1.

2 Indian
Federalism:structure,nature and
emerging trends

🌏 1. What is Indian Federalism?

Indian Federalism is a political structure in which power is divided between two levels of
government:

 The Central Government

 The State Governments

The Indian Constitution defines which powers belong to the central government and which to the
states.
The purpose is to maintain national unity while also giving states autonomy to make decisions
at the local level.

👉 Example:
The central government handles subjects like foreign affairs and defense, while state
governments deal with areas like education and healthcare.
2. Structure of Indian Federaandm

Indian Federalism – Explanation in Detail (in English)

1. Historical Background:

India's federal structure evolved during British rule.

The British tried to centralize power, but when India
gained independence, the framers of the Constitution
adopted a federal structure to maintain a balance of
power between the central and state governments.

2. Constitutional Provisions:

The federal structure is defined in the Indian

Constitution. Part VI outlines the powers and
responsibilities of state governments.

Powers are divided among:

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Union List: Subjects under the authority of the central
government (e.g., defense, foreign affairs, currency).

State List: Subjects under state governments (e.g.,

police, public health, agriculture).

Concurrent List: Subjects where both the central and

state governments can make laws (e.g., education,
forests, marriage laws)..

🇮🇳 Nature of Indian Federalism

Indian Federalism is a "unique model". It is neither a purely federal system like that of the USA
nor a completely unitary one.
Instead, it is known as a "Quasi-Federal System", meaning it contains features of both federal
and unitary systems.

Now, let’s understand this nature in a detailed and point-wise manner:

🟦 1. Single Constitution

 In India, there is only one Constitution for both the central

and the state governments.

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  In contrast, countries like the USA have separate
constitutions for each state.
 But in India, the same constitution applies to the whole
country, which reflects its unified character.

🟦 2. Division of Powers
 The Indian Constitution divides powers between the center and the states.
 This division is done through three lists:
1. Union List – for the central government
2. State List – for the state governments
3. Concurrent List – for both to legislate on

 Though this indicates federalism, the final authority lies with the center in case of a
conflict.

🟦 3. Quasi-Federal Structure

 Indian federalism is often described by scholars as "quasi-

federal with a strong unitary bias".
 This means India functions as a federation under normal
conditions,
but in certain situations like emergencies, it becomes
unitary, giving more power to the center.

🟦 4. Emergency Powers

 During a national emergency, the President can declare

emergency, and all major powers shift to the central
government.
 In this period, the state governments function under the
direct control of the center.

4
🟦 5. States Exist Because of the Constitution

 In India, states do not have sovereignty.

 Their existence and powers are granted by the Constitution.
 Parliament has the authority (under Article 3) to create,
merge, or alter state boundaries.
 This makes India different from countries like the USA, where
states are nearly sovereign.

🟦 6. Single Citizenship

 In India, every citizen holds only one citizenship – Indian.

 There is no concept of state-specific citizenship.
 This reflects the unitary aspect of Indian federalism.

🟦 7. Role of the Governor

 The Governor is appointed by the President (on advice

of the central government).
 The Governor acts as the representative of the center in
the state.
 This gives the central government influence over the
functioning of the states.

🟦 8. Financial Dependence of States

 Most Indian states are financially dependent on the

central government for resources, grants, and funding.
 The central government collects most of the taxes and then
distributes a share to the states.
 This makes the center more powerful even in financial
matters.

5
✍️Conclusion

The nature of Indian federalism can be summarized like this:

It is neither fully federal nor fully unitary, but rather a blended and flexible model, where:

 Powers are divided,

 But the central government holds more authority,
especially in crucial matters.

So, Indian federalism is a practical, adaptable, and India-specific system, known as a "quasi-
federal system", balancing unity with diversity.

Certainly! Here’s the detailed English version of the answer on “Emerging Trends in Indian
Federalism”, written in easy and long language, covering only the emerging trends:

🇮🇳 Emerging Trends in Indian Federalism

Over time, the federal system of India has been evolving. Earlier, the central government held
more control, but now many new trends are emerging that make Indian federalism more flexible,
cooperative, and practical.

Let’s understand these emerging trends one by one in a simple and detailed way:

🔹 1. Cooperative Federalism

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Meaning: The central and state governments now work together more closely than before.

The idea is that the country can progress better when both Centre and States collaborate in
making and implementing policies.

For example:

NITI Aayog (which replaced the Planning Commission) works to encourage coordination
between Centre and States.

Schemes like Swachh Bharat, Skill India, etc., require active participation of states.

✅ Benefit: It helps in creating better policies that suit the needs of all regions.

🔹 2. Competitive Federalism

Meaning: Now states are competing with each other to attract more investments and improve
development.

Each state wants to perform better than the others to get attention from the central government
and private investors.

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There is healthy competition in areas like:

Ease of Doing Business rankings

Startup policies

Digital governance

✅ Benefit: This motivates states to perform better and results in faster overall development of the
country.

🔹 3. Fiscal Federalism

Meaning: States are now given more financial powers and responsibilities.

The central government is not just giving funds, but is encouraging states to manage their own
finances.

The 14th and 15th Finance Commissions have increased the share of central taxes given to the
states.

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✅ Benefit: States get more control over their budgets and can run their own schemes more
independently.

🔹 4. Political Federalism

Meaning: Regional political parties are becoming stronger and more involved in national
decision-making.

Parties like TMC, DMK, BJD, AAP, etc., are raising their voices for state rights and more
autonomy.

Bodies like the GST Council also include state representatives for fair decision-making.

✅ Benefit: It strengthens democracy and ensures that the voice of each region is heard at the
national level.

🔹 5. Digital Federalism

Meaning: Use of digital technology is improving coordination between the Centre and the States.

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e-Governance, Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), and Digital India programs require active
cooperation between Centre and States.

States are also building their own digital services like:

e-Ration Cards

e-Health Systems

e-Scholarships

✅ Benefit: Brings transparency, faster services, and better governance for the people.

🔹 6. Environmental Federalism

Meaning: Centre and States are now working together on environment-related issues like climate
change and pollution.

States are being given funds and powers to protect the environment locally.

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Initiatives like State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC) are examples of this trend.

✅ Benefit: Helps in addressing environmental issues more effectively at the local level.

✍️Conclusion

All these emerging trends show that Indian federalism is no longer just about division of powers,

But about cooperation, competition, partnership, and autonomy.

➡️These changes are helping India become a stronger, more united, and more developed federal
country,

Where the Centre and the States support each other instead of

1.3 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT ;DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE OF STATE POLICY AND

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES 📖

Of course! Here's the full English translation of the detailed explanation on Fundamental
Rights in easy language and long format:

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🇮🇳 What are Fundamental Rights? (Full Detailed
Explanation)

Fundamental Rights are special rights given to every citizen of India so that they can live their
life with dignity, freedom, equality, and justice.

These rights are mentioned in the Indian Constitution, especially in Part III (Articles 12 to 35).

They are not just legal rights, but constitutional guarantees. This means if anyone’s
fundamental rights are violated, they can go directly to the court to seek justice.

Importance of Fundamental Rights:

 They protect us from the misuse of power by the

government or other authorities.
 They ensure freedom, dignity, and equality for every
citizen in a democratic country.
 These are the basic human rights that help every
individual become a responsible and free citizen.

🧾 There are 6 Fundamental Rights in India:

(Originally there were 7, but the Right to Property was removed as a Fundamental Right and
made a legal right.)

Now let’s understand each of them one by one in detail and simple language:

1. Right to Equality – Articles 14 to 18

Meaning: Everyone is equal before the law, no matter what their religion, caste, color, gender,
or place of birth is.

 Article 14: Equality before law

 Article 15: No discrimination based on religion, caste, sex,
etc.

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  Article 16: Equal opportunity in government jobs
 Article 17: Abolition of untouchability
 Article 18: Ban on titles (like ‘Sir’, ‘Raja’ etc.)

✅ Example: If a school or office selects people only from a specific caste, that would be illegal.

2. Right to Freedom – Articles 19 to 22

Meaning: Every citizen has the right to live freely.

 Article 19:
o Freedom of speech and expression
o Right to form associations
o Right to move freely in any state
o Right to reside anywhere in India
o Right to practice any profession or business
 Article 20: Rights of people in criminal cases
 Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty
 Article 22: Right to protection in case of arrest

✅ Example: If someone is jailed without any reason, they can go to the Supreme Court for
justice.

3. Right against Exploitation – Articles 23 & 24

Meaning: No one can be forced into bonded labor or slavery.

 Article 23: Ban on human trafficking and forced labor

 Article 24: Children under 14 cannot be made to work in
factories or hazardous jobs

✅ Example: If a child is forced to work in a factory, it is illegal and punishable.

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4. Right to Freedom of Religion – Articles 25 to 28
Meaning: Every person in India is free to follow and practice any religion.

 Article 25: Freedom to follow and practice religion

 Article 26: Right to manage religious institutions
 Article 27: No tax on religious activities
 Article 28: No forced religious teaching in government
schools

✅ Example: No one can force you to change your religion.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights – Articles 29 & 30

Meaning: Every cultural group and minority has the right to preserve their language, script,
and culture.

 Article 29: Right to conserve culture and language

 Article 30: Minorities can open and run their own
educational institutions

✅ Example: A Muslim, Christian, Sikh, or Jain group can open their own school or college.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies – Article 32

Meaning: If any of your fundamental rights are violated, you can directly approach the Supreme
Court or High Court.

 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called this right the "Heart and Soul
of the Constitution."

✅ Example: If someone stops you from peacefully protesting, you can file a case in court.

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📌 Summary Table:
Fundamental Right Meaning
Right to Equality All citizens are equal before the law
Freedom of speech, movement, and
Right to Freedom
profession
Right against
Ban on child labor and forced labor
Exploitation
Freedom to follow and practice any
Right to Religion
religion
Cultural & Educational Minorities can preserve culture and run
Rights schools
You can go to court if your rights are
Right to Remedies
violated

✍️Conclusion

Fundamental Rights allow every Indian citizen to live a free, dignified, and secure life.
They are the foundation of democracy, protecting individuals from injustice and giving them the
power to stand up for themselves.

Sure! Here's the full English translation of the detailed explanation of the Directive Principles
of State Policy (DPSP) in long and easy language with simple structure for easy
understanding:

🇮🇳 Directive Principles of State Policy – Full Detailed

Explanation in Easy English

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✅ What are Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)?
Directive Principles of State Policy are a special part of the Indian Constitution that gives
guidelines to the government about how to run the country to ensure justice, equality, and
welfare for all people.

They are given in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51) of the Constitution.

➡️Their main aim is to create a Welfare State and a Just Society in India.

📌 Important Features of DPSP:

1. ❌ Not enforceable by courts – You cannot go to court if the government does not follow
these principles.
2. ✅ Moral obligation – It is the moral duty of the government to follow these principles
while making laws and policies.
3. 🌍 Inspired from Irish Constitution – These principles were taken from the Constitution
of Ireland.
4. 🤝 Supplement Fundamental Rights – Together with Fundamental Rights, they help build
a complete and just society.

📚 Types of Directive Principles (With Full Details)

DPSPs are usually divided into 3 main categories for easy understanding:

🟩 1. Socialistic Principles
These principles aim to promote social and economic equality and help create a welfare state.

Article What it Says

Article
Promote justice – social, economic, and political
38
Article Equal pay for men and women, fair distribution of wealth

16
 Article What it Says
39
Article
Right to work, education, and public assistance
41
Article
Humane working conditions and maternity relief
42
Article
Living wages and good working conditions
43
Article Improve nutrition and public health; ban harmful drugs
47 and alcohol

✅ Example: Schemes like MGNREGA provide jobs to poor people – this follows Article 41.

🟨 2. Gandhian Principles
These are based on the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi, focusing on village development, khadi,
and rural industries.

Article What it Says

Article Set up village panchayats (local self-
40 government)
Article
Promote cottage industries like Khadi
43
Article
Welfare of SCs, STs and weaker sections
46
Article
Prohibit the use of alcohol and harmful drugs
47
Article
Protect cows and improve livestock care
48

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✅ Example: Promotion of Khadi and rural industries follows Gandhian principles.

🟦 3. Liberal and Intellectual Principles

These support individual freedom, education, justice, and international peace.

Article What it Says

Article
Uniform Civil Code for all citizens
44
Article Free education for children up to 6 years (now under
45 Article 21A)
Article
Protect and improve the environment
48A
Article
Protect monuments and historical places
49
Article
Separate judiciary from executive
50
Article
Promote international peace and friendly relations
51

✅ Example: Environmental laws in India follow Article 48A.

Easy Voting Style Summary Table:

Important
Type Focus Area
Articles
38, 39, 41, 42, 43, Equality, health,
Socialistic
47 employment
Gandhian 40, 43, 46, 47, 48 Villages, Khadi, SC/ST

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 Important
Type Focus Area
Articles
welfare
Liberal- 44, 45, 48A, 49, Education, environment,
Intellectual 50, 51 peace

❓ Can DPSP Be Enforced in Court?

✖️No, DPSP is non-justiciable, which means you cannot go to court if they are not followed.

✔️But it is the duty of the government to apply them in making laws and running the country.

🏁 Conclusion:

Directive Principles of State Policy are like a moral guide for the government to build a fair,
equal, and welfare-based society.

Even though these are not legally enforceable, they are very important for good governance and
show the vision of the Constitution for a better India.

Sure! Here's the full English translation of the explanation on Fundamental Duties of Indian
Citizens, in long and easy language for better understanding:

🇮🇳 Fundamental Duties – Full Explanation in Easy English

(Long Format)

19
❓ What are Fundamental Duties?
Fundamental Duties are the moral responsibilities of every Indian citizen.
Just like we enjoy Fundamental Rights, we also have duties towards our country, society, and
Constitution.

➡️These duties are mentioned in the Part IV-A (Article 51A) of the Indian Constitution.

📜 When were Fundamental Duties added?

 They were added to the Constitution through the 42nd

Constitutional Amendment in 1976.
 The idea came from the Swaran Singh Committee, which
suggested including duties.
 Initially, there were 10 duties, and later 1 more was
added by the 86th Amendment in 2002.
➡️Now, there are 11 Fundamental Duties.

📋 List of 11 Fundamental Duties (With Simple Meaning)

No. Fundamental Duty In Simple Words
To abide by the Constitution and Respect the
respect its ideals, institutions, the Constitution,
1️⃣
National Flag, and the National Parliament, national
Anthem. flag, and anthem.
Respect the thoughts
To cherish and follow the noble
2️⃣ and ideals of freedom
ideals of the freedom struggle.
fighters.
To uphold and protect the Keep the country
3️⃣ sovereignty, unity, and integrity of united; oppose those
India. who try to break it.
4️⃣ To defend the country and render Be ready to protect the

20
 No. Fundamental Duty In Simple Words
national service when called upon. country during a crisis.
To promote harmony and Live with love and
5️⃣ brotherhood among all people and peace; treat everyone
avoid untouchability. equally.
Respect and promote
To value and preserve the rich
6️⃣ India’s art, music,
heritage of our composite culture.
dance, and traditions.
To protect and improve the natural Plant trees, protect
7️⃣ environment including forests, animals, and avoid
lakes, rivers, and wildlife. pollution.
Think logically, avoid
To develop scientific temper,
8️⃣ superstition, and
humanism, and spirit of inquiry.
believe in science.
Don’t damage public
To safeguard public property and
9️⃣ things like buses, trains,
avoid violence.
or schools.
To strive towards excellence in all
Always do your best in
🔟 areas of individual and collective
study, sports, or work.
activity.
To provide opportunities for
Send children to school
1️⃣1️⃣ education to children aged 6–14
and support education.
years. (Added in 2002)

🌟 Key Features of Fundamental Duties:

1. ✅ Applicable to all Indian citizens – no matter what age,

caste, religion, or region.
2. ❌ They are not legally enforceable – which means you
can't go to court if someone doesn't follow them.

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 3. ✔️But Parliament can make laws to enforce them (example:
Environmental Protection Act).
4. 🙏 They help build a sense of patriotism, responsibility,
and national unity.

💡 Why Are Fundamental Duties Important?

 To promote discipline and civic sense in citizens.

 To balance rights and responsibilities – we enjoy rights,
so we must perform duties too.
 To help in nation-building and maintaining peaceful and
progressive society.
 To protect the environment, promote brotherhood, and
respect national symbols.

🧠 Examples for Better Understanding:

Duty Example
Respect national Stand during national anthem, raise the
symbols flag correctly.
Protect the
Plant trees, avoid plastic.
environment
Do not discriminate based on religion,
Promote unity
caste.
Protect public Do not damage trains, schools, government
property buildings.
Support child Send poor children to school, help them
education study.

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🏁 Conclusion:

Fundamental Duties are not just written rules – they are moral responsibilities that help us
become better citizens.

They remind us that the country is not just run by the government, but by all of us together.
A good citizen is not only the one who knows their rights, but also the one who performs their
duties with honesty.

➡️So, let us fulfill our duties and contribute to a strong, united, and developed India.

Sure! Here’s the detailed, easy-to-understand, and long explanation of “What is Amendment of
Constitution?” converted into English:

🇮🇳 What is Amendment of Constitution? (Detailed and Easy

Explanation)

❓ Meaning of Constitutional Amendment

The term “Amendment” means to change or modify something.
The Constitution is the most important law of the country that defines the system of government,
rights, duties, and procedures. But as time passes, the needs, conditions, and laws of the country
change.
So, the Constitution also needs to be updated or changed accordingly.
These changes or modifications made to the Constitution are called Constitutional Amendments.

📝 Why are Amendments Necessary?

 Social, political, and economic conditions change with time.

 New problems and needs arise which require changes in the
law.
 To maintain a balance between government powers and
citizens’ rights.
 To strengthen the country's development and democracy.

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  To improve or replace any outdated or ineffective part of the
Constitution.

📜 Where is the Power to Amend the Constitution

Given?
The power to amend the Constitution is given in Article 368 of the Indian Constitution.
This article explains how the Constitution can be amended, who can do it, and under what
rules.

🔍 What is the Procedure to Amend the Constitution?

The procedure to amend the Constitution is special so that changes are not made easily and only
serious considerations lead to amendments.
The amendment process consists of several steps:

1. Introduction of the Amendment Bill in Parliament

 The amendment bill can be introduced in either House of

Parliament—Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
 It can be introduced by either a Minister or a Private
Member.

2. Debate and Voting on the Bill

 The bill is discussed thoroughly in Parliament to consider

every aspect.
 Then it is put to vote, and a specific type of majority is
required to pass it.

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  Depending on the nature of the amendment, the required
majority may be a simple majority, special majority, or
special majority plus state approval.

3. Approval by State Legislatures (If Required)

 For amendments related to federal matters or state powers,

approval by at least half of the state legislatures is
necessary.
 This approval is given through state legislative assemblies.

4. President’s Assent

 After passing Parliament (and state legislatures if required),

the bill is sent to the President of India.
 The President gives assent (approval).
 Once signed, the amendment becomes a part of the
Constitution.

🧱 Types of Constitutional Amendments

There are three main types of amendments:

1. Amendment by Simple Majority

 This is the easiest type.

 It requires a simple majority, meaning more than half of the
members present and voting in both Houses.
 These amendments are similar to ordinary laws and do not
require approval from states.

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2. Amendment by Special Majority

 This is a more important amendment.

 It requires a special majority, meaning more than 50% of
the total membership and two-thirds of the members
present and voting in both Houses.
 These amendments involve fundamental rights, important
government institutions, and major principles.

3. Amendment by Special Majority plus State Approval

 This is the strictest form of amendment.

 It requires the special majority in Parliament plus approval
from at least half of the states.
 This type deals with the federal structure, powers of states,
and other major constitutional principles.

⚖️Importance of Constitutional Amendments

 It keeps the Constitution updated according to current

needs.
 Helps improve laws in line with changing circumstances.
 Strengthens democracy and the federal system.
 Clarifies citizens’ rights and duties better.
 Ensures the country’s stability and rule of law.

🚫 Basic Structure Cannot Be Changed

 The Supreme Court ruled that Parliament can amend the

Constitution but cannot change its "Basic Structure."

26
  The basic structure includes democracy, secularism,
independence of judiciary, and other fundamental principles.

🏁 Summary
Constitutional Amendment means making changes to some parts of the Constitution to keep it
relevant and effective for the country's current needs.
It is a serious and organized process involving Parliament, sometimes state legislatures, and the
President.
This process is essential for the development, democracy, and stability of the nation.

UNITE :2
2.1:INDIAN PARLIAMENT:COMPETITION,POWER,LEGISLATIVE
PROCEDURE::

Absolutely! Here’s a detailed and easy-to-understand explanation of the Indian Parliament

covering what it is, its composition, powers, and legislative procedure in full detail:

🇮🇳 What is the Indian Parliament? (Full Detail in Easy

Language)

1. What is the Indian Parliament?

The Indian Parliament is the highest law-making institution in India. It is the place where laws
for the country are made, the government’s work is monitored, and important decisions for the
progress of the nation are taken.
It represents the people of the country and consists of democratically elected members.

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2. Composition of the Indian Parliament
The Indian Parliament consists of three parts:

 Lok Sabha (House of the People):

Represents the people directly. Its members are elected directly by the public.
Lok Sabha can have up to 552 members.
Its term is 5 years.
 Rajya Sabha (Council of States):
Represents the states.
Its members are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies.
Rajya Sabha can have up to 250 members.
Members serve for 6 years, and one-third retire every two years.
 President of India:
The President is part of Parliament and plays a role in the law-making process.
No law can come into effect without the President’s approval.
The President is elected by an electoral college and serves a term of 5 years.

3. Powers of the Indian Parliament

The Indian Parliament holds several important powers, including:

 Legislative Powers:
Making new laws, amending existing laws, or repealing old laws.
 Financial Powers:
Approving the budget, imposing taxes, and deciding on government expenditure.
 Executive Powers:
Monitoring the government’s functioning and holding ministers accountable.
 Judicial Powers:
Parliament has some judicial powers, such as establishing courts or making decisions in
certain cases.
 Amendment Powers:
Amending the Constitution under Article 368.

4. Legislative Procedure
The process of making a law in Parliament includes several important steps:

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Step 1: Introduction of the Bill

 The law-making process starts with the introduction of a bill.

 A bill can be introduced in either house (usually Lok Sabha).
 It can be introduced by a minister or a private member.

Step 2: First Reading

 The bill is introduced, but no discussion takes place at this

stage.
 The house approves the bill for further consideration.

Step 3: Committee Stage

 The bill is sent to a relevant parliamentary committee.

 The committee examines the bill in detail and may suggest
changes.

Step 4: Second Reading

 A detailed discussion on the bill takes place.

 Members express their views and suggest amendments.

Step 5: Third Reading

 Final discussion on the bill.

 Voting is held to approve or reject the bill.
 If approved, the bill moves to the other house for a similar
process.

Step 6: Approval by Both Houses

 Both houses must approve the bill.

 If there are differences, the bill is sent back for further
discussion.

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Step 7: Presidential Assent

 The approved bill is sent to the President.

 Once the President gives assent, the bill becomes law.

5. Summary
Topic Details
What is Highest law-making body representing the
Parliament? people.
Composition Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, President.
Legislative, Financial, Executive, Judicial,
Powers
Amendment.
Legislative Introduction → Committee → Debates → Voting →
Process Presidential Assent.

Conclusion
The Indian Parliament is the most important democratic institution in India that makes laws,
holds the government accountable, and takes important decisions for the country’s progress. Its
two-house structure and the inclusion of the President make it a strong and balanced institution.

2.2 PRESIDENT :POWERS ,POSITION , ROLR

Sure! Here is the full detailed explanation about the President of India in easy English, covering
who the President is, their powers, position, and roles, step by step:

30
Who is the President? (Full Detailed
Explanation)

1. Who is the President?

The President is the highest constitutional head of the country. The President represents the
entire nation and is the official constitutional figurehead. The President protects the sovereignty
and unity of the country.

The President is called the Head of State, meaning they represent the whole country. However,
the day-to-day administration is done by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The President is the
ceremonial leader who maintains the dignity of the nation in important events, international
meetings, and national matters.

2. Position of the President

 The President is the constitutional head and holds the

highest position in all government institutions.
 All government and semi-government bodies respect the
President.
 The President is given special protocol, such as a special car,
official residence, and honors during state ceremonies.
 The President is addressed as "His Excellency" or "Her
Excellency."
 No law can become effective without the President's
approval.

3. Powers of the President

The President has many powers which can be grouped into five main categories:

31
(a) Legislative Powers

 The President gives approval to laws passed by Parliament

so they become laws.
 The President can sometimes return a law to Parliament for
reconsideration (called veto power).
 The President can summon or dissolve Parliament sessions.
 The President can call for new elections.

(b) Executive Powers

 The President appoints the Prime Minister and all other

ministers.
 The President appoints judges, ambassadors, and other
important officials.
 All government actions are done in the name of the
President, but actual decisions are guided by the Prime
Minister and Cabinet.

(c) Defence Powers

 The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed

forces.
 The President appoints the chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air
Force.
 The President plays an important role in declaring war or
peace, but these decisions are taken with the Cabinet’s
advice.

(d) Judicial Powers

 The President can pardon convicted criminals or reduce their

sentences.
 The President safeguards the Constitution and can take
necessary steps to protect it.

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(e) Discretionary Powers

 In special situations, the President can act on personal

discretion, such as when there is difficulty in forming a
government.
 The President can invite a political party to form the
government or dissolve Parliament.

4. Important Roles of the President

 Protector of the Constitution: The President protects and

upholds the Constitution.
 Approval of Laws: The President approves laws passed by
Parliament.
 Government Formation: The President appoints the Prime
Minister and Cabinet ministers.
 Representation: The President represents India
internationally.
 Emergency Powers: The President can declare
emergencies in the country when necessary.
 Parliament Sessions: The President summons and
prorogues (ends) Parliament sessions.
 Special Commissions: The President can form special
investigative commissions when needed.

5. Election and Term of the President

 The President is elected by an Electoral College consisting

of members of Parliament and elected members of the State
Legislative Assemblies.
 The President holds office for 5 years.
 The President can be re-elected for multiple terms.
 If the office of the President becomes vacant, the Vice-
President acts as the interim President.

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6. Security and Protocol for the President

 The President is provided with the highest level of security in

the country.
 Special protocol is given to the President including special
vehicles, residence, and official ceremonies.
 The President receives the highest respect and honor in the
country.

7. Resignation and Vacancy

 The President can resign at any time.

 In case of death, removal, or resignation, the Vice-President
acts as the President temporarily.
 A new President is elected by the Electoral College as soon
as possible.

Summary Table:
Topic Details
Constitutional head and representative of the
Definition
country.
Term 5 years, can be re-elected.
Position Highest constitutional authority in India.
Legislative, Executive, Defence, Judicial, and
Powers
Discretionary powers.
Protects Constitution, appoints government,
Important Roles
represents India, declares emergencies.

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 Topic Details
Election Elected by MPs and MLAs (Electoral College).
Resignation & Can resign; Vice-President acts as interim
Vacancy President if vacancy occurs.

Conclusion:
The President of India is the constitutional and ceremonial head who represents the nation and
protects the Constitution. The President holds important powers and responsibilities that help
maintain the unity, stability, and democratic system of the country. Although the actual
administration is handled by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, the President is a strong
constitutional pillar holding the country’s institutions together.

2.3: PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTER ;POWERS,POSITION,ROLR.

Sure! Here is the full English translation of the detailed explanation about the Prime Minister
and the Council of Ministers of India in easy language and long format:

🟢 Prime Minister of India – Full Explanation

🔸 Who is the Prime Minister?

The Prime Minister (PM) is the real executive head of India. He is the administrative leader of
the country who takes all the important day-to-day decisions for the government.

While the President is the constitutional or formal head, the Prime Minister is the real center of
power.

The Prime Minister is elected from the political party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok
Sabha (Lower House of Parliament).

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🔸 Position of the Prime Minister

 The Prime Minister is known as the real head of the

government.
 He is the most important executive authority after the
President.
 All important decisions of the Cabinet are taken under his
leadership.
 The entire government works under the direction of the
Prime Minister.
 He is also the leader of the ruling political party or coalition.

🔸 Powers of the Prime Minister

The Prime Minister has many powers:

1. Executive Powers:

 All ministers are appointed by the President on the

recommendation of the PM.
 The PM chairs the meetings of the Cabinet.
 He distributes work among the ministers.
 He can ask any minister to resign if needed.
 Coordination between different ministries is his
responsibility.

2. Legislative Powers:

 The government’s policies and bills are introduced in

Parliament under the PM’s guidance.
 He represents the government in Parliament.
 The PM prepares the address of the President to Parliament.
 He plays a key role in getting laws passed.

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3. Foreign Affairs:

 The PM represents India in international matters.

 He visits other countries and conducts diplomatic talks.
 He signs international treaties and strengthens global
relations.

4. Emergency Powers:

 During emergencies, real decisions are taken by the PM and

his Cabinet.
 The President only acts based on the PM’s advice in such
times.

🔸 Roles of the Prime Minister

 Main policy-maker for the country.

 Leader of the Council of Ministers.
 Leads the government in Parliament.
 Represents India globally.
 Advises the President and Governors.
 Maintains stability in coalition governments.

🔵 Council of Ministers – Full Explanation

🔸 What is the Council of Ministers?

The Council of Ministers is a team of ministers who work under the leadership of the Prime
Minister. It includes all ministers appointed to manage various departments.

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🔸 There are three levels of Ministers:

1. Cabinet Ministers:

 These are the senior-most ministers.

 They handle major ministries like Defence, Home, Finance,
External Affairs.
 They participate in important decision-making.

2. Ministers of State:

 They handle smaller ministries or assist Cabinet Ministers.

 Some have independent charge of departments.

3. Deputy Ministers:

 They help other ministers and do not have independent

departments.

🔸 Powers and Roles of the Council of Ministers

 The President makes decisions based on the advice of the

Council of Ministers.
 All policy decisions are taken in Cabinet meetings.
 They are responsible for running different ministries like
education, health, defense, etc.
 They report to and work under the Prime Minister.

🔸 Relationship Between PM and Council of Ministers

Prime Minister Council of Ministers
Real leader of the country Works under the leadership of the PM
Central figure in decision- Implements decisions made by PM and

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 Prime Minister Council of Ministers
making Cabinet
Chairs Cabinet meetings Participates in Cabinet meetings
Advises the President Advises and supports the PM

🔸 Summary Table
Topic Explanation
Who is the Prime Head of government; leads day-to-day
Minister? decision-making
How is PM
Leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha
appointed?
Team of ministers assisting the PM in
What is the Council?
running the government
PM's Powers Executive, Legislative, Foreign, Emergency
Policy-making, Government leadership,
PM's Role
Representation
PM's Position Most powerful executive authority in India
Council's Role Handling ministries, implementing policies

🔸 Conclusion

The Prime Minister is the most powerful leader in India who manages the government, makes
policies, and represents the country both domestically and globally. The Council of Ministers
supports him in carrying out all these duties. This entire structure is the foundation of the
democratic executive system in India.

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2.4:SUPREME COURT OF INDIA : FUNCTION,JURISDICTION AND JUDICIAL
ACTIVISM?

Sure! Here's the English translation of your request:

"Can you tell me about the Supreme Court of India and its functions in easy language and in
a little detail?"

And here is the answer in easy English and detailed form:

🟢 What is the Supreme Court of India?

The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country. It is the top part of the Indian
judicial system. It protects the Constitution and makes sure that everyone gets justice.

It was established on 26 January 1950, and it is located in New Delhi.

🔷 Main Functions of the Supreme Court (In Easy Language)

1️⃣Protects the Constitution

 It makes sure that laws follow the Constitution.

 If any law breaks the rules of the Constitution, the Supreme
Court can cancel it.

2️⃣Protects Fundamental Rights

 If your Fundamental Rights are violated, you can go

directly to the Supreme Court.
 It can issue writs to protect your rights.

3️⃣Solves Big Disputes

 It solves fights between:

o The Central Government and a State
o Two or more States

40
  This is called original jurisdiction.

4️⃣Hears Appeals

 If someone is unhappy with the decision of a High Court,

they can appeal in the Supreme Court.
 This is called appellate jurisdiction.

5️⃣Gives Advice to the President

 The President of India can ask the Supreme Court for

advice on legal issues.
 This is called advisory jurisdiction.

6️⃣Reviews Its Own Judgments

 If needed, the Supreme Court can recheck and change its

own earlier decision.

🟣 Conclusion

The Supreme Court of India is very important. It protects laws, rights, and justice. It is called
the guardian of the Constitution and helps in maintaining law and order in the country.

Sure! Here's the English translation of your request:

"Can you explain to me in full detail and in easy language what Jurisdiction and Judicial
Activism are?"

Now, here's the answer in easy English and full detail:

41
🟢 1. What is Jurisdiction? (In Easy Language and Full
Detail)

✅ Meaning of Jurisdiction:
Jurisdiction means the legal power or authority of a court to hear and decide cases.

In simple words, jurisdiction tells us:

 What type of cases a court can hear

 Where it can make decisions
 Which people or matters it has power over

✅ Types of Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India:

🔹 1) Original Jurisdiction

 The Supreme Court hears a case directly for the first time.
 Example: Disputes between the Central Government and
State(s), or between two or more States.
 Related Article: Article 131

🔹 2) Appellate Jurisdiction

 The Supreme Court hears appeals against decisions made

by High Courts.
 These may be civil, criminal, or constitutional cases.
 Related Articles: Article 132 to 134

🔹 3) Writ Jurisdiction

 The Supreme Court can issue writs to protect

Fundamental Rights of citizens.
 Related Article: Article 32
 Writs include:
o Habeas Corpus

42
 o Mandamus
o Prohibition
o Certiorari
o Quo Warranto

🔹 4) Advisory Jurisdiction

 The President of India can ask the Supreme Court for legal
advice on any important question.
 Related Article: Article 143

🔹 5) Review Jurisdiction

 The Supreme Court can review its own decision if any

mistake is found.
 Related Article: Article 137

🟢 2. What is Judicial Activism? (In Easy Language and Full

Detail)

✅ Meaning of Judicial Activism:

Judicial Activism means that the courts take active steps to protect the rights of citizens and
ensure justice, even in matters where the government has not acted properly.

In simple words, the court takes bold actions and interferes when needed, to make sure justice is
done.

✅ Main Features of Judicial Activism:

🔹 1) Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

 Any person (even not directly affected) can file a case in the
court for the public good.

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  Helps poor people and those who can't reach the court
easily.

🔹 2) Protects Fundamental Rights

 The court plays an active role in protecting citizens’ rights,

especially when the government fails.

🔹 3) Acts as a Watchdog

 The judiciary keeps a check on the actions of the

Executive and Legislature.
 It can stop any action that is illegal or against the
Constitution.

🔹 4) Social and Environmental Justice

 Courts have taken steps for clean environment, child

labor ban, right to education, and healthcare.

✅ Examples of Judicial Activism in India:

 Vishaka Case (1997): Guidelines made for prevention of

sexual harassment at the workplace.
 MC Mehta Case: Actions taken for pollution control and
clean environment.
 Right to Education & Right to Food: Declared as part of
Fundamental Rights.

✅ Advantages of Judicial Activism:

 Helps common people and poor sections of society

 Improves transparency in government
 Promotes public welfare

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  Protects environment and human rights

✅ Criticism (Disadvantages):

 Sometimes courts interfere too much in government work

 May disturb the balance between Legislature, Executive, and
Judiciary
 Judges are not elected, yet they make big decisions

🔷 Conclusion:

 Jurisdiction tells us the power and area of the court's

authority.
 Judicial Activism shows how courts take active steps to
deliver justice and protect people’s rights.

Both are important for maintaining democracy, justice, and fairness in the country.

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