1. What navigational equipment do you know?

There are many modern navigation equipment's on the bridge:

Steering Helm used to manage the ship. EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating
Radio Beacon) is a device to alert search and
rescue services in case of an emergency out
at sea.
AIS (Automatic Identification System) is NLI (navigation lights indicator) is used
used for identifying vessels. for controlling navigation lights.
VHF (Very High Frequency) is used for SART (search and rescue transponder) is
radio communication. a radar transponder for emergency use at sea
that sends out signals in response to and
detectable by radar operating.

ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) is NAVTEX (navigational telex) is used on-
used for automatic tracking and collision board the vessels to provide short range
avoidance. Maritime Safety Information in coastal
waters automatically.

GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress Safety Walkie-talkie is used for better

System) provides distress broadcast of communication within crew on any
maritime safety information for mariners. operations.
GPS (Global Positioning System) is used Barometer – is used to measure atmospheric
for position-fixing by the means of a satellite. pressure.

ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display Bow thruster – is used to assists ship

Information System) is used for passage handling by moving the bow or stern
planning and provides position and laterally.
navigational safety information.
Echo sounder is used for measuring the Steering control system - This is a switch to
depth of the sea bottom. the steering mode. The three available
steering modes are manual, autopilot and
emergency.

Magnetic and gyro compass is used for determining direction relative to the Earth’s magnetic
poles or True North.

2. What workstations are there on the bridge?

There are 4 types of workstations, such as:

Fore workstation - There is modern navigation equipment, such as: Fire alarm, navigation
lights, main ECDIS and back-up ECDIS, S-Band Radar, X-Band Chart, autopilot, steering,
VHF, Engine Automation and chart table.

Aft workstation - There is modern navigation equipment, such as: console, gyro, autopilot,
steering, VHF, chartradar, conning, speed log and sounder.

Wing workstation - is use for rescue and berthing with multifunctional display.

GMDSS workstation - there is GMDSS equipments.

3. What compass systems are there on the bridge?

 There are 2 compass systems on the bridge, such as:

The gyrocompass is a navigational equipment which uses a continuously driven gyroscope to

accurately find the direction of True North.

The gyrocompass is located on the wheelhouse as close as possible to the center of the ship,
thus minimizing errors caused by the ship’s motion.

The gyrocompass consists of a master unit, a control cabinet, a power supply unit, a speed unit,
an auxiliary electrical transmission and alarm units.

The magnetic compass is a navigational equipment for determining direction relative to the
Earth’s magnetic poles.

The magnetic compass is located above the bridge on the monkey deck at the center line of the
ship.

The basic parts of the magnetic compass are the needle (a magnetized piece of metal), the dial
(a circular card printed with directions), and the housing (which holds the other parts in place).

4. What is the difference between x-band radar and s-band radar?

Radar frequencies can be X-Band and S-Band.

X-Band radars is 3 cm (8 to 12 GHz) X-Band radar is more sensitive and can detect smaller
particles.

S-Band radars is 10 cm (2 to 4 GHz) S-band radar is often used seeing through heavy weather
or precipitation.

5. How does the radar determine distance to an object?

There is an antenna on the top of the radar that continuously rotates and flashes. The flashes are
frequency beams that are transmitted from the radar to detect any objects that are around the
ship. When flashes go back to antenna, on the radar display screen we can see any objects and
distance to the objects. continuously

6. What are the factors affecting the interpretation of the radar picture?

Among the factors producing errors in interpretation are: bearing resolution, range resolution,
radar shadows, multiple echoes and false echoes. Also weather conditions, such as: rain, snow,
waves, hail and wind.

7. What are the functions of radar settings?

There are knobs for setting the radar display, such as:

Brill (Brilliance) - This knob adjusts the brightness of all parts of the display.

Gain - This knob adjusts the amplification of the echoes.

Tune - is used to make adjustments to the frequency of the radar receiver to match the
frequency of the transmitter.
Sea - Sea clutter knob reduces the effect of unwanted echoes from sea waves.

Rain - This function is more effective at shorter ranges. It is used to filter the effect of rain
drops and snowflakes.

FTC - (Fast Time Control) is more effective at longer ranges. It is used to filter low-frequency
objects/obstructions.

Range - This knob is used to increase the distance scale on the radar.

Head mode - This knob selects the orientation of the display.

Screen - This group of knobs shows or hides range rings and a ship's heading line.

Target - This group of knobs is used to adjust the different parameters of the targets on the
display.

VRM (Variable Range Mark) - is a circle of variable diameter which is centered on your vessel.

EBL (Electronic Bearing Line) - is a line running between your vessel position in the centre and
the edge of the screen.

Guard zone - controls allow to draw the area around your vessel.

MARPA (Mini-Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) - This knob enables the OOW to track the
movements of other targets and warn about the risk of collision.

8. What are the functions of ECDIS?

ECDIS makes possible an automatic and continuous monitoring of the ship's position in relation
to the planned track and the hydrographic situation.
9. What are the benefits of IBS?

I know such benefits like cost savings, less relied on labor, quality control, environmental
friendly and less dependent on weather problem

10. What purposes do chart table instruments serve?

There are many types of chart table instruments, such as:

Pens:

Pen 0,25 nib is used for deletions or other updates such as inserting chart limits.

Pen 0,18 nib is used for insertion such as light descriptions it may also be used for some
deletions.

Magenta ink – pen must use violet or magenta ink not blue, black and red, red ink will
disappear under the red lighting often used at night on board.

Pencils can be 7H and 2B.

7H Pencil is used for pinpointing a position.

2B Pencil is used for normal chart work such as guideline for a cable.

Eraser is used to rub out pencil guidelines on chart.

Scalpel is used to scratch out detail if you make a mistake.

Glue is used for sticking blocks notes and tables into charts it will provide a neat and
permanent fit.

Rolling and stepping rules can be used to plot chart updates from textual NMS.

Divider is used for accurate positioning.

Ruler is use for drawing straight lines with 2B pencil.

Compass with pen is used for drawing circular.

Hacksaw blade is used for drawing the symbol for a cable.

Steel straightedge is a useful tool for finding a position on a chart.

Template with different hole sizes is used for drawing symbols suck as radio reporting points
pilots and small circular areas.