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hydrogen

Hydrogen is the simplest element with one proton and one electron, existing primarily as dihydrogen (H2). It has unique properties that align it with both the 1st and 17th groups of the periodic table, and it has three isotopes: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Hydrogen is used in various applications, including ammonia production and as rocket fuel, while water, composed of hydrogen and oxygen, is essential for life and exhibits unique physical and chemical properties due to hydrogen bonding.

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3 views4 pages

hydrogen

Hydrogen is the simplest element with one proton and one electron, existing primarily as dihydrogen (H2). It has unique properties that align it with both the 1st and 17th groups of the periodic table, and it has three isotopes: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Hydrogen is used in various applications, including ammonia production and as rocket fuel, while water, composed of hydrogen and oxygen, is essential for life and exhibits unique physical and chemical properties due to hydrogen bonding.

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navbharatcollegejewargi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Hydrogen

 Hydrogen has the simplest atomic structure among all the elements around us in nature
 Hydrogen in its atomic form it consist of only one proton and one electron. However, in
elemental form it exists as a diatomic (H2) molecule and is called dihydrogen
 It forms more compounds than any other element

Position of hydrogen in periodic table:


The position of hydrogen in the periodic table is controversial because it has similar properties with 1 st
group and 17th group elements

Properties of hydrogen similar to 1st group:

 The electronic configuration of H is 1s1. Its electronic configuration is similar to outermost


electronic configuration of 1st group elements
 Hydrogen loses its electron to exhibit +1 oxidation state, which is similar to 1st group elements

Properties similar to 17th group element:

 All the halogens are one electron short to the noble gases. Hydrogen also has one electron short
to the nearest noble gas helium
 Like halogens hydrogen also exist in diatomic form

Differences from 1st and 17th group:

 Hydrogen is less electropositive than 1st group elements and less electronegative than 17th
group

Isotopes of hydrogen:

 Hydrogen has three isotopes: protium. 11H, Deuterium.21H, and tritium 31H.
 These isotopes differ from one another in respect of the presence of neutrons
 Ordinary hydrogen, protium, has no neutrons, deuterium (also known as heavy hydrogen) has
one neutrons and tritium has two neutrons in the nucleus
 Among three isotopes of hydrogen tritium is radioactive and emits low energy beta particles
 All the isotopes have almost same chemical properties. They only differ in their rates of
reactions, mainly due to their different enthalpy of bond dissociation
 However, in physical properties these isotopes differ due to their large mass differences

Preparation of dihydrogen:
1) Laboratory preparation: Metal on reaction with acid or basic solution forms di-hydrogen
Zn + 2H+ Zn+2 + H2

2) Commercial preparation of di-hydrogen: on electrolysis of acidified water in the presence of platinum


electrode gives di-hydrogen
2H2O electrolysis 2H2 + O2

CL 1
RATHOD
Hydrogen

3) Water gas: Hydrocarbons on heating by passing steam forms CO & H2. The mixture of CO & H2 is called
as water gas
CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2

4) Syn gas: The mixture of CO & H2 is also called as synthesis gas or “syn gas” because by using this
mixture methanol is prepared
CO + 2H2 CH3OH

5) Coal gasification: The process of producing ‘syn gas’ from coal is called coal gasification
C + H2O CO + H2

Chemical properties of di-hydrogen:


Reaction with halogens: Di-hydrogen reacts with halogens, to give hydrogen halides, HX
H2 + X2 2HX

Reaction with oxygen: It reacts with oxygen to form water. The reaction is highly exothermic
2H2 + O2 2H2O

Reaction with nitrogen: With nitrogen it forms ammonia


3H2 + N2 2NH3

Reaction with metals: With many metals it combines at a high temperature to yield the corresponding
hydrides H2 + 2M 2MH

Uses of hydrogen:

 It is used in the preparation of ammonia


 Hydrogen is used in the manufacture of vanaspati fat
 It is used in the preparation of methanol
 Used in the preparation of metal hydrides
 It is used as a rocket fuel in space research

Hydrides: Hydrogen combines with most of the metals and non-metals to form hydrides or hydrides are
binary compounds of hydrogen with other elements
Types of hydrides:
1) Ionic or saline hydrides: These are the hydride of hydrogen formed by reaction of hydrogen with s-
block elements ex: NaH, MgH2, BaH2, etc

2) Covalent or molecular hydrides: These are the hydrides of hydrogen can be formed when hydrogen
combines with p-block elements ex: CH4, NH3, H2O and HF.
Molecular hydrides are further classified into 3 types
a) Electron deficient hydride: In these hydrides electrons are less than octet Ex: BH 3, AIH3 etc [3rd group]
b) Electron precise hydride: These are having sufficient amount of electrons for octet Ex: CH 4 [4th group]
c) Electron rich hydrides: These hydrides having lone pair of electrons Ex: NH3, PH3 [5th group]

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RATHOD
Hydrogen

3) Metallic or interstitial hydrides: These hydrides are formed by d and f block elements. In this
hydrogen’s are not in stoichiometric ratio Ex: LaH 2.18, NiH 0.6-0.7

WATER:

 A major part of all living organisms is made up of water


 Human body has about 65% and some plants have as much as 95% water
 It is a crucial compound for the survival of all life forms

Physical properties of water:

 It is a colourless and tasteless liquid


 The unusual properties of water in the condensed phase (liquid and solid states) are due to the
presence of extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This leads to high freezing
high boiling point, high heat of vaporization
 Water has a higher specific heat, thermal conductivity, surface tension, dipole moment and
dielectric constant, etc. These properties allow water to play a key role in the biosphere
 It is an excellent solvent for transportation of ions and molecules required for plant and animal
metabolism
 Due to hydrogen bonding with polar molecules, even covalent compounds like alcohol and
carbohydrates dissolve in water

Structure of water:

 In the gas phase water is “bent” molecule with a bond angle of 104.50, and O-H bond length of
95.7pm
 In the liquid phase water molecules are associated together by inter molecular hydrogen bonds
 The crystalline form of water is ice
 Density of ice is less than that of water. Therefore, an ice cube floats on water
 Water has sp3 hybridization

Chemical properties of water:


Amphoteric nature: According to Bronsted theory water acts as both acid as well as base. Water can
react with both acid and base to form hydronium ion and hydroxide ion
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
HCI + H2O H3O+ + CI-

Hard and soft water:


Hard water: Water which doesn’t give lather with soap is called as hard water. Hardness of water is due
to calcium, magnesium, hydrogen carbonate [HCO3-], chlorides, sulphate

Soft water: Water which gives lather with soap is called as soft water

CL 3
RATHOD
Hydrogen

Types of hardness of water:


1) Temporary hardness: Temporary hardness is due to calcium and magnesium salts of hydrogen
carbonates Ex: Ca(hco3)

CL 4
RATHOD

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