Subject: Mathematics

Stream: statistics

Class: Year 7 Week: 6-7

Periods: 1 No. of pupils: 13

Name of Teacher: Mr Baderin

Topic: Probability

Relevance: In the analysis of political strategies, the determination of blood types, sports and gaming
strategies, purchasing or selling insurance, online shopping, and online games.

Lesson Objectives: By the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

1.define probability

2. solve problems on simple probability cases

3.understand the there is God and the probability of his existence is 1.

Harmonization: The students should be able to apply fractions in probability problems.

Teacher’s Resource: Flash cards and video

Biblical Inspiration: Romans 8:28 “And we know that all that happens to us is working for our
good if we love God and are fitting into his plans.”

Connect/ previous knowledge: The students have the knowledge of fractions

Key Words / Vocabulary:

Probability: the extent to which an event is likely to occur, measured by the ratio of the favorable cases
to the whole number of cases possible.

Entry / Hook: The teacher should enter the class with flash cards of different colours

LESSON CONTENT

Period 1

Activity 1: The teacher should display flash cards made of different colours and put in a box.the teacher
asks the students pick cards of different colors to measure the probability of the color picked. This
activity should be done in groups.

INTRODUCTION: The teacher should explains to the students that :

The extent to which an event is likely to occur, measured by the ratio of the favorable cases to the
whole number of cases possible is called probability.

Example 1: A bag contains 6 black and 8 white balls. One ball is drawn at random. What is the probability
that the ball drawn is white?
Solution:

Let number of balls = (6 + 8) = 14.

Number of white balls = 8.

P (drawing a white ball) = 8 /14 = 4/7.

Example 2: What is the probability of getting a sum 9 from two throws of a dice?

Solution:

In two throws of a die, n(S) = (6 x 6) = 36.

Let E = event of getting a sum ={(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)}.

P(E) =n(E)/n(S)=4/36=1/9.

Example 3: In a simultaneous throw of pair of dice. Find the probability of getting the total more than 7.

Solution:

Here n(S) = (6 x 6) = 36

Let E = event of getting a total more than 7

= {(2,6),(3,5),(3,6),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}

Therefore, P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 15/36 = 5/12.

ASSESSMENT

1. A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?

2. If two letters are taken at random from the word HOME, what is the probability that none of the
letters would be vowels?

3. If two dice are thrown together, the probability of getting an even number on one die and an
odd number on the other is ?

4. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting two numbers whose
product is even?

5. A problem is given to three students whose chances of solving it are 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 respectively.
What is the probability that the problem will be solved?

EXTENSION:
1. A bag contains 4 white, 5 red and 6 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random from the bag.
The probability that all of them are red, is:

2. A bag contains 6 white and 4 black balls .2 balls are drawn at random. Find the probability that
they are of same colour.

3. Two dice are tossed. The probability that the total score is a prime number is:

4. In a box, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up randomly. What is the
probability that it is neither red nor green?

5. A bag contains 6 black and 8 white balls. One ball is drawn at random. What is the probability
that the ball drawn is white?

EXIT: The teacher asks the students what is what mutually exclusive event is.

Subject: Mathematics

Stream: statistics

Class: Year 7 Week: 6-7

Periods: 2 No. of pupils: 13

Name of Teacher: Mr Baderin

Topic: Probability(mutually excusive events)

Relevance: In the analysis of political strategies, the determination of blood types, sports and gaming
strategies, purchasing or selling insurance, online shopping, and online games.

Lesson Objectives: By the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

1.Explain mutually exclusive events

2. solve problems on mutually exclusive events

Harmonization: The students should be able to apply fractions in probability problems.

Teacher’s Resource: Flash cards and video

Biblical Inspiration: Romans 8:28

Connect/ previous knowledge: The students have the knowledge of fractions

Key Words / Vocabulary:

mutually exclusive events : If two events are such that they cannot occur simultaneously for any random
experiment are said to be mutually exclusive events.

If X and Y are two mutually exclusive events, then X ∩ Y = ∅

LESSON CONTENT

Period 1

Activity 1: The teacher should display flash cards made of different colours and put in a box.the teacher
asks the students pick cards of different colors to measure the probability of the color picked(mutually
exclusively). This activity should be done in groups.

INTRODUCTION: The teacher should explains to the students that :

If two events are such that they cannot occur simultaneously for any random experiment are said to be
mutually exclusive events.

Probability of an event happening = Number of ways it can happen /Total number of outcomes

Example 1: A bag contains 8 black pens and 2 red pens and if a pen is drawn at random. What is the
probability that it is black pen or red pen?

Solution:

Let X be the event of ‘getting a black pen’ and,

Y be the event of ‘getting a red pen’.

We know that, there are 8 black pens and 2 red pens.

Therefore, probability of getting a black pen = P(X) = 8/10 = 4/5

Example 2: What is the probability of a die showing a number 3 or number 5?

Solution:

Let, P(3) is the probability of getting a number 3

P(5) is the probability of getting a number 5

P(3) = 1/6 and P(5) = 1/6

So,

P(3 or 5) = P(3) + P(5)

P(3 or 5) = (1/6) + (1/6) = 2/6

P(3 or 5) = 1/3

Therefore, the probability of a die showing 3 or 5 is 1/3.

Example 3

The likelihood of the 3 teams a, b, c winning a football match are 1 / 3, 1 / 5 and 1 / 9 respectively. Find
the probability that
a] out of the three teams, either team a or team b will win

b] either team a or team b or team c will win

c] none of the teams will win the match

d] neither team a nor team b will win the match

solution

a) P (A or B will win) = 1/3 + 1/5 = 8/15

b) P (A or B or C will win) = 1/3 + 1/5 + 1/9 = 29/45

c) P (none will win) = 1 – P (A or B or C will win) = 1 – 29/45 = 16/45

d) P (neither A nor B will win) = 1 – P(either A or B will win)

= 1 – 8/15

= 7/15

ASSESSMENT

1. The probabilities of three teams A, B and C winning a badminton competition are 1/3, 1/5 and
1/9 respectively.

Calculate the probability that

a) either A or B will win

b) either A or B or C will win

c) none of these teams will win

d) neither A nor B will win

2. A box contains 20 red, 10 blue and 30 yellow beads. What is the probability of a bead drawn at
random being red or blue?

3. Two fair dice, one colored red and one colored blue, are thrown. Calculate the probability that
the score on the red die is 4.

4. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting two numbers whose
product is even?

5. if a single die is rolled down then what is the probability of getting an odd number or a 4.

EXTENSION:

1. A bag contains 6 white, 7 red and 9 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random from the bag.
The probability that all of them are red, is:
2. A bag contains 12 white and 8 black balls .2 balls are drawn at random. Find the probability that
they are of same colour.

3. Two dice are tossed. The probability that the total score is a even number is:

4. If the probability of Serena Williams a particular tennis match is 0.86, what is the probability of
her losing the match?

5. A fair coin is tossed 450 times and the outcomes were noted as: Head = 250, Tail = 200.

Find the probability of the coin showing up

(i) a head

(ii) a tail.

EXIT: The teacher asks the students what is theoretical probability is.

Subject: Mathematics

Stream: statistics

Class: Year 7 Week: 6-7

Periods: 3 No. of pupils: 13

Name of Teacher: Mr Baderin

Topic: Probability(Theoretical probability)

Relevance: In the analysis of political strategies, the determination of blood types, sports and gaming
strategies, purchasing or selling insurance, online shopping, and online games.

Lesson Objectives: By the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

1.Explain theoretical probability

2. solve problems on theoretical probability

Harmonization: The students should be able to apply fractions in probability problems.

Teacher’s Resource: Flash cards and video

Biblical Inspiration: Romans 8:28

Connect/ previous knowledge: The students have the knowledge of probability

Key Words / Vocabulary:

Experimental probability :is probability that is determined on the basis of the results of an experiment
repeated many times.

LESSON CONTENT

Period 1

Activity 1: The teacher should display flash cards made of different colours and put in a box. the teacher
asks the students pick cards of different colors to measure the probability of the color picked(theoretical
probability). This activity should be done in groups.

INTRODUCTION: The teacher should explain to the students that:

Theoretical probability is probability that is determined on the basis of reasoning.

Experimental probability is probability that is determined on the basis of the results of an experiment
repeated many times.

Example 1: Determine the probability that a digit chosen at random from the digits 1, 2, 3, …12 will be
odd.

Solution:

Explanation: Total no. of Digits = 12. Equally likely cases = 12.

There are six odd digits. Probability = 6 / 12 = 1 / 2

Example 2: A dice is thrown, what is the probability that the number obtained is a prime number.

Solution:

Explanation: Dice is thrown, the total possible outcomes = 6.

Favorable outcomes = 3 i.e. (2,3,5). Probability = 3 / 6 = 1 / 2

Example 3

Find the probability of throwing a total of 8 in a single throw with two dice.

solution

Explanation: Two Dice are thrown, the total possible outcomes = 36.

Favorable outcomes = 5 i.e. (2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 5), (5, 3), (4, 4).

Therefore, Probability = 5 / 36

ASSESSMENT

1. If a dice is thrown twice, what is the probability of not getting a one on either throw?
2. Two dice are thrown, what is the probability that both the dices are not having the same
number.

3. Two fair dice, one colored red and one colored blue, are thrown. Calculate the probability that
the score on the red die is 4.

4. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting two numbers whose
product is even?

5. Determine the probability that a number chosen at random from the digits 1, 2, 3, ……., 10 will be a
multiple of 4.

EXTENSION:

Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of:

(i) getting six as a product(ii) getting sum ≤ 3(iii) getting sum ≤ 10(iv) getting a doublet

(v) getting a sum of 8(vi) getting sum divisible by 5(vii) getting sum of atleast 11

(viii) getting a multiple of 3 as the sum(ix) getting a total of atleast 10(x) getting an even number as the
sum (i) a head(ii) a tail.

EXIT: The teacher asks the students what is the difference between theoretical and experimental
probability.

1.What is the probability of getting a sum of 7 when two dice are thrown?

Solution

Probability math - Total number of ways = 6 × 6 = 36 ways. Favorable cases = (1, 6) (6, 1) (2, 5) (5, 2) (3,
4) (4, 3) --- 6 ways. P (A) = 6/36 = 1/6

2. Two coins (a one rupee coin and a two rupee coin) are tossed once. Find a
sample space.

Solution: Either Head(H) or Tail(T) can be the outcomes.

Heads on both coins = (H,H) = HH

Head on 1st coin and Tail on the 2nd coin = (H,T) = HT

Tail on 1st coin and Head on the 2nd coin = (T,H) = TH

Tail on both coins = (T,T) = TT

Therefore, the sample space is S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

(i) Aor B

(ii) A and B

(iii) A but not B

(iv) ‘not A’.

Solution: S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5}

(i) A or B = A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 5}

(ii) A and B = A ∩ B = {3,5}

(iii) A but not B = A – B = {2}

(iv) not A = A′ = {1,4,6}

4. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the
probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?
Two coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads are obtained. Note: Each coin has two possible
outcomes H (heads) and T (Tails).

Solution to Question 4
The sample space S is given by.
S = {(H,T),(H,H),(T,H),(T,T)}
Let E be the event "two heads are obtained".
E = {(H,H)}
We use the formula of the classical probability.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 1 / 4

Question 5

Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is
a) equal to 1
b) equal to 4
c) less than 13
Solution to Question 5
a) The sample space S of two dice is shown below.
S = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6) }
Let E be the event "sum equal to 1". There are no outcomes which correspond to a sum equal to 1,
hence
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 0 / 36 = 0
b) Three possible outcomes give a sum equal to 4: E = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)}, hence.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 3 / 36 = 1 / 12
c) All possible outcomes, E = S, give a sum less than 13, hence.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 36 / 36 = 1

Question 6

A die is rolled and a coin is tossed, find the probability that the die shows an odd number and the coin
shows a head.

Solution to Question 6
Let H be the head and T be the tail of the coin. The sample space S of the experiment described in
question 5 is as follows
S = { (1,H),(2,H),(3,H),(4,H),(5,H),(6,H)
(1,T),(2,T),(3,T),(4,T),(5,T),(6,T)}
Let E be the event "the die shows an odd number and the coin shows a head". Event E may be described
as follows
E={(1,H),(3,H),(5,H)}
The probability P(E) is given by
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 3 / 12 = 1 / 4

Question 7

A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards. Find the probability of getting the 3 of diamond.

Solution to Question 7
The sample space S of the experiment in question 6 is shwon below
Let E be the event "getting the 3 of diamond". An examination of the sample space shows that there is
one "3 of diamond" so that n(E) = 1 and n(S) = 52. Hence the probability of event E occurring is given by
P(E) = 1 / 52

Question 8

A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards. Find the probability of getting a queen.

Solution to Question 8
The sample space S of the experiment in question 7 is shwon above (see question 6)
Let E be the event "getting a Queen". An examination of the sample space shows that there are 4
"Queens" so that n(E) = 4 and n(S) = 52. Hence the probability of event E occurring is given by
P(E) = 4 / 52 = 1 / 13

Question 9

A jar contains 3 red marbles, 7 green marbles and 10 white marbles. If a marble is drawn from the jar at
random, what is the probability that this marble is white?

Solution to Question 9
We first construct a table of frequencies that gives the marbles color distributions as follows

color frequency

red 3
green 7

white 10

We now use the empirical formula of the probability

Question 10

The blood groups of 200 people is distributed as follows: 50 have type A blood, 65 have B blood type, 70
have O blood type and 15 have type AB blood. If a person from this group is selected at random, what is
the probability that this person has O blood type?

Solution to Question 10
We construct a table of frequencies for the the blood groups as follows

group frequency

a 50

B 65

O 70

AB 15

We use the empirical formula of the probability

4a) A die is rolled, find the probability that the number obtained is greater than
b) Two coins are tossed, find the probability that one head only is obtained.
c) Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is equal to 5.
Objectives

1.A bag contains 6 white and 4 black balls .2 balls are drawn at random. Find the probability that they are of same colour.

A) 1/2

B) 7/15

C) 8/15

D) 1/9

2.A problem is given to three students whose chances of solving it are 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 respectively. What is the probability that the problem
will be solved?

A) 1/4

B) 1/2

C) 3/4

D) 7/12

3.Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ticket drawn has a number
which is a multiple of 3 or 5?

A) 1/2

B) 3/5

C) 9/20

D) 8/15

4.Two dice are tossed. The probability that the total score is a prime number is:

A) 5/12

B) 1/6

C) 1/2

D) 7/9

5.A man and his wife appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability of husband's selection is (1/7) and the
probability of wife's selection is (1/5). What is the probability that only one of them is selected ?

A) 2/7

B) 1/7

C) 3/4

D) 4/5

6.A bag contains 4 white, 5 red and 6 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random from the bag. The probability that all of them are red, is:
 A) 2/91

B) 1/22

C) 3/22

D) 2/77

7. In a lottery, there are 10 prizes and 25 blanks. A lottery is drawn at random. What is the probability of getting a prize?

A) 2/7

B) 5/7

C) 1/5

D) ½

8. Two dice are thrown together .What is the probability that the sum of the number on the two faces is divided by 4 or 6.

A) 7/18

B) 14/35

C) 8/18

D) 7/35

9. A bag contains 6 black and 8 white balls. One ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ball drawn is white?

A) 3/7

B) 4/7

C) 1/8

D) 3/4

10.In a simultaneous throw of pair of dice. Find the probability of getting the total more than 7.

A) 1/2

B) 5/12

C) 7/15

D) 3/12

11.A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
 A. 10/21
B. 11/21
C. 2/7
D. 5/7

12.In a box, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up randomly. What is the probability that it is neither red nor green?

A. 1/3
B. 3/4
C. 7/19
D. 8/21
E. 9/21

13. Two dice are tossed. The probability that the total score is a prime number is:

A. 1/6
B. 5/12
C. 1/2
D. 7/9