Permutations and Combinations

Example 2 Let n = 2019. The least positive integer k

for which

for some positive integer r is

(a) 2018 (b) 2019 (c) I (d) 2
Ans. (d)

Example3 If0<r<ssnand"P,="P, then value of

rtsis
(a) 2n - 2 (b) 2n -1 (c) 2 (d) 1
Ans. (b)

30 31
Example 4 If E= I2 3 4 8', then
4'6'8 10 62 64
value ofx is
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) - 12
Ans. (d)
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER Solution: We have
TYPE QUESTIONS E=
31

Example 1 Number of solutions of

7(32!1)
= 236 = (2')-12 = g-12
2,! +)= (x! +x,xeN is Thus, x=-12.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
Ans. (b) Example 5 The sum
EJubere(=0
if (p<) is maximum where mis
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20
Ans. (c)
 Example 9 The number of functions ffrom the set A
Example 6 Let T, denote the number of triangles {0, 1,2} in to the set B=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} such that
which can be formed by using the vertices of a regular) Sf) for i<j and i,j e Ais
polygon of nsides. If T, +-T,= 21, then n equals (a) C; (b) C, + 2°C,)
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 4 (c) °C, (d) 'C,
Ans. (b) Ans. (c)

Example 7 An eight digits number divisible by 9 is

to be formed by using 8 digits out of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 without replacement. The number of ways in
which this can be done is
(a) 9! (b) 2(7!) Example 10 The number of positive integral solutions
(c) 4(7!) (d) (36) (7!) of theequation x X, Xy X4 X, = 1050 is
Ans. (d) (a) 1800 (b) 1675
(c) 1400 (d) 1875
Ans. (d)

Example 8 The number of rational numbers lying in Example 11 The exponent of 7 in °Cso is
the interval (2018, 2019) all whOse digits after the decimal (a) 0 (b) 2
point are non-zero and are in decreasing order is (c) 3 (d) 4
10
9
(a) 'P (b) 'P (c) 2°-1 (d) 2°1 Ans. (a)
i
 Permutations and Combinations

(a) 32400 (b) 16200 (c) 14000 (d) 18000

Ans. (a)

Example 12 In a certain test there are n questions.

In this test 2 students gave wrong answers to at least
(n - k) questions, where k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n. If the total
number of wrong answers is 4095, then value of n is
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 15
Example 15 For n > 2, let a = ¿}sWsloB,o(9)
Ans. (b)
and f= Sr`s!log,a(9), hen
(a) a=B (b) aß= 1 (e) a>B (d) a<B
Ans. (c)
Solution:

Example 13 Ifn > land n divides (n - 1)! + 1, then

(a) n must be prime
(b) n must be divisible by exactly two primes
(c) n must be a composite number
(d) n must be divisible by p wher p is primes
Ans. (a)

Example 14 A I| x I1 grid is aivided nto five

rectangles along the grid. The number of ways to divide
the grid into five rectangles so that one of the rectangles
generated by the division doesn't have any edge on the
periphery is
 Example 16 Sum of the series E(r+) (r) is
(a) (n + 1)! (b) (n + 2)! - I
(c) n(n + 1)! (d) n(n + 2)!
1s. (c) Example 20 m men and w women are to be seated in a
row so that no two women sit together. If m > w, then the
number of ways in which they can be seated is

(a)
m! (m+1)! (b) "C (m - w)!
(m-w+ 1)!
(c) "*C, (m - w)! (d) none of these
Ans. (al

Example 17 In a group of 8 girls, two girls are sisters.

The number of ways in which the girls can sit so that two
sisters are not sitting together is
(a) 48200 (b) 14100
(c) 28300 (d) 30240
Ans. (d)

Example 21 The number of subsets of the set A = fa,

d,, ..., a,} which contain even number of elements is
(a) 291 (b) 2"-1 (c) 2"-2 (d) 2"
Example 18 The number of words that can be formed Ans. (a
by using the letters of the word MATHEMATICS that start
as well as end with T is
(a) 80720 (b) 90720 (c) 20860 (d) 37528
Ans. (b)

Example 22 The number of ways in which we can post

5 letters in 10 letter boxes is
Example 19 Ifo, r=0
then equals (a) 50 (b) s0
n n
(c) 10 (d) none of these
(a (b) 4n (C) na, (d) (n-1)a, Ans. (c)
4

Ans. (a)
 the elements of P. Asubset of Ais again chosen. The
Example 23 The number of five digit telephone
numbers having at least one of their digits repeated is number of ways of choosing P and so that P = is
(a) 90000 (b) 100000 (c) 30240 (d) 69760
(a) 2 - ZnC, (b) 2" (c) 2"-1 (d) 34
Ane, (d) Ans (d)

Example 24 The ten's digit of 1!+2! + 3!+ ... +49! is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 Example 28 Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F= {a, b}. Then
the number of onto functions from E to Fis
Ans. (a)
(a) 14 (b) 16 (c) 12 (d) 32
Ans (a)

Example 25 Four dice are rolled. The number of

possible outcomes in which at least one die shows 2 is
(a) 1296 (b) 625 (c) 671 (d) 1023
Ans. (c)

Example 29 The number ofways of arranging letters of

the word HAVANA so that VandN do not appear together is
(a) 40 (b) 60 (c) 80 (d) 100
Ans. (c)
Example 26 A set contains (2n + l) elements. The Solution:
number of subsets of the set which contain at most n
elements is
(a) 2" (b) 2"+ I (c) 2" (d) 22n
Ans. (d)

Example 30 The number of integral points (integral

point means both the coordinates should be integer) that lie
exactly in the interior of the triangle with vertices.
(0, 0), (0, 21), (21,0) is
Example 27 A is a set containing n elements. Asubset (a) 133 (b) 190 (c) 233 (d) 105
Pof Ais chosen. The set Ais reconstructed by replacing Ans. (b)
 Example 33 A five digit number divisible by 3 is to
be formed using the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and S without
repetition. The total number of ways in which this can be
done is
(a) 216 (b) 240 (c) 600 (d) 3125
Ane a)

Example 31 The number of ways of arranging letters

of the word RACHIT so that the vowels are in alphabetical Example 34 The number of ways in which a mixed
order is double game can be arranged from amongst 9 married
(a) 120 (b) 240 (c) 360 (d) 480 couples ifno husband and wife play in the same game is
Ans. (c) (a) 756 (b) 1512
(c) 3024 (d) 378
Ans. (b)

Example 32 If " 'C, = (K' - 3) ("C,. ), then K

belongs to
(a) (-3, 5) (b) (- oo, - 2)
(c) (2, oo) (d) (3, 2]
Ans. (d)
Example 35 The sum of the divisors of 2.3.5.7 is
(a) 2^-38.5.73
(b) 2.38.s.7 - 2.3 5-7
(c) 26.3..7 1
(d) none of these
Ans. (d)
 Permutations and Combinations 5.11

Example 39 Aclass contains 4 boys and g girls. Every

Sunday five students, including at least three boys go for
a picnic to Appu Ghar, a different group being sent every
week. During, the picnic, the class teacher gives cach girl
in the group a doll. If the total number of dolls distributed
was 85, then value ofg is
(a) 15 (b) 12 (c) 8 (d) 5
Example 36 The number of times the digit 3 will be Ans. (d)
written when listing the integers from 1l to 1000 is
(a) 269 (b) 300 (c) 271 (d) 302
Ans. (b)

Example 40 The largest three digit prime number

tividing 200Cio0n is
(a) 661 (b) 659 (c) 673 (d) 681
Ans. (a)
Example 37 The number of positive 1ntege. such
that 2" divides n! is
(a) exactly (b) exactly 2
(c) infinite (d) none of these
Ans. (d)

Example 41 Sum of all three digit numbers (no digit

being zero) having the property that all digits are perfect
squares, is
(a) 3108 (b) 6216
(c) 13986 (d) 310
Ans. (c)

Example 38 The sum 0s i<sI0

2"C,'C) is cqual to
(a) 2°- I (b) 20 (c) 3 - (d) 30
Ans. (c)

Example 42 The number of ordered pairs (m, n), m, n

e {1, 2, ., 100; such that 7" +7" is divisible by 5 is
(a) 1250 (b) 2000 (c) 2500 (d) 5000
Ans. (c)
 Example 45 Let S= {1, 2, 3, . n}. IfX denote the set
of all subsets of S containing exactly two elements, then the
value of E (min 4) is
Example 43 The greatest value of "C, (0 s rs 2n) is
(a) "C,-1 (b) "Ch+1 (a) (b) "Cs
(c) "C, (d) C-2 (c) "C, (d) "'C,
Ans. (c) Ans. (a)

Example 46 Let a bea factor of 120, then the number

of positive integral solutions of x, x, x, =a is
(a) 160 (b) 320 (c) 480 (d) 960
Example 44 Let a =
Ans. (b)

and b= then

(a) b= (n - 1) a (b) b= (n + 1) a

(c) b= (d) b =n -a

Ans. (c)
 Permutations and Combinations

Example 47 The value of n eN for which

Example 50 Six cards and six envelopes are numbers
"C, = 210
where m="C, is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and cards are to be placed in envelopes so
that each envelope contains exactly one card and no card
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 is placed in the envelope bearing the same number and
Ans. (d) moreover the card numbered l is always placed in envelope
numbered 2. Then the number of ways it can be done is
(a) 264 (b) 265 (c) S3 (d) 67
Ans. (c)

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS

TYPE QUESTIONS
Example 51 Let a, b, neN be defined as follows:
a = 1, a, + 2a, + ... + na, = a, +|n21
and b, = 1, b, + b, t.... . b, =b,.n2,then
Example 48 A committee consisting of at least thi cc
members is to be formed from a group of 6 boys and 6 girls 1
(a) a, =, (n!) n2
such that it always has a boy and a girl. The number of
ways form such committee is:
(a) 22 - 2 - 13 (b) 2! - 20 - 13 (b) b, = n n2
(c) 2l2 2' - 35 (d) 2!! - 2' - 35 (n + 1)! + 2)
Ans. (d)
k=l

(d) k=l
E(ai +bË) >n! + 1IVn22
Ans. (a), (b), (c), (d)

Example 49 The total number of ways in which 5 balls

of different colours can be distributed among 3 persons so
that each person gets at least one ball is
(a) 75 (b) 150 (c) 210 (d) 243
 Example 53 A letter lock consists of three rings
marked with 15 different letters. IfN denotes the number of
ways in which it is possible to make unsuccessful attempts
to open the lock, then
(a) 482 IN
(b) N is product of 2 distinct prime numbers
(c) N is product of3 distinct prime numbers
(d) N is product of 4 distinct primes
Ans. (a).(c)

Example 54 P, is cqual to
(a) (n + l) (n + 2) . (2n)
(b) 2" [13-5 -. (2n -1)]
(c) (2) - (6) - (10) (4n - 2)
(d) n! ("C,)
Ans. (a), (b), (c), (d)

Example 52 A class has 30 students. The following

prizes are to be awarded to the students of this class. First
and second in Mathematics; first and second in Physics first
in Chemistry and first in Biology. If N denote the number
of ways in which this can be done, then
(a) 400 ||N
(b) 600N
(c) 8100N
(d) N is divisible by four distinct prime numbers. Example 55 Ifn objects are arranged in arow, then the
Ans. (a), (b), (c), (d) number of ways of selecting three of these objects so that
no two of them are next to each other is
 Permutations and Combinations

(a) 6 (n -2) (n - 3) (n- 4)

(b) "-C,
(c) "-°C, + "-C,
(d) "-C,
Ans. (a), (b), (c) Example 58 If 100! = 2" 3P 577°.,then
(a) a = 97 (b) B= (a- 1)

(c) Y-;B () 8= B
Ans. (a), (b), (c), (d)

Example 56 The number of non-negative integral Example 59 The number of triangles that can be
solutions of x, +x + xy + x, Sn (where n is a positive formed with the sides of lengths a, b and c where a, b, c
integer) is are integers such that asbsc is
(a) "*'C, (6) "*C, (c) "*C, (d) "C, (a) 4
(c + 1' when c is odd
Ans. (b), (d)
Solution: Let x, be such that x+x, tx} tx, +xy= n. We (b) 2
c(c + 1) when c is odd
now seek the non-negative integral solutions ofx, +x, +X
+x +x=n. The number of requiredsolutions (c) 4
c (c + 2) when c is even

Example 57 The number of ways of choosing triplets (d) when c is even

4
(r, y, z) such that z 2 max {x, y} and x, y, z e {1, 2, ***,
n, n+ 1} is Ans (a), (c)

(a) "'C, +n*c (b) 6 n (n + 1) (2n + 1)

(c) 1² + 2² + ... +n (d) 2("*'c) -"*'c,
Ans. (a), (b), (c), (d)
 Example 62 Ifn<p< 2n and pis prime and N= "C
then
(a) p<N (b) p N
(c) pN
Ane (a), (d)

Example 63 Ais a set containing n elements. A subset

Example 60 If k is odd then C, is maximum for r P of Ais chosen. The set Ais reconstructed by replacing
equal to the elements of P, Next a subset P, of A is chosen and
again the set is reconstructed by replacing the elements
(a) k- ) (6) 2
k+ I) of P,. In this way m> l) subsets P, P2,*.. P of Aare
(c) k- 1l (d) k
chosen. The number of ways of choosingP, ,, P, so
that P, n P- ¢ for i #j, is
Ans. (a), (b) (a) (m + 1)" (b) 2" "C,

(c) } "C, nt
k=0
(d) (2m- 1y"

Ans. (a), (c)

Example 61 Let

+... upto 50 terms, then

(a) E is divisible by exactly 2 primes

(b) E is prime
(c) E 30
(d) Es 35 Example 64 With P,, Py, P as in Example 63,
the number of ways of choosing PË, * P, so that
Ans. (b), (d)
PoP,n*Pm is
(a) (2" - 1 (b) (1 + 2 + . +
(c) (m + 1y (d) 2" ("C)
Ans. (a), (b)
 Permutations and Combinations

Example 65 If N is the number of positive integral

solutions of x, x, x X, =770, then
(a) N is divisible by 4 distinct primes
(b) N is a perfect square
(c) N is a perfect fourth power
(d) N is a perfect &th power
Ans. (b), (c), (d)

Example 68 For n > 1, let

Example 66 The number of ways in which we can E= (2n + 1) (2n +3) (2n + 5) (4n- 3) (4n 1)
arrange the 2n letters x, X, , X, Vy ***, , in a line Then
so that the suffixes of lettersx and those of the letters y are
respectively in ascending order of magnitude is (a) 2" E is divisible by "C2a
(a) ("C + (C} + .. + ((C,} (b) 2" E is divisible by n!
(b) "C, 2"E
(c) is a positive integer
(c) 2" [1.3.5 (2n -1)Jn! n!
(d) C, - 1 2"E
Ans. (a), (b), (c) (d is not an integer
(4n)!
Ans. (a), (b), (C), (d)

Example 67 Let Ndenote the number of ways in which

3n letters can be selected from 2n A, 2n B, and 2n C. Then
(a) 3(N - 1) (b) n\(N - 1) Example 69 Let Ndenote the number of ways in which
(c) (n + 1)|(N 1) (d) 3n(n+ l)|(N - 1) n boys can be arranged in a line so that 3 particular boys
are separated. Then
Ans. (a), (b), (c), (d)
(a) 3!N (b) (n - 2)!|N
(c) CJN (d) (n - 3) (n - 4)°N
Ans (a), (b), (c), (d)
 (c) When two particular persons are excluded the num
ber of persons become n -2. Since m n>n-2, it
is impossible to choose mpersons out of n-2.
(d) For each k(1 S ksn) we have mchoices.
Example 72 The value of
Example 70 The number of permutations of the set Column 1 Column 2
{1, 2, 3,4} in which no two adjacent positions are filled by (a) (1)1! + (2)2! + (3)3! (p) (n + 2)2"-l - (n + 1)
consecutive integers (increasing order) + . t (n).n!
(a) is a prime
(b) is a composite number divisible by 3
(b) n."C, + (n - 1). "C +
(c) does not exceed 17
(n- 2) - "C, +. + 1. "C.
(d) is at most 19 (c) C + 'C, + C; + .. +"C,(r) (n + 1)! -I
Ans. (a), (c). (d) (s) "*'C,
r=0

Ans. P 9 r S

MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS

Example 71 Let mand n be two positive integers such
that m 2n. The number of ways of
Column 1 Column 2
(a) distributing m distinct books (p) 0
among n children
(b) arranging n distinct books at (q) m"
m places
(c) selecting m persons out of n (r) "
persons so that two particular
persons are not selected
(d) number of functions from (s) ("C) (n!)
{1, 2, 3, .. n} to {I, 2, 3, .. m}
Ans.
a

bOOO
dP

Example 73 Let m = 100!

Column 1 Column 2
(a) The largest exponent k (p) 1
for which 3 divides m
 Permutations and Combinations

(b)the number of zeros () 2

at the end of m
(c) the largest exponent (r) 24
m
k for which 11 divides
50!50!
(d) The largest exponent k for (s) 48
which 6I for which 61*
divides
55!45!
Ans. p q r S

Example 75 Consider all possible permutations of the

letters of the word RACHITIHCAR
Column 1 Column 2
(a) The number of words (p) 56700
Example 74
containing the word
Column 1 Column 2
ACHIT is
(a) The number of subsets of (p) 4017 (b) The number of words (q) 630
the set {1, 2, 3, . , 9} beginning with RA and
containing at least one ending with AR is
odd number. (c) The number of words (r) 45360
(b) The number of ways of (q) 496 in which vowels occur
choosing at least 3 students at the odd places is
from a class of 12.
(d) The number of words (s) 2520
(c) The number of solution (r) 256 in which the word
IIT appcars is
(d) The number of five digit (s) 125 Ans. P 9 r S

numbers in which every

digit exceeds the immediately
preceeding digit on the left
Ans.

d
 Example 77 Statement-1: The number of non
negative integral solution of
I+X, t *.+0= 100
(120
is
20

Statement-2: The number of ways of distributing n

identical objects among r persons giving zero or more
objects to a person is
AsSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS Ans. (d)
Example 76 Statement-1: The expression

attains maximum value when r= S0.

Statement-2: is maximum when r= n.

Ans. (a)

Example 78 Statement-1: The sum of divisors ofn=

210 3² s³ 72 11 13 is

5760
(2'"-1) (3-1)(s-1) (7-1)(1}-1) (13-1).
Statement-2: The number of divisors of m=p,p,"
p.wherepiP2, **P, are distinct primes and a,, a,, a,
are natural numbers is (a + 1) (a, + 1).. (a,+ 1).
Ans. (b)
 Dermutations and Combinations

1000
Example 79 Statement-1: The number is not
S00
divisible by 11.
Because
Statement-2: Ifp is a prime, the exponent ofp in n! is

where [x] denotes the greatest integer x.

Ans. (a) Example 81 Let n, me N and n2 m.

Statement-1:

(a-m*n
n+2)
m+1)

Statement-2:
C)-=))--)
Ans. (a)

Example 80 Statement-1: A student is allowed to

select at most n books from a collection of (2n + 1) books.
If the total number of ways in which he can select at least
one book is 255, then n =3.

Statement-2:

Ans. (d)
 CoMPREHENSION-TYPE QUESTIONS
Paragraph for Question Nos. 83 to 87
Definition Define a function ¢: N ’N as follows:
O(1) = 1,
p) =p (p - 1) ifp is prime and n e N,
and o(mn) - (m) (n) if hef (m, n) = 1
Example 83 Ifne N, then o(4n + 2) equals
(a) (4n) (b) (2n)
(c) 2n + 1) (d) o(2n+ 4)
Example 84 The number of natural numbers n such
that o (n) is odd is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) infinite

Example 85 If o(5")= 100, then value of nis

(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
Example 82 Statement-1: The number of ways of Example 86 Let p and q be two distinct primes. If
distributing at most 12 toys to three children A, A, and A,
number of possible values of (p, g) is
so that A, gets at least one, A, at least three and 4, at mostpg)=(a)l20,6 then (b) 8
five, is 145.
(c) 10 (d) 12
Statement-2: The number of non-negative integralExample 87 Ifp is prime and ne N, then S= 0(1) +
solutions ofx + x, +x,Smis "**Cm:
Ans. (d) p) + op) + .. + op") cquals
(a) p" - I (b) p"
(c) p" + 1 (d) 2p"
Ans. 83. (c), 84. (b), 85. (a), 86. (a), 87. (b)
 Example 100 There are 15 points in a plane of which
exactly 8 are collinear. If the number of straight lines
obtained by joining these points is mthen m- 70 is
Ans. 8

INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Exa1pie 101 Five balls of different colours are to be
Example 98 r ~ +k+1)k! = 4320, then n is placed in three boxes of diferent sizes. Each box can hold
all five balls. If m is the number of ways in which we can
equal to place the balls in the boxes that no box remains empty.
Ans. 5 then m - 148 is
Ans. 2.

Example 102 If n is the number of ways in which an

examiner can assign 30 marks 8 questions, giving not
less than 2 marks to any question m= n"C, is
Example 99 If"*C:"-P,= 57 : 16 then n-12 is Ane 3
Ans. 7

Example 103 Ifn =the number of rectangles that you

can find on a chessboard then m= n/216 is
Ans. 6.
 Permutations and Combinations

Example 104 If mnumber of integers greater than

7000 that can be formed with the digits 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9, no
digit being repeated then m- 190 is
Ans. 2.

Example 108 If n is the number of natural numbers

which are smaller than 2 x 10 and which can be written
by means of the digits I and 2 is then n/383.
Ans. 2

Example 105 Ten persons, amongst whom are A, B

and C, are to speak at a function. Ifn is the number of ways
in which it can be done ifA wants to speak before B, and B
wants to speak before C then m = n/800 - 750 is
Ans, 6.

Example 106 Ifm is the largest x e Nsuch that

Example 109 If m the number of ways in which we
then m-9 is can arrange 3 letters of the word SUDESH then m/36 is
Ans. 2
Ans. 1.

Example 110 Ifm = the number of ways in which we

can choose 5 letters from the word INTERNATIONAL
then m/1'is
Ans. 2

Example 107 Ifn is the largest integer n for which 35!

is divisible by 3" then m = n/5 is
Ans. 3
 Ans. 5

Example 111 Let S;, k = 1, 2, ..., 100, denote the

sum of the infinite geometric series whose first term
k-1
k!
and the common ratio i s . Then the value of
00
100
100!
E-k+1) s, is
Ans. 3

Example 113 Let n be the number of ways in which

5 boys and 5 girls can stand in a queue in such a way
that all the girls stand consecutively in the queue. Let m
be the number of ways in which 5 boys and 5 girls can
stand in a queue in such a way that exactly four girls stand
consecutively in the queue. Then the value of is

Ans. 5

Example 114 Let n2 2 be an integer. Take n distinct

points on a circle and join cach pair of points by a line
segment. Colour the line segment joining every pair of
adjacent points by blue and the rest by red. If the number
of red and blue line segment are equal, then the value of n is
Ans. 5
Example 112 A pack contains n cards numbered from
Ito n. Two consecutive numbered cards removed from the
pack and the sum of the numbers on the remaining cards is
1224. If the smaller of the numbers on the removed cards
is k, then k- 20 =