DEP 5 will be set WC 31st March in your double lesson and will take 1 hour 30

minutes. You could be assessed on any of the following:

 Electricity
Waves
 Practical Skills
 Quantum

Expectations for AS:

 EVERY task must be attempted by yourself before marking. Use your notes packs if you are
stuck.
 Marking of answers must be in purple pen and be honest, using the marking policy
correctly!
 If you are struggling, speak to your teacher BEFORE the deadline. We are happy to help
you!
 Evidence must be uploaded to teams before the lesson!!!!!

Additional Study tasks (tick as completed):

Part A – Practical Skills
There is only one section for this AS and this is a mixture of practical based
questions
 Resistivity Questions
 EMF questions
 Youngs Modulus

 SUVAT and measuring g

 Using equipment (micrometers, vernier calipers and multimeters)

AS Week 3 HT 4

Page 1 of 71
Q1.
Measurements are taken to determine the resistivity of a uniform metal wire. The table
shows the quantities measured and their percentage uncertainties.

Percentage
Quantity
uncertainty

potential difference across

0.3%
wire

current in wire 5.0%

Page 2 of 71
 diameter of wire 4.0%

length of wire 0.2%

What is the percentage uncertainty in the calculated value for the resistivity of the metal of
the wire?

A 1.6%

B 9.5%

C 13.5%

D 21.5%

(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
A light-emitting diode (LED) emits light over a narrow range of wavelengths.
These wavelengths are distributed about a peak wavelength λp.

Two LEDs LG and LR are adjusted to give the same maximum light intensity.
LG emits green light and LR emits red light.

Figure 1 shows how the light output of the LEDs varies with the wavelength λ.

Figure 1

Page 3 of 71
(a) Light from LR is incident normally on a plane diffraction grating.
The fifth-order maximum for light of wavelength λp occurs at a diffraction angle of
76.3°.

Determine N, the number of lines per metre on the grating.

Page 4 of 71
 N = _______________ m−1
(3)

(b) Suggest one possible disadvantage of using the fifth-order maximum to determine
N.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Figure 2 shows part of the current−voltage characteristics for LR and LG.

Figure 2

When the linear part of the characteristic is extrapolated, the point at which it meets

Page 5 of 71
 the horizontal axis gives the activation voltage VA for the LED.
VA for LG is 2.00 V.

Determine, using Figure 2, VA for LR.

VA for LR = _______________ V
(2)

(d) It can be shown that:

where h = the Planck constant.

Deduce a value for the Planck constant based on the data given about the LEDs.

h = _______________ J s
(2)

(e) Figure 3 shows a circuit with LR connected to a resistor of resistance R.

Figure 3

Page 6 of 71
 The power supply has emf 6.10 V and negligible internal resistance.
The current in LR must not exceed 21.0 mA.

Deduce the minimum value of R.

minimum value of R = _______________ Ω

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q3.
A student places a transparent semicircular block on a sheet of paper and draws around
the block. She directs a ray of light at the centre of the flat edge of the block.

Figure 1 shows the path of the ray through the block.

Figure 1

Page 7 of 71
(a) State why the emergent ray does not change direction as it leaves the block.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The student draws an arrow on the paper to mark the incident ray. She marks the
path of the emergent ray with crosses A, B and C.

She removes the block from the paper and places a protractor over the outline of the
block, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Page 8 of 71
 Determine, using Figure 2, the refractive index of the block.

refractive index = _______________

(4)

The student uses a different method to determine the refractive index of the block. She
focuses a travelling microscope on some dots on a sheet of paper for each of the three
situations shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Page 9 of 71
The table shows the readings made by the student.

R0 / mm R1 / mm R2 / mm

5.74 10.31 20.02

(c) The refractive index n of the block is given by

Determine n.

Page 10 of 71
 n = _______________
(1)

(d) The absolute uncertainty in each of the readings R0, R1 and R2 is 0.04 mm.

State the absolute uncertainty in R2 – R0.

absolute uncertainty in R2 – R0 = _______________ mm

(1)

(e) The absolute uncertainty in R2 – R1 is the same as the absolute uncertainty in

R2 – R0.

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in n.

percentage uncertainty in n = _______________%

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q4.
Figure 1 shows a circuit used by a student to determine the emf and the internal
resistance of a cell.

The cell is connected to a switch, a fixed resistor and a variable resistor.

When the switch is closed, a voltmeter measures the potential difference V across the
cell.
An ammeter measures the current I in the circuit.

Readings of V and I are taken as the resistance of the variable resistor is changed from
zero to its maximum value.

Figure 1

Page 11 of 71
(a) Explain why the student included the fixed resistor in this circuit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Figure 2 is a graph of the data recorded for this experiment.

Figure 2

Page 12 of 71
(b) Determine the magnitude of the minimum gradient Gmin of a line that passes through
all the error bars in Figure 2.

magnitude of Gmin = _______________

(3)

(c) The maximum gradient Gmax / V A−1 of a line passing through all the error bars in
Figure 2 is –1.3

Determine, using Gmax and Gmin, the internal resistance of the cell.

Page 13 of 71
 internal resistance = _______________ Ω
(2)

(d) The line of best fit passes through the data point (0.94, 0.37).

Determine the emf of the cell.

emf = _______________ V
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q5.
Figure 1 shows apparatus used to investigate the bending of a beam.

Figure 1

The beam is placed horizontally on rigid supports.

The distance L between the supports is 80 cm.

A travelling microscope is positioned above the midpoint of the beam and focused on the
upper surface.

(a) Figure 2 shows an enlarged view of both parts of the vernier scale.

Figure 2

Page 14 of 71
 The smallest division on the fixed part of the scale is 1 mm.

What is the value of the vernier reading R0 in mm?

Tick (✓) one box.

34.8

37.8

45.8

49.8

(1)

(b) Figure 3 shows the beam bending when a hanger of mass 0.050 kg is suspended
from the midpoint.

Figure 3

The microscope is refocused on the upper surface and the new vernier reading R is
recorded.
The vertical deflection s of the beam is equal to (R – R0).

The total mass m suspended from the beam is increased in steps of 0.050 kg.
A value of s is recorded for each m up to a value of m = 0.450 kg.
Further values of s are then recorded as m is decreased in 0.050 kg steps until m is

Page 15 of 71
 zero.

Student A performs the experiment and observes that values of s during unloading
are sometimes different from the corresponding values for loading.

State the type of error that causes the differences student A observes.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Student B performs the experiment using a thinner beam but with the same width
and made from the same material as before.

Discuss one possible advantage and one possible disadvantage of using the
thinner beam.

Advantage _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Disadvantage ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Figure 4 shows the best-fit line produced using the data collected by student A.

Figure 4

Page 16 of 71
 It can be shown that s =

where E is the Young modulus of the material of the beam and η is a constant.

Deduce in s−2 the order of magnitude of η.

E = 1.14 GPa

order of magnitude of η = _______________ s−2

(4)

(e) Student C performs a different experiment using the same apparatus shown in
Figure 1.
A mass M is suspended from the midpoint of the beam.
The vertical deflection s of the beam is measured for different values of L.

Page 17 of 71
 Figure 5 shows a graph of the results for this experiment.

Figure 5

Figure 5 shows that log10(s / m) varies linearly with log10(L / m).

State what this shows about the mathematical relationship between s and L. You do
not need to do a calculation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Deduce, using Figure 5, the value of s when L = 80 cm.

Page 18 of 71
 s = _______________ m
(2)

(g) Determine M using Figure 4.

M = _______________ kg
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

Q6.
Figure 1 shows a partly-completed circuit used to investigate the emf ε and the internal
resistance r of a power supply.

The resistance of P and the maximum resistance of Q are unknown.

Figure 1

(a) Complete Figure 1 to show a circuit including a voltmeter and an ammeter that is
suitable for the investigation.
(1)

(b) Describe

• a procedure to obtain valid experimental data using your circuit

• how these data are processed to obtain ε and r by a graphical method.

Page 19 of 71
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Figure 2 shows a different experiment carried out to confirm the results for ε and r.

Figure 2

Initially the power supply is connected in series with an ammeter and a 22 Ω resistor. The
current I in the circuit is measured.

The number n of 22 Ω resistors in the circuit is increased as shown in Figure 2. The

current I is measured after each resistor is added.

Page 20 of 71
It can be shown that

Figure 3 shows a graph of the experimental data.

Figure 3

(c) Show that ε is about 1.6 V.

(2)

(d) Figure 4 shows the circuit when four resistors are connected.

Figure 4

Page 21 of 71
 Show, using Figure 3, that the current in the power supply is about 0.25 A.
(1)

(e) Deduce, for the circuit shown in Figure 4,

• the potential difference (pd) across the power supply

• r.

pd = _______________ V

r = _______________ Ω
(4)

(f) Figure 5 shows the plots for n = 1 and n = 14

Figure 5

Page 22 of 71
 Three additional data sets for values of n between n = 1 and n = 14 are needed to
complete the graph in Figure 5.

Suggest which additional values of n should be used.

Justify your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(g) The experiment is repeated using a set of resistors of resistance 27 Ω.

The relationship between n and I is now

Show on Figure 5 the effect on the plots for n = 1 and n = 14

You do not need to do a calculation.
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

Page 23 of 71
Q7.
Figure 1 shows apparatus used to investigate the rate at which water flows through a
horizontal cylindrical tube T of internal diameter d and length L.

Figure 1

The apparatus ensures that the water level in the can is at a constant height h above the
centre of T.

Water flows out of T at a steady rate.

(a) The volume flow rate through T is Q, where Q is in m3 s–1.

A student wants to measure Q as water flows through T.

Outline a procedure the student should follow to measure Q.

Include in your answer
• the measuring instruments used
• how uncertainty in the measurements can be reduced.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 24 of 71
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) It can be shown that

where ρ is the density of water

g is the gravitational field strength
η is a property of the water called the coefficient of viscosity.

What is the SI unit for η?

Tick (✔) one box.

N m–1 s

N m–2 s

N m–1 s–1

N m–2 s–1

(1)

(c) An experiment is carried out to determine η by a graphical method.

The rate at which water flows out of T is varied by adjusting the height of the drain
tube as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Page 25 of 71
 During the experiment the temperature is kept constant.
Q is found for different values of h and a graph of these data is plotted, with Q on
the vertical axis.
The percentage uncertainty in the gradient of the graph is 6.4%.

The dimensions of tube T are measured and the uncertainties in these data are
calculated.

The percentage uncertainty

• in d is 2.9%
• in L is 1.8%.

The percentage uncertainties in ρ and g are negligible.

Deduce the percentage uncertainty in the result for η.

percentage uncertainty in η = ____________________

(2)

(d) In a different experiment, the horizontal tube T is connected to a vertical glass tube.
Marks have been made at regular intervals on the glass tube.
The student measures and records the vertical distance y between each of the
marks and the centre of T.

She seals the open end of T and fills the glass tube with water, as shown in
Figure 3.

Figure 3

Page 26 of 71
 T is opened and water flows into a beaker.
When the water level falls to the highest mark on the tube, she starts a stopwatch.
She records the time t for the water to reach each of the other marks.

Explain how the student could check that the glass tube was vertical.
You may wish to add detail to Figure 3 to illustrate your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Figure 4 shows part of the graph drawn from the student’s data.

Figure 4

Page 27 of 71
 It can be shown that y decreases exponentially with t.

Show that λ, the decay constant for this process, is about 4.5 × 10–3 s–1.

λ = ____________________ s–1
(2)

(f) T½ is the time for y to decrease by 50%, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5

Page 28 of 71
 T½ = ____________________ s
(1)

(g) The apparatus is adjusted so that the glass tube is inclined at 30° to the horizontal
tube T, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6

The student measures and records the new values of y, the mean vertical distance
between each of the marks and the centre of T.
She then carries out the experiment as before, recording new values of t
corresponding to each new value of y.

Draw a line on Figure 7 to show the graph produced using the modified apparatus.
The dashed line is the original graph when the glass tube was vertical as shown in
Figure 3.

Page 29 of 71
 Figure 7

(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q8.
Figure 1 shows the apparatus used by a student in an experiment to measure the
acceleration due to gravity, g.

Figure 1

Page 30 of 71
In the experiment:

• a block is used to raise one end of the air track as shown in Figure 1

• an air-track glider is released from rest near the raised end of the air track and
passes through the first light gate and then through the second light gate

• a piece of card of length d fitted to the air-track glider interrupts a light beam as the
air-track glider passes through each light gate

• a data logger records the time taken by the piece of card to pass through each light
gate and also the time for the piece of card to travel from one light gate to the other.

(a) Table 1 gives measurements made with the light gates as shown in Figure 1.

Table 1

Time to travel from

Time to pass through Time to pass through
first to second light
first light gate / s second light gate / s
gate / s

0.50 0.40 1.19

The length d of the piece of card is 10.0 cm

Assume there is negligible change in velocity while the air-track glider passes
through a light gate.

Determine the acceleration a of the air-track glider.

a = ____________________ m s–2

Page 31 of 71
 (3)

(b) Two further sets of readings, A and B, are taken each with the light gates in different
positions along the air track.
Assume the acceleration is the same in each set.

Table 2 shows these additional sets of results.

Table 2

Time to travel from

Time to pass through Time to pass through
Set first to second light
first light gate / s second light gate / s
gate / s

A 0.61 0.42 1.77

B 0.55 0.37 2.11

Explain how the data in Table 2 show that the distance between the light gates in
set B is greater than in set A.

Assume there is negligible change in velocity while the air-track glider passes
through a light gate.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Additional values for the acceleration of the air-track glider are obtained by further
raising the end of the air track by using a stack consisting of identical blocks.
Adding each block to the stack raises the end of the air track by the same distance.

Figure 2 is a graph of these results showing how a varies with n, the number of
blocks in the stack.

Figure 2

Page 32 of 71
 Draw a suitable best-fit straight line on Figure 2 and determine G, the gradient of
your line.

G = ____________________
(2)

(d) It can be shown that, for the apparatus used by the student, g is equal to where
h is the thickness of each block used in the experiment.

The student obtains a value for g of 9.8 m s–2

Calculate h.

h = ____________________ m
(1)

Page 33 of 71
 (e) Explain how you could find out, without drawing another graph, whether the data
presented in the graph in Figure 2 support the suggestion that a is directly
proportional to n.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q9.
This question is about an experiment to determine the internal resistance of a power
supply.

A student is given the circuit and the four resistors of known resistance shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

The student can change the external resistance R of the circuit between terminals X and
Y. This is done by connecting different combinations of two resistors in series or in
parallel between X and Y.
This method can produce 12 different values for R.

(a) Calculate the largest value of R that the student can obtain using two resistors.

largest value of R = ____________________________ Ω

(1)

(b) Calculate the smallest value of R that the student can obtain using two resistors.

Page 34 of 71
 smallest value of R = ____________________________ Ω
(2)

(c) With switch S closed (in the on position) and no resistors connected between X and
Y the voltmeter reading V is 1.62 V.

The student concludes that this voltmeter reading equals the emf ε of the power
supply.

State why the student’s conclusion that ε = 1.62 V was correct.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Figure 2 shows one particular combination and arrangement of two resistors that
the student could use.

Figure 2

When S is closed the voltmeter reading V is 1.14 V.

Explain why V is less than 1.62 V when S is closed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) It can be shown that

where r is the internal resistance of the power supply.

Page 35 of 71
 Determine (ε – V ) and for this circuit using the data given in part (d).

(ε – V) = ____________________________ V

= ____________________________ V Ω–1
(1)

(f) The student obtains values of V for five further different values of R.

These data were used to produce the graph of (ε – V) against in Figure 3.

Plot the point you determined in part (e) on Figure 3 and add a suitable best-fit line.
(1)

(g) Use Figure 3 to determine r.

r = ____________________________ Ω
(2)

Figure 3

Page 36 of 71
(h) Figure 4 shows a different method for varying the resistance R described in part (a).

Figure 4

Page 37 of 71
 The four resistors are connected in a loop with sockets A, B, C and D at each
junction. Two leads are used to connect the resistor loop to X and Y.

Discuss whether this method is an improvement over the method described in part
(a). In your answer, you should refer to the number of different values that can be
obtained for R.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q10.
This question is about an experiment with a linear air track.

A block is used to raise one end of the track.

A bumper fitted with a rubber cord is attached at the lower end of the track.
The air track has a length of 2 m and there is a scale with major divisions marked in
centimetres along the side; the zero of the scale is at the lower end, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Page 38 of 71
A glider is placed in contact with the rubber cord on the bumper at the lower end of the
track. The position of the glider relative to the fixed scale can be determined using Figure
2.

Figure 2

The glider is then moved to the position shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Page 39 of 71
The air supply to the track is turned on and the glider is released.
The glider accelerates down the track, strikes the rubber cord on the bumper and
rebounds back up the track.
The glider is allowed to bounce off the rubber band 20 times before it is stopped.

A student reads and records the highest position p of the glider after each rebound n.
Some of the student’s data are shown in the table.
Additional columns have been provided to allow you to complete question (b) and
question (c).

n p/cm x/cm In(x/cm)

2 157.0

4 125.4

6 101.3

9 75.4

13 53.8

(a) The value of p corresponding to n = 0 is the glider’s initial position at the top of the
track.

Deduce this value of p using Figure 1 and Figure 3.

Write this result in the table.
(1)

(b) As it travels from the lower end of the track to each position p the glider moves
through a distance x.

Deduce x for all the values of n using Figure 2.

Write these results in the table.
(1)

(c) Plot on Figure 4 a graph of ln(x/cm) against n.

Page 40 of 71
 Record your values of ln(x/cm) in the table.
(3)

(d) Explain why the graph you plotted confirms that x decreases exponentially with n.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Figure 4

Page 41 of 71
(e) Determine, using your graph in Figure 4, the value of x when n is 20.

x when n is 20 = ____________________ cm

Page 42 of 71
 (3)

(f) Describe and explain two procedures the student should take to reduce uncertainty
in the measurements of p.

procedure 1 _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

procedure 2 _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q11.
This question is about the determination of the resistivity of a wire.

Figure 1 shows a micrometer screw gauge that is used to measure the diameter of the
wire.

Figure 1

Page 43 of 71
(a) State the resolution of the main scale on the micrometer in Figure 1.

resolution = __________________mm
(1)

(b) Determine the distance between the anvil and the spindle of the micrometer in
Figure 1. State any assumption you make.

distance = ___________________mm
(2)

(c) A student must also determine the length L of the wire between clips P and Q that
will be connected into a circuit.

Figure 2 shows the metre ruler being used to measure L.

Figure 2

Page 44 of 71
 Determine L

L = ________________________ mm
(1)

(d) Calculate the percentage uncertainty in your result for L.

percentage uncertainty = ___________________ %

(2)

(e) State and explain what the student could have done to reduce uncertainty in the
reading for L.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) The student intends to make measurements that will allow her to determine the
resistance of one metre of the wire. She uses an ohm-meter to measure the

Page 45 of 71
 resistance R for different lengths L of the wire. The student’s measurements are
shown in the table below.

L/cm R /Ω
81.6 8.10

72.2 7.19

63.7 6.31

58.7 5.85

44.1 4.70

Determine the value that the student should record for the resistance per metre of
the wire.

Use the additional column in the table above to show how you arrived at your
answer.

resistance of one metre of wire = ________________ Ω

(2)

(g) Determine the resistivity of the wire. Give a suitable unit for your answer.

mean diameter of the wire = 0.376 mm

resistivity = ________________ unit = ____________

(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 46 of 71
Mark schemes

Q1.
C
[1]

Q2.
(a) reads off λp 1✔
for 1✔ condone POT;
expect λp = 635 ± 2 (nm) /
635 ± 0.02 × 10−9 / 6.35 ± 0.02 × 10−7 (m)
allow evidence of working on Figure 1
1

use of n × their λp = d sin θ 2✔

for 2✔ accept subject n with no / incomplete substitution, eg

OR
subject d and full substitution, eg

5.15 × their λp
OR
correct result d = 3.27 (× 10−6 (m));
allow ECF in λp including POT;
allow recognisable d / 2 sf intermediate result
3

for 3✔ accept ≥ 3 sf in range 3.05 to 3.07 × 105 OR

(allow ECF for λp out of range but

not if due to POT)
1

(b) identifies an appropriate physical characteristic that makes the measurement of the
(5th) maximum more difficult ✔
take ‘it’ to be the 5th maximum / peak
(centre difficult to locate because)
(5th) ‘maximum is wider’ / ‘peak less pronounced’ / ‘less
defined’ or wtte;
allow ‘maximum more spread out’ / ‘less pronounced’
OR
maximum ‘is fainter’ / ‘less bright’ / ‘intensity reduced’;
reject ‘not as clear’

Page 47 of 71
 OR
(cannot use edges to determine location of centre because)
‘whole maximum (may be) not visible’ / ‘can’t see edges’
OR
(LR produces a range of wavelengths so)
4th and 5th / adjacent fringes may overlap
1

(c) extrapolation of linear region of the LR characteristic 1✔

for 1✔ reads off where a ruled extrapolation to the linear
region of the LR characteristic reaches the horizontal axis
the line must be free from discontinuities; condone a ruled
dashed line
condone tangent meeting curve at I ≥ 10 mA

VA for LR in range 1.91 to 1.93 (V) 2✔

for 2✔ > 3 sf acceptable if rounding to 3 sf
2

(d) any fully correct calculation of the Planck constant 1✔

for 1✔ allow 2 sf
use of c = 3(.00) × 108 AND e = 1.6(0) × 10−19
AND EITHER
VA from (c) AND λp in range 620 to 650 nm / ECF their λp
from (a)
OR
VA = 2.00 AND λp in range 550 to 580 nm;
calculates mean of two valid calculations of the Planck constant;

result in range 6.10 to 6.50 × 10−34 (J s) 2✔

for 2✔ Planck constant result rounding to correct 3 sf
(check very carefully working leading to data booklet value
6.63 × 10−34)
1

(e) VF corresponding to IF = 21 mA read from LR graph in Figure 3;

use of VF = 2.01 (V) leading to R = 195 (Ω) earns both marks

calculates R from
for 1✔ accept evidence of working on Figure 3 condone 2 sf
eg VF = 2.0 (V)
allow POT error for IF
1

R = 195 (Ω) from 195 2✔

for 2✔ evidence to show use of VF = 2.01 ± 0.01 (V) must be
seen, ie allow

Page 48 of 71
 1
[10]

Q3.
(a) Max one from: ✔
internal ray is a radius (of the block)
OR
internal ray travels along a normal
OR
ray meets (glass-air) boundary at 90°
OR
angle of incidence is zero
(so angle of emergence/refraction is zero)
1

(b) Straight line ruled from centre of protractor through ABC ✔

for 1✔ line must be reasonable and must pass through
intersection of the cross-wires and must not pass above the
centre of A or below the centre of B

Takes a pair of readings: 24 or 66; and angle consistent with their line ✔
Must be between 0° and 90°

Use of Snell’s Law with their angles ✔

1.48 or 1.52 ✔
Must be a positive value to 3 sf.
4

(c) 1.47 or 1.471 ✔

Reject 1.5 or >4 sf; ignore any unit written
1

(d) 0.08 (mm) ✔

Only acceptable answer
1

(e) Calculates one percentage uncertainty

For 1✔ allow ecf from (d); expected answers are
% uncertainty in (R2 – R0) =

% uncertainty in (R2 – R1) =

OR

Calculates max or min value ✔

Page 49 of 71
 Adds their percentage uncertainties
OR

attempt to use percentage n =

Ecf for 2✔ from wrong percentage uncertainties or wrong
max or min values

1.4(%) ✔
Condone 3 or 4 sf
3
[10]

Q4.
(a) to limit (maximum) current (when variable resistor is set to zero) ✔
Accept ‘so cell is not short-circuited’ for 1✔

to prevent overheating (of cell)

OR
to prevent damage to cell
OR
otherwise cell would discharge quickly ✔
‘to avoid damaging components’ is not enough for 2✔
2

(b) Line ruled through bottom of second error bar and top of ninth (3rd from right)
error bar ✔
Ignore unit if given. Allow tolerance of 2 mm inside either
error bar.

Determines their gradient, with ∆x ≥ 0.2 (A) ✔

(–)1.0 ± 0.1 (/ V A–1) ✔

Expect to see 2 sf in any answer
3

(c) Attempt to calculate mean of their Gmin and –1.3 ✔

Allow positive G values

1.1 (Ω) ✔
Ecf from (b). 1 mark max if r given as negative
2

(d) States that ε = V + Ir OR calculates R = 0.39 (Ω) ✔

Allow ruled line drawn through (0.94, 0.37) and (0.70, 0.65)
✔

Use of ε = V + Ir OR ε = I(R + r) ✔
Adds their gradient to read off at I = 1.0 A ✔ ✔

Page 50 of 71
 OR
Use of y=mx+c with their gradient ✔
Intercept (c) determined ✔

1.4 (V) ✔
Ecf from (c). 3 sf max
3
[10]

Q5.
(a) 37.8 ✔
CAO
1

(b) random (error)

condone ‘statistical’ ✔
the following are neutral:
‘parallax’ / ‘human (error)’ / ‘(some) results are anomalous’
1

(c) advantage (of using thinner beam):

(same load produces) larger (values of) s or wtte 1✔

so

the percentage uncertainty / error (in s) is reduced 2✔

for 1✔ accept ‘beam bends / deflects more’
‘beam extends more’ / ‘easier to bend’ are neutral
for 2✔ the following are neutral:
‘easier to make readings’ / ‘values (of s) are more accurate’ /
‘more precise’ / ‘less mass needed’ / ‘wider range of
readings’

disadvantage (of beam bending more):

idea that beam may undergo plastic deformation 3✔

so

the graph will be non-linear / curve or wtte 4✔

or

beam ‘may break’ / ‘slip off knife edges’ and relevant comment about safety /
health / hazard / ‘cannot get unload data’

or

reduces range of m or wtte and relevant comment about the effect on the graph, eg
increase scatter 34✔ = 1 MAX
for 3✔ accept / ‘beam may become permanently deformed’

Page 51 of 71
 or wtte / ‘necking may occur’ / ‘hysteresis may occur’ / ‘beam
can reach (go past) elastic limit’
the following are neutral:
‘causes systematic error’ / ‘beam may go past limit of
proportionality’ / ‘need to increase height of supports’ / ‘beam
may bend under own weight’
MAX 3

(d) E ≈ 109
or

1.14 × 109 seen 1✔

for 1✔ accept 109 seen in working
1

correct manipulation seen in body of answer of

for 2✔ either
substitution of their E and data from Figure 8
leaving η as only unknown: allow POT in s but not in m

eg
substitution of their E and result of a gradient calculation:
allow POT in ∆s but not in ∆m
eg η = 1.14 × 109 ×1.02 (×10−1) or
calculation involving orders of magnitude (expect 10−1 but
allow 102 for gradient)
eg η ≈ 109 × 10−1
2

correct raw result (allow POT in E) 3✔

for 3✔ expect 1.16 × 108 but allow 1 sf gradient eg leading to
1.14 × 108

(on answer line) order of magnitude consistent with their raw result 4✔
for 4✔ η = 108 or 8 only; allow use of their E
award 34✔ = 1 MAX for use of gradient ≈ 100
leading to order of magnitude = 1011 or 11 only
1

(e) identifies that s and L are linked by a power law ✔

accept any correct expression (unless there is talk-out) with s
or log s as the subject;
treat any quantities other than s and L as constant except E
and η

s ∝ Ln
possible answers are:

allow s ∝ Lm if m identified as constant

Page 52 of 71
 s ∝ L3
s = kLn
log s = n log L+ (log) k
log s = 3 log L+ (log) k
log s = log L3+ (log) k
reject
s = Ln

log s ∝ n log L
log s = n log L

10s ∝ 10L
‘s and L are linked logarithmically’
‘s is directly proportional to L’
1

(f) (log L =) −0.097 seen

for 1✔ accept any log L rounding to −0.097;
1

or
working on Figure 5 confirming a value of log L between −0.095 and −0.100 1✔

uses Figure 5 to obtain s in range 2.9 to 3.1 × 10−2 (m) 2✔

working can be suitable ruled line or mark on the best-fit
line / on graph axes
for 2✔ accept 29, 30 or 31 mm etc
reject 1sf 3 × 10−2 (m)
1

use of wrong base

ln L = −0.22(3);

uses Figure 5 to obtain s in range 1.49 to 1.51 × 10−1 or 1.5 × 10−1 (m) 12✔
accept 15 cm etc

(g) use of Figure 4 to determine M ✔

their (final answer to) (f) × gradient of Figure 4 (9.8 ± 2.5%)
minimum 2sf
condone use of 1sf s
1
[13]

Q6.
(a) valid continuous series circuit that includes ammeter, and one wire link (condone
diagonal connections)

and

voltmeter between any two sockets that enable the terminal pd to be measured ✔

Page 53 of 71
 all of the following are acceptable:

links and connections

reject broken / dashed lines
tolerate diagrams with diagonal or non-straight connections
between sockets if these will produce a valid circuit
don’t insist on connection blobs
circuit must be continuous unless a switch is included:
otherwise no gaps wider than the thickness of their links
inclusion of a switch is neutral but the length of the open
switch must be ≥ length of the gap where the switch is
connected: condone the whole gap between terminals
vertically opposite the ammeter to be marked as an open
switch
meters
correct ASE symbol for ammeter and correct ASE symbol for
voltmeter are essential
one voltmeter and one ammeter only
meters must not be ‘transparent’
positions of meters assume that the ammeter has negligible
resistance and voltmeter has infinite resistance
1

(b) (with any switch closed) read ammeter and voltmeter

or

record / measure I and V;

adjust / vary / change resistance / (setting of) variable resistor / Q

and repeat (readings) 1✔

Page 54 of 71
 for 1✔ must produce a range of I, V values (>2 sets) and
identify how this is achieved; it is not necessary to suggest
range or number of sets

plot V (against) I 2✔
mark 2✔ independently of 1✔
2

ε = (vertical / y-axis) intercept 3✔

r = −gradient 4✔
2✔ 3✔ and 4✔ can be awarded for a suitable sketch graph
condone ‘use the (variable) resistor to vary current and read
I, V’
idea that R can be read from Q is neutral
for 2✔ (and further credit in 3✔ and 4✔ ) the ordinate and the
abscissa must be identified;
allow 'plot V over I ' or 'plot V/I'
allow 2✔ for reverse plot ‘I (against) V’

then 4✔ for r = and 3✔ intercept =

for 3✔ open circuit methods involving ε read directly using
voltmeter are neutral
for 4✔ any subject but minus sign essential
2

variation
1✔ as above;
3✔ find R from V divided by I ; disconnect external circuit
and measure ε directly;

4✔ plot against
2✔ gradient = r

(c) gradient calculation seen with ∆n −1 divided by ∆I −1;

ε from 22 × gradient 1✔
for 1✔ do not penalise one read off error, (allow use of 0, 0)
or for small steps
expect gradient ≈ 7.2(5) × 10−2 leading to ε = 1.594 (V)
do not allow reverse working based on answer to part (e)
1

ε minimum 3 sf; in range 1.58 to 1.61 (V) 2✔

2✔ is contingent on award of 1✔
1

(d) use of Figure 3 to read off I −1 corresponding to n−1 = 0.25;

Page 55 of 71
 calculates I in range 0.23(2) to 0.24(4) (A) ✔
do not insist on seeing evidence of working on Figure 3
expect I −1 = 4.2 ± 0.1 (A−1) leading to I = 0.238 (A)
(should expect 1 more sf than in 0.25 for ‘show that’ but
condone 0.23 and 0.24 since result based on 2 sf data)
do not allow reverse working based on answer to (e)
1

(e) circuit resistance R = 5.5 (Ω) seen in (e) working 1✔

minimum 2sf V from their I × 5.5

or

V from their ε − their I × r 2✔

for 1✔ allow R = allow R−1 = etc

for 2✔ correct R only; expect V = 1.3(1) V; use of I = 0.25 A
gives V = 1.38 V
do not allow V ≥ their ε

r using lost volts divided by current; full substitution of their valid data

eg

or
r using formula for Figure 3; full substitution of their valid data

eg

or

r using either intercept on Figure 3; full substitution of their valid data

eg their vertical intercept ×−22 or

their horizontal intercept × ε 3✔

use of ‘show that’ or 2 sf data:

with ε = 1.6 V, V = 1.4 V and

I = 0.25 A gives r = 0.80 Ω

with ε = 1.6 V, I = 0.25 A

and n = 4 gives r = 0.90 Ω;
(can find r first, then V using ε − Ir)
a vertical intercept must be calculated; result is negative, eg
vertical intercept = −0.053:

Page 56 of 71
 r = −1 × −0.053 × 22 = 1.17(Ω)
horizontal intercept = 0.73:
r = 1.6 × 0.73 = 1.18(Ω)
minimum 2 sf result in range 0.80 and 1.3(0) (Ω) 4✔
allow 4✔ only if there is clear evidence of a valid method
leading to a result in range
4

(f) n = 2 and n = 3 1✔

n = 5 or n = 6 or n = 7 2✔
to improve distribution of points (along the line) or wtte 3✔
for 1✔ and 2✔ if suggesting more than three values for n
accept only the last three
for 3✔ allow:
‘spread out’ / ‘avoid concentrating’ points’
where current / n is smaller’ or wtte ‘reduce distance
between points (data)’ / (add) detail
‘most uniform distribution’ / ‘most equally spread out’ /
‘roughly evenly spaced’
reject:
‘making points (data) ‘equally’ / ‘evenly-spaced’ / ‘even
spread’ (without qualification)
‘easier to plot / draw line’ / ‘line more accurate’ / ‘easier to
see trend’ are neutral
3

(h) both points move (by ≥ half a grid square) to the right 1✔

both points move (by ≥ half a grid square) causing the gradient of a straight line
between them to be reduced 2✔
allow badly-marked points / use of arrows
ignore any best-fit line added to Figure 5
for 1✔ rightwards motion of each point must be parallel to
gridlines ± half small square
award of 2✔ mark is independent of 1✔ mark
for 2✔ the points do not need to move in the same direction
2
[17]

Q7.
(a) general procedure

• collect water for a measured time;

• divide measured / calculated volume by time to determine rate 1✔
static volume should be measured after timing, eg
reject ‘measure time to fill cylinder’ or 1✔ = 0
accept ‘find V for different t, plot V against t,
gradient = Q’ but not if by continuous flow method

Page 57 of 71
 1

names 2 suitable instruments 2✔

for time use stopwatch or stopclock;
treat as neutral: ‘timer’ or ‘light gate / data logger’
for volume use measuring cylinder / graduated beaker;
treat as neutral: ‘measuring beaker’ / ‘burette’
OR

for mass use balance; use of (any subject)

condone ‘volume of 1 g is 1 cm3’;
reject ‘weigh’/’weighed’
1

method to reduce uncertainty in volume 3✔

read water level at bottom of the meniscus (or wtte or allow
sketch); don’t penalise further use of ‘beaker’ treat as
neutral: ‘dry cylinder before use’
OR
procedure to avoid systematic error in determining mass, eg
tare / reset / zero the balance with empty beaker on pan /
find mass of beaker empty and subtract from mass of beaker
plus water;
don’t penalise further use of ‘weigh’/ ‘scales’ allow ‘use
balance on a horizontal surface’

method to reduce uncertainty in time 4✔

✔ ensure stopwatch is zeroed / reset before use

added detail 5✔ 6✔ 7✔
collect large(r) volume / for long(er) time / ≥ 60 s 5✔
this reduces percentage / fractional uncertainty 6✔
read at eye level or wtte, to reduce parallax 7✔
MAX 2

(b) sensible mark identifying second box indicating (N m–2 s) only

auto marked question
1

(c) 19.8% (from 4 × 2.9% + 1.8% + 6.4%) earns both marks ✔✔

don’t insist on seeing ‘%’ unless 0.198 etc
allow final answer rounded to 20%
allow 1 mark for 0.198 or 0.20 but reject 1 sf 0.2
for incorrect answer the following can earn one mark:
(percentage uncertainty in d =) 4 × 2.9% / 11.6% / 12% seen
in working but wrong final answer
OR missing × 4 eg 2.9% + 1.8% + 6.4% = 11(.1)%
OR incorrect multiplier applied to 2.9 eg 2 × 2.9%
OR with × 4 applied wrongly eg
2.9 + (1.8 × 4) + 6.4 = 16.5 % or 17 % /
2.9 + 1.8 + (6.4 × 4) = 30(.3) %

Page 58 of 71
 2

(d) appropriate use (ie close to and parallel with the vertical side of the tube, but
not necessarily in contact with the tube) of:

a metre ruler made vertical using a set-square in contact with the bench /
floor / (flat) surface

OR

a plumb line / weight on vertical string (reject ‘pendulum’)

OR

a spirit level ✔
the mark can be awarded for a convincing sketch, eg use of
a very large set square without ruler
accept ‘tri-square’ for set square
the only acceptable horizontal reference is the bench: don’t
allow use of horizontal T, eg set square placed on T even if
sketch looks convincing
no credit for attempt to show graduations on tube are
horizontal / use of ‘protractor’ for set-square / ‘each side of
meniscus at same level’ / use of clamp stand rod or wall as
vertical reference
1

(e) attempted use of y = y0 e–λ∆t with substitution of values of y, y0 and ∆t obtained

directly from Figure 4 / plausible values obtained from Figure 7

OR

tangent drawn on Figure 4 to find ;

use of = (–) λ × y* and y* is where tangent meets the curve 1✔

valid calculation seen leading to a result for λ that rounds to 3 sf in range 4.45
to 4.55 × 10–3 (s–1);

award if seen in body of answer 2✔

for 1✔ do not penalise y / y0 interchanged, read off

errors, manipulation errors / ∆t = t / t0 / or use of incorrect

symbols eg A, N for y;
no ecf for 2✔
allow use of Figure 7

52.2 = 60 e–31λ; ∴λ = 4.49 × 10–3 s–1

y0 = 60.0 cm, y = 52.2 cm; ∆t = 60 – 29 = 31 s

if the intermediate step is seen, eg

Page 59 of 71
 accept ‘log’ for ‘ln’
no credit allowed for reverse-working method in a ‘Show that’
problem
no credit for assuming straight line and y = mx + c,
measuring the gradient then by determining the

equation of the line or by using

determines the half life; finds λ from

no credit for common error λ = gradient × 2
for 2✔ look for any answer in the body that deserves credit
(for a ‘Show that’ we can overlook truncation in the value
given on the answer line)

variation on use of use of y = y0 e–λ∆t for 1✔:

λ can be found if points t1, y1 and t2, y2 are used and the values substituted into

if this approach is used substitute the data into to confirm that

the result for λ is correct before awarding 2✔
1
1

(f) use of with substitution of recognisable λ;

evaluated to ≥ 2 sf in range 140 s to 170 s ✔

calculation can have any subject;
accept use of 2 sf λ = 4.5 × 10–3 usually leading to 154 but
allow correctly truncated to 150 or 1.5 × 102
1

(g) (mostly) continuous line drawn on Figure 7;

below dashed line and with negative gradient between t = 0 and t = 120;

do not penalise linear line or shaky / thick / hairy line or slight

discontinuities; accept ≈ horizontal after 100 s 1✔

line passes through:

Page 60 of 71
 AND through EITHER of

2
[13]

Q8.
(a) (u = )0.2(0) or 20 or 200 and (v =)0.25 or 25 or 250 1✔;

Both velocities seen / allow seen in / condone

(possible) powers of ten (POT) error for 1st mark and 2nd
mark in their v and u and any substitution v and u into

Where t3 has been substituted must be t3 = 1.19 (s)

substitution of their u and v in ✔

Where t3 has been substituted must be t3 = 1.19 (s)

Values for:
u (0.20 (m s–1) or 20 (cm s–1)200 (mm s–1) ) and
v (0.25 (m s–1) or 25 (cm s–1) or 250 (mm s–1))
Correctly combined with t3 (1.19) will earn 1st and 2nd marks
Where u and v are not correct, they must be identifiable as
their u and v ( 2nd mark is only mark available except where

Page 61 of 71
 error is POT)

Allow their (= a) where clear it is their ∆v

a = 4.2 × 10–2 (m s–2) 3✔

Correct result for a will earn three marks;
Accept 420 mm s–2 or 42 cm s–2 if m s–2 has been replaced on
the answer line
2 sf answer only
3

(b) (set B because) it has a greater time / takes longer (to travel between gates) (hence
distance between gates is larger) 1✔

(and ) set B’s average velocity is greater / set B’s velocity at gate 1 is greater / Set
B’s velocity is greater at both gates
Two calculations for gate separation s using either

OR

(and ) set A’s average velocity is smaller / set A’s velocity at gate 1 is smaller/ Set
A’s velocity is smaller at both gates 2✔

Alternative Method

values of u and v are calculated (condone POT error) and corresponding values for
each s determined; 1✔

a comparison of their distances leading to conclusion that set B produced when s is

largest

OR

ratio is proportional to distance s and B’s ratio is greater 2✔

OR OR

v2 − u2/
u/ms–1 v/ms–1 s/m
m2s–2
Set A 0.164 0.238 0.356 0.0297
Set B 0.181 0.270 0.476 0.0401

Set A 7.12
Set B 9.54
Allow ecf for acceleration where used to find s
Using a = 0.042: sA = 0.354 and sB = 0.478
Treat a larger change in velocity as neutral
2

(c) Continuous, ruled straight best fit line through 1st and last points 1✔

Page 62 of 71
 n=4 point below and n=7 above, other points cut by line of
best fit
Line must not be thicker than half a square grid
Line must have no variation in thickness
Do not accept more than one line drawn, do not accept
discontinuities

Gradient from seen

and

G = 0.045 range (0.042 to 0.053) 2✔

Steps at least half the height and half the width of the grid;
(at least 3 squares horizontally and at least 5 squares
vertically)

half drawn line apart (∆𝑥 ≥ 3 and ∆y ≥ 0.175)

Allow where points are on line and are at least

Ignore any units given for G

Allow 1 sf answers of 0.04 or 0.05 where correct working is
shown
2

(d) ✔

(h = 9.2 × 10–3 m)
Ecf from part (c)
Expect 2 sf normally. Penalise 3 or more sf
Condone 1 sf answers where correct working is shown in
part (d) and where their G is quoted to 1sf
In this case, allow use of their rounded G or full carry value
1

(e) idea that the intercept can be found by calculating a – Gn where a and n are values
read-off (from a point on the line) and G is the gradient ; intercept compared to 0, 0
(OWTTE in a general y=mx +c description)
Simply explaining how to find the intercept does not fully
answer the question and gets no credit must describe the
comparison aspect; do not accept idea of extrapolation off
the grid or re-plotting on axes that include (0, 0)

OR

Read-off points (of line of best fit for) x1 and x2 compare with corresponding y1 and y2
, compares the ratio of the x terms to the ratio of the y terms; if equal then directly
proportional

OR

Determine the constant of proportionality for at least two points (on line of best fit)
and compare, where constant exists then directly proportional ✔
Idea that a and n will share a common factorial increase

Page 63 of 71
 1
[9]

Q9.
(a) 15(.0) (Ω) ✔
Only acceptable answer
Must be on answer line or clearly identified as (largest)R
by R = 15 (.0) (Ω) seen.
Allow an answer just above (or below) the answer line in
cases where a previous answer has been crossed out.
If not on the answer line, units must be stated.
1

(b) 1.4(1) (Ω) ✔✔

Only selects 2.2 Ω and 3.9 Ω in parallel ✔

Accept evidence from working or a clear labelled sketch of
2.2 Ω and 3.9 Ω in parallel
Possible allowed combinations include:

Accept 1.407 Ω but not >4 sf

Must be on answer line or clearly identified as (smallest)R
by R = 1.4 (1) (Ω) seen.
Allow an answer just above (or below) the answer line in
cases where a previous answer has been crossed out.
Common wrong answer = 0.71 (Ω) is worth one mark with
correct supporting working
2

(c) Any of the following statements:

Power supply is on open circuit (so current is zero)

OR

Voltmeter has a (very) large resistance (so current is zero)

OR

No current (load) (so no lost volts)

Page 64 of 71
 OR

(Current is zero) so no lost volts

Accept ‘negligible’ current for zero current
Accept ‘very large’ resistance; don’t penalise ‘voltmeter has
very large internal resistance’
Do not allow:
Resistance is zero
Only resistance is the internal resistance
No other component (this implies that the internal resistance
is zero)
1

(d) (Current through power supply leads to)

lost volts (across the internal resistance)

OR

(Current through power supply leads to)

voltage drop across the internal resistance

OR

(Current through power supply leads to)

Some of the emf is used in the internal resistance

OR

Voltage is shared between the internal and external

resistances
Allow correct ‘energy transfer in the internal resistance’
arguments
Must refer to a voltage across the internal resistance or r
except when the term “lost volts” is used.
Do not allow:
The current decreases
1

(e) ε – V = (1.62 – 1.14 =) 0.48(0) (V)

and

Both results required for ✔; accept 0.127 or 0.1267 for

Do not allow answers expressed in terms of unknown
variables
Answers must be on answer line or clearly identified as
answer by using correct subject and equals sign
Allow an answer just above (or below) the answer line in

Page 65 of 71
 cases where a previous answer has been crossed out.
1

(f) Point correctly plotted to nearest 1 mm (half a grid square)

and

continuous ruled best fit line for the 5 (originally printed)

points ✔
Withhold mark if point is hidden or if best fit line is of variable
thickness or has discontinuities.
Data point should be marked with a cross. Both × and +
marks are acceptable.
Do not allow points plotted as dots / dots in circles
If point is wrongly calculated in Part 1.5 allow CE for an
accurate plot of this but this should then be treated as
anomalous when judging the best fit line.
The best fit line must intersect each of the 5 originally printed
X symbols.
Allow no plot where ECF (even as algebraic equation) point
won’t fit on the grid and student has stated that it can’t be
plotted.
If no answer / no plottable answer in 1.5 but student chooses
to plot a point then it must be the correct point only (0.13,
0.48)
1

(g) Gradient triangle for Figure 3; correct read-offs for points (±

1 mm) from triangle with the ε – V step at least 0.5 V

Allow seen or gradient triangle drawn with seen,

read-offs must be substituted into or

Condone one read-off error in four read-offs for gradient
method
(common error: candidates miss non-origin on ordinate axis)
(common error: makes a power of 10 error on abscissa)

r in range 3.49 to 3.95 (Ω)

Any correct method other than gradient method (no read-off
errors here) allow 1 mark
i.e. allow 1 mark for the accurate use of 1 point from their
line
r must be quoted to a minimum of 2 significant figures
ecf for r (their gradient from their best fit line)
r must be supported by correct working
2

(h) The Figure 1 method is better because more R values are available ✔

6 values of R (possible) for method (seen) in Fig 4 ✔

Do not allow:

Page 66 of 71
 The 2nd method has a wider range
The 2nd method has a larger maximum resistance
The 2nd method has a smaller minimum resistance
The 2nd method only goes up to 8.2 Ω
(resistances available in Fig 4: 2.0 Ω, 3.2 Ω, 4.3 Ω, 4.6 Ω,
5.0 Ω, 5.3 Ω)
2
[11]

Q10.
(a) p0 = 198.4 (cm) ✔
only acceptable answer
1

(b) all x values correct and recorded to nearest mm ✔

n p/cm x/cm

0 198.4 174.6
2 157.0 133.2
4 125.4 101.6
6 101.3 77.5
9 75.4 51.6
13 53.8 30.0
allow ecf for x = p – 23.8 if p0 ≠ 198.4
penalise 2 sf x = 30 for n = 13
1

(c) six values of ln(x/cm) recorded consistently i.e. all to (minimum) 2 dp; confirm that
value of ln(x) for n = 6 corresponds to tabulated value of x 1✔

vertical axis labelled ln(x/cm) i.e. bracket required;

suitable vertical scale (points should cover at least half the

grid with a frequency of not less than 5 cm) 2✔

points plotted for n = 0, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 13;

check n = 6 point is plotted within half a grid square of

tabulated position;

suitable continuous ruled line of negative gradient from n = 0

to (at least) n = 13 3✔
expected data:

n p/cm x/cm ln(x/cm)

0 198.4 174.6 5.162
6 101.3 77.5 4.350

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 for n = 0, x = 0, ignore missing or incorrect ln(x) and ignore
missing/wrongly-plotted point
for 2✔ vertical axis should be labelled ln(x/cm) (note that
bracket is essential); expect vertical scale to start at 3 with
major divisions of 0.2
for 3✔ a suitable line must pass through all points if these
have been correctly calculated;
for any errant plotted points the line must be the best line in
the opinion of the marker;
line must not be thicker than half a grid square and width
must not vary;
points must not be thicker than half a grid square (reject any
dots or blobs)
3

(d) graph is linear and has negative gradient ✔

allow ‘straight line’ for ‘linear’; statement must be confirmed
by Figure 4
allow ‘negative slope’ or ‘slopes downwards’ for ‘negative
gradient’
no ecf for non-linear graph
1

(e) gradient triangle for Figure 4;

correct read offs (± 1 mm) for all points or for both steps in
triangle 1 ✔

expected gradient result is –0.135

for gradient between –0.139 to –0.133 (allow this

intermediate answer shown as a fraction)

award two marks for minimum 3 sf x when n = 20 in range

11.2 to 12.2 (cm) 23 ✔✔

OR

one mark for x when n = 20 in range 10.8 to 12.7 (cm) 23 ✔

OR (if gradient out of range)

marker uses candidate’s gradient (which must be negative)

and (marker must read off) intercept on Figure 4 to calculate
x when n = 20

minimum 3 sf result in range ± 4% 23 ✔✔

OR

1 mark minimum 3 sf result in range ± 8% 23 ✔

(theoretical result for x when n = 20 is 11.7(3) cm)

for 1 ✔
allow 1 mark for sufficient evidence of working and a valid
calculation of the gradient of a linear graph even if graph has

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 a positive gradient
for 2 ✔ and 3 ✔
give no credit if graph drawn has a positive gradient
allow 1 mark for using a positive value for the (negative)
gradient in the calculation for x when n = 20 (this leads to
2592 cm); result must be in range ± 4% 23 ✔
allow ‘similar triangles’ method;

eg 1 ✔

ln x20 = 2.46 2 ✔; x20 = 11.7(0) cm 3 ✔

allow ecf x when n = 20 based on Figure 4 if scales used
enable value to be read directly using an extrapolated line;
do not allow such working to extend beyond the grid into the
margin 1 ✔; value in range 11.2 to 12.1 cm 23 ✔ = 1 MAX
3

(f) valid procedure 1

described 1 ✔

explained 2 ✔;

valid procedure 2

described 3 ✔

explained 4 ✔
explanation mark (2 ✔) is only awarded when it is relevant to
a correct procedure (1✔); one procedure/explanation allowed
per response
no credit for conflicting statements or wrong physics
any two from:
repeat experiment and average calculated (p) 1✔
to reduce (impact of) random [human] error 2✔
and/or
repeat readings to detect anomalies 1✔
so these can be discarded (before averaging) 2✔
and/or
view air track at right angles [at eye level] 1✔
to reduce [eliminate] (impact of) parallax error 2✔
and/or
repeat experiment with track direction reversed and average
calculated (p) 1✔
to account for the effect of non-level bench 2✔
and/or
use video (camera) technology [or a motion sensor linked to
a data logger or laser ranger] to view [record] the position of
the glider as it reaches the top of the track 1✔
to reduce (impact of) random [human] error [to identify and
eliminate anomalous results] 2✔
reject any suggestion that involves changing the glider, its

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 initial position on the track or the air track itself including the
position of the scale
4
[13]

Q11.
(a) 0.5 mm [0.05 cm, 0.0005 m] ✔
only acceptable answers
1

(b) 8.65 mm [0.865 cm, 0.00865 m] 1✔

the micrometer reads zero when the jaws are closed 2✔

only 3sf answers are acceptable for 1✔
accept no zero error for 2✔
2

(c) L = (403 − 289 = ) 114 mm ✔

1

(d) absolute uncertainty = 1 mm 1✔

percentage uncertainty = × 100 = 0.88%2✔

accept 2 mm for ab. uncertainty 1✔

allow ecf for wrong L and / or wrong ΔL
accept 1.75%
2

(e) should move wire directly over / closer to scale on the ruler to avoid parallax error ✔
both statement and explanation required for this mark
1

(f) five values of R/L correct, recorded to 3 sf [last row to 3sf or 4sf]; accept values in Ω
cm−1 ✔

mean based on first four rows only; result 9.94 Ω m−1 [9.94 × 10−2 Ω cm−1] ✔

L/cm R/Ω (R/L)Ωm−1

81.6 8.10 9.93

72.2 7.19 9.96

63.7 6.31 9.91

58.7 5.85 9.97

44.1 4.70 10.66 (10.7)

2

(g) cross-sectional area = 1 ✔

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resistivity from × A, correct substitution of result from 01.6 2✔

1.10 × 10−63 ✔

Ω m 4✔

resistivity from × earns 12✔✔

allow 2✔ if value is not based on mean or on a mean from

all five rows of table in 01.6
condone 1.12 × 10−6 for 3✔ if fifth row in 01.6 was not
rejected
withhold 3✔ for POT error
4
[13]

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