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Ravaughn Miller
September 23, 2016

Teacher: Mr. O. Jackson

School: Tacky High School
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PAGE
Introduction 3

Acknowledgements 4

Question 1 5

Define Input

Question 2 6

List/draw nine (9) input devices

Question 3 7

State the use/ function of any three input devices

Question 4 8

Define Output

Question 5 9

List and draw six (6) output devices

Question 6 10

State the use/function of three output devices

Bibliography 11
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Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and internet to store, retrieve,
transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other
enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology (ICT).

For this Project I was required to gather information about information technology input and output devices. .
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Thanks to my teacher Mr. O. Jackson for giving me this project. I was able to learn more about

information technology input and output devices while gathering the information to do this

project.

Thanks a lot.
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In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to

provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or
information appliance.
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Nine (9) input devices are:

1. 4.
Keyboard Mouse

8. 7.
Graphic tablet Scanners

5. 2.
Joysticks Digital cameras

6. 3.
Webcams Touch pads

9.
Barcode reader
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Use/Function of the following Input devices:

The mouse
The mouse pointing device sits on your work surface and is moved with your hand. In older
mice, a ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls on the surface as you move the mouse and internal
rollers sense the ball movement and transmit the information to the computer via the cord of the
mouse.
The newer optical mouse does not use a rolling ball, but instead uses a light and a small optical
sensor to detect the motion of the mouse by tracking a tiny image of the desk surface. Optical
mice avoid the problem of a dirty mouse ball, which causes regular mice to roll unsmoothly if
the mouse ball and internal rollers are not cleaned frequently.
A cordless or wireless mouse communicates with the computer via radio waves (often
using BlueTooth hardware and protocol) so that a cord is not needed (but such mice need internal
batteries).

The keyboard
The computer keyboard is used to enter text information into the computer, as when you type
the contents of a report. The keyboard can also be used to type commands directing the computer
to perform certain actions. Commands are typically chosen from an on-screen menu using a
mouse, but there are often keyboard shortcuts for giving these same commands.

Touch pads
Most laptop computers today have a touch pad pointing device. You move the on-screen cursor
by sliding your finger along the surface of the touch pad. The buttons are located below the pad,
but most touch pads allow you to perform “mouse clicks” by tapping on the pad itself.
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An output device is any piece of computer hardware item used to communicate the results
of data processing carried out by an information processing system(such as a computer) which
converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.

Six (6) Output devices are:

Monitor Headphone
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Projector Fax machine

Speakers Television
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Use/Function of the following Output devices:

Monitor
A computer monitor is an output device that is used as an electronic visual display for
computers. This device allows the user to view program operations. With a mouse, the user can
visually control program operations on the monitor.

Headphones

Sometimes referred to as earphones, headphones are a hardware device that either plugs into
your computer (line out) or your speakers to privately listen to audio without disturbing anyone
else.
Projector

A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or moving images)
onto a surface, commonly a projection screen.
Most projectors create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some
newer types of projectors can project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display,
or retinal projector, is a projector that projects an image directly on the retina instead of using an
external projection screen.
The most common type of projector used today is called a video projector. Video projectors are
digital replacements for earlier types of projectors such as slide projectors and overhead projectors.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Internet

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikipedia
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.
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L-head type combustion chamber

L Head Type Combustion chambers • It is a modification of the T-head type of combustion chamber.
It provides the two values on the same side of the cylinder, and the valves are operated through
tappet by a single camshaft. This was first introduced by Ford motor in 1910-30 and was quite
popular for some time. This design has an advantage both from manufacturing and maintenance
point of view.

Over head valve or I head combustion chamber • The disappearance of the side valve or L-head
design was inevitable at high compression ratio of 8 : 1 because of the lack of space in the
combustion chamber to accommodate the valves. Diesel engines, with high compression ratios,
invariably used overhead valve design. Since 1950 or so mostly overhead valve combustion
chambers are used. This type of combustion chamber has both the inlet valve and the exhaust valve
located in the cylinder head. An overhead engine is superior to side valve engine at high
compression ratios.
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The advance in combustion-chamber design is traced from the early T-head through the L-head, in
various forms, the overhead-valve, the hemispherical and four-valve types. Drawings of the different
heads supplement the text and some comparative power curves are included.

L-head Combustion Chamber

Hemispherical or Pentroof - The "Hemi"

Combustion Chamber

Hemi combustion chamber design.

A chamber of this design is considered to offer the least
amount of compromise for the efficiency gained.
Effectively, a hemispherical combustion chamber is one
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half of a sphere cast into the bottom of the cylinder head.

The valves are placed at the outside of the bore area and
at a specific angle from the crankshaft centerline.
Optimizing this position allows for huge airflow gains,
since it moves the valve away from the wall to keep it from
creating turbulence.

This creates a more efficient cross-flow movement of the

charge during valve overlap and limits thermal transfer
from the exhaust valve to the fresh charge. As mentioned
previously, this design offers the best surface-to-volume
ratio and also creates a very short direct exhaust port,
essential in limiting heat rejection into the coolant.

Hemispherical chambers generally have a central spark

plug, which offers excellent octane tolerance. An
additional benefit is the distance between the intake and
exhaust valves, which further limits heat transfer.

Wedge-Shaped Chambers

Wedge shaped combustion chamber.

Used over the years by almost every manufacturer, this
type of chamber resembles an inclined basin recessed into
the deck of the head. Inline valves are normally tilted to
accommodate the sloping roof of this design. The spark
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plug is located on the thick side of the wedge and is

usually positioned midway between the valves.

The relatively steep walls in such chamber design force

the air/fuel flow path and deflect and force it to move in a
downward spiral around the cylinder axis. During the
compression stroke, the compressed air/fuel area reduces
to such an extent that the trapped mixture is violently
thrust from the thin to the thick end of the chamber. This
builds up significant kinetic energy, which when ignited
contributes to overall power.

Bathtub or Heart-shaped Combustion Chamber

Bathtub design
The bathtub designation is generally reserved for any
chamber that's not a wedge or hemispherical. Most
domestic engines of pushrod design have used it in varying
forms. In some instances the shape of the combustion
chamber was almost oval, with later trends being the more
efficient heart shape.

An example of this would be the current LS1 by Chevrolet.

The deck of the cylinder head that overlaps the piston
forms two squish regions: a large area across from the
spark plug and a smaller region on the opposite side. Its
crescent shape makes it look like a heart chamber.
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The valves are inline and partially masked by the chamber

wall, being more exposed on the plug side. The area across
from the major squish region is generally tapered and does
not have the steep wall of a wedge style. Spark plug
location is maximized by biasing toward the exhaust valve
and as central as possible, making the overall design very
efficient for producing power. However, heat transfer from
the close proximity of the valves limits volumetric
efficiency and octane tolerance.

Bowl in Piston

Bowl & Piston with flathead on right.

This approach is essentially the reverse of a chamber-in-
head design. It isn't popular with U.S. engine designers,
although it was in the early part of the 20th Century in
flat-head engine configurations. European engine
designers do still occasionally use this design, however.

It consists of a flat cylinder head deck with a single row of

valves facing a circular cavity cast into the piston. An
annular squish region is created around the piston
perimeter. Known for very turbulent combustion, it works
well for diesel engines but was deemed excessively noisy
for American standards.

Making Sense From All This

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How the combustion chamber uses the airflow is just as

important as the flow itself. Of equal importance is the
shape of the top of the piston, since any protrusion into the
combustion chamber will slow the flame speed. The ideal
design is a dished or flat piston, since theoretically the
flame front can spread evenly across its surface.

All that said, the name of the game in engine design is

thermal efficiency. The ideal engine should have a high
compression ratio for thermal efficiency and throttle
response but needs to work in unison with a combustion
chamber that has a fast burn rate.

The engine is the power plant of a vehicle. Automotive engines have gone through tremendous
changes since the automobile was first introduced in the 1880s, but all combustion engines still
have three requirements that must be met to do their job of providing power – air, fuel, and
ignition. The mixture of air and fuel must be compressed inside the engine in order to make it
highly combustible and get the most out of the energy contained in the fuel mixture. Since the
mixture is ignited within the engine, automobile power plants are called internal combustion
engines. Most can be further classified as reciprocating piston engines, since pistons move up
and down within cylinders to provide power. This up-and-down motion is converted into turning
motion by the crankshaf
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10. A wet liner cylinder block features cylinder walls that are entirely
removable, which fit into the block by means of special gaskets. They are referred
to as "wet liners" because their outer sides come in direct contact with the engine's
coolant. In other words, the liner is the entire wall, rather than being merely a
sleeve. Wet liner designs are popular with European manufacturers, most
notably Renault and Peugeot, who continue to use them to the present. Dry
liner designs use either the block's material or a discrete liner inserted into the
block to form the backbone of the cylinder wall. Additional sleeves are inserted
within, which remain "dry" on their outside, surrounded by the block's material.
With either wet or dry liner designs, the liners (or sleeves) can be replaced,
potentially allowing overhaul or rebuild without replacement of the block itself;
but in reality, they are difficult to remove and install, and for many applications
(such as most late-model cars and trucks), an engine will never undergo such a
procedure in its working lifespan. It is likelier to be scrapped, with new equipment
—engine or entire vehicle—replacing it. This is sometimes rightfully disparaged as
a symptom of a throw-away society, but on the other hand, it is actually sometimes
more cost-efficient and even environmentally protective to recycle machinery and
build new instances with efficient manufacturing processes (and superior machine
performance and emission control) than it is to overvalue old machinery and craft
production.
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Engines can come in several different varieties, with various parts depending on the type of vehicle it
is. For example, a truck engine would be different as compared to the engine of a regular car due to
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the amount of power required. Today, many vehicles make use of the internal combustion engine,
however with slight variations according to vehicle types, having some added features or components.
Developed in the 19th century, this type of engine still remains a popular choice and it continues to
benefit from the technological advances in engineering. Today’s advanced engines may even feature
computerized controls and advanced systems to make them more efficient, durable and powerful. With
advances come several components which all work together to allow the engine to perform the
required tasks. In order to be able to understand how an engine works, it is important to understand
what the different engine parts are.

Many of the automotive engines used in the industry today are four-stroke internal combustion engine
that use either gasoline or diesel as a fuel. These engines get their name ‘four-stroke’ from the four
distinct phases that occur in the engine during operation. Being the first phase, fuel and air are taken
into the combustion chamber, earning this phase the name; intake phase. A piston is then used to
compress the fuel in the next phase. Thereafter a spark is used to ignite the fuel to cause a controlled
explosion. This explosion provides the engine with the energy required to drive the car forward. The
ignition of the fuel varies in diesel powered engines and gasoline powered engines. Gasoline powered
engines make use of a spark to ignite the fuel. The spark is generated through electrical components.
On the other hand, the fuel in a diesel engine is ignited through compression and does not require an
extra electrical component. After the ignition phase, the final part in the four-stroke phase is the
exhaust phase. During which, the unused fuel and carbon emissions are let out of the combustion
chamber to allow new fuel and gas to enter the space, allowing the process to start over again.

The core component of an engine is the cylinder that houses the pistons. In a regular car engine, it can
have anywhere from four to eight cylinders. The arrangement of the cylinder can pose different
advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the size and type of vehicle, manufacturers opt for
differing number of cylinders to match the requirements of the vehicle. The movements of the pistons
in the cylinders provide the engine with power for the vehicle to function.
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Components of an Engine
Spark Plug
As mentioned earlier, gasoline engines make use of a spark to ignite the fuel and cause a controlled explosion in the
engine. The spark plug in these engines supplies the spark that is required to ignite the air and fuel mixture.

Valves
These engine parts allow for fuel and air to enter the combustion chamber and later let the exhaust out. They remain
sealed during the combustion process and only open when required.

Pistons & Piston Rings

This is a cylindrical piece of metal that is located inside the cylinder of the engine. Piston rings are located between
the piston and the cylinder in which the piston is located in. They provide a sealing edge between the exterior of the
piston and the interior of the cylinder. The purpose of these engine parts is to seal the space and prevent the fuel and
air mixture on one side of the piston from leaking into the sump during the combustion or compression process and
also prevent the oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area as it would get burnt and lost, deterring the
movement of the piston.

Connecting rod and Crankshaft

The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. As the piston moves up and down due to the controlled
explosions, it causes the connecting rod to move. This then cause the crankshaft to move as well as it is connected to
the connecting rod, in a circular motion due to the configuration of the piston, connecting rod and crankshaft.

Sump
Surrounding the crankshaft, the sump contains some amount of oil.

2.

a. Large diameter holes in the block-castings form the cylinder bores required to guide the
pistons.
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b. The Coolant Passages

The coolant passages are cast in the cylinder block. These surround the cylinder walls
circumferentially and lengthwise covering approximately the full depth of the cylinders.
The
coolant passages terminate near the bottom of the cylinders, where the cylinder walls
merge
with the crankcase. At the top of the cylinder, the coolant passages end either at the
level of the
block’s joint face, called as an open deck (Fig. 3.7), or just below the block’s machine
face, known
as a closed deck (Fig. 3.8). In the closed deck cylinder block, the vertical drillings, which
communicate with corresponding holes in the cylinder head, provide coolant circulation.
A closed
deck has better joint reliability than an open deck. On the other hand, it is easier to cast
an
open-deck cylinder block.

c. Threaded bolt holes are provided around the cylinders to form an even holding pattern. These
bolt holes go into reinforced areas within the block that carry the load to the main bearing
bulkheads.