Lemons & oranges : citric acids, coca cola : phosphoric acid, sting of ants : formic acid, aspirin :

weak acid, glycine : amino acid, slugs : sulfuric acid

Physical properties:
Acids:
- Sour taste (vinegar : acetic acid, citrus fruit : citric acid)
- Reacts with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas
- React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas
- Produce hydrogen ions (such as hydronium ion in water)
- Electrolytes
- Corrode metals
- Reacts with bases to form salt and water
- pH less than 7
- Turns blue litmus paper into red

Bases:
- Have bitter taste, chalky
- Are electrolytes
- Feel soapy, slippery
- Reacts with acids to form salts and water
- pH more than 7
- Turns red litmus paper into blue

Arrhenius Definition
Acids - produce hydrogen ions
Bases - produce hydroxide ions
Problem : some bases don’t have hydroxide ions
Example: MgO (insoluble in water)
Alkalis are soluble in water

Arrhenius acid is a substance that produce H+ (H3O+) in water

HCl + H2O <-> H3O+ + Cl-

Arrhenius base is a substance that produce OH- in water

NH3 + H2O <-> NH4+ + OH-

Bronsted - Lowry Definition

Acids - proton donor (hydrogen ions will be donated - oxidized)
Bases - proton acceptor (reduced)

NH3 + H2O <-> NH4+ (conjugate acid) + OH- (conjugate base)

Conjugate acid : species that is formed after hydrogen ions is accepted
Conjugate base : species that is formed after hydrogen ions is lost
NH3 (base in water), water (acid)
HCO3- (aq) + H2O (l) <-> H3O+ (aq) + CO3- (aq)
Bicarbonate: acid, water : base
H3O+ : conjugate acid, CO3- : conjugate base

Lewis Definition
Lewis Acid - A substance that accepts an electron pair
Lewis Base - A substance that donates an electron pair

Electron pair of the new O-H bond originates on the Lewis base
H+ : lewis acid
H2O : lewis base
H3O+ : adduct
Lewis Acid-Base interactions in biology
- The heme group in hemoglobin can interact with O2 and CO2
- The Fe ion in hemoglobin is a Lewis acid

Checkpoint
a) HCl + OH- => Cl- + H2O
HCl = Acid
OH- = Base
Cl- = Conjugate Base
H2O = Conjugate Acid

b) H2O + H2SO4 => HSO4- + H3O+

H2O = Base
H2SO4 = Acid
HSO4- = Conjugate Base
H3O+ = Conjugate Acid

Naming Acid
HBr: Hydrobromic acid
H2SO4: Sulfuric acid
HClO2: Chlorous acid
HC2H3O2: Acetic acid (ethanoic acid = has 2 carbon atoms)

Acid - a compound in which one or more hydrogen ions are bonded to a negative ion
+¿¿ −¿¿
HF => H + F
 +¿¿
H2S => 2 H + S−2 (they are monoatomic ion, made of one kind of atom)
+¿¿ −¿¿
HNO3 => H + NO 3
+¿¿
H2SO4 => 2 H + SO 4−2 (they are diatomic ion, made of two or more kind of atom)

The name of the acid is based on the name of the name of the negative ion, which is a part of
the acid

Naming acids without oxygen

Negative ion suffix: -ide (example: chloride)
Acid: hydro___ic acid

Naming acids with oxygen

Negative ion suffix: -ate (example: nitrate)
Acid: ___ic acid
“In the cafeteria, you ATE something ICky”
Negative ion suffix: -ite (example: nitrite)
Acid : ___ous acid

Exercise
HBr (aq) = hydrobromic acid
H2CO3 = carbonic acid
H2SO3 = sulfurous acid
HI = hydroiodic acid
HCl = hydrochloric acid
H2SO3 = sulfurous acid
HNO3 = nitric acid
HIO4 = periodic acid

Naming bases
- Strong bases: metal + hydroxides
- Weak bases: -amine

The pH scale is a way of expressing the strength of acids and bases.

- Instead of using very small numbers, we just use the negative power of 10 on the
¿ ¿
molarity of H ¿ (or OH ¿) ion.
pH gets higher : more hydroxide (base)
pH gets higher : less hydrogen ions (acids)

Sodas : carbon dioxide reacts with water, in a cold environment they dissolve in water (because
of the presence of pressure), and produce carbonic acid (acidic).

pH testing
- Blue litmus paper
- Red litmus paper (coming from relationship of fungus and algae)
- pH paper (multi-colored)
- pH meter
- Universal indicator (multi-colored)
- Indicators like phenolphthalein
- Natural indicators like red cabbage, extracted dragon fruit, and radishes.

pH paper testing
1. Put a stirring rod into the solution and stir.
2. Take the stirring rod out, and place a drop of solution to the end of the stirring rod, and
place it on a piece of paper
3. Read and record the color change (use a small portion of the paper)

pH meter
 - Tests the voltage of the electrolyte
- Converts the voltage to pH
- Very cheap and accurate
- Must be calibrated with a buffer solution. (a solution that can resist pH change upon the
addition of an acidic or basic components)

pH indicators
- Indicators are dyes that can be added and change color in the presence of acid / base.
- Some indicators only work in a specific range of pH
- Once the drops are added, the sample is ruined
- Some dyes are natural, like radish skin / red cabbage

Litmus, a common indicator found in lichens (symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae).
Other indicators are phenolphthalein and methyl orange.

Calculating the pH
pH = - log [H+]

If [H+] = 1 x 10^-10
pH = - log 1 x 10^-10
pH = -(-10)
pH = 10

If [H+] = 1.8 x 10^-5

pH = - log 1.8 x 10^-5
pH = 4.74

Find the pH of these:

 1. A 0.15 M solution of hydrochloric acid
0.82
2. A 3 x 10^-7 M solution of Nitric acid
6.52

pH calculations = Solving for H+

If the pH of coke is 3.12, what’s the concentration of hydrogen ions?
1`- pH = log [H+]
Take antilog of both sides and get 1 0− pH ❑= [H+]
[H+] = 1 0−3.12❑= 7.59 x 10^-4

A solution has a pH of 8.5. What is the molarity of hydrogen ions in the solution?
[H+] = 1 0−8.5❑= 3.16 x 10^-9

What is the pH of a 0.0235 M hydrochloric acid? 1.63

A solution with hydrogen ion concentration of 1.00 x 10^-7 M is said to be neutral, why?
Because pH is 7

pOH
- Since acids and bases are opposites, pH and pOH are opposites
- pOH doesn’t really exist, but it’s useful for changing bases to pH
- pOH looks at the perspective of the base
pOH = - log [OH-]
- Since pH and pOH are on opposite ends, pH + pOH = 14
- pH = as you decrease the pH, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases.
- pOH = as you decrease the pOH, the concentration of hydroxide ions increases.

[H3O+], [OH-], and pH

What is the pH of the solution?
pOH = [OH-] = - log [0.001]
pOH = 3
pH = 14 - 3 = 11

or Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]
[H3O+] = 1 x 10^-11 M
[OH-] = 1 x 10^-3 M
(1 x 10^-11 M) (1 x 10^-3 M) = 1 x 10^-14

The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of Java island on a particular day was 4.82.
What is the H+ ion concentration of the rainwater?
1.51 x 10^-5
The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x 10^-7 M. What is the pH of the blood?
pOH = - log [2.5 x 10^-7 M] = 6.6
pH = 14 - 6.6 = 7.4
More about water : water can function as both acid and base (amphoteric) because it can split
into hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
- In pure water, there can be autoionization
- Equilibrium constant for water = Kw
- Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1 x 1 0−14 at 25 ° C
- In a neutral solution [H3O+] = [OH-]
- [H3O+] = [OH-] = √ ❑ = 1 x 1 0−7 M

Ka = equilibrium constant of acid, Kb = equilibrium constant of base

The strength of acid or base id determined by the amount of ionization
HCl + H2O -> H3O + Cl–
HNO3 HCl, H2SO4, HClO4 are among the only known strong acids
- Generally classified acids and bases into strong or weak ones
- Strong acid: HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)=> H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
- HNO3 is about 100% dissociated in water & reaction is not reversible

Weak acids are much less than 100% ionized in water & reaction is reversible
- One of the best known is acetic acid (ethanoic acid) = CH3CO2H
- CH3CO2H + H2O ⇌ CH3COO- + H3O+

Strong base: 100% dissociated in water

NaOH (aq) => Na+ + OH-
- Other common strong bases include KOH and Calcium hydroxide
- CaO (lime) + H2O => Ca(OH)2

Weak base: less than 100% ionized in water

- One of the best known weak bases is ammonia
- NH3 (aq) + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

Strong acids & bases ionize / dissociate completely. Therefore the pH is easy to calculate since
the concentration of [H+] and [OH-] is just given by the starting concentration of the strong acid
or base, and the stoichiometry

Ba(OH)2 => Ba+ + 2OH-

Given 0.1 M of Ba(OH)2, the pOH is ___
pOH = - log [OH-] = - log [0.05] = 1.3
pH = 14 - 1.3 = 12.7

Check point:
An aqueous solution of a strong base has pH 12.24 at 25 degrees celsius. Calculate the
concentration of base in the solution (a) if the base is NaOH and (b) if the base is Ba (OH)2 .l
a) 14 - 12.24 = 1.76
 10-1.76 = 0.0174 M or 1.74 x 10-2 M
b) 0.0174 M / 2 = 0.0087 M or 8.7 x 10-3 M

Summary
- Acids and bases that dissociate almost completely in solution are called strong acids/
bases
- Mineral acids, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid are strong acids
- Group 1 and 2 hydroxides are strong bases
- Acids and bases that are only partially dissociate in solutions are called weak acids /
bases
 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠤⢀⣀⠀⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⢰⣼⣟⣻⣿⣾⣮⣝⢦⡑⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣐⣭⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⡠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠂⢋⣾⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣧⣬⠴⣒⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢠⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⡛⢟⢫⠛⡹⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣿⣿⢧⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣛⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠭⡘⠡⠌⡀⢂⠐⡀⠉⠄⡈⠔⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣾⣿⣿⣟⠧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠐⢡⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣉⠎⡔⠡⢁⢂⠐⡀⠂⠄⡁⢂⠐⡈⠔⡉⢞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢶⡯⢃⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⡓⠌⡐⠠⠁⠂⠄⠂⠠⠁⠂⠐⠀⠈⠐⠠⢑⠊⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣡⣦⣴⣤⣖⣄⣂⠡⢠⡑⣢⣶⣶⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⡌⢢⠱⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡳⢧⣽⣻⣿⡿⡿⢿⠻⡟⠿⣿⣷⡬⢩⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣴⣽⣶⣶⣾⣽⣿⣷⣽⣿⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣻⢿⣶⣷⡗⣎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⣹⣯⣐⠫⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣭⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣇⠀⠛⢯⡜⣳⣛⢞⣱⣿⠯⣍⢿⣿⡰⣡⠞⣭⠻⡝⡭⢣⣻⡟⢋⠆⢇⠆⣿⣿⣯⣾⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢮⣵⣢⣝⣱⣎⣾⠿⢁⡀⢀⠀⠻⢿⣶⣿⡴⡻⠾⡟⡛⡉⠠⢁⡘⢌⡚⢻⣿⡥⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢬⡹⣏⣿⣿⣡⣞⣧⣿⣧⣾⣥⣤⢸⣿⡾⣵⣋⢖⡱⢨⡑⠦⡜⢢⠅⡉⢻⣗⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣮⣷⣻⣽⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣋⠿⣷⣯⣞⡵⣣⡜⣧⣽⡇⡜⠠⣿⡍⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⢯⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣌⣞⣽⣻⣾⣟⣷⣻⡵⣞⢫⡐⢡⢈⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣻⢞⣧⠿⣌⢧⡘⠤⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣝⣫⡝⣭⢫⣝⢯⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⡻⣎⢿⣘⢦⡝⡢⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣾⡾⣝⡳⡽⣿⣿⣿⣞⣷⣹⢮⣽⢺⡜⡳⠷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡽⣧⣏⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣽⡿⣞⡧⣿⢓⠛⣢⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣻⢯⠏⠒⢠⣿⣆⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣷⣋⢦⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠂⠁⠀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣳⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀