NETWORKS 511 – TOPIC 2

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES AND CLOUD ARCHITECTURE

 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to :
 Explain the concept of Network Topology
 Understand various types of Network Topologies and its characteristics
 Understand the concept of Cloud Computing Models:
 Understand various Cloud Se ice and Deployment Models
 WHAT IS A NETWORK TOPOLOGY
•Network topology is the way devices are connected in a network. It
de nes how these components are connected and how data transfer
between the network. There are two major categories of Network
Topology i.e. Physical Network topology and Logical Network Topology.
Physical Network Topology refers to the actual structure of the physical
medium for the transmission of data. Logical network Topology refers to
the transmission of data between devices present in the network
irrespective of the way devices are connected.
 TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Network topologies are broadly classi ed into physical and logical types.
Here are the common ones:
• Bus topology
• Ring topology
• Star topology
• Mesh topology
• Tree topology
• These topologies will be explained in detail in the next sections.
BUS TOPOLOGY
•Bus topology is a
network type in which
eve computer and
network device is
connected to single
cable. When it has
exactly two endpoints,
then it is called Linear
Bus topology.
Structure of Bus Topology
• It uses one direction
when transmitting data.
A single cable is used
to connect eve
device
 BUS TOPOLOGY- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages of Bus Topology
• It is cost e ective.
• Less Cabling compared to other network topology.
• Normally it is used in small networks.
• It is easy to understand.
• Expansion is easy, join only two cables together.
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
• Cable failure then the whole network fails.
• If network tra c is heavy or nodes are more the pe ormance of the
network decreases.
• Cable has a limited length.
• It is slower than the ring topology
RING TOPOLOGY
•It is called ring topology because
it forms a ring as each computer is
connected to another computer,
with the last one connected to the
rst. There are exactly two
neighbors for each device.
 RING TOPOLOGY – ADVANTAGES AND DIS ADVANTEGES
• Advantages.
• Transmitting network is not a ected by high tra c or by adding more nodes, as only the
nodes having tokens can transmit data.
• Cheap to install and expand
Disadvantages.
•Troubleshooting is di cult in ring topology.
• Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
• Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
STAR TOPOLOGY
•In this type of topology all the
computers are connected to a
single hub through a cable. This
hub is the central node and all
other nodes are connected to the
central node
 STAR TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
Advantages.
• Fast pe ormance with few nodes and low network tra c.
•Hub can be upgraded easily.
• Easy to troubleshoot.
•Easy to setup and modify.
•Only that node is a ected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly
Disadvantages
•Cost of installation is high.
•Expensive to use.
• If the hub fails ,then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the
hub.
• Pe ormance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity
MESH TOPOLOGY
•Mesh topology is a network
con guration where devices are
interconnected in a decentralized
manner. Instead of relying on a
central hub or switch, each device
connects directly to multiple other
devices, forming a mesh-like
structure
 MESH TOPOLOGY- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
•High Fault Tolerance:
•If one node fails, data can still be routed through other connected nodes due to multiple
redundant paths, minimizing network disruption.
•Scalability:
•Easily add new nodes to the network to extend coverage without major recon guration.
•Self-Healing:
•Network automatically reroutes data through alternative paths if a connection is lost.
•High Bandwidth Capacity:
•Can handle large amounts of network tra c e ciently due to multiple connection paths.
•
 MESH TOPOLOGY- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
•Complex Installation and Management:
•Setting up and maintaining a mesh network can be challenging due to the large number
of connections and potential con guration complexities.
•High Cost:
•Requires more cabling and network devices compared to other topologies, leading to
higher initial investment.
•Potential for Redundancy Overhead:
•Excessive data packets might be sent through multiple paths, causing unnecessa
network congestion.
•Increased Power Consumption:
•Each node needs to maintain connections with multiple other nodes, potentially
increasing power usage.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
•A hybrid topology is
de ned as a network
topology that
combines two or
more di erent
network topologies.
A hybrid topology
can be a
combination of bus
topology, ring
topology and mesh
topology
 HYBRID TOPOLOGY – Advantages
ADVANTAGES
Scalability:
•Easier expansion of the network by adding new segments with di erent topologies as
needed.
Reliability:
•Fault isolation can be achieved by isolating issues within a speci c topology segment
without a ecting the entire network.
Optimized tra c ow:
•Di erent topologies can be used to optimize tra c based on the type of data being
transmitted.
Adaptability:
•Can be adjusted to suit changing network requirements.
 HYBRID TOPOLOGY – DISADVANTAGES.
•Complexity:
•Integrating multiple topologies can lead to complex network design and con guration.
•Costly implementation:
•May require more hardware and cabling due to the combination of di erent topologies.
•Management challenges:
•Troubleshooting and maintenance can be more di cult due to the diverse network
structure.
•Installation complexity:
•Combining di erent cabling and connection methods can increase installation time and
complexity.
•Potential for compatibility issues:
•Ensuring seamless communication between di erent network segments within a hybrid
 POINT TO POIONT TOPOLOGY
•A "point-to-point topology" refers to a network con guration where only two devices are
directly connected to each other using a dedicated communication channel, making it
the simplest network topology with the entire bandwidth rese ed for those two nodes
alone; essentially, a direct link between two points with no intermedia devices involved.
 TOPOLOGY SELECTION
Choosing the ideal network topology requires careful evaluation of your speci c needs. Small-
scale operations, like connecting a few computers in one room, often bene t from wireless
solutions - they're budget-friendly and require minimal setup. For expanding businesses, star
topology shines - it makes adding, moving, or modifying connections straightforward and
economical. Your decision should be guided by several key questions:
 What is your available budget?
 How much redundancy and security does your operation need?
 Will you need frequent network adjustments?
 How much growth do you anticipate?
 Activity
Tech Solutions Inc. is a small IT consulting company with 15 employees. The company is
growing and needs to upgrade its current network to improve e ciency and suppo
future expansion. The current setup is a simple bus topology, but it has become
unreliable due to frequent network collisions and downtime. The company is considering
switching to a di erent topology.
Current Setup
•Topology: Bus topology
•Devices: 15 computers, 1 shared printer, 1 network se er, and a single router for internet
access.
•Issues:
• Frequent network collisions slow down data transfer.
• If the main cable fails, the entire network goes down.
• Di cult to troubleshoot and add new devices.
Requirements for the New Network
1. Scalability: The network should suppo up to 30 devices in the next 2 years.
2. Reliability: Minimal downtime and easy troubleshooting.
3. Pe ormance: Fast data transfer speeds to handle large les and video conferencing.
 Question
• The IT team is considering the following topologies:
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
•Mesh Topology
Discuss how your assigned topology would address the company's requirements
(scalability, reliability, pe ormance, and cost).
The advantages and disadvantages of their assigned topology in this scenario.
A diagram of how the network would look with their assigned topology.
NETWORK BACKBONE
•Backbone is most
impo ant pa of a
system which provides
the central suppo to
the rest system, for
example backbone of a
human body that
balance and hold all the
body pa s. Similarly in
Computer Networks
a Backbone Network is
as a Network containing
a high capacity
connectivity
infrastructure that
backbone to the di erent
pa of the network
 HOW DOES NETWORK BACKBONE WORK
• The backbone network is essentially the main highway of network tra c, designed for
high capacity and expansive reach. This network acts as the core framework that
interlinks various key nodes, such as di erent regions, major data centers, and Internet
Se ice Providers (ISPs). It ensures that data can travel long distances quickly and
e ciently. Backbone networks are typically composed of high-bandwidth ber optic
cables and are suppo ed by high-pe ormance routers and switches that can handle
large amounts of data.
•Function: The prima function of the backbone network is to connect large and
geographically dispersed networks, including those of large enterprises, ISPs, and even
entire countries.
• Impo ance: It provides the essential infrastructure for the internet and cloud se ices,
making it possible for data to be exchanged globally at high speeds.
 NETWORK SEGMENTS
•Network segmentation is an architectural approach that divides a network into multiple
segments or subnets, each acting as its own small network. This allows network
administrators to control the ow of network tra c between subnets based on granular
policies. Organizations use segmentation to improve monitoring, boost pe ormance,
localize technical issues and – most impo antly – enhance security.
 Example of Network Segmentation
•Imagine a large bank with several branch o ces. The bank's security policy restricts
branch employees from accessing its nancial repo ing system. Network segmentation
can enforce the security policy by preventing all branch tra c from reaching the nancial
system. And by reducing overall network tra c, the nancial system will work better for
the nancial analysts who use it.
CLOUD COMPUTING
•Cloud computing is the delive of
computing se ices—including se ers,
storage, databases, networking,
software, analytics, and
intelligence—over the internet (“the
cloud”) to o er faster innovation, exible
resources, and economies of scale.
CLOUD COMPUTING – ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Cost reduction, standardization, and  On-demand, self-se ice resource
automation provisioning
 High utilization through vi ualized, shared  Fast deployment cycles
resources  Cost e ectiveness
 Easier administration  Centralized appearance of resources
 Highly available, horizontally scaled
application architectures
 No local backups
 CLOUD SERVICE MODELS.
• A 'Cloud Se ice Model' refers to the di erent types of se ices o ered in
the cloud computing environment, such as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS, each
with its own set of bene ts and drawbacks. Customers must be aware of
their responsibilities in terms of maintenance and monitoring, which may
va depending on the chosen se ice model.
SOFTWARE AS ASERVICE
•SaaS is a licensing
model in which
access to software is
provided on a
subscription basis.
The software is
located on external
se ers rather than
on se ers located
in-house.
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE
Infrastructure as a Se ice (IaaS)
is a cloud computing se ice
model that gives vi ualized
computing resources over the
web, with IaaS, associations
can get to and manage
versatile infrastructure assets
like vi ual machines, storage,
and networking administration
pa s without the need to put
resources into or keep up with
actual equipment.
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE
•Platform as a Se ice" (PaaS) refers
to a cloud computing model where a
third-pa y provider delivers a
complete platform with all the
necessa tools, like operating systems,
middleware, and development
environments, allowing users to build,
deploy, and manage applications
without having to manage the
underlying infrastructure themselves;
essentially, it provides a ready-to-use
environment for application
development in the cloud
DESKTOP AS ASERVICE
•DaaS is a high-pe orming, secure, cost-e ective
type of desktop vi ualization. DaaS frees
businesses from tethering their computer
operating systems and productivity software to any
physical hardware. Instead, businesses can use
DaaS to access vi ual desktops over the internet
from a cloud provider. Cloud providers that o er
this se ice distribute and manage vi ual desktops
from their own datacenters.
 CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS
•The cloud deployment model identi es the speci c type of cloud environment based on
ownership, scale, access, and the cloud’s nature and purpose. There are various
deployment models are based on the location and who manages the infrastructure.
•In order to make the most optimal use of a pa icular cloud deployment type, you must
understand what each deployment model can do, its characteristics, and its advantages
and disadvantages.
• Here are some impo ant types of Cloud Deployment models:
•Private Cloud: Resource managed and used by the organization.
• Public Cloud: Resource available for the general public under the Pay as you go model.
• Community Cloud: Resource shared by several organizations, usually in the same
indust .
• Hybrid Cloud: This cloud deployment model is pa ly managed by the se ice provided
and pa ly by the organization.
THANK
YOU