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UDC 624( 083.75) SABS 1200 H-1990

SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS

STANDARDIZED SPECIFICATION
for
CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

H : STRUCTURAL STEELWORK

Approved by t h e Obtainable from t h e

COUNCIL OF THE SA BUREAU OF STANDARDS
SOUTH AFRICAN P r i v a t e Bag X191
BUREAU OF STANDARDS Pretoria
on 23 August 1990 0001 Republic of South A f r i c a

Telegrams : Comparator, P r e t o r i a
Telex : 321308SA
Fax : 3441568

Published and p r i n t e d i n t h e Republic o f South A f r i c a by t h e

South A f r i c a n Bureau o f Standards

ISBN 0-626-08614-0 Gr 9
This eStandard is exclusively for use on one standalone PC. To access it from a file server/intranet constitutes a violation
of SABS copyright rules. Note that only one printout of the standard may be made.
This eStandard is exclusively for use on one standalone PC. To access it from a file server/intranet constitutes a violation
of SABS copyright rules. Note that only one printout of the standard may be made.

3 SABS 1200 H-1990

S t r u c t u r a l steelwork
CONTENTS
C1 ause Page Number
1. SCOPE .............................................................. 5
2. INTERPRETATIONS .................................................... 5
2.1 Supporting S p e c i f i c a t i o n s .......................................... 5
2.2 A p p l i c a t i o n ........................................................ 5
2.3 D e f i n i t i o n s and Abbreviations ...................................... 5
3. MATERIALS .......................................................... 5
3.1 S t r u c t u r a l Steel................................................... 5
3.2 Special S t e e l s ..................................................... 6
3.3 Steel used f o r Cold-formed Sections ................................ 6
3.4 .......................
S t r u c t u r a l Tubular and Hollow Steel Sections 6
3.5 Welding Consumables ................................................ 6
3.5.1 Electrodes ......................................................... 6
3.5.2 Storage and handling ............................................... 6
3.5.3 Quality ............................................................ 6
3.6 B o l t s , Nuts and Washers ............................................ 6
3.6.1 B o l t s and nuts ( o t h e r than f r i c t i o n - g r i p ) .......................... 6
3.6.2 ............................................
F r i c t i o n - g r i p fasteners 6
. 3.7 ..................................................
M i l d Steel R i v e t s 6
4 . PLANT .............................................................. 6
4.1 P l a n t .............................................................. 6
5. CONSTRUCTION ....................................................... 6
5.1 Drawings and Shop D e t a i l s .......................................... 6
5.1.1 Design drawings .................................................... 6
5.1.2 Contractor provides shop d e t a i l s ................................... 6
5.1.3 Engineer provides shop d e t a i l s ..................................... 7
5.1.4 V a r i a t i o n s from drawings and sections .............................. 7
5.2 F a b r i c a t i o n ........................................................ 7
5.2.1 General ............................................................ 7
5.2.2 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n ..................................................... 7
5.2.3 C u t t i n g ............................................................ 7
5.2.4 Holes f o r fasteners ................................................ 7
5.2.5 J o i n t s i n compression .............................................. 8
5.2.6 S t r u c t u r a l hollow sections ......................................... 8
5.3 Assembly ........................................................... 8
5.3.1 General ............................................................ 8
5.3.2 Alignment o f holes ................................................. 8
5.3.3 Avoidance of excessive stresses d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ................ 8
5.3.4 Welding ............................................................ 8
5.3.5 B o l t i n g ( o t h e r than f r i c t i o n - g r i p ) ................................. 8
5.3.6 F r i c t i o n - g r i p f a s t e n i n g ............................................ 9
5.3.7 Riveting ........................................................... 9
5.3.8 Marking ............................................................ 9
5.3.9 ...............................................
P r o t e c t i v e treatment 9
5.4 S e t t i n g - o u t ........................................................ 9
5.5 E r e c t i o n ........................................................... 9
5.5.1 Procedure .......................................................... 9
5.5.2 Storage and handling ............................................... 9
5.5.3 S a f e t y d u r i n g e r e c t i o n ............................................. 9
5.5.4 Alignment .......................................................... 10
5.5.5 Corrections ........................................................ 10
5.6 Grouting o f Supports ............................................... 10
5.6.1 R e s p o n s i b i l i t y ..................................................... 10
5.6.2 Preparation ........................................................ 10
5.6.3 Bedding o f stanchions i n foundation pockets ........................ 10
5.6.4 Encasing o f steelwork i n foundations ............................... 10
5.7 Sundry Items ....................................................... 10
5.7.1 H a n d r a i l s .......................................................... 10
5.7.2 Ladders ............................................................ 10
5.7.3 Open g r i d f l o o r s ................................................... 10
5.7.4 Floorplate floors .................................................. 10
6. TOLERANCES ......................................................... 11
6.1 General ............................................................ 11
6.1.1 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f dimensions ......................................... 11
6.1.2 F a b r i c a t i o n and assembly t o l e r a n c e ................................. 11
6.1.3 Rounding up o f PDs ................................................. 11
6.2 Tolerances on Dimensions, Accuracy o f Erection, e t c ................ 11
6.2.1 R o l l e d sections.................................................... 11
6.2.2 Other tolerances ................................................... 11
7. TESTING ............................................................ 13
7. I ..................................................
Test C e r t i f i c a t e s 13
7.2 I n s p e c t i o n ......................................................... 13
7.3 ....................................
I n s p e c t i o n and Testing o f Welds 13
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SABS 1200 H-1990 4

S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

CONTENTS (continued)

C1 ause Page Number

8. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................................ 13

8.1 ...................................................
Basic P r i n c i p l e s 13
8.2 ..........................................
Computation o f Q u a n t i t i e s 13
8.3 Scheduled Items .................................................... 13

APPENDIX A. APPLICABLE STANDARDS ............................................... 16

Second Revision August 1990

This s p e c i f i c a t i o n supersedes
SABS 1200 H-1983
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5 SABS 1200 H-1990
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS

STANDARDIZED SPECIFICATION

for

CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

H : STRUCTURAL STEELWORK

1. SCOPE
1.1 This s p e c i f i c a t i o n covers s t r u c t u r a l steelwork g e n e r a l l y o r b u i 1dings and o t h e r
structures, except cranes and road and r a i l bridges.
I t includes c e r t a i n sundry items such as s t a i r s , ladders, h a n d r a i l i n g and open g r i d
f 1o o r i ng.
NOTE: Should a s p e c i f i c a t i o n be r e q u i r e d f o r such sundry tems o n l y and n o t f o r
s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l , r e f e r t o SABS 1200 HA.

1.2 The s p e c i f i c a t i o n does n o t cover r o o f and side cladding (see SABS 1200 HB) o r
c o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l steelwork (see SABS 1200 HC).
NOTE: The standards r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n a r e l i s t e d i n Appendix A.

2. INTERPRETATIONS
2.1 SUPPORTING SPECIFICATIONS. Where t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d f o r a p r o j e c t , t h e
f o l l o w i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s h a l l , i n t e r a l i a , form p a r t o f t h e c o n t r a c t document
(NOTE: Item (b) may o r may n o t b e bound i n t h e document):
a) P r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ;
b ) SABS 1200 AH, SABS 1200 A o r SABS 1200 AA, as appropriate.

2.2 APPLICATION. This s p e c i f i c a t i o n contains clauses t h a t a r e g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o

s t r u c t u r a l steelwork construction. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e s p e c i f i c a -
t i o n a r e s e t o u t i n P o r t i o n 2 o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n (see 2.1).
2.3 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS. For t h e purposes o f t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t h e d e f i n i -
t i o n s and abbreviations g i v e n i n SABS 1200 AH, SABS 1200 A o r SABS 1200 AA, as
applicable, and t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n s s h a l l apply:
Grade o f a b o l t . A s t r e n g t h designation c o n s i s t i n g o f two numbers (separated by a
d 6 q--ili-T4 e i r s number being approximately one-hundredth o f t h e minimum s p e c i f i e d
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h i n megapascals and t h e second being approximately one-tenth o f t h e
r a t i o (expressed as a percentage) between t h e s t r e s s a t permanent s e t o f 0,2 X
( y i e l d s t r e s s ) and t h e minimum t e n s i l e strength. (For example, Grade 10.9 i n d i c a t e s
a nominal t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f 1 000 MPa and a nominal permanent s e t s t r e s s (0,2 %)
o f 900 MPa . The l e t t e r S , when added t o t h e grade designation, e.g. Grade 8.8S,
denotes a m e t r i c high-strength s t r u c t u r a l b o l t w i t h a heavy s e r i e s hexagon head.)
Normal temperature. A temperature t h a t exceeds 15 "C b u t does n o t exceed 32 "C .
3. MATERIALS
3.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL
3.1.1 Subject t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4, s t e e l used i n t h e f a b r i c a t i o n of
s t r u c t u r a l steelwork s h a l l comply w i t h t h e requirements o f SABS 1431 f o r t h e grade
o f s t e e l s p e c i f i e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r s t a t e d i n t h e drawings. Steel of
commercial q u a l i t y may be used i n t h e f a b r i c a t i o n o f items such as s t a i r s , ladders,
handt-ails, open g r i d f l o o r i n g and s i m i l a r sundry steelwork items.
Unless
i) otherwise expl ic i t l y approved; o r
ii)adequate r e s i s t a n c e t o b r i t t l e f r a c t u r e can be demonstrated; o r
iii)b r i t t l e f r a c t u r e w i l l n o t be a c r i t i c a l design consideration;
t h e m a t e r i a l o f welded elements s u b j e c t d u r i n g e r e c t i o n t o t e n s i l e stresses
exceeding 15 % o f t h e s p e c i f i e d minimum y i e l d s t r e s s o f t h e s t e e l , o r subject i n
t h e completed s t r u c t u r e t o t e n s i l e stresses under any combination o f f o r c e s s h a l l
comply w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g requirements:
a) The thickness o f s t e e l s of Grades 300WA, 350WA and 450WA s h a l l n o t exceed
40 mm .
b) The thickness o f s t e e l s of Grades 300WC, 300WDD, 350WC, 350WDD, 450WC and 450WDD
Grade P1 ates
-
s h a l l n o t exceed t h e f o l l o w i n a values:
Sections, e t c .
mm tj3-mm 50-mm
300WDD 63 mm 50 mm
350WC 100 mm 40 mm
350WDD 100 a m 40 mm
450WC 100 mm 19 mm
4 50WDD 40 mm 19 mm
c ) For thicknesses i n excess o f those s p e c i f i e d i n (a) and (b) above, t h e impact
value a p p l i c a b l e i n t h e impact t e s t s h a l l be a t l e a s t 27 J a t 0 "C .
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SABS 1200 H-1990 6
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

3.1.2 Steel s e c t i o n p r o f i l e s s h a l l comply w i t h t h e requirements f o r dimensions and pro-

p e r t i e s g i v e n i n t h e South African I n s t i t u t e of Steel C o n s t r u c t i o n ' s s t r u c t u r a l
s t e e l tab1 es.
3.2 SPECIAL STEELS. Steel o f a type n o t covered by SABS 1431 and used i n s t r u c t u r a l
elements s h a l l b e such t h a t i t complies w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g requirements and with
t h e a p p l i c a b l e requirements o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n :
a) Unless otherwise specified, t h e y i e l d s t r e s s s h a l l n o t exceed 450 MPa;
b ) t h e r a t i o o f t h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h t o t h e guaranteed y i e l d strength, determined
i n accordance w i t h SABS 1431, s h a l l b e a t l e a s t 1,2:1,0;
c ) t h e e l o n g a t i o n (on a gauge l e n g t h o f 5,65 dAo mm), determined i n accordance w i t h
SABS 1431, s h a l l be a t l e a s t 15 % .
(Ao = cross-sectional area o f t e n s i l e t e s t specimen, mm2)
3.3 STEEL USED FOR COLD-FORMED SECTIONS. A l l s t e e l used i n t h e manufacture o f c o l d -
formed sections f o r use as s t r u c t u r a l members i n b u i l d i n g s h a l l comply w i t h 3.1
and, i n a d d i t i o n , s h a l l have a minimum y i e l d s t r e s s o f a t l e a s t 200 MPa .
3.4 STRUCTURAL TUBULAR AND HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONS. A l l s t e e l used i n t h e manufacture o f
hollow sections s h a l l comply w i t h t h e requirements o f SABS 1431 o r SABS 657:
P a r t I . Where so specified, special s t e e l s shal 1 be used.

3.5 WELDING CONSlJMABLES

3.5.1 Electrodes. We1 d i ng electrodes s h a l l comply w i t h t h e appl i c a b l e requirements o f
ABS 455 o r such o t h e r standard as may be agreed upon by t h e Engineer and t h e
Contractor.
3.5.2 Stora e and Handlin . The storage and handling o f a l l consumables s h a l l be i n
h w d r e q u i rements o f BS 5135.
3.5.3 Q u a l i t y . Welding consumables, i n a d d i t i o n t o complying w i t h t h e requirements o f
T ! Z r j - - s h a l l be such t h a t they produce weld metal t h a t , when t e s t e d i n accordance
w i t h t h e a p p l i c a b l e method g i v e n i n BS 709, has a minimum y i e l d s t r e s s and minimum
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h a t l e a s t equal t o those o f t h e parent metal.

3.6 BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS

3.6.1 B o l t s and Nuts [ o t h e r than F r i c t i o n - a r i D ) . B o l t s and nuts o t h e r than f i t t e d b o l t s
and o t h e r than b o l t s and n i t S f o r f r i c t i d n - g r i p j o i n t s s h a l l comply w i t h t h e
requirements o f SABS 135, SABS 136 o r SABS 1143 (as a p p l i c a b l e ) f o r t h e t y p e shown
on t h e drawings o r scheduled. Nuts s h a l l be o f a t l e a s t t h e s t r e n g t h grade
appropriate t o t h e grade o f b o l t o r o t h e r threaded element with which they a r e
used.
F i t t e d b o l t s s h a l l comply with t h e r e l e v a n t requirements o f SABS 136.
Except as p r o v i d e d f o r i n 3.6.2, washers f o r b o l t s and n u t s s h a l l comply w i t h t h e
r e l e v a n t requirements o f SABS 1149.
3.6.2 F r i c t i o n - r i Fasteners. High-strength f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s and associated n u t s and
washers s a piTe--r comp y w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t requirements o f SABS 1282 and s h a l l be
capable o f being r e l i a b l y t i g h t e n e d t o t h e a p p l i c a b l e l o a d recommended i n SABS 094.
Other types o f f r i c t i o n - g r i p fastener may a l s o b e used s u b j e c t t o approval and pro-
vided t h a t they have mechanical p r o p e r t i e s n o t i n f e r i o r t o b o l t s complying w i t h t h e
r e l e v a n t requirements o f SABS 1282 and t h a t they a r e capable o f b e i n g r e l i a b l y ten-
sioned t o t h e a p p l i c a b l e l o a d recommended i n SABS 094.

3.7 MILD STEEL RIVETS. M i l d s t e e l r i v e t s s h a l l comply w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t requirements o f

SABS 435.

4. PLANT
4.1 PLANT. P l a n t and equipment used i n t h e handling, f a b r i c a t i o n and e r e c t i o n o f
steelwork s h a l l comply w i t h t h e requirements o f t h e Machinery and Occupational
Safety Act, 1983 (Act 6 o f 1983), o r t h e Mines and Works Act, 1956 (Act 27 o f
1956), as a p p l i c a b l e . Handling and l i f t i n g p l a n t s h a l l have enough c a p a c i t y t o
ensure t h a t steelwork i s placed i n i t s f i n a l p o s i t i o n w i t h o u t d i s t o r t i o n o r undue
s t r e s s i n g o f members.
The use o f cranes, l i f t i n g devices, s a f e t y b e l t s , harnesses, nets and barricades
s h a l l comply w i t h t h e recommendations given i n BS 5531.
Pneumatic o r h y d r a u l i c equipment s h a l l be used f o r t h e d r i v i n g o f r i v e t s .
5. CONSTRUCTION
5.1 DRAWINGS AND SHOP DETAILS
5.1.1 Desi n Drawin s. The Engineer's drawings w i l l i n c l u d e a general arrangement o f t h e
&E!€ure i n d i c a t i n g a l l s t r u c t u r a l member sizes and special connections
and w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t l y comprehensive t o a l l o w t h e d e t a i l i n g o f a l l connections.
Dimension f i g u r e s on t h e drawings s h a l l be deemed t o be c o r r e c t , even i f t h e
drawings a r e n o t t o scale. No dimension s h a l l b e obtained from a drawing by
scal i n g . Where necessary, t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l drawings w i 11 a1 so be provided.
5.1.2 Contractor Provides Sho D e t a i l s . Where t h e Contractor i s responsible f o r preparing
s h o p e t a i l s . t h e EnginEer w i l l issue t o t h e Contractor, w i t h i n t h e p e r i o d s t a t e d
i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n a f t e r t h e date of t h e award o f t h e c o n t r a c t , design
drawings as s p e c i f i e d i n 5.1.1 and, i n a d d i t i o n , t h e necessary design c a l c u l a t i o n s
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7 SABS 1200 H-1990
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

( i . e . s t r e s s diagrams and t h e r e l e v a n t c a l c u l a t i o n sheets o r computer p r i n t - o u t s ) .

Immediately on r e c e i p t of such drawings and c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e Contractor s h a l l
s a t i s f y himself t h a t t h e drawings c o n t a i n a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d f o r t h e pre-
p a r a t i o n o f h i s own shop d e t a i l s and supporting c a l c u l a t i o n s . These shop d e t a i l
drawings and supporting c a l c u l a t i o n s , together with any o t h e r necessary drawings,
s h a l l be submitted i n d u p l i c a t e t o t h e Engineer f o r approval a t l e a s t 1 week ( O r
such o t h e r p e r i o d as may be s t a t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ) b e f o r e commence-
ment o f f a b r i c a t i o n . I n preparing t h e shop d e t a i l s , t h e Contractor s h a l l ensure
compliance w i t h t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l drawings w i t h respect t o items such as cladding.
The C o n t r a c t o r ' s drawings s h a l l b e complete i n every respect (i n c l u d i ng we1 d i ng
d e t a i l s , which s h a l l b e f u l l y described i n c l u d i n g d e t a i l s o f shop s p l i c e s ) and
s h a l l be checked by t h e Contractor p r i o r t o submission. One copy o f each drawing
w i l l be r e t a i n e d by t h e Engineer and, within 1 week ( o r such o t h e r p e r i o d as may be
s t a t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ) o f t h e date o f r e c e i p t by t h e Engineer, t h e
o t h e r copy w i l l b e returned t o t h e Contractor with t h e Engineer's comments o r W r i t -
t e n approval, as t h e case may be.
Before t h e commencement of f a b r i c a t i o n , t h e Contractor s h a l l o b t a i n from t h e
Engineer approval of t h e shop d e t a i l s , i n w r i t i n g . The approval g i v e n b y t h e
Engineer r e l a t e s t o s t r u c t u r a l adequacy and does n o t absolve t h e Contractor from
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r dimensional accuracy.
5.1.3 En i n e e r Provides Shop D e t a i l s . Where t h e Engineer undertakes t o prepare shop
deT-aircwings e win-ie general arrangement and marking and shop d e t a i l
drawings, togethehr with necessary b o l t and m a t e r i a l s l i s t s and cladding d e t a i l s , t o
t h e Contractor a t agreed dates t h a t w i l l enable t h e Contractor t o adhere t o t h e
agreed program.
The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e dimensional accuracy o f these drawings s h a l l r e s t w i t h
t h e Engineer; t h e Contractor w i l l , however, be r e q u i r e d t o examine t h e drawings
and, should any f i g u r e o r w r i t i n g be i n d i s t i n c t o r should any d e s c r i p t i o n be ambi-
guous, he s h a l l apply immediately t o t h e Engineer f o r c l a r i f i c a t i o n .
5.1.4 V a r i a t i o n s from Drawin s and Sections. Except where otherwise authorized i n w r i t i n g
i 5 j - t t i T E n ~ K e ~ a ~ ensure h a - t~h a t t h e work i s c a r r i e d o u t s t r i c t l y
i n accordance w i t h t h e drawings supplied t o t h e Contractor by t h e Engineer, o r
s u p p l i e d by t h e Contractor and approved by t h e Engineer.
Steel sections s h a l l be provided as s p e c i f i e d on t h e drawings except t h a t s u b s t i t u -
t i o n w i l l be p e r m i t t e d with t h e Engineer's p r i o r approval. Where t h e Contractor
wishes t o make a s u b s t i t u t i o n , he s h a l l submit h i s reasons and a l t e r n a t i v e propo-
sals i n writing.
5.2 FABRICATION
5.2.1 General. A1 1 s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s h a l l , b o t h b e f o r e and a f t e r f a b r i c a t i o n ,
8 ) b e i t h i n t h e tolerances s p e c i f i e d i n Clause 6; and
b) unless r e q u i r e d t o be formed t o a p a r t i c u l a r shape, be f l a t , s t r a i g h t and f r e e
from t w i s t s . Any necessary s t r a i g h t e n i n g o r forming s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t by methods
t h a t neither weaken nor deface t h e m a t e r i a l .
5.2.2 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Where so r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t h e grade
o f T - ? X F u c t E r s t e e l s h a l l be p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i a b l e a t a l l stages o f f a b r i c a t i o n .
5.2.3 C u t t i n g . C u t t i n g may be done by sawing, shearing, cropping o r machine flame-
E E E I l g . Manual f l a m e - c u t t i n g i s p e r m i s s i b l e o n l y where authorized.
Edges s h a l l be f r e e from any d e f e c t s o r d i s t o r t i o n s t h a t may adversely a f f e c t t h e
s t r e n g t h o r s e r v i c e a b i l i t y o f t h e member. A l l exposed b u r r s and s i m i l a r defects
s h a l l be ground o f f and smoothed.
The edges o f flame-cut p l a t e s s h a l l , where so r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t spe-
c i f i c a t i o n , be dressed t o remove notches o r as much m a t e r i a l as s p e c i f i e d .
5.2.4 Holes- f o r F a s t e F E
5.2.4.1 T h e p a c i n g G i w e e n holes f o r fasteners and distances between holes and edges s h a l l
comply with t h e r e l e v a n t p r o v i s i o n s o f SABS 0162.
5.2.4.2 Except where otherwise provided f o r i n 5.2.4.3-5.2.4.11, holes f o r fasteners s h a l l
be d r i l l e d .
5.2.4.3 Holes f o r fasteners o r f o r p i n s s h a l l n o t be formed by flame-cutting, except t h a t
holes f o r holding-down b o l t s may be flame-cut i f s p e c i f i c a l l y approved.
5.2.4.4 Unless otherwise r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , and provided t h a t
punching does not unduly d i s t o r t t h e m a t e r i a l beyond t h e tolerances s p e c i f i e d i n
Clause 6, holes f o r r i v e t s o r f o r b o l t s , o t h e r than f i t t e d b o l t s (see 5.2.4.9), may
( s u b j e c t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s of 5.2.4.5) be punched f u l l s i z e through m a t e r i a l n o t
t h i c k e r than t h e diameter o f t h e hole.
5.2.4.5 Punching through m a t e r i a l t h i c k e r than 12 mm s h a l l be done o n l y with p r i o r appro-
val.
5.2.4.6 The diameter of holes f o r fasteners i n c l u d i n g r i v e t s b u t excluding f r i c t i o n - g r i p
fasteners, f i t t e d b o l t s and holding-down b o l t s s h a l l , unless otherwise s p e c i f i c a l l y
r e q u i r e d i n terms of t h e design, n o t exceed t h e diameter o f t h e f a s t e n e r by more
than
a 2 mm i n t h e case of fasteners o f diameter up t o 24 mm; and
b { 3 mm i n t h e case o f fasteners o f diameter over 24 mm
5.2.4.7 The diameter o f holes f o r f r i c t i o n - g r i p fasteners s h a l l ;lot exceed t h e diameter o f
t h e fastener by more than 2 mm, except t h a t , where more than t h r e e components a r e
b o l t e d together, t h e diameter o f t h e holes i n t h e i n n e r components s h a l l n o t exceed
t h e diameter o f t h e fastener by more than 3 mm .
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SABS 1200 H-1990 8
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

5.2.4.8 Holes f o r f r i c t i o n - g r i p fasteners s h a l l be checked f o r clearance and, a f t e r t h e

p a r t s have been assembled by means o f b a r r e l d r i f t s , t h e holes s h a l l b e checked f o r
alignment. E r r o r s i n alignment of a h o l e i n an i n n e r component s h a l l b e c o r r e c t e d
by d r i l l i n g o r reaming t h e hole. Lack of alignment o f a h o l e i n an o u t e r component
s h a l l b e c o r r e c t e d by d r i l l i n g o r reaming t h e h o l e through t h e assembled components
t o a l a r g e r size, and u s i n g a b o l t o f l a r g e r diameter.
5.2.4.9 The diameter o f holes f o r f i t t e d b o l t s o r p i n s s h a l l , s u b j e c t t o a t o l e r a n c e of
nim, be equal t o t h e nominal diameter of t h e b o l t o r p i n . Where p r a c t i c a b l e ,
-0
p a r t s t o be connected by f i t t e d b o l t s o r p i n s s h a l l be t i g h t l y clamped o r b o l t e d
together and t h e holes d r i l l e d through a l l t h e thicknesses i n a s i n g l e o p e r a t i o n
and subsequently reamed t o size. Holes n o t so d r i l l e d s h a l l be s u b - d r i l l e d o r sub-
punched t o a diameter a t l e a s t 2 mm under s i z e and reamed t o f u l l s i z e a f t e r
assembly o r , where t h i s i s n o t p r a c t i c a b l e , t h e p a r t s s h a l l be d r i l l e d and reamed
separately through hard bushed s t e e l j i g s . Holes f o r f i t t e d b o l t s o r p i n s s h a l l n o t
be f i n a l l y reamed u n t i l welding and o t h e r f a b r i c a t i o n procedures a r e complete.
5.2.4.10 The d e t a i l s of holes f o r holding-down b o l t s s h a l l be as shown on t h e drawings.
5.2.4.11 S l o t t e d holes s h a l l be formed by
a) d r i l l i n g or, subject t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f 5.2.4.4 and 5.2.4.5, punching a p a i r
o f holes and f l a m e - c u t t i n g between t h e holes; o r
b ) s l o t punching i n t h e case o f m a t e r i a l o f thickness n o t exceeding 12 mm .
5.2.4.12 A l l b u r r s s h a l l b e removed from holes b e f o r e assembly except t h a t , where holes a r e
d r i l l e d i n one o p e r a t i o n through assembled p a r t s t h a t w i l l n o t b e separated a f t e r
d r i l l i n g , b u r r s on o n l y t h e o u t s i d e surfaces o f such assemblies s h a l l be removed.
5.2.4.13 Where a sealed hollow member i s h o l e d f o r a f a s t e n e r o r pin, p r o v i s i o n s h a l l be
made t o prevent ingress o f moisture t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e member.
5.2.5 J o i n t s i n Compression. The a b u t t i n g surfaces o f a j o i n t dependent on c o n t a c t f o r
€ F E m m i s s i o n o f l o a d s h a l l so b u t t t h a t t h e areas necessary t o t r a n s m i t t h e
l o a d a r e i n contact. A bearing face t h a t i s t o be grouted d i r e c t t o a foundation
need n o t be machined b u t such a f a c e s h a l l be t r u e and p a r a l l e l t o t h e upper f a c e
o f t h e foundation.
5.2.6 S t r u c t u r a l Hollow Sections. Where so r e q u i r e d i n t h e design, t h e ends o f hollow
-
sections may b e - i T X m o r otherwise formed, f o r welded, b o l t e d o r r i v e t e d con-
nections p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e method employed does n o t damage o r deface t h e m a t e r i a l .
The change o f shape o f a s e c t i o n s h a l l be gradual.
Unless special p r o t e c t i o n against c o r r o s i o n i s provided by o t h e r means, t h e
i n t e r i o r of any hollow member, whether a s t r u c t u r a l hollow s e c t i o n o r a f a b r i c a t e d
member, s h a l l be so sealed as t o prevent t h e ingress o f moisture.

5.3 ASSEMBLY
5.3.1 General. The component p a r t s s h a l l be so assembled t h a t
V t K w h o l e and a l l p a r t s o f t h e f i n i s h e d s t r u c t u r e a r e w i t h i n t h e tolerances spe-
c i f i e d i n Clause 6;
b ) no member i s bent, t w i s t e d o r otherwise damaged; and
c ) s p e c i f i e d cambers a r e obtained.
5.3.2 A l i nment o f Holes. A l l matching holes f o r fasteners o r f o r p i n s s h a l l so r e g i s t e r
E&# each o t h e r t h a t t h e fasteners can be i n s e r t e d f r e e l y through t h e assembled
members i n a d i r e c t i o n a t r i g h t angles t o t h e faces i n contact. D r i f t i n g t o a l i g n
holes, o t h e r than holes f o r f r i c t i o n - g r i p fasteners (see 5.2.4.8), s h a l l be so done
t h a t t h e metal i s n o t d i s t o r t e d and t h e holes a r e n o t enlarged. Holes t h a t cannot
be a1 igned w i t h o u t enlargement s h a l l be cause f o r r e j e c t i o n unless enlargement by
reaming i s s p e c i f i c a l l y approved.
5.3.3 Lvoidance of Excessive Stresses d u r - Construction. Structures, composite u n i t s ,
a n d ' m K m Z ; i i i b l i e s t h a t o @ r i S e component Fa743 s h a l l n o t be subjected t o
excessive stresses d u r i n g t h e assembly, f a b r i c a t i o n o r e r e c t i o n process.
5.3.4 We1 ding. We1 d i ng s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t i n accordance w i t h t h e re1evant recommen-
daE5ns of SABS 044, SABS 0162 and AWS D 1 . l o r BS 5135. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n s h a l l
be p a i d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g :
a) Welding techniques s h a l l be such as t o prevent undue d i s t o r t i o n and minimize
shrinkage stresses.
b ) A l l s l a g and s p a t t e r s h a l l be removed.
5.3.5
5.3.5.1 w o t h e r than Friction- r i
--ij-f"
e p a r s - U 6 ' 6 T F i i G d 3 i a 1 1- e i r m l y drawn toqether. Grade 4.6 b o l t s and
Grade 8.8 b o l t s i n shear and bearing t y p e connections s h a l l be tensioned by hand t o
t h e l i m i t o f t h e torque t h a t can be a p p l i e d by t h e use o f a standard podger
spanner. High t e n s i l e b o l t s f o r major tension type o r moment type connections and
where f a t l g u e i s a consideration, s h a l l be t i g h t e n e d t o a t e n s i o n o f 75 % o f t h e
proof l o a d s t r e s s o f t h e b o l t .
5.3.5.2 Except i n t h e case o f f i t t e d b o l t s and unless othet-wi se r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e
p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r s p e c i f i c a l l y ordered, washers need n o t be used where sur-
faces a r e f l a t and flanges untapered, and holes have normal clearances (see 5.2.4).
On tapered flanges, tapered washers s h a l l be used t o g i v e b o l t heads and nuts a
s a t i s f a c t o r y bearing. Where holes have g r e a t e r than normal clearance, washers s h a l l
be used under b o l t heads and nuts.
The l e n g t h o f each b o l t s h a l l be such t h a t a f t e r t h e b o l t has been tightened, a t
l e a s t one thread p r o j e c t s through t h e n u t and a t l e a s t one f u l l t h r e a d ( i n a d d i t i o n
t o t h e thread runout) remains c l e a r between t h e nut and t h e unthreaded shank.
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9 SABS 1200 H-1990

S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

5.3.5.3 F i t t e d b o l t s s h a l l be long enough t o ensure t h a t no threaded p o r t i o n i s within t h e

thickness o f t h e connected p a r t s r e q u i r e d t o develop t h e bearing l o a d on t h e b o l t ,
and s h a l l b e p r o v i d e d w i t h a washer o r washers, under t h e nut, o f thickness such as
t o ensure t h a t a t l e a s t one f u l l thread ( i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t h r e a d runout) remains
c l e a r between t h e n u t and t h e unthreaded shank. Where holes f o r f i t t e d b o l t s a r e
reamed a f t e r assembly, t h e p a r t s t o b e connected s h a l l be a c c u r a t e l y l i n e d up with
p a r a l l e l d r i f t s and a b o l t s h a l l be f i t t e d and t i g h t e n e d i n each reamed h o l e b e f o r e
t h e n e x t h o l e i s reamed. A l l t h e b o l t s i n each group s h a l l b e re-tightened a f t e r
t h e 1 a s t b o l t i n t h e group has been f i t t e d .
5.3.6 F r i c t i o n - g r i Fastenin . The use o f f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s s h a l l b e i n accordance w i t h
t F m m i d r e s g i v e n i n SABS 094. Unless otherwise specified, t h e t u r n -
of-the-nut t i g h t e n i n g method s h a l l be used. Once f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s o f Grade 10.9s
and galvanized f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s o f Grade 8.8s have been tensioned, they s h a l l
n o t be re-used, but o t h e r Grade 8.85 f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s may b e re-used s o l e l y a t
t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e Engineer.
Where use i s made o f o t h e r types o f f r i c t i o n - g r i p fastener, t h e y s h a l l be assembled
and t i g h t e n e d t o a t l e a s t t h e t e n s i o n recommended i n SABS 094, i n accordance with
t h e recommendations o f t h e manufacturer and t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s o f t h e Engineer.
5.3.7
5.3.7.1 s h a l l b e c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e use o f pneumatic o r h y d r a u l i c equipment.
R i v e t e d members s h a l l have a l l p a r t s f i r m l y drawn and h e l d together b e f o r e and
d u r i n g r i v e t i n g , and special c a r e s h a l l be taken w i t h s i n g l e - r i v e t e d connections.
For m u l t i p l e - r i v e t e d connections, a temporary b o l t s h a l l be t i g h t e n e d i n a t l e a s t
every f o u r t h h o l e b e f o r e d r i v i n g t h e r i v e t s .
Every r i v e t s h a l l be heated u n i f o r m l y throughout i t s length, w i t h o u t burning o r
excessive scaling, and s h a l l be o f s u f f i c i e n t l e n g t h t o p r o v i d e a well-formed head.
It s h a l l , when driven, completely f i l l t h e h o l e and, i f countersunk, t h e counter-
s i n k i n g s h a l l be f u l l y f i l l e d , any proudness being dressed o f f f l u s h , i f so required.
A r i v e t s h a l l be f r e e from any adhering scale a f t e r heating and, when placed i n
p o s i t i o n f o r d r i v i n g , s h a l l be a t a c o n s i s t e n t b r i g h t r e d heat throughout. Special
c a r e s h a l l be taken i n heating and d r i v i n g l o n g r i v e t s .
5.3.7.2 A r i v e t t h a t i s found t o have one o r more o f t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f e c t s s h a l l b e cut o u t
and replaced b e f o r e t h e s t r u c t u r e i s loaded ( s p e c i a l care s h a l l be taken i n t h e
i n s p e c t i o n o f s i n g l e - r i v e t e d connections):
a) E c c e n t r i c i t y ( o f t h e r i v e t head) exceeding 0,l times t h e diameter o f t h e shank;
b) p i t t i n g ( i . e . burning) deeper than 1 mm over more than 10 % o f t h e surface o f
t h e r i v e t head;
c ) cracks v i s i b l e t o t h e unaided eye;
d) a gap between t h e surface o f t h e member and t h e r i v e t head such t h a t a f e e l e r
gauge o f thickness 0,15 mm o r more can be i n s e r t e d as f a r as t h e shank;
e) looseness such t h a t , when one side o f a r i v e t head i s s t r u c k with a hammer,
movement can be f e l t with a f i n g e r placed on t h e o t h e r side;
f ) a malformed head, i . e . a r i v e t w i t h a "jockey cap" head;
g) a head t h a t does n o t f i l l a countersunk h o l e f u l l y .
Not more than 5 % o f t h e r i v e t s i n a s i n g l e j o i n t o r member s h a l l c o n t a i n any
defect o f l e s s e r magnitude than, b u t o f t h e same type as, any o f those g i v e n i n
(a)-(d) above and, i n a d d i t i o n , no two such r i v e t s s h a l l b e c l o s e r together than 10
r i v e t pitches.
5.3.8 Marking. Each p i e c e o f steelwork s h a l l be d i s t i n c t l y marked b e f o r e d e l i v e r y , i n
-
accordance with a marking diagram, and may bear such o t h e r marks as w i 11 f a c i 1 it a t e
erection.
5.3.9 Pr~a.~-e-~ is.^
r o t e c t -i v e -- A l l steelwork surfaces t h a t a r e t o be painted, o r otherwise
Treatment.
, a e prepared and t r e a t e d i n accordance w i t h SABS 1200 HC.
5.4 SETTING-OUT. Before t h e Contractor commences e r e c t i o n o f steelwork on S i t e , he
s h a l l check t h a t t h e s e t t i n g - o u t and t h e l e v e l s o f holding-down b o l t s and o f
concrete foundations, beam faces, columns, etc., a r e i n accordance w i t h t h e
drawings p r o v i d e d and he s h a l l r e p o r t any discrepancies immediately t o t h e
Engineer.
5.5 ERECTION
5.5.1 Procedure. Where r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n and b e f o r e com-
me-rection o f steelwork on Site, t h e Contractor shal.1 submit t o t h e Engineer,
f o r h i s general s c r u t i n y and information, f u l l d e t a i l s o f t h e e r e c t i o n procedure
and methods o f e r e c t i o n .
5.5.2 Stora e and Handling. A l l s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l a t t h e S i t e s h a l l b e so s t o r e d and
fisii&GtT-- i s n o t subjected t o damage o r excessive s t r e s s and i s k e p t clean.
5.5.3 Safet d u r i n E r e c t i o n . While i t i s encumbent on t h e Engineer t o ensure t h a t t h e
-%
- - iu
Fx c u r e or e ements -thereof can be erected w i t h o u t l o s s o f s t a b i l i t y o r w i t h o u t
overstress, t h e Contractor i s responsible f o r t h e maintenance o f s a f e t y standards
during erection.
Adequate temporary b r a c i n g o r s t i f f e n i n g s h a l l b e provided by t h e Contractor during
e r e c t i o n t o p r o t e c t t h e s t r u c t u r e from
a) t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of l o s s of s t a b i l i t y o r o v e r s t r e s s i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r e i n i t s
p a r t l y completed s t a t e , and
b ) t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f laadings ( i n p a r t i c u l a r those due t o e r e c t i o n equipment o r
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SABS 1200 H-1990 10

S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

procedures) t h a t a r e more severe than those t h a t t h e completed s t r u c t u r e i s

intended t o sustain.
A1 1 temporary works provided f o r t h i s purpose s h a l l be l e f t i n p o s i t i o n u n t i l such
t i m e as e r e c t i o n i s s u f f i c i e n t l y advanced f o r them t o be no loncrer reauired.
The Contractor s h a l l ensure t h a t connections f o r temporary bracjng, members o r
c l e a t s and a d d i t i o n a l holes used t o f a c i l i t a t e handling o r e r e c t i o n do n o t weaken
t h e permanent s t r u c t u r e o r i m p a i r i t s s e r v i c e a b i l i t y . I f he has any doubts, he
s h a l l ask t h e Engineer f o r i n s t r u c t i o n s .
5.5.4 _ _ A l l pockets t h a t a r e t o r e c e i v e holding-down b o l t s , f i t t i n g s o r
Alignment.
steelwork s h a l l b e cleaned o u t immediately b e f o r e e r e c t i o n i s commenced. Each p a r t
of a s t r u c t u r e s h a l l b e a l i g n e d as soon as p o s s i b l e a f t e r i t has been erected.
Members s h a l l n o t b e permanently connected u n t i l enough o f t h e s t r u c t u r e has been
aligned, l e v e l l e d , plumbed and t e m p o r a r i l y connected t o ensure t h a t they w i l l n o t
be displaced d u r i n g t h e e r e c t i o n o r alignment o f t h e remainder o f t h e s t r u c t u r e .
5.5.5 --
Corrections. D r i f t p i n s , j a c k i n g equipment and t h e l i k e s h a l l n o t b e used t o b r i n g
impropery-fabricated members i n t o place. A moderate degree o f reaming and c u t t i n g ,
however, may be employed t o c o r r e c t minor m i s f i t s o n l y i f , i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e
Engineer, t h i s w i l l n o t be detrimental t o t h e s t r e n g t h o r appearance o f t h e
steelwork. Except as allowed i n terms o f 5.2.4.3, no b u r n i n g o f holes i n steelwork
w i 11 be p e r m i t t e d w i t h o u t t h e w r i t t e n consent o f t h e Engineer.
5.6 GROUTING OF SUPPORTS
5.6.1 R e s p o n s i b i l i t y . Unless otherwise r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ,
g r o u i i n g m e d d i n g w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t by o t h e r s t o t h e Engineer's s p e c i f i c a t i o n
and approval. The Contractor s h a l l ensure t h a t a l l g r o u t i n g has been completed
b e f o r e cladding and o t h e r l o a d i n g i s applied.
5.6.2 Preparation. The Contractor s h a l l ensure t h a t no bedding o r g r o u t i n g i s c a r r i e d o u t
Lj-o€hFrFuntil enough o f t h e s t r u c t u r e has been a l i g n e d or, f o r m u l t i s t o r e y
b u i l d i n g s , a s u f f i c i e n t number o f bottom lengths o f stanchions have been aligned,
l e v e l l e d and plumbed and adequately braced by t h e Contractor by means o f o t h e r
s t r u c t u r a l components t h a t have been l e v e l l e d and a r e securely h e l d by t h e i r per-
manent connections.
Steel wedges o r packings o r o t h e r l e v e l l i n g devices o f adequate s t r e n g t h and r i g i d -
i t y s h a l l be used t o support t h e steelwork. Immediately b e f o r e b e i n g grouted, t h e
space and a l l pockets under t h e s t e e l s h a l l be c l e a r e d o f a l l d e b r i s and f r e e
water.
5.6.3 Beddin of Stanchions i n Foundation Pockets. Before s t e e l sections a r e embedded i n
__-
c o n c r e ? C - € l T C 5 % p € e specifi-corrosion p r o t e c t i o n system s h a l l b e a p p l i e d t o
each member down t o a t l e a s t 100 mm below t h e l e v e l o f t h e concrete. I n t h e case o f
a p a i n t system, an a d d i t i o n a l f i n a l c o a t o f t h e s p e c i f i e d p r o t e c t i o n s h a l l be
a p p l i e d t o t h e surfaces o f each member and s h a l l extend t o a t l e a s t 100 mm above
and below t h e l e v e l o f t h e concrete. Where g r o u t i n g i s t o be c a r r i e d o u t by t h e
Contractor, stanchions i n pocket bases s h a l l be grouted w i t h dense concrete having
a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c cube s t r e n g t h a t 28 d o f n o t l e s s than t h a t o f t h e surrounding
concrete base, o r 20 MPa, whichever i s t h e greater, and w i t h a maximum aggregate
s i z e o f 10 mm . Rapid-hardening o r h i g h alumina cement may be used o n l y when speci-
f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d by t h e Engineer. A t l e a s t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e depth o f t h e pocket
s h a l l b e f i l l e d i n i t i a l l y and t h e stanchions s h a l l then remain undisturbed f o r a t
l e a s t 48 h ( o r an e q u i v a l e n t p e r i o d where rapid-hardening o r h i g h alumina cement i s
used) a f t e r which t h e pocket s h a l l be f i l l e d .
5.6.4 Encasing o f Steelwork i n Foundations. A l l s t r u c t u r a l steelwork i n foundations s h a l l
b e s o - r i - ~ e n c a s ~ ~ n d e n s e - ~wni t ch ra~minimum ~ o f 100 mm .
5.7 SUNDRY ITEMS
5.7.1 Handrails. Handrails s h a l l b e o f t h e type and s h a l l be purpose made i n t h e s t y l e
-
a K T 3 a p 6 s g i v e n i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n and shown on t h e drawings. The
c o n t r a c t o r s h a l l ensure, by making i n - s i Lu measurements b e f o r e manufacture i s
s t a r t e d , t h a t t h e h a n d r a i l s s u i t t h e s i t u a t i o n i n which t h e y a r e t o be i n s t a l l e d .
Handrails s h a l l be supplied complete w i t h a l l t h e necessary f i x i n g b o l t s , nuts,
etc.
5.7.2 Ladders. Ladders s h a l l be manufactured i n accordance w i t h t h e d e t a i l s and general
Zr?X?ng6ments shown on the drawings. Ladders s h a l l be suppl i e d coinpl e t e w i t h a1 1 t h e
necessary b o l t s , nuts and washers f o r f i x i n g .
5.7.3 w e n G r i d F l o o r s . Open g r i d s t e e l covers and f l o o r panels s h a l l be manufactured by
a n ~ ~ s p eCc i a l i zd i n g ~i n such work. They s h a l l be pressure locked o r welded
( o r b o t h ) . A l l sparibars s h a l l have a thickness, depth and spacing such t h a t t h e
d e f l e c t i o n of any b a r under design l o a d c o n d i t i o n s does n o t exceed 1/200th o f t h e
c l e a r span, o r 10 mm. whichever i s t h e lesser. F l o o r i n g s h a l l be made i n panels o f
sizes t h a t conform t o t h e dimensions given on t h e drawings. The panels s h a l l be
s u p p l i e d p r e f a b r i c a t e d with cut-outs t h a t conform t o t h e d e t a i l s given. Unless
authorized t o do so, t h e Contractor s h a l l n o t c u t o r weld open g r i d f l o o r panels on
Site.
5.7.4 F l o o r p l a t e F l o o r s . F l o o r p l a t e s h a l l b e as s p e c i f i e d and s h a l l have an approved
raise?l-pa'C€ETil,l:ifting key holes s h a l l be provided as s p e c i f i e d .
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11 SABS 1200 H-1990

S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

6. TOL-ERANCES
6.1 GENERAL
6.1.1 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f Dimensions. V e r i f i c a t i o n of dimensions s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t
-
aJ3n s t e e l t h a t i s a t normal temperature (see 2.3), measurements b e i n g made with a
tape t h a t i s a t normal temperature and tensioned t o 70 N;
b) f o r e r e c t i o n , within 3 h a f t e r t h e time of sunrise o r w i t h i n 3 h b e f o r e t h e time
o f sunset, o r a t such time when, i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e Engineer, t h e e f f e c t o f t h e
sun i s minimal. D i s t o r t i o n caused by t h e sun's rays s t r i k i n g one s i d e o f a member
o r s t r u c t u r e s h a l l be taken i n t o account, and measurements s h a l l be made o n l y a t
times when t h i s e f f e c t i s non-existent o r o f no consequence.
6.1.2 F a b r i c a t i o n and Assembl Tolerance. The p e r m i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n on t h e dimensions o f
components (such as g E k s 3 5 X - b r a c i n g , etc.) and on t h e l o c a t i o n o f b o l t holes
i n components and elements o f a s t r u c t u r e s h a l l be a 2 mm .
(See a l s o 5.2.4.) Holes
f o r connections s h a l l be a l i q n e d as s p e c i f i e d i n 5.3.2.
6.1.3 Roundin U o f PDs. A l l c a l c i l a t e d p e r m i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n s s h a l l be rounded up t o
€ h F n i i h T l imetre.
6.2 TOLERANCES ON DIMENSIONS, ACCURACY OF ERECTION, ETC.
6.2.1 R o l l e d Sections. The tolerances on cross-sectional dimensions o f r o l l e d sections
J l i a l l b e as s p e c i f i e d i n t h e l a t e s t issue o f t h e South A f r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f Steel
C o n s t r u c t i o n ' s s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l tab1 es.
6.2.2 ___-
Other -Tolerances. The tolerances on a l l dimensions (other than o f r o l l e d sections),
accuracy o f e r e c t i o n , l o c a t i o n o f holding-down b o l t s , l o c a t i o n o f column bases,
l e v e l s , etc., s h a l l be as g i v e n below:

Permissible deviation, mm

I tem Degree o f Accuracy

-
I11
-
Cross-sections Width o f f l a n g e ( b )

b 5 400 mm *
b > 400 mm *
wJ f Depth ( h ) f
-__

h 5 1 000 mm *
h h > 1 000 mm *

3) Flatness o f web (A)

t, < h,/150 *
t *
t, 2 hw/150

LENGTH EQUAL TO

+ 4) Off-centre o f web ( e ) *

*
5 ) T____~-_.--
i l t o f flange (a)

T+* 6) Warpage o f f l a n g e (B) *

.-
rAs s t a t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r schedule, i f required.
* A l l i n d i c a t e d p e r m i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n s from t h e s p e c i f i e d depth (11) may occur
simultaneously and be cumulative.
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SABS 1200 H-1990 12
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

-_

I tern Degree o f Accuracy

111

b) Length
1)TlG-mS o f t h e l e n g t h o f a member from desig-
nated l e n g t h ............................... *
2)For such members as trusses and l a t t i c e g i r d e r s
these tolerances apply t o t h e member as a
whole. The lengths o f component p a r t s s h a l l be
such t h a t t h e member can be p r o p e r l y assembled
with a PD o f .................................. *
c) Accuracy o f e r e c t i o n
l ) O i E 3 - @ l ' U j b T E F a n y v e r t i c a l h e i g h t ( H ) ..... *

t u r e s o f more than one s t o r e y i n h e i g h t from

designated p o s i t i o n ( t o t a l s t r u c t u r e height, W ) * Greater o f *
G o r H I 1 000

p u r l i n s and sheeting r a i l s ) o f l e n g t h L , betweer

p o i n t s t h a t a r e t o be l a t e r a l l y r e s t r a i n e d
................................................ * Greater o f *
3 o r L/1 000
2)For o t h e r members of l e n g t h L .................. * Lesser o f *
25 o r L/500
3)Handrails ...................................... * ++ *
e) Location- o f h o l d i n -down b o l t s
1 ) T T E - c ~ hol d d i ng-down b o l t from i t s
designated l o c a t i o n i n p l a n .................... * f 3 *
2)The t o p o f t h e b o l t from i t s designated e l e -
v a t i o n ......................................... * + 5 *
- 3
f) - __ Designated l e v e l and p l a n p o s i t i o n
Column bases.
o f column bases ................................ * 2 3 *
g) @. Each storey ............................. * f illstorey *
t o up t o f 30
h) Gantry crane rg&
l)ETa€En-ot'igauge f o r span S
i ) l e s s than o r equal t o 15 m .................... * f G *

................................
i i ) e x c e e d i n g 15 m *
iii)with a maximum o f ............................. *
NOTE: For r o l l e r - g u i d e d cranes, t h e PDs f o r (i)and
(ii) above w i 11 be doubled.
2)Maximum d i f f e r e n c e s i n l e v e l between r a i l s ,
measured a t r i g h t angles t o t h e gantry ........
3)Maximum d i f f e r e n c e i n l e v e l over any 2 m l e n g t h
* 10 I*
of r a i l ....................................... * 2 *
4)Maximum dev3ation i n p l a n from a s t r a i g h t l i n e * f 5 *
5)Maximum h o r i z o n t a l o f f s e t a t any p o i n t along
t h e r a i l from:
i a 2 m chord ................................... * 1 *
i i ] a 15 in chord .................................. * 5 *

*As s t a t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r schedule, i f required.

++Handrails s h a l l , i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e Engineer, be v i s u a l l y s t r a i g h t
( o r o f s p e c i f i e d shape).
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13 SABS 1200 H-1990

S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

7. TESTING
7.1 TEST CERTIFICATES. Where r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t e s t cer-
t i f i c a t e s , o r c a s t a n a l y s i s c e r t i f i c a t e s ( o t both), p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e s t e e l t o be
used s h a l l be supplied t o t h e Engineer by t h e Contractor.

7.2 INSPECTION. The Engineer s h a l l have access a t a l l reasonable times t o a l l places

where t h e work i s being c a r r i e d o u t and s h a l l b e provided with a l l t h e necessary
f a c i l i t i e s f o r i n s p e c t i o n d u r i n g a l l stages o f construction.

7.3 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF WELDS. The Contractor s h a l l examine welds as f o l l o w s :

a ) Visual examination o f a l l welds t o check t h a t
1 ) t h e r e a r e no uneven l e g lengths and t h a t t h e r e i s no cracking o r unacceptable
u n d e r c u t t i n g o r p o r o s i t y , as recommended i n SABS 044: P a r t 111, and
2 ) f u l l f u s i o n i s being achieved w h i l e welding i s i n progress;
b) dimensional checks i n accordance w i t h BS 5135.
Only where so r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s h a l l welders b e
t e s t e d o r d e s t r u c t i v e o r non-destructive t e s t s be c a r r i e d out.
Welds done i n t h e shop(s) s h a l l be t e s t e d and, i f necessary, r e c t i f i e d b e f o r e
despatch.

8. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

8,l BASIC PRINCIPLES
8.1.1 Work i n v o l v i n g s t e e l members and platework w i l l be measured b y mass o f s t e e l .
Sundry items w i l l be measured by number, mass o r area, depending on t h e n a t u r e o f
t h e i t e m (see 8 . 1 . 2 ) .
8.1.2 Where t h e r e i s considerable r e p e t i t i o n o f a r t i c l e s o f t h e same d e s c r i p t i o n and mass
(e.g. ladders, foundation b o l t s , frames, loose c l e a t s , etc.) t h a t a r e measured by
mass, t h e number o f such a r t i c l e s and t h e mass o r length, as applicable, of each
w i l l be s t a t e d i n t h e schedule.
8.2 COMPUTATION OF QUANTITIES
8.2.1 The mass o f steelwork w i l l be c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e nominal mass p e r u n i t
l e n g t h as s t a t e d i n t h e South A f r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f Steel Construction's s t r u c t u r a l
s t e e l t a b l e s o r , where n o t so stated, t h e mass w i l l be c a l c u l a t e d from a s t e e l den-
s i t y o f 7 850 kg/m3 . The mass o f f i t t i n g s such as c l e a t s , gussets, battens and
s t i f f e n e r s w i l l be added t o t h e mass o f t h e members.
8.2.2 Tolerances f o r r o l l i n g margins and o t h e r p e r m i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n s w i l l be neglected.
No deductions w i l l be made f o r holes f o r fasteners o r f o r m i l l i n g o r planing, and
no a d d i t i o n s w i l l be made f o r r o l l i n g margin, waste, weld metal o r shop fasteners.
8.2.3 Unless otherwise stated, gussets w i l l be measured on t h e b a s i s o f t h e minimum
encloslng rectangle. Each large, shaped p l a t e such as a roof, a bottom t o a c i r -
c u l a r tank o r a hopper bottom t o a bunker o r a s i l o , w i l l b e measured on t h e b a s i s
o f t h e n e t s i z e o f t h e element.

8.3 SCHEDULED ITEMS

8.3.1 Su 1 and-Fabrication
8.3.1.1 P r e p a r a t i o n o f shop d e t a i l drawings ...............................
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and submission t o
Unit: t o r Sum
t h e Engineer o f acceptable shop d e t a i l drawings and supporting c a l -
culations.
Payment under t h i s item w i l l o n l y be made where such drawings a r e
r e a u i r e d i n terms o f t h e D r o i e c t s D e c i f i c a t i o n .
8.3.1.2 Supply and f a b r i c a t i o n o f ' steelwot-k ............................... Unit: t
Separate items w i l l b3 scheduled Er each t y p e o f member and each
structural position.
Members w i l l be subdivided t o d i s t i n g u i s h between d i f f e r e n t methods
o f j o i n t i n g , e.g. welding and b o l t i n g . The t y p e o f fastener w i l l b e
stated, where necessary.
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supply, t r i a l assembly ( i f r e q u i r e d
i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ) and f a b r i c a t i o n o f t h e s t e e l -
work complete w i t h a l l t h e necessary c l e a t s , brackets, gussets, shop
fasteners, packs, baseplates and t h e l i k e , and loading ready f o r
despatch t o S i t e .
8.3.2 Del i v e r v t o S i t e
8.3.2.1 NG7mETmivery................................................... Unit: t
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( d e l i v e r y ) o f steelwork t o S i t e w i l l be scheduled
separately.
8.3.2.2 Abnormal loads .................................................... Unit: t
Separate items w i l l be scheduled as extra-over 8 . 3 . 2 . 1 f o r t r a n s -
p o r t a t i o n o f members t h a t are so abnormal i n shape, s i z e o r mass as
t o warrant special arrangements f o r t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n terms o f
t h e Road T r a f f i c Ordinance.
8.3.2.3 Rates. The r a t e s f o r 8 . 3 . 2 . 1 and 8 . 3 . 2 . 2 s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f
T r Z E p o r t a t i o n from t h e shop t o t h e S i t e o f t h e works, i n c l u d i n g
handling on and o f f r a i l w a y trucks, i f r e q u i r e d as p a r t o f t h e
t r a n s i t operation, and t h e c o s t o f any demurrage i n c u r r e d i n con-
n e c t i o n with t h e movement o f t h e steelwork from shop t o S i t e .
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SABS 1200 H-1990 14

S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

8.3.3 E r e c t i o n on S i t e ................................................. Unit: t o r No.

E E c T i o n - 5 F T E l w o r k on S i t e w i 11 be scheduled separately.
Separate items w i l l be provided f o r exDansion b o l t s arid o t h e r
anchorages f o r h a n d r a i l i n g and t h e l i k e .
The r a t e s h a l l cover' t h e c o s t o f o f f l o a d i n g t h z steelwork from
v e h i c l e s on S i t e , stacking i n a designated area. moving from such
area, assembly, e r e c t i o n , a l i g n i n g , p r o v i s i o n of e r e c t i o n equipment,
temporary supports, and s a f e t y measures.
8.3.4 Erection Bolts ................................................... Unit: t o r No.
Separate items w i l l be scheduled f o r each gradc and t y p e o f b o l t .
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying, d e l i v e r y and storage on
S i t e o f b o l t s , washers and nuts.
8.3.5 S i t e Welding ...................................................... Unit: m
Sp-FT5ems w i l l be scheduled d e s c r i b i n g t h e extent, n a t u r e and
p o s i t i o n o f S i t e welding.
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f access, i n c l u d i n g s c a f f o l d i n g ,
p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e weld areas, welding, i n c l u d i n g t h e supply o f con-
sumables and equipment, and t h e cleaning up o f t h e weld, i n c l u d i n g
arindincl. i f necessary. and removal of weld s p a t t e r .
8.3.6 i o l d i n :down (HDL BolIS ........................................... Unit: t o r No.
S e p a k Z h e m s w i T T 6 F s c h e d u l e d f o r each diameter, s i z e and shape
of bolt.
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying and d e l i v e r i n g HD b o l t s
complete w i t h washers and nuts, and a l l threading, shaping, anchor
p l a t e s and frames, as shown on drawings, and stacking them on S i t e
ready f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n by others, as d i r e c t e d .
8.3.7 Handrai 1s
E'JTlaTdrail assembly-lete ............
(Drawing number s t a t e d ) Unit: Sum
-
Handrall XssembTy cornpm5 (Detai 1 s given)
HTirizon€a-;T- ............................................. Unit: m
Sloping (measured on slope) ................................... Unit: m
3) Shaped ends ................................................... Unit: No.
c ) Handrail (Type stated)
1 Rdilsnly .................................................... Unit: m
2) Stanchions o n l y ............................................... Unit: No.
3 Bends, end closures and accessories ........................... Unit: No.
41 HD b o l t s , nuts and washers f o r each stanchion ................. U n i t : Sets
The r a t e s f o r (a) and (b) above s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying
a l l m a t e r i a l s and f i x i n g b o l t s , assembling and g r o u t i n g in.
The r a t e s f o r ( c ) above s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of supplying t h e r a i l s ,
stanchions ( w i t h bases), bends, closures, accessories and HD b o l t s
( o r expansive b o l t s ) complete w i t h n u t s and washers, as necessary,
and assembling and i n s t a l l i n g t h e r a i l s and stanchions complete with
grouting i n .
8.3.8 Ladders, Complete and I n s t a l l e d (Drawing number o r t y p e and l e n g t h
stated) .......................................................... Unit: No. o r t
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying a l l m a t e r i a l s f o r each
ladder, i n c l u d i n g l u g s o r o t h e r means o f f i x i n g t o w a l l s , f l o o r s ,
etc., as shown on t h e drawing, and f a b r i c a t i n g , i n s t a l l i n g and

8.3.9 3il-dp.--
clroutincl i n .
F l o o r i n - Complete and I n s t a l l e d w i t h Frames (Drawing number
____I__-.----

........................................................ Unit: Sum o r m z

o r No.
a ) Open g r i d f l o o r s .............................................. U n i t : m2 o r Sum
b ) F l o o r p l a t e f l o o r s ............................................. U n i t : m2 o r t
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying t h e s p e c i f i e d o r sche-
duled t y p e o f f l o o r i n g complete w i t h frames as shown on t h e drawings
and t h e c o s t o f a l l f i x i n g s , i n s t a l l i n g , f i x i n g ( i n c l u d i n g welding,
where a p p l i c a b l e ) and g r o u t i n g i n .
8.3.10 Non-destructive T e s t i n .......................................... U n i t : h o r No.
R h % F € b G % ~ ~requi d reinents f o r t h e non-destructive
t e s t i n g o f welding, o r o t h e r elements, such items w i l l be measured
separate1 y .
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f c a r r y i n g o u t t h e t e s t t h a t i s spe-
c i a l l y required, and o f supplying t h e necessary t e s t c e r t i f i c a t e s
8.3.11

8.3.12
t o t h e Engineer.
++-
Commissioning Turn-key Pro'ects) ................................
The sum s h a l l cover -heCO3 of a l l m a t e r i a l s and operations speci-
f i e d i n 8.3.1-8.3.10.
A d d i t i o n a l Items. Where and as r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t
Unit: Sum

s p e c T i a T i T d d i t i o n a 1 iteins o r groups o f items may be provided

f o r operations such as
a) daywork r a t e s (see SABS 1200 AH o r SABS 1200 A o r SABS 1200 AA,
as applicable);
b ) t r i a l assembly ( o t h e r than t h a t covered by 8.3.1.2);
c) destructive tests;
d) machining;
This eStandard is exclusively for use on one standalone PC. To access it from a file server/intranet constitutes a violation
of SABS copyright rules. Note that only one printout of the standard may be made.
15 SABS 1200 H-1990
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

e) dismantling;
f) re-erection;
g) tying-in t o existing building;
h coding o f welders ( i f required);
i ] independent t e s t i n g ;
j) radiographic o r u l t r a s o n i c t e s t i n g , o r both, t o be p a i d on a
d i r e c t c o s t b a s i s under daywork o r on a pre-agreed b a s i s o f a sum
f o r p r o v i s i o n o f equipment, etc., and u n i t r a t e ( s ) f o r testing.
8.3.13 Corrosion P r o t e c t i o n . Corrosion p r o t e c t i o n w i l l be measured and p a i d
extra-over Items 8.3.1 t o 8.3.9, as applicable, i n accordance w i t h
SABS 1200 HC.
This eStandard is exclusively for use on one standalone PC. To access it from a file server/intranet constitutes a violation
of SABS copyright rules. Note that only one printout of the standard may be made.
SABS 1200 H-1990 16
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

APPENDIX A . APPLICABLE STANDARDS

Reference i s made t o t h e a p p l i c a b l e issues (see Subclause 2.2 o f SABS 1200 A, SABS 1200 AA o r
SABS 1200 AH, as a p p l i c a b l e ) o f t h e f o l l o w i n g standards:

AWS Dl.1 S t r u c t u r a l we1 d i ng code - Steel

BS 709 Methods of d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g f u s i o n welded j o i n t s and weld metal i n s t e e l

BS 5135 Arc welding o f carbon and carbon manganese s t e e l s

BS 5531 Code o f p r a c t i c e f o r s a f e t y i n e r e c t i n g s t r u c t u r a l frames

SABS 135 IS0 m e t r i c b o l t s , screws, and nuts (hexagon and square) (coarse t h r e a d f r e e
f i t series)
SABS 136 IS0 m e t r i c p r e c i s i o n hexagon-head b o l t s and screws, and hexagon nuts (coarse
thread medium f i t s e r i e s )
SABS 435 M i l d steel r i v e t s

SABS 455 Covered electrodes f o r t h e manual arc welding o f carbon and carbon manganese
steels

SABS 657 Steel tubes f o r non-pressure purposes

P a r t I : Steel tubes f o r s c a f f o l d i n g and f o r s t r u c t u r a l and general
engineering purposes

SABS 1143 Mushroom- and countersunk-head b o l t s and nuts

SABS 1149 F l a t and taper s t e e l washers

SABS 1200 A C i v i l engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : General

SABS 1200 AA C i v i l engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : General (small works)

SABS 1200 AH C i v i l engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : General ( s t r u c t u r a l )

SABS 1200 HA C i v i l engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : S t r u c t u r a l steelwork (sundry items)

SABS 1200 HB C i v i 1 engi n e e r i rig construction: C1 add1ng and s h e e t i ng

SABS 1200 HC C i v i 1 engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : Corrosion p r o t e c t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l steelwork

SABS 1282 High-strength b o l t s , nuts, and washers f o r f r i c t i o n - g r i p j o i n t s

SABS 1431 Weldable s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s

SABS 044 We1 d i ng

P a r t I : Glossary o f terms
P a r t 11: Symbols
P a r t 111: The f u s i o n welding o f s t e e l ( i n c l u d i n g s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ) :
Tests f o r t h e approval o f welding procedures and p r o d u c t i o n welds
P a r t I V : The f u s i o n welding o f s t e e l ( i n c l u d i n g s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ) :
Tests f o r t h e approval o f welders working t o approved welding procedures
P a r t V : The f u s i o n welding o f s t e e l ( i n c l u d i n g a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ) :
Tests f o r t h e approval o f welders where weld procedure approval i s n o t
required
SABS 094 The use of high-strength f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s

SABS 0162 The s t r u c t u r a l use o f s t e e l

ISBN 0-626-08614-0 sabs pta