Communication Theory

Chapter 2 : Solutions to the exercises

Exercise 2.1 Solution

a) The modulations and carrier frequency are

• Figure (a): conventional AM modulation, with carrier frequency fc = 100 kHz.
• Figure (b): double sideband modulation, with carrier frequency fc = 102 kHz.
• Figure (c): single sideband AM modulation. There are two possibilities:
– Upper sideband with carrier frequency fc = 98 kHz.
– Lower sideband with carrier frequency fc = 102 kHz.
• Figure (d): angle modulation, with carrier frequency fc = 100 kHz.
b) The modulating signal is a sinusoid of frequency 2 kHz, that is,

m(t) = Ac cos(ωm t + ϕ)

where ωm = 2πfm with fm = 2 kHz.

Exercise 2.2 Solution

The spectrum of the modulated signal are deltas at the frequencies

ωc + n × ωm

for every integer n, where ωc is the frequency of the carrier and ωm is the frequency of the
modulating signal (in both cases they are angular frequencies in rad/s). In this case ωc = 2πfc
and ωm = 2πfm . The amplitude of each delta is π times the coefficient Jn (β), in this case Jn (5).
The number of harmonics in the effective bandwidth is Me = 2⌊β⌋ + 3 = 13 harmonics. Taking
into account that
J0 (5) = −0.18, J1 (5) = −0.33, J2 (5) = 0.05
J3 (5) = 0.37, J4 (5) = 0.39, J5 (5) = 0.26, J6 (5) = 0.13 · · ·
and that J−m (β) = (−1)m Jm (β), the Fourier transform of the modulated signal will have the form
of Figure 2.1 (Only the Me = 2⌊β⌋ + 3 = 13 central frequencies are represented, which contain
the effective bandwidth).

Exercise 2.3 Solution

In this case, it is defined for all sections AM = 1.

a) The bandwidth is 2B Hz. The power spectral density, for a generic modulation index a, is that
of the figure

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 Communication Theory
+0.39Ac π +0.39Ac π
+0.37Ac π
+0.33Ac π

S(jω) +0.26Ac π

+0.15Ac π +0.15Ac π

+0.05Ac π +0.05Ac π
··· ···
ωc − 5ωm ωc − 3ωm ωc ωc + ωm

ωc + 2ωm ωc + 4ωm ωc + 6ωm

ωc − 6ωm ωc − 4ωm ωc − ωm
ωc − 2ωm ωm ωc + 3ωm ωc + 5ωm ω (rad/s)

−0.18Ac π

−0.26Ac π

−0.33Ac π
−0.37Ac π

Figure 2.1: Frequency response of the modulated signal for Exercise 2.2.

SS (jω)
A2c
2 π 2
aAc
........ 6
... AM ........ 6
...
..... ... ..... ...
2CM
.. ........ ..
.. .. ........ ..
..
...... .. ...... ..
..
.. ................ ..
..
..
.. ................ ..
..
. .
−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W +ωc − W +ωc +ωc + W ω

b) The bandwidth is 2B Hz. The power spectral density is that of the figure

SS (jω)

A2c
......... .. AM ......... ..
...... ... ...... ...
4
.. ........ .
... .. ........ .
...
.. ...... ....... .. .. ...... ....... ..
.. .......... .. .. .......... ..
−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W +ωc − W +ωc +ωc + W ω

c) The bandwidth is B Hz. The power spectral density is that of the figure

SS (jω)

... AM A2c ..........

..
. ...... ....
. .. .......
.
..... .. .. ......
................................... . . ....................................
−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W +ωc − W +ωc +ωc + W ω

d) The approximated bandwidth is 12 B Hz.

Exercise 2.4 Solution

In all cases PM = 21 is considered, which is the power of the modulating signal, CM = 1 the
maximum value in module of the signal m(t), and W = 2πfm .

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 Communication Theory
2 
a) The power of the modulated signal is PS = A2c 1 + P4M . The power spectral density, for a


generic modulation index a, is that of the figure, where AM = π2

SS (jω)
A2c
2 π
A2c
6 AM 4 a2 6
6 6 6 6

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W +ωc − W +ωc +ωc + W ω

A2c
b) The power of the modulated signal is PS = 2 M
P . The power spectral density is that of the
figure, where AM = π2

SS (jω)

A2c
AM 4
6 6 6 6

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W +ωc − W +ωc +ωc + W ω

c) The power of the modulated signal is PS = A2c PM . The power spectral density is that of the
figure, where AM = π2

SS (jω)

AM A2c
6 6

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W +ωc − W +ωc +ωc + W ω

Exercise 2.5 Solution

a) The bandwidth is 2B Hz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is worse than that obtained in a baseband
transmission    
S S
= ηAM
N AM N b
with 2
a
P Ma CM2 P MM P MM
ηAM = = 2 = 2
1 + PM a 1 + Ca2 P MM CM
+ P MM
M a2

b) The bandwidth is 2B Hz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is the same as that obtained in a
baseband transmission    
S S
=η
N DBL N b

c) The bandwidth is B Hz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is the same as that obtained in a baseband
transmission    
S S
=η
N BLU N b

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 Communication Theory

d) The bandwidth is B + ∆B Hz, where ∆B is the excess of bandwidth due to the vestige, and
the signal-to-noise ratio is slightly lower than that obtained in a baseband transmission
   
S S
= ηBLV
N BLV N b
with
B
ηBLV =
B + ∆B
e) The bandwidth is approximately 8B Hz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is better than that ob-
tained in a baseband transmission, the gain being proportional to the square of the modulation
index    
S PM 2 S
≈ 3 2 βf
N FM CM N b
Exercise 2.6 Solution

a) Double Sideband Amplitude Modulation (DBL).

b) Phase modulation (PM).
c) Conventional AM amplitude modulation (or double sideband with carrier).
d) Single sideband (SSB) modulation, upper sideband.
e) Angle modulation, in particular frequency modulation (FM).
f) Single sideband (SSB) modulation, lower sideband.

Exercise 2.7 Solution

a) Single sideband (SSB) modulation, lower sideband.

b) Double Sideband Amplitude Modulation (DSB).
c) Conventional AM amplitude modulation (or double sideband with carrier).
d) Single sideband (SSB) modulation, upper sideband.
e) Angle, phase (PM) or frequency (FM) modulation, when the modulating signal is a sinusoid.
f) Conventional AM amplitude modulation (or double sideband with carrier).

Exercise 2.8 Solution

a) A coherent receiver is a receiver composed of a multiplier by a sinusoid of the carrier frequency

(at sometimes called a demodulator, due to its function of returning the spectrum signal to
baseband) followed by a low pass filter with the bandwidth of the modulating signal, B Hz, as
shown in the figure

r(t) x(t) LPF d(t)

×
B Hz

cos(ωc t + ϕ)

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 Communication Theory

In a coherent receiver, the phase of the carrier at the receiver must coincide with the phase of
the carrier that was used in the modulator to generate the signal, c(t) = Ac cos(ωc t + ϕc ), that
is, it must be true that ϕ = ϕc . Normally, to achieve this synchronization of the phases, a pilot
signal can be transmitted at the frequency and phase of the carrier, or a phase-locked loop, or
PLL, will be used, in the receiver.

b) The variants of AM modulations that require a coherent receiver are

• Double Sideband AM Modulation (DSB)

• Single Sideband AM Modulation (SSB)
• Vestigial sideband AM modulation (VSB)

Conventional AM modulation, which can also make use of a rocket receiver, can use a simpler
receiver, in this case an envelope detector, which can be implemented with a rectifier diode
and a low-pass RC filter, as shown in the figure.

r(t) R C d(t)

c) In the case of double sideband modulation, the effect of having a different phase in the carriers
of the transmitter (ϕc ) and the receiver (ϕ), will be that the ideally demodulated signal (without
noise or distortions) will have the expression

Ac
d(t) = m(t) cos(ϕc − ϕ),
2
with which the phase difference between carriers will generate an attenuation in the received
signal depending on the phase difference. It can be verified, for example, that a phase shift of
90º would be critical, since in this case the received signal would be completely cancelled.
In the case of single sideband modulation (and vestigial sideband, which is very similar), the
problem is even greater, since the expression of the signal at the output of the demodulator is

Ac Ac
d(t) = m(t) cos(ϕc − ϕ) ± m̂(t) sin(ϕc − ϕ),
2 2

whereby a phase difference will not only attenuate the term associated with the signal m(t),
but will make the term not null proportional to the Hilbert transform of the modulating signal,
m̂(t), which is an interference on the wanted signal m(t).

Exercise 2.9 Solution

a)
(
0, |ω| > ωc
SS (jω) = 2
Ac [SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + jωc )], |ω| < ωc

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 Communication Theory

SS (jω)
A2c AM

ω (rad/s)
−ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc

b) In terms of spectral efficiency, the SSB modulation is the most efficient of all, since the band-
width required to transmit a modulating signal of bandwidth B Hz is B Hz, while both the
conventional AM and the double side band AM require twice this bandwidth, 2B Hz, while the
FM modulation requires a larger bandwidth, dependent on the modulation index, according
to the modulation index, according to the rule, according to 2(β + 1)B Hz.

Exercise 2.10 Solution

a) The bandwidth is
BWAM = 2B = 10 kHz.
The modulated signal in the time domain will have the form
1.5 ................ ......... ....
... ........ ..
............ ...... .............. . .
............ ...
... ..... ..... .. ... . .. ... .. ...
... ..... ......... ......... ....... ........ ....... ........... ......... ....... ....
1 .. . .. ... ... .
.. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .
.. .. .. .
... .. ... ..... .......
. . . .. . .......... ........ ... ..... ... .... ... .... ........ ............ .......... ........ ... ..... ...
... . ... . .. .... ....... . . . . . . .
. . ..... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ..... ..... ..... .... .. .. .. .. ..
0.5 .... ... .... .. .... .. ... ............................... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... ... .... .. .... .. ... ................................ .. .... .. .... .. .... ..
... .. ... .. ... .. .... .. ... ..... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .... .. ... ..... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
.
0 .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ..... ..... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ..... ..... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..
. .
-0.5 .... ... .... .. ... .. ...... ... .. ...... .... .. .... .. .... .. .... ... .... .. ... .. ...... ... .. ...... .... .. .... .. .... ..
... .. ... ... ...... ... ... ..... ... .. ... .. .. . ... .. ..... ... ... ..... ... .. ... ..
... .. ..... ...... ..... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..... ..... ... .. ... ..
. . .. . .. .
. .
. . .
. .
. .
. ... .
.
. ... ...... ......
-1 ..... .... ............... s(t) . ... .... ... ....
. .. .... ...
.
..... .... ..
.. ... .. ... .
.... . ............... 1 + a · m(t) .. ...... ....... .. ... .......
.. . ...
-1.5 .
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
t(×10−4 )
b) Amplitude modulations that do not include carrier transmission are

• Double sideband modulation (DSB).

• Single Sideband (SSB) modulation.
• Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB).

The bandwidth of the DSB modulation is the same as that of conventional AM, while that
of SSB is half, and that of VSB is approximately half (neglecting the vestige of the removed
sideband).

BDSB = 2B = 10 kHz, BSSB = B = 5 kHz, BV SB = B + ∆B ≈ B = 5 kHz.

c) The theoretical bandwidth is infinite, since the Fourier transform can be written as an infinite
sum of sinusoids at frequencies ωc ± n ωm rad/s. The effective bandwidth is the bandwidth
that contains 98% of the signal power, and in this case it is

BF M = 2 (βf + 1) fm = 80 kHz.

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 Communication Theory

d) The main advantage of angular modulations is their greater signal-to-noise ratio (noise immu-
nity), which increases with respect to the ratio in baseband proportionally to the square of
the modulation index. The main drawback is that the width band increases proportionally to
twice the rate of modulation plus one, which is significantly higher than that required by linear
modulations.

Exercise 2.11 Solution

a) Amplitude modulations differ from angle modulations in that in the former what varies with
the information or modulating signal is the amplitude of the signal, while in the latter the
amplitude remains constant, but the angular information (instantaneous frequency or phase
term) changes. Therefore, the amplitude modulations are those of figures B and C. The
analytical expressions for conventional AM modulation and double sideband modulation are,
respectively
sAM (t) = [1 + a × ma (t)] × c(t), sDBL (t) = m(t) × c(t).
In the first, the envelope of the signal is [1 + a × ma (t)], which for a < 1, as is the case, is
always positive, while in the second, the modulating signal is simply multiplied by the carrier,
which makes the signal invert relative to the carrier for negative values of m(t). It is trivial to
see that

• Signal B: conventional AM modulation

• Signal C: double sideband modulation.

Regarding the angular modulations, the PM and FM modulations have the following analytical
expression
(
kp × m(t), for PM
s(t) = Ac cos(ωc t + ϕ(t)) with ϕ(t) = Rt .
2πkf × −∞ m(τ ) dτ, for FM

Therefore, the phase term ϕ(t) is proportional in one case to the modulating signal, and in
another case to its integral. In any case, when ϕ(t) takes positive values, the sinusoid argument
is increased, which means that the modulated signal “lead ” relative to the carrier, while when
it takes negative values, the sinusoid argument is decreased, which means that the modulated
signal “lag” relative to the carrier. Therefore, in a PM modulation, the signal will lead the
carrier for positive values of m(t), and it will lag for negative values, which happens in signal A.
In an FM modulation, whether it leads or lags the carrier is related to the sign of the integral
of m(t), which happens in figure D. Therefore

• Signal A: PM modulation.
• Signal D: FM modulation.

b) The most convenient modulation for each case is:

i) In this case it is best to use an angular modulation with a high modulation index, since
these have a better signal-to-noise ratio than angular modulations, a ratio that is propor-
tional to β 2 . Among the two variants, for the same value of β (same bandwidth), FM
modulation has a better signal-to-noise ratio (3 times that of PM).
ii) The simplest receiver that can be used in analog modulation is an envelope detector, which
can be implemented with a diode, and an RC filter. The modulation that this receiver can
use is conventional AM modulation. All other amplitude modulations must use a coherent
receiver, and angular modulations use more complex receivers.

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 Communication Theory

iii) In this case, the smaller the bandwidth of the modulated signal, the more signals can be
multiplexed, and the modulation that has a smaller bandwidth is single-sideband mod-
ulation, which requires the same bandwidth as the modulating signal. The rest of the
modulations use a greater bandwidth.

Exercise 2.12 Solution

a) The modulated signal of a vestigial sideband AM modulation is generated as follows

• A double sideband signal is generated (double amplitude, in the notation that was followed
in the subject, but this amplitude factor is not really relevant) multiplying the modulator
by the carrier signal.
• This double-sideband signal is filtered with a vestigial sideband filter, a filter that has to
meet certain conditions (next section).

The figure shows the block diagram of a vestigial sideband AM transmitter.

m(t) sD (t) VSB Filter s(t)

× hV SB (t)

2 c(t) = 2Ac cos(ωc t + ϕ)

b) The condition that a vestigial sideband filter must satisfy is that its frequency response has
an odd symmetry with respect to the carrier frequency, ωc , so that the contribution of the
filter response shifted ωc to the left plus the same response shifted ωc to the right (effect of a
demodulator) is constant in the bandwidth of the signal

|HV SB (jω − jωc ) + HV SB (jω + jωc )| = C, in |ω| ≤ W = 2πB.

The only filter that satisfies the condition is filter A. In this case, it would be a filter for
an upper sideband vestigial sideband modulation, since the frequency band above the carrier
frequency (plus the corresponding lower sideband vestige) is allowed to pass.

Exercise 2.13 Solution

a) The power spectral density of the modulating signal is plotted below

SM (jω)
2AM

−W 0 +W ω

The signal to noise ratio in dB is

S PX 2 × 10−14
(dB) = 10 log10 = 10 log10 = 10 log10 1000 = 30 dB
N PZ 2 × 10−17

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 Communication Theory

b) In the case of double sideband modulation

i) The power spectral density for this modulation is

A2c
SS (jω) = [SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + jωc )] ,
4
that is, two replicates of the power spectral density shifted ±ωc , with a scale factor in the
2
amplitude A4c , giving rise to the density shown in the figure

SS (jω)
AM
2

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc ωc + W ω

The bandwidth is 2B Hz or 2W rad/s. In this case, it is 10 kHz.

ii) The noise filter is an ideal bandpass filter, with a bandwidth of 10 kHz and centered on
the carrier frequency.

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc ωc + W ω

The signal-to-noise ratio using this type of modulation is equal to that obtained in a
baseband transmission, which was calculated in the previous section, that is, 30 dB.

c) In the case of a higher band single sideband modulation

i) The power spectral density for this modulation is

(
A2c [SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + jωc )] , |ω| ≥ ωc
SSsup (jω) =
0, |ω| < ωc

that is, the part of the corresponding sideband of two replicates power spectral density
shifted ±ωc as shown in the figure

2AM

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc ωc + W ω

Bandwidth is B Hz or W rad/s. In this case, it is 5 kHz.

ii) The noise filter is an ideal band-pass filter, with a bandwidth of 5 kHz and whose pass
band begins at the carrier frequency, as shown in the figure

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 Communication Theory

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc ωc + W ω

The signal to noise ratio using this type of modulation is equal to that obtained in a
baseband transmission, which was calculated in the first section, 30 dB.
Exercise 2.14 Solution

The power spectral density of the modulating signal is that of the figure

SM (jω)
AM

−W 0 +W ω

a) For a conventional AM modulation, with modulation index a

A2c A2 a2
SS (jω) = π [δ(ω − ωc ) + δ(ω − ωc )] + c 2 [SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + ȷωc )]
2 4 CM
where given the range of the modulating signal, in this case, CM = 1. That is, the two deltas of
the spectrum of the carrier appear, plus the replicas in ±ωc of the spectrum of the modulator.
This density is shown below.

SS (jω) π
2
AM
16

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc ωc + W ω

The bandwidth is 2B Hz or 2W rad/s. In this case, it is 10 kHz.

b) In the case of double sideband modulation, the power spectral density for this modulation is
A2c
SS (jω) = [SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + jωc )] ,
4
that is, two replicates of the power spectral density shifted ±ωc , with a scale factor in the
2
amplitude A4c , giving rise to the density shown in the figure

SS (jω)
AM
4

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc ωc + W ω

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 Communication Theory

The bandwidth is 2B Hz or 2W rad/s. In this case, it is 10 kHz.

c) In the case of a higher-band single-sideband modulation, the power spectral density for this
modulation is
(
A2c [SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + jωc )] , |ω ≥ ωc |
SSsup (jω) =
0, |ω| < ωc

that is, the part of the corresponding sideband of two replicates power spectral density shifted
±ωc as shown in the figure

SS (jω)
AM

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc ωc + W ω

Bandwidth is B Hz or W rad/s. In this case, it is 5 kHz.

d) In this case we have a vestigial sideband modulation
i) The frequency response must have an odd symmetry with respect to the carrier frequency,
which mathematically translates into that
HBLV (jω − jωc ) + HBLV (jω + jωc ) = 1 en |ω| ≤ W.
An example of this type of response would be that of the figure (positive frequencies)

ωini = ωc − ∆W
ωf in = ωc + ∆W

ωini ωc ωf in ωc + W

ii) The power spectral density of the modulated signal, using the example filter, would be
that of the figure. The dashed line superimposes the shape of the power spectral density
for a single sideband modulation. Only positive frequencies are represented.

ωini = ωc − ∆W
ωf in = ωc + ∆W

ωini ωc ωf in ωc + W

Representing both positive and negative frequencies

SS (jω)
AM

−ωc − W −ωc −ωc + W 0 ωc − W ωc ωc + W ω

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 Communication Theory

iii) The bandwidth of the modulated signal is

BBLV = B + ∆B = 5.5 kHz.

e) For angle modulations

i) For narrow band modulations, the power spectral density is approximately equal to that
of a conventional AM modulation but with modulation index a = 1, which would be the
same as part (a) but with an amplitude A4M for the replicas of the spectrum.
ii) In this case the bandwidth is approximated by Carson’s Rule, which says that

BF M ≈ 2(β + 1)B = 2(5 + 1)B = 12B = 60 kHz.

Exercise 2.15 Solution

a) The power spectral density of the modulating signal is that of the figure

SM (jω)
AM

−10 0 +10 ω
2π (kHz)

so as you can see the bandwidth is 10 kHz.

The 4 modulations of the figures are identified below:

A: Single-sideband, lower-sideband, amplitude modulation with carrier frequency fc = 110

kHz.
– The lower sideband (corresponding to negative carrier frequencies) appears in the
spectrum, below the carrier frequency. Analytically
(
A2c [SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + jωc )] , |ω| ≤ ωc
SSinf (jω) =
0, |ω| > ωc

B: Double sideband amplitude modulation (without carrier) with carrier frequency fc = 100
kHz.
– The form of the D.E.P. of the modulator centered on the carrier frequency. Analyti-
cally
A2c
SS (jω) = [SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + jωc )] ,
4
C: Conventional amplitude modulation (double sideband with carrier), with carrier frequency
fc = 90 kHz.
– The shape of the baseband power spectral density appears, scaled taking into ac-
count the modulation index a, centered on the carrier frequency, where the deltas
corresponding to the spectrum of the carrier itself appear. Analytically

A2c A2c a2
SS (jω) = π [δ(ω − ωc ) + δ(ω − ωc )] + 2
[SM (jω − jωc ) + SM (jω + ȷωc )]
2 4 CM

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 Communication Theory

D: Upper sideband vestigial sideband amplitude modulation with carrier frequency fc = 100
kHz.
– The upper sideband of the D.E.P. appears. of the modulator (corresponding to the
positive frequencies) centered on the carrier frequency, without a trace in its initial
part, and a trace of the lower sideband remains, so that the spectrum has an odd
symmetry around the carrier frequency (complementing the trace that remains of the
lower sideband with the one that remains in the upper sideband).

b) The modulated signal is the one shown in the figure

+1 m(t)

t
−1

The 3 modulations of the figures are the following:

A: Double-sideband amplitude modulation (no carrier).

– The modulated signal is the product of the modulator with the carrier. Analytically

s(t) = m(t) × c(t) = m(t) × Ac cos(ωc t).

B: Phase angular modulation (PM).

– It is an angular modulation, since the amplitude is constant and the modulated signal
leads or lags with respect to the carrier signal. As the lead or lag depends on the sign
of the modulating signal, it is a phase modulation (leads the carrier when m(t) > 0
and lags the carrier when m(t) < 0). Analytically

s(t) = Ac cos(ωc t + ϕ(t)), with ϕ(t) = kp × m(t).

C: Conventional AM modulation (double sideband, no carrier).

– The envelope of the carrier matches the shape of the modulating (scaled) signal.
Analytically

m(t)
s(t) = Ac [1 + a mn (t)] cos(ωc t), with mn (t) =
cM
where cM is the dynamic range of the modulating signal (cM = max(|m(t)|)).

Exercise 2.16 Solution

a) The power spectral density is as shown below

π
SS (jω) 2
AM
16

AM
32

ω
990 995 1000 1005 1010 2π (kHz)

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 Communication Theory

The bandwidth is BWAM = 20 kHz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is

 
S
(dB) = 13.01 dB.
N AM

b) The power spectral density of double sideband modulation is as shown in the figure

AM SS (jω)
4

AM
8

ω
990 995 1000 1005 1010 2π (kHz)

The bandwidth is BWDBL = 20 kHz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is

 
S
(dB) = 20 dB.
N DBL

c) The power spectral density of the upper sideband modulation is

SS (jω)
AM

AM
2

ω
990 995 1000 1005 1010 2π (kHz)

The bandwidth is BWSSB = 10 kHz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is

 
S
(dB) = 20 dB.
N BLU

d) The vestigial sideband filter has to have odd symmetry about the carrier frequency, to satisfy
that
|HBLV (jω − jωc ) + HBLV (jω + jω)| = C, in |ω| ≤ 2πB

In this case, it must have odd symmetry with respect to fc = 1 MHz, and considering that it is
a lower sideband, the response must be constant between 990 and 999 kHz, with the transition
from 1 to 0 with odd symmetry from 999 to 1001 kHz. A possible example would be

HBLV (jω)
1

ω
990 995 1000 1005 1010 2π (kHz)

The bandwidth is BBLV = 11 kHz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is

 
S
(dB) = 19.586 dB.
N BLU

OCW Universidad Carlos III de Madrid 14 Marcelino Lázaro, 2023

 Communication Theory

e) With the angle modulations

i) FM modulation with modulation index β = 3

BF M ≈= 80 kHz.
 
S
(dB) = 34.31 dB.
N FM
ii) PM modulation with modulation index β = 5

BP M ≈ 120 kHz.
 
S
(dB) = 33.98 dB.
N PM

OCW Universidad Carlos III de Madrid 15 Marcelino Lázaro, 2023