(iii) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, a (x) Relation R in the set Z of alt fea By tes a fl fa ; y ‘tile a q ) (0) Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular time given by. (a) R = {(x, y) sx and y work at the same place} () R= {tx y) sx andy live in the same locality} . } : = pa ) is exactly 7 cm taller than y} @ R= {&, y) : xis wife ofy} ; = on Se oe fe a i R = {(x, y) : xis father of y} ‘ R = {@, 9): 3x-y = Oke, y = 3x} = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)} Since 1 € A but (1, 1) ¢ R = R is not reflexive. (1, 3) ¢ R and (3, 1) ¢ R = R is not symmetric (1, 3) and (3, 9) € R but (1, 9) ¢ R = R is not transitive. (i) N=(, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, ....}. R= (Gy): y =x + Sandx < 4} = {(1, 6, 2,7, G8} (1, 1) € R= R is not reflexive (1, 6) < R and (6, 1) ¢ R = R is not symmetric Here transitivity is not contradicted => R is transitive (ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and R = {(x, y) : y is divisible by x} s R= {, 1, 2,2), G3), 4, 4), 6, 5), (6, 6), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), , ©), 2, 4), 2, 9, 3, OF As (@, a) eR Vac A= Ris reflexive. (1, 2) ¢ R but (2, 1) ¢ R => R is not symmetric Let (a, b) and (6, c) € R= b is divisible by a and c is divisible by = cis divisible by a = (a, c) e R => Ris transitive ()Z= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .....}R = (@ y) :x-y is an imteger} Asa-a =O (aninteger) ¥V ae Z=>(a,a)eR v aeZ=Ris reflexive As (a, b) e Ra - Bis integer = b - a is imeger => (b, a) ¢ R -. Ris symmetric. Let (a, b) and (6, c) R= a-b and b -c are integers => (a - b) + (b - c) is integer =a - cis an integer = (a, c) ¢ R = Ris transitive. (») @R = {@, y) : x and y work at the same place} (x) eR =>Ris reflexive (-x and x work at the same place) (zy) €R =x and y work at same place => y and x work at same place =, x) €R=>R is symmetric Let (x, y) and (y, z) € R =o(x and y) and (y and z) work at same place =>.x and z work at same place => (, 2) € R= Ris transitive (+) (6) Similar to (v) (@) () ER = {@, y) : x is exactly 7 cm taller than y} As x is not 7 cm taller that x => (x, x) ¢ R = R is not reflexive Ifx is exactly 7 cm taller than y then y is not 7 cm taller than x. @, y) €R =>, 2) € R= R is not symmetric Ifx is exactly 7 cm taller than y and y is exactly 7 cm taller than z then x is exactly 14 cm taller than 2 (, y) e Rand (y, 2) €R>G, 2 € RR is not transitive. : (@R = {(@, y) : xis wife of y}. Asx is not wife of x => (x, x) ¢ R => R is not reflexive is not wife of x <.(x, y) € R= (), x) ¢ R= Ris not symmetric 0) Ifx is wife of y then y Ifx is wife of y then y is male and so y can’t be wife of anyone Transitivity is not contradicted here. .. R is transitive.W) (e) R= 4x, y) : x is father of y}. x is not father of x => (x, x) ¢ R => R is not Teflexiye If.x is father of y then y is not father of x => R is not symmetric Ifx is father of y and J is father of z then x is grandfather (and not father of Q. 2. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R= {(a, b) sa < b°}, is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. IC.B.S.E, 2009, CBSE Sample Pape, ™» ) => Ris not trang! \ 2 11 «, Sol. R= {(a, b):a< Ba, beER (the set of reals)} asze(3) +iGa¢ R=Risnotrtey, | As (2, 5) € R but (5,2) ¢R (2 < S2buts £ 2) = Ris not symmetric | AS (3, -2) and (2, -1) € R but 3, -1) ¢ R because 3 < (-29 and (-2) < 1)? but 3 € (12 | = Ris not transitive | Q. 3. Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6} as R = {(a, b):b= a4 } is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. {@, b):b =a + l where a, be set {1,2,3, 4, 5, S}}={(1, 2), (2, 3), G, 4), (4, 5), 6.4 (1, 1 e R= Ris not reflexive, (2, 3) € R but (3, 2) R= Ris not symmetric (1, 2) and (2, 3) € R but (1, 3) ¢ R= R is not transitive Q. 4. Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, symmetric. } b) (@, a) ER=>Ris refleriy ASI <2 but2 £1>(1,2) Rand (2,1) gROR is not symmetric. As a Ris not symmetric AS (100, 5) € R and (5, 2) © R but (100, 2) ¢ R because 100 < 53 and 5 <23 but 100 #3 -. Ris not transitive Q. 6. Show that the relation R in the set A = U1, 2, 3} given by R= {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is symmetric bil ‘either reflexive nor transitive, [Wrttarakhand Board 200) Sol. R is not reflexive as the pairs (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) donot € R. Ris symmetric as 1R2 <> 2Rl R is not transitive as (1, 1) ¢ R and (1, 2), @NeR Q. 7. Show that the relation R in the set (x, y) sx and y have same number Of pages}, is an equivalence relation, Sol. (x, x) € R because x and x have same number of Pages for all x € A. => R is reflexive (, y) € R =x and y have same number of pages => y and x have same number of Pages = (y, x) « R => R is symmetric Let (x, y) and (y, z) © R => (x and y) and © and z) have same number of pages > xand z have same number of pages = (x, z) ¢ R= R is transitive Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, therefore R is an equivalence relation. 4 of all the books in a library of a college, given by R*8. Show that the relation R in the set A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, given by Re f(a. b): |a~ b| is even}, is an equivalence relation. Show that all the elements of {1, 3, 5} are red to each oiher and all the elements of {2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5} re lated to any element of {2, 4}. IC.B.S.E. 2009] gol. Since |a- a] = Oiseven=> (a,a)eR Vac A= Ris reflexive (a,b) € R= |a- d| is even => |-( - a)| is even => |b - al iseven=(b, a) ¢ R => R is smametric. Let (a, b) and (b, c) € R =| a - b| and |b - c| are even => a ~ band b - c are even => @-b) + (b- 0) is even >a - cis even = |a-c| is even > (a,c) €R= Ris trans e. Hence R is an equivalence relation. Now, |1 = 3], [3-5], [1 - 5| are all even = all elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other. Again, [2 - 4| is even = all elements of {2, 4} are related to each other. Now [1-2|, [1-4], [3-2], [3-4], [5-2|, [5-4] are all not even => no element of set {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of set {2, 4}. Q. 9. Show that the relations R in the set A = {x € Z: 0S x < 12}, given by (@) R = {(a, b) : |a- b| is a muttiple of 4}. (b) R = {(a, b) : a = b}, are equivalence relations. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case. [A.I.C.B.S.E. 2010] Sol. (a) A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} la - a| = 0 is divisible by 4 = (a, a) ¢ R Va e A= Ris reflexive (a, b) € R= |a - D| is divisible by 4 = |-(b - a)| is divisible by 4 => |b-a| is divisible by 4 => (b, a) c R > R is symmetric Let (a, b) and (b, c) € R=> |a- b| and |b -c| ate divisible by 4. => a~band b-c are divisible by 4 = (a - b) + (b - 0) is divisible by 4 => a - c is divisible by 4 => |a-cl is divisible by 4 = (@, c) ¢ R => Ris transitive Hence R is an equivalence relation. Now set of elements related to 1 = {a € A: |a~ 1| is multiple of 4} = {1, 5, 9} (+ [1-1], [1-5], [1-9] are multiples of 4) Note. Set of elements related to 2 = {2, 6, 10}. (()a =a Vac A= Ris reflexive @b)eR>a=b > b=a>(b,a)€R=>Ris symmetric. (a,b) e Rand (6, c) eR a = bandb =c>a=c>(a,c)eR=>Ris transitive Hence R is an equivalence relation. Now, set of elements related to 1 = {ae A: a= 1} = {1} _ Q. 10. Give an example of a relation. Which is (i) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. (i) transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric, (iii) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. () reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. (v) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive. Sol. Let A= {5, 6, 7} (Let R= {(, 7), (7, 6)}. Clearly, R is symmetric. As (5, 5) gR and (6, 7) and (7, 6) € R but (6, 6) ¢ R -. Ris neither reflexive nor transitive. (Ler = {(5, 6), (5, 7), (7, O} Clearly, R is transitive. As (5, 5) ¢ R and (5, 7) € R but (7,5) ¢R + Ris neither reflexive nor symmetric.point P from the origin is same as the distance of the point Q from the Further, show that the set of all points related to a point P # (0, 0 origin as centre. T}, is equivalence relation. Consider three right angled 12, 13 and T; with sides 6, 8, 10. Which triangles among T;, T, and T; are related ? same number of sides}, is an equivalence relation. What is the set of all elements in A related to the right angle triangle T with sides 3, 4 and 5 ? - (iii) Let R ={(5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 7), (7, 6)} Clearly, R is reflexive and symmetric, As (5, 6) and (6, 7) € R but (5,7) €R -. Ris not (i) Let R = {(5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7), (5, 6)}. Clearly, R is reflexive and transitive, As (5, 6) € R but (6, 5) ¢R .. R is not symmetric. () Let R = {65, 6), 6, 5), (5, 5), (6, 6)}. Clearly, R is symmetric and transitive, Since (7, 7) ER <. Ris not reflexive. transitive Q. 11, Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane, given by R = {(P, Q) : distance Of th origin}, is an equivalence elation is the circle passing through P With Sol. Let A be set of points in a plane and O be origin R = {(P, Q) : |OP| = |0Q|} As |OP| = |OP| >(P,P)eR V Pe A= Risreflexive, @, Q € R= |OP| = |0Q| > [OQ] = |OP|} >@Q,P)eR => R is symmetric, Let (P, Q) and (Q, T) eR = [OP] = [0Q| and |OQ| = JOT] = |OP| = |OT| > (P, T) ¢ R= Ris transitive. Hence R is equivalence relation. Set of points related to P ¥ Origin ={Q € A: (Q, P) eR} = {Qe A: |0Q| = |OP|} ={QeEA: Qlies ona circle through P with centre O} Q. 12. Show that the relation R, defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {(T), T.) : T, is similar triangles T, with sides 3, 4, 5, T> with sides 5, Sol. R = {(Ty, T,) : T triangle is similar to T, triangle} @ R is reflexive because T,RT, (ii) R is symmetric because T,RT, = T, and T, are similar = T, and T, are similar > T,RT, = R is symmetric. (ii R is transitive because T,RT, and TjRT; => T, is similar to T, and Ty is similar to T, =, is similar to T, = T,RT3 => R is transitive, In view of (i), (if) and (iii) R is an equivalence relation. Second Part. T, is triangle with sides 3, 4, 5. Ty is triangle with sides 5, 12, 13 T; is triangle with sides 6, 8, 10 Obviously T, is similar to T; => (T,, 73) € R => triangles T, and’T; are related. Q. 13. Show that the relation R, defined in the set A ofall polygons as R = {(P,, P,) :P, and P, hav Sol. As P and P have same number of sides => (P, P)eR vy Pe A= Ris reflexive. Let (P,, P) € R =P, and P, have same number of sides => P, and P, have same number of sides = (Py,P,)eR = Ris symmetric Let (P, P) and (P,, P3) € R => Py and P, and also P, and Pyhave the same number of sides = Py and P; have same number of sides => (P,, P;) ¢ R=> Ris transitive, Hence, R is an equivalence relation, Now, T is right angled triangle (~. sides are 3, 4, 5), “. Pe Ais related to T iff P and T have same number of sides => (P,T) € Riff P is triangle = A is set of all triangles ; P ¢ A and (P,T)eRi 14. Let L be the set of all lines in XY-plane and R b ie = f Q. Mer) Show that R is an equ a nd R be the relation in L defined as R= {L122 L; i para 2 equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to the line eat4 (Uttarakhand Board 2015) Sol. (v)As every line J ¢ L is parallel to itself => (, ) eR VW Le L => Ris reflexive. Let yy) ERA [> hI = yh) € R= Ris symmetric. Let (jy, 4) and (by, 3) R= || Land || y=, 11 => Gh, &) e R= Ris transitive Hence R is an equivalence relation. Required set of lines related to the line y = 2x + 4 = {1 : Lis aline || y = 2x + 4} = {I: Lis a line whose equation is y = 2x + k, k being any real} Q. 15. Let R be the relation in the set {1, 2, 3, 4} given by R = {(1, 2)(2, 2), (1), 4. 4, (I, 3) (8, 3), (3, 2)}. Choose the correct answer. (a) Ris reflexive and symmetric but not transitive; (b) R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric (0) Ris symmetric and transitive but not reflexive; (d) R is an equivalence relation. Sol. R is reflexive because (1, 1), (2, 2), 3, 3), 44) eR Ris not symmetric because (2, 1) ¢ R and (,2eR Ris transitive because aRb and bRe => aR .. (b) holds. Q. 16. Let R be the relation in the set N given by R= {(a,b):a@=b-2,b> 6}. Choose the correct answer. @(2,4¢ER 0)3,9ER (c) 6, 8 ER (@) (8, NER Sol. Clearly (c) holds, because (6, 8) satisfies a = b-2,b > 6.