 6.017 10.402
Sources of Nutrient (S)
Control 4.03a 8.49c 23.23c 47.50c
a a
Poultry Manure 6.87 21.70 45.27a 89.00a
Cow Dung 5.10a 12.37ab 30.07ab 61.47b
a a
Goat manure 5.60 15.53 48.67a 91.80a
LSD 2.304 4.150 6.094 13.296
Interaction
P*S NS NS NS NS
Means followed with same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level. Weeks After Planting
(WAP), Weeks After Transplanting (WAT), Not Significant (NS)

Table 4: Effect of planting methods and sources of nutrients on Number of branches of

Celosia argentea in 2024 cropping season

Number of branches/plant
6WAP/WAT 8WAP/WAT
Planting Methods (P)
Direct planting 2.00a 6.90a
Transplanting 3.93b 9.68b
LSD 0.661 1.382
Sources of Nutrient (S)
Control 0.77c 3.43c
Poultry Manure 4.30a 9.97a
Cow Dung 2.00b 7.47b
Goat manure 4.80a 10.30a
LSD 0.935 1.955
Interaction
P*S NS NS
Means followed with same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level. Weeks After Planting
(WAP), Weeks After Transplanting (WAT), Not Significant (NS)

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Stem Girth
The shoot girth among C. argentea planted using different planting methods and sources of
nutrient were significant at 5% probability level (P<0.05) in Southern guinea savanna ecological
zone of Nigeria as presented in table 4. The shoot girth of C. argentea was invariably affected by
planting methods as transplanting had larger stem girth at 6 and 8 WAT with the values of 3.21
and 6.78 respectively. However, there was no significant difference between goat manure and
poultry manure with reference to stem girth at 6 and 8WWAP/WAT respectively, but on the
other hand goat manure supported larger stem girth with the values of 2.56 and 3.47 and 6 and
8WAP/WAT respectively. Contrarily, poultry and goat manure were significantly different from
cow dung and control as cow dung and control were also statistically different but control had
the least value of 1.413 and 2.22 at 6 and 8WAP/WAT respectively.

Leaf Area
Table 5 revealed the effects of planting methods and source of nutrients on the growth and yield
of Celosia argentea in southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria in respect to leaf area. The
result indicated that there were significant differences among the leaf area with reference to
planting methods. Transplanted seedlings of C. argentea produced wider leaves at 6 and 8 weeks
after transplanting and this was significantly different from direct sowing at 5% probability level
(P< 0.05) in 2021 cropping season at Lapai, Southern Guinea savanna. Also, the effects of source
of nutrients were significantly varied. Poultry manure applied at 15 tonnes/ ha significantly
supported wider leaves plants at 4, 6 and 8WAP/WAT when compared with goat manure and
cow dung but there were no significant difference statistically. The least leaf area was produced
by the control.

Yield
The yield of C. argentea was affected by different planting methods and sources of nutrient in
Southern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria as presented in table 6. There was a significant
different (P<0.05) in the yield/ plot of directly sown seeds and transplanted seedlings as
transplanted seedlings supported higher yield/ plot. The cumulative yield/ha (tonnes) is also
significantly different as transplanted seedlings supported higher yield. Directly shown seeds
produced lower harvest index when compared to transplanted seedlings. Similarly, there were no
statistical differences in the yield/plot (kg) of poultry manure, cow dung and goat manure, but
poultry manure supported higher yield/plot while control produced lower yield/plot (kg). Control
was statistically different from other sources of nutrient in respect to cumulative yield (tonnes) as
it produced the least cumulative yield (tonnes). There were no statistical difference in the harvest
index of cow dung and goat manure but were statistical different from other sources of nutrients.

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Table 5: Effect of planting methods and sources of nutrients on stem girth of Celosia
argentea in 2024 cropping season
Stem Girth/plant (cm)
6WAP/WAT 8WAP/WAT
Planting Methods (P)
Direct planting 1.99b 3.04b
Transplanting 3.21a 6.78a
LSD 0.154 1.170
Sources of Nutrient (S)
Control 1.413c 2.22b
Poultry Manure 2.483a 3.27a
Cow Dung 1.96b 2.68b
Goat manure 2.56a 3.47a
LSD 0.217 0.241
Interaction
P*S NS NS
Means followed with same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level. Weeks After Planting
(WAP), Weeks After Transplanting (WAT), Not Significant (NS)

Table 6: Effect of planting methods and sources of nutrients on Leaf Area of Celosia
argentea in 2024 cropping season

Leaf Area/plant (cm2)

4WAP/WAT 6WAP/WAT 8WAP/WAT
Planting Methods (P)
Direct planting 0.65 8.85b 15.68b
Transplanting 0.07 15.89a 22.41a
LSD 0.138 4.291 6.350
Sources of Nutrient (S)
Control 0.28 9.68b 15.53b
Poultry Manure 1.44 15.50a 27.90a
Cow Dung 0.65 13.64a 24.51a
Goat manure 1.08 14.66a 22.21a
LSD 0.194 4.412 6.495
Interaction
P*S NS NS NS
Means followed with same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level. Weeks After Planting
(WAP), Weeks After Transplanting (WAT), Not Significant (NS)

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Table 7: Effect of planting methods and sources of nutrients on yield of Celosia argentea in
2021 cropping season

Yield/Plot Cumulative yield/ha Harvest Index

(kg) (tonnes) (%)
Planting Methods (P)
Direct planting 3.40b 11.33b 30.77ab
Transplanting 5.04a 16.83a 33.49a
LSD 0.747 2.492 2.199
Sources of Nutrient (S)
Control 3.83b 5.75b 39.90c
Poultry Manure 5.81a 10.68a 50.45c
Cow Dung 4.72a 9.73a 43.65b
Goat manure 4.55a 9.17a 44.51b
LSD 1.057 3.524 3.111
Interaction
P*S NS NS NS
Means followed with same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level. Weeks After Planting
(WAP), Weeks After Transplanting (WAT), Not Significant (NS)

Discussion
The results obtained showed that transplanting of Celosia supported taller plant height, higher
number of leaves, more numbers of branches as well as wider shoot girth at 6 and 8WAT at 5%
probability level. These could be attributed to the fact that transplanted seedlings were initially
sown/raised in the nursery for at least 21 days before transplanting which the plant continue her
growth from the point where it was taken from the nursery. This result is in line with Okunola
(2019) who reported the transplanting seedling produced taller plants of amaranths. This result
showed that transplanted seedlings had higher leaf area. This confirmed earlier studies that
transplanting encourages higher leaf area over directly sown seeds (Sharma, et al., 2018;
Adelana, 2017). Adesina et al., (2014) reported that transplanted seedlings had a significantly
higher morphological parameters than directly sown seeds.

The enhancement of growth and yield of Celosia of poultry manure treated plants is an evidence
of utilization of adequate nutrients. Nutrients availability has been indicated to improve crop
growth and yield variables. Poultry manure has been reported to show high content of organic
carbon, nitrogen and other nutrients which indicated that the soil could be enriched with high
nutrient content that is required for a successful growth and yield of Celosia. This confirmed the
findings of Adewale et al. (2011) that increase in plant growth and yield as a result of application
of organic fertilizer is expected in that manure contained and released considerable amount of N
for plant use during the process of mineralization. These are essential for formation of
chlorophyll for photosynthesis in plants and the variation in growth variables was probably due
to variation in the availability of major nutrients. This also is in consonance with the findings of
Frank (2010) that nitrogen enhances physiological activities in crops thereby improving the
synthesis of assimilates. The ability of poultry manure to increase the performance of Celosia
could also be attributable to the fact that poultry manure enriched soil with nutrients, activate
microbial soil activities and improvement of soil properties (Yahaya, 2018).

9
The very low plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area recorded in the control
shows the importance of the Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) to the growth and
development of plants. This corroborates with the earlier report of Ojeniyi and Adegboyega
(2013), who reported that animal manures increased number of Celosia argentea. The study also
showed that poultry droppings had a higher significant difference in the yield components (wet
and dry) of the vegetable. This is followed by cow dung and the control with the lowest. This is
consistent with the earlier reports of Ayeni (2011) who reported that poultry manure and cow
dung contained Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), Manganese (Mn),
Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) which are essential elements responsible for the higher
growth and yield of any plant.

Also, phosphorus, when optimally available, helps in cellular processes, being a component of
RNA and DNA (Ajilore, 2018). It aids cell division and fast growth and can be found in large
quantities in young plants. The explains the higher values of some morphological properties e.g.
plant height, leaf girth, leaf area etc. of crops treated with poultry manure and goat manure

Herbage yield/plot (kg) was highest at 15ton/ha of poultry manure, this agreed with Schippers
(2000) who reported that poultry manure significantly increased the green leaf yield of Celosia
and that the optimum rate of poultry manure for the crops ranges from 0.4 to 20 t ha-1. The
significant variation in the herbage yield/plot observed from the study is an affirmation that
application of poultry manure at 15tons/ha had a significant effect on the production rate of C.
argentea.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that transplanting produced taller plant height, wider leaf area, wider shoot
girth and higher number of leaves except for number of branches at 4, 6 and 8WAP/WAT
respectively. Application of poultry manure as a source of nutrient at 15t/ha produced taller plant
height, wider leaf area, wider shoot girth and higher number of leaves, therefore is concluded to
be the most suitable source of nutrient for obtaining optimum growth, yield and quality of C.
argentea. Goat manure also show a significant increase in performance and yield of C. argentea
but supported lower yield compared to poultry manure.
RECOMMENDATION
It is therefore recommended that; direct planting method of C. argentea should be adopted as it
produce higher number of branches and also goat manure can be used in place of poultry manure
if not available as there is no significant difference between the two treatments.

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