HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

-----    -----

LAB REPORT
GENERAL PHYSICS II

Student’s name: Nguyễn Quang Minh

Student’s ID: 20224375

Class: ET-E4

Experiment group: 4
 TABLE OF CONtENTS
Experiment

1........................................................................................................................1
Experiment 2.................................................................................................. 5
Experiment 3................................................................................................ 10
Experiment 4................................................................................................ 15
Experiment 5................................................................................................ 21
Experiment 6................................................................................................ 26
 Experiment Report 1
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE, CAPACITENCE,
INDUCTANCE AND RESONANT FREQUENCIES OF
RLC USING OSCILLOSCOPE
I. Experiment purpose
- Helps understanding a typical circuit and the manner to use the
equipments including oscilloscope and function generator in electronic
engineering, namely measuring the physical parameters of the resistor,
capacitor, and inductor as well as the resonant frequency of RLC
circuit.
II. Experiment results
1. Resistance measurement

Trial f (Hz) R0 (Ω)

1 1000 2164
2 2000 2162
3 3000 2160
2. Capacitance measurement

Trial f (Hz) R0 (Ω)

1 1000 104
2 2000 52
3 3000 35
 3. Inductance measurement

Trial f (Hz) R0 (Ω)

1 5000 1175
2 10000 2475
3 15000 3502
4. Determination of Resonant Frequency:

Trial Series RLC (Hz) Parallel RLC (Hz)

1 681 682
2 684 680
3 682 679

III. Data analysis

1. Measurement of Resistance
We have R X =R0
3

∑ Ri
R x = i=1 =2162 ( Ω )
3

√∑ (
3
2
R xi−R x )
i=1
Δ Rx ≈ S . D ≈ =1 ( Ω )
3
Hence:
R x =2162 ±1 ( Ω )

2. Measurement of Capacitence:
1 1
Z x= =R 0 hence CX=
2 πf C x 2 πf R0
C 1=1.53 ×10 ( F ); ;
−6 −6
C 2=1.53 ×10 ( F )
−6
C 3=1.52× 10 ( F )

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 3

∑ C xi
C X = i=1 =1.527 × 10−6 ( F )
3

√∑
3
Δ C X ≈ S . D≈ ¿¿¿¿¿
i=1

Hence:
−6
C X = (1.527 ± 0.003 ) ×10 ( F )

3. Measurement of Inductance
R0
Z L =2 πf . Lx =R0 hence L x=
2 πf
We have:
−2
L1=3.74 × 10 ( H )
−2
L2=3.93 ×10 ( H )
−2
L3=3.71 ×10 ( H )
3

∑ L xi
L x = i=1 =3.79 ×10−2 ( H )
3

√
3

∑ ( Lxi −Lx )2
i=1 −2
Δ L x ≈ S . D≈ =0.06 × 10 ( H )
3
Hence:
−2
L X =( 3.79 ±0.06 ) × 10 ( H )

4. Determination of Resonant Frequency:

a. Series RLC Circuit:
3

∑ f xi
f x = i=1 =682.3 ( Hz )
3

√
3

∑ ( f Xi−f X )2
i=1
Δ f x≈ S.D ≈ =0.7 ( Hz )
3

Hence:

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 f X− Series=682.3± 0.7 ( Hz )

b. Parallel RLC Circuit:

3

∑ f xi
f X= i=1 =680.3(Hz)
3

√∑ (
3
2
f Xi −f X )
i=1
Δ f X ≈ S . D≈ =0.7(Hz)
3
Hence:
f X−¿ =680.3 ± 0.7(Hz)

c. Theoretical Result and Conclusion

1
f=
2 π √ LC
1
f X= =661.6 (Hz)
2 π √ 1.527 ×10−6 × 3.79 ×10−2

Δ f X ≈ S . D≈ 661.58 ×
√( ) (
+ . + . )(
0.01 2 −1 0.003 2 −1 0.06 2
=5.7 (Hz) )
Hence:
3.14 2 1.527 2 3.79

f X−Theoretical =661.6 ±5.7 ( Hz )

We can see that:

The theoretical result of resonant frequency is approximately equal to the
directly measured results. We can see that the RLC circuit (with properly
small resistance) becomes a good approximation to an ideal LC circuit.

Experiment Report 2

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 MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE A
SOLENOID WITH FINITE LENGTH

I. Experiment purpose
- Investigate the magnetic field at a position along the axis of solenoid
- Investigate the relationship between the magnetic field and the current
through the solenoid
II. Experiment result
1. Investigation of the magnetic field at the position along the axis of
solenoid – B(x)

I= 0.4 (A)

x (cm) B (mT) x (cm) B (mT) x (cm) B (mT)

0 0.71 10 1.44 20 1.43

1 1.10 11 1.44 21 1.43

2 1.25 12 1.44 22 1.43

3 1.33 13 1.44 23 1.43

4 1.37 14 1.44 24 1.42

5 1.39 15 1.44 25 1.41

6 1.41 16 1.44 26 1.38

7 1.42 17 1.43 27 1.34

8 1.43 18 1.43 28 1.27

9 1.43 19 1.43 29 1.09

30 0.60

2. Measurement of the relationship betweenthe magnetic field and

the current through the solenoid – B(I)
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 x = 15 (cm)

I (A) B (mT)

0.15 0.74

0.20 0.99

0.25 1.18

0.30 1.42

0.35 1.58

0.40 1.87

0.45 2.13

0.50 2.35

0.55 2.61

0.60 2.80

3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical magnetic field

I = 0.4 (A)

x (cm) B (mT)

0 0.99

15 1.88

30 0.95

III. Data analysis

1. Relationship between the magnetic field and the position of the
probe inside the solenoid

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 1.6

1.4

1.2

1
B (mT)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
x (cm)

- Error bar: vertical 2ΔB=0.02 (mT)

- Comment: The graph show that the magnetic field inside a solenoid
depends on the position of the probe inside. The magnitude of the
magnetic field increase from x=0 to x=8, and then stable until x=23,
then decrease with exact the same pace as it increase. The graph is
symmetric around the point x=15 (cm)
2. Relationship between the magnetic field and the applied voltage
3

2.5

2
B (mT)

1.5

0.5

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
I (A)

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 - Error bar: vertical 2ΔB=0.02 (mT)
- Comment: The graph shows that the magnitude of the magnetic field
and the voltage has a linear relationship. But in this case, the resistance
is unchanged, so the current also has linear relationship with the
voltage. So, we can see that relationship between the magnetic field and
the applied current is also linear.
3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical magnetic field
We have:
μ0 μ r
B= . I . n0 (cos γ 1−cos γ 2 )
2
In this case, μr =1
N 750
n 0= = =2500
L 300 ×10−3
I 0=I √2=0.4 √ 2=0.566 (A)
x
cos γ 1=
√ R + x2
2

−L−x
cos γ 2=
√ R2 +(L−x)2
D 40.3
R= = =20.2 (mm)
2 2
 x = 0 (cm): cos γ 1= 0; cos γ 2= -0.998
μ0 μ r 1.256 × 10
−6
B= I n0 ( cos γ 1−cos γ 2 ) = × 0.566 ×2500 × ( 0+0.998 )
2 2
¿ 0.89 ( mT )
 x = 15 (cm): cos γ 1= 0.991; cos γ 2= -0.991
μ0 μ r 1.256 × 10
−6
B= I n0 ( cos γ 1−cos γ 2 ) = × 0.566 ×2500 × ( 0.991+ 0.991 )
2 2
¿ 1.76 ( mT )
 x = 30 (cm): cos γ 1= 0.998; cos γ 2= 0
μ0 μ r 1.256 × 10
−6
B= I n0 ( cos γ 1−cos γ 2 ) = × 0.566 ×2500 × ( 0.998−0 )
2 2
¿ 0.89 ( mT )
Comparison between theoretical values and experimental values
x (cm) BTheoretical (mT ) BExperimental ( mT )

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 0 0.89 0.99
15 1.76 1.88
30 0.89 0.95

- The result from the experiment is approximately close the theoretical

values. The different due to the uncertainty of the instruments used.

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 Experiment Report 3
INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRIC OSCILLATION OF RL
AND RLC CIRCUITS
I. Experiment purpose
- Understanding the current across an inductor-resistor and the RLC
circuits, then calculate the energy of the oscillation RLC circuit.
II. Experiment results
1. Resistance and Inductance of the coil
a. Without core

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 Vs 5 (V)
I0 0.85 (A)
S 761.22641
- The coil’s resistance:
Vs
R L= =5.88 (Ω)
I0
- The coil’s inductance:
Vs −3
LW /O = =7.73 ×10 (H )
I0 × S
b. With core

Vs 5 (V)

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 I0 0.82 (A)
S 158.23520
- The coil’s resistance:
Vs
R L= =6.1(Ω)
I0
- The coil’s inductance:
Vs −3
LW = =3 8 .53 × 10 (H )
I 0× S
 Observation:
- After putting the core inside the coil, the coil’s inductance is
significantly increase (from 7.73 mH to 38.53mH)
 Explanations:
- This phenomenon occurred because the core has higher permeability
than the air, so magnetic field can be transferred through the core
easier, thus the coil inductance increase.

2. Free oscillations of the RLC circuit

a. Frequency

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 T =0.0018 ( s )
−3
LW /O =7.73 ×10 (H )
−6
C=10 ×10 ( F)

- The frequency based on time measured:

1
f measured = =555.56 ( Hz )
T
- The frequency based on theoretical calculations:
1
f theoretical= =572.44 (Hz)
2 π √ LC
- Difference:
∆ f =|f theoretical −f measured|=16.68(Hz)
b. Energy

- The total energy stored in the electric field and the magnetic field is
described using the formula:
1 2 1 2
U =U c + U L = C V + L I
2 2

1 −6 2 1 −3 2
¿ ×10 ×10 × 5 + ×7.73 ×10 × 0.85
2 2

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 −3
¿ 2.92 ×10 (J )

 Comment:
- After stopping the electric power, the energy of the circuit does not
decrease rapidly to zero, it reduces to zero over a short period of time.
- The energy of oscillations of the coil and the capacitor are damped
oscillations.
 Explain:
- The energy of the circuit loses by the heat of the resistor at rate i2 R
- The graph of total energy is steepest at the time that the magnetic
energy reaches a local maximum because in these times, the current
through the coil is highest, and the loss of energy is mainly due to the
resistance of the coil ( ΔQ=i2 R ).

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 Experiment Report 4
VERIFICATION OF FARADAY’S LAW OF
ELETROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
I. Experiment purpose
- Verification of Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction
II. Experiment results
a. 150-turns coil
R = 0.4 (Ω); L = 1 (mH)

Magnet’s Voltage Peak 1 Voltage Peak 2

orientation
North -0.068 0.127
South 0.068 -0.112
North-South -0.015 0.027
North-North -0.051 0.109
South-South 0.054 -0.088

Voltage Graph:
1. North

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 2. South

3. North-South

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 4. North-North

5. South-South

b. 1200-turns coil
R = 12 (Ω); L = 35 (mH)

Magnet’s Voltage Peak 1 Voltage Peak 2

orientation
North -0.490 0.816
South 0.499 -0.851
North-South -0.098 0.190
North-North -0.382 0.712

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 South-South 0.399 -0.604

Voltage Graph:
1. North

2. South

3. North-South

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 4. North-North

5. South-South

III. Comments/Experiment analysis

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 This is the result of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
A voltage is induced in a circuit whenever relative motion exists between a
conductor and a magnetic field and that the magnitude of this voltage is
proportional to the rate of change of the flux

∆Φ ∆ (BA )
V induced =−N =−N
∆t ∆t
Observations:
1. The two voltage peaks
- The two peaks has opposite sign corresponding to the direction of the
magnetic field line’s rate and direction of change. According to
Faraday’s Law, the induced electromotive force acts in the direction
that opposes the change in magnetic flux.

- Also, the magnitude of second voltage peak is greater than that of the
first peak. This can be explained by the motion of the magnet bar.
When the magnet is released to fall through the coil, its motion is free
fall. Therefore, the velocity of the bottom pole when it falls through the
coil is larger than that of the top pole. This means the change in
magnetic field increases in time, and according to the Faraday’s Law
above, this result in the greater magnitude of the second peak.
2. The graph’s shape
- Both graphs are approximately symmetric about the point when Δ Φ B =0
(rate of change of the magnetic field flux equals zero). This can be
explained by Faraday’s law, which states that the induced voltage
through the wire induces a current that creates a magnetic flux in the
direction opposing the change in flux, and the fact that the magnetic
field line going in/out the north and the south pole of the magnet are the
same.
3. Difference between two coils
- The maximum voltage for the coil with more turns is higher than the
one with fewer turn, because the magnitude of voltage is proportional

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 to the number of turns in the coil, as shown in the equation:
ΔΦ
V induced =−N
Δt

Experiment Report 5
INVESTIGATION OF TRANSMISSION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE (MICROWAVE)

I. Experiment purpose
- Evaluate the quality and quantity of transmitting and receiving
microwaves
II. Experiment result
1. Investigation of straight-line propagation of microwaves
- Observations:
● When the receiver is aligned with the rail (the transmitter and receiver
are facing each other), the volt-meter shows the maximum value.
● When the receiver moves far from the rail (in a plane perpendicular to
the rail), the value of volt-meter decreases.
- Conclusion:
Microwave propagates best in a straight line

2. Investigation of penetration of microwaves

- Observations:
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 ● When a dry absorption plate (electrical insulator) is put between
transmitter and receiver, the volt-meter slightly decrease
- Conclusion:
● Microwave can penetrate through the dry absorption plate.
● Not all of the microwave will penetrate through the dry absorption
plate, a part of them will be absorbed by the absorption plate.

3. Investigation of screening and absorption of microwaves

- Observations:
 When a reflection plate (electrical conductor) is put between transmitter
and receiver, the volt-meter shows a value that very small compared to
the value when the absorb plate is absent. In this case, the volt-meter
show a value approximate 0 (0.01).
- Conclusion:
 Most of microwave will not go through the reflection plate.

4. Investigation of reflection of microwaves

- Observations:
Reflector angle (o) Voltage (V) Incidence angle (o)
30 3.12 60
40 3.76 83
50 4.28 99
60 3.74 120
● When the arrow is the bisector of 2 rails (the reflector angle is equal to
the incidence angle), the volt-meter shows maximum value.

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 - Conclusion:
● Microwave reflects best when perpendicular bisector of the reflection
plate is the bisector of an angle created by the transmitter and
receiver.
● When the microwave reflects, the angle of incidence equals the angle
of reflection.

5. Investigation of refraction of microwaves

- Observations:
● When the angle created by 2 rails is 85 o, the volt-meter shows the
maximum value.
● As turning the receiver to different angle, the value of volt-meter
decreases.
- Conclusion:
 Microwave refracts best with angle of 85o

6. Investigation of diffraction of microwaves

- Observations:
● When the single slit plane is put in the rail, the value on the volt metter
increase
● When the plate í between the probe and the transmitter, the value on
the volt meter í approximate 0. When the probe í moved on the
horizontal plane, the value slightly increase
- Conclusion:
● Microwaves has diffraction properties.

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 7. Investigation of interference of microwaves
- Observations:
● When the probe is moved parallel to the plate, the value on the volt
meter is oscillating. Number of maxima = 3
- Conclusion:
● Microwave has property of interference.
8. Investigation of polarization of microwaves
- Observations:
● When the grating is aligned horizontally, the value on the volt meter is
slightly decreasing
● When the grating is aligned vertically, the value on the volt meter is
approx. zero
● When the grating is aligned at 45o, the value on the volt meter is higher
than vertical case, but lower than horizontal case
- Conclusion:
● When we put a polarization grating between transmitter and receiver,
the microwave (electromagnetic) will be polarized
● Because the vertical wave is electric wave, and the receiver’s signal we
receiver is Voltage, therefore:
 With vertical polarization grating, only the vertical wave can go
through. The receiver’s signal is big.
 With horizontal polarization grating, only the horizontal wave can
go through. The receiver’s signal is very small (approximate to 0).

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  With 45o inclined polarization grating, a part of vertical wave and
horizontal wave can go through. The receiver’s signal is smaller
than when we use vertical polarization grating and bigger than when
we use horizontal polarization grating.

9. Determining wavelength of standing waves

Trial x 1 (mm) x 2 (mm) x=x 2−x 1

1 105 123 18
2 184 201 17
3 195 211 16
4 219 237 18
4

∑ xi
x= i=1 =17.25 (mm)
4

√
5

∑ ( x¿¿ i−x )2
i=1
∆ x= =0.8(mm)¿
4
λ=2 × x=34.5(mm)
∆ λ=∆ x=0.8(mm)
Hence:
λ=λ ± ∆ λ=34.5 ± 0.8(mm)

The frequency:
8
c 3 × 10 10
f= = −3
=0.87 × 10 (Hz)
λ 34.5 ×10

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 Hence
∆ f =f
√( λ )
∆λ 2
=0.02 ×1010 (Hz)

10
f =f ± ∆ f =(0.87 ± 0.02)× 10 (Hz)

Experiment report 6
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO OF
AIR BASED ON CLEMENT DESORME’S METHOD

I. Experiment purpose
Cp
- Determine the specific heat ratio γ = C
v

II. Experiment result

H = 240 (mm)
Trial L1 (mm) L2 (mm) h = L 1 - L2
1 230 285 55
2 231 284 53
3 231 284 53
4 230 286 56
5 229 284 55
6 228 285 56

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 7 232 286 54
8 229 284 55
9 230 283 53
10 234 288 54

III. Data processing

- The mean value of h:
10

∑ hi
h= i =1 =54.4(mm)
10

- The uncertainty of h

√∑
10
2
(hi −h)
i=1
∆ h= =0.4(mm)
10

Hence:
h=54.4 ± 0.4(mm)

IV. Calculation
H
- Since we have the formula: γ = H−h
H
 γ = H−h =1.29 ( mm )

Hence:
√
∆ γ =γ (
∆h 2
h
) =0.01(mm)

γ =1.29 ± 0.01(mm)

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 V. Comparison and conclusions
- Theoretically, we can calculate the specific heat ratio of air by using the
i+ 2
formula: γ = i , where i = 5 which is the Degree of Freedom (DOF) of
i+ 2 5+ 2
ideal gas (in this case it is air). Hence, we get: γ = i = 5 =1.40
- The experiment result has a small difference from the theoretical result
due to instrumental uncertainty, observational uncertainty and
environment uncertainty.

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