TRODUCTION TO CITIZE \ Definition of Citizen | A citizen is define as the legal member of a states with the constitutional or legal rig! f the state, ; und obligations 0 Meaning of Citizenship | ’ Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state. Though citizenship is often legally conflated with nationality in today's Anglo: world, international law does not usually use the term citizenship to memb ip. Generally citizenships hhve no expiration and :i! polity, as well as ideatify with, the poli throtigh discriminatory laws, like disfranch been made . second-¢lass citizens. ; Historically, . populations of state: .. possibly acquiring a passport. urban “»opulations, like the rights of the male public of cities “and ehlarly etiolent pets states, giving rise to a civitas eo ba soc Trpes wasiiyy * L hz # person is a citizen by birth of his parents, mother of fathers i$ « citizen of ® OUI. t 2 ‘an: somebody can become a citizen of a country where ke lives throu; naturalization. This is possible if he can satisfy the constititional requitemen naturalization, — { & 3, Marriage or Registration: if a women is married toa person of anoiber national, s + can acquire the ei h,or « British Women. mamried to a Nigerian, Nigerian women nhartied to 4 Brit conintry an which he/she vesidess He enjoys certain rights and obligation tothe state, responsibil to nationality, these twp notions being conceptually different dimensions of collage 1w persons to work, reside and vote in the Zinent and outright apartheid citizens have mostly subjects, while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights o: republic cles enship of the husband's country ‘hrongh Ri istration for example | 4. Dual Citizenshipi itis legitimately possible for a person to holt citizenship of wwe countries, for example a child born to Nigeria parents living in united states oy Amezicd 2|Pape i(USA) becomes US. citizen, and aiso elaim to be a Nigerian because his parents ary is made possible if the individual has distinguished himself\herself in a Particular area. Nigerians : S. Honorary citizenship: An idual could wired with citizenship of another country, thi | & | QUALIFICA FiON FOR A CITIZENSHIP | 1. Statutory Age 2. Good Character 3. Residence t c ' ' y to the local community where she/he reside Making contribution : | 4. Acceptability 6. Willingness to live and stay ,* . Through marriage! WAYS OF DEPRIVING OR LOOSING CITIZENSHIP ‘Through Disloyalty: a naturalized can lose his citizenship if his detivities are prejudice | country’s corporate existerice, * Supporting anothef country: if person supporting another ae, in war-with his country. i eH - the individual can also lose ‘his citizenship if within aperiod of say involve | case, sevulting in his incarceration for some years. | i claration::if there is any fundamental breach of the citizenship an agree it him e.g. false declaration. ‘i , t sone the natufalized citizen can equaliy lose his Sizensip if found quality of bis + Furidamental ‘Human rights means that every individual at birth is endowed wih certain rights which includes:- . 1. The sight to life, security and protection of law and undisturbed access to the court \ Jaw, ; 2. Freedom and protection from slavery and foreed labor. | | ; | i sl Pageay ES OF A CITIZEN IN STATE : Right to owns Right to vote aiid been voted for any political office Right of forming and jo! 4, 5. g of any political party at without any restraint 2d qualitative education wful arrest, detention and torture dutied of a citlzen in a state national Flag. port anéther county against his own country. Pay axes Peyment of fine Maintenance of law and order Supporting government on its policies and program Respecting the leaders and elders 'p of property and protection from deprivation of property. ‘od citizen should not interfere with the right of ice: a citizens should obéy the clarion call to serve his country thro. ional Symbols: a good citizens should show respect for nation¢l | sh to the countries: a good citizens must show loyalty to his country and must Respect to the national! constitution: all citizen are expected to respect the BintSYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT ~ 1 ! 1. Sociatis: ocialism can be defined as social, political and economy syst the state own and cot | 2. Capitalism: capitalism can be defined a | the state owas and control the means of p:oduction, exchange and distribute: , 3. Mixed economy: mixed econo: an economi diferent ideologies capitalism and socialism. 1 the means of production, exchange and distributes. j that accommod: contpl over all activities iny the state and personal liberties are em in which social, political and econorsy system in whieh Benito Mussolini, Olighrehy is a form of government that place political power Ha Scale » Caps et: system of government: this iS a types of government in which xi between the central government and any other components én’ aie . Cyetponst by, 8. Presidential system of government: s fas are concentrated in the hands of a single central’ government. Pc ederal systent of government: a federal system of government is/jn which “4 onal division of power among different level of government (federal state ant his is the types of government in whit government). Example Nigeria, Tanzania, Ghana and Canada. ¢ (is 4power are vested in one person with the title of the executive presi Forge ba gee Ghana, France 4 H { i | a giue Define Government: , i Government is a group of peoples that exerclses the authority Over a community or entire s Government ean lso be define as an institution ofa state that responsible for making and enforcin\, Jaws, implementing it policies and propram, managing the public resources, and repr ting the interest of cople governed in an attempt 10 achieved desired objectives, TYPES OF GOVERNME 1, Democratic Government 2. Dictatorship Government 3, Monarchy Government SOF OVE MENT ‘The executive | 2. The legislatures | . + The judiciary | : STON OF EXECUTIVES ARMS OF GOVT i | and order vovernment affairs onship | ! A p, and programs i j 5. Ceremonial duties ! 6. Assentthe bill | ’ , 1 7. Approval of the budget | i 8. Check and balanéed function NCTION OF LEGISTLATIVES ARMS OF GOVT i i 1. Making laws 2. Budgeting and tion function | 3. Oversight functidn of other arms f \ | 4, Representation fijnction ¥ ' ‘ Confirm: fication of appoisltment | 6 7. Impeachment funtion ! : | i 4 Hl 7{eege | be i | : \ i i> ) , : |8. Check and balanged function; ' i | FUNCTION OF JUDICIAL ARMS OF GOVERN) «Interpretation of the laws . Adjudication of dispute . Upholding the rules of laws . Protecting of an individual right =” . Constitutional reyiew and amendment i 6, Check and balanéed function of other arms Tiers/Level of Government 11, Federal governmlnt | 2. State government | 3. Local Government F linction of Government . : ! | “L. Provision of social services; 2, Maintenance of laws and order * 3. Provision of employment to the citizen | 4, Provision of adequate security al integrity | 6, Provision of subsidies on almost every goods and services 7. Provision of standard and qualitative basic education for all citizen 8, Maintenance of foreign relationship and diplomacy 9, Provision of internal and external generated revenue to gove: , 10. Utilization of national resources, ELEC ‘(ORAL PROCESSES Llectdral process o: mel fd is the process through whjch the peopl? of gi cleciaen their repredentatjes into'differery political offi¢e or position jh gover CHARACTERIS{IC/OF AN ELECTORAL SYSTEM / 1. Independent Yody | 2. Constantipefiod elections . i /REsCE BETSEY CITILENS AND Aone ciTi ZEA men cohen (e not a leas inbude GF a. cote uveas a cifien Lt leg at newton Of & stale Wout Ful Cone fifulrenal 9 gb R. A non=cth2en clyes maf Ovse Any dutky s obliga He tte State but) @ cvh2em ress Aafies end oliged te the shete 2. A cvhren Selina: Abe Cou riby, In orn Capacily a nan ce (heen Camnrt: \ cheen mash by A ny te dusfend Wis Cosby mfom Called | apon te Lo fo, Gut sn coke Caanst (a Caled Upon SA chden mast Haw Leyath, & mm sGte, ~ pone Rzen May nal Gebe ort bela Bled ex on At fee ON non trbzen Camnvt | 2 4 Ap psttheat cleobien, vekd for Te a co Zen Com teuce. we Onn, Sob BE for lave ly creas OF “Seb alld tavn bevt nen- ett Zen Can than On, yale! on Ge be Reor sf Cu Lat quacenbend esti, le ree eat Sf nen bien q ts. \ye & eo le fal ind yh Sr Mats, Conf of nen- Curenuis ner. .CONSTITUTION y consists of various forms of social, parties, economic and cultu unorganized, similarly, some ind ations, These associations take religious, They may be formally organized or Is have some functions to perform with the family and family rules and regulations that obey in order to perform these functions, OF all these organizations the state is the most formally organized. It is the most comprehensive, inclusive, formally it had certa ach member of the family should structured, and cohesive of all the associations in societ n basic principles rules and institutional practices that govern its mode of operation and the behavior of those who manage its affairs. A constitution can, therefore, be defined as “a set of principles, fundamental rules, and practices of government, written and unwritten which establishes the major organs of government, allocates to them their powers, defines the rights of the citizens and the relations between them and the state” (Oyo V Oyovbaire, et al, 1977, page 47). According to Austin Ranny, a constitution is “the whole body of L or extralegal, according to which a fundamental rules, written or unwritten, leg particular government operates”. IMPORTANCE OF A CONSTITUTION, The constitution defines the rights of individuals and goes further to protect these rights. 2. It expresses the power structure in the state, that is, it clearly spells out the structural balance of power between the arms of government. 3. It states the major objectives of the government. 4, A Constitution limits the arbitrary action 5. The fundamental laws of the Constitution are supreme over all ordinary laws ofa given state. s of the government.‘The followi ‘Types of Cons jon gare the types of constit Written constitution Unuvritten constitution Rigid constitution Flexible constitution Federal constitution Unitary constitution Written Constitution: A written constitution refers t0 a constitution that has its fundament principles single document, E Canada, Ghana, France Jaws, conventions, norms, rules and regulations which governs a country written down in a amples of country that operate written constitutions are Nigeria, USA, mid Ina, custom Advantages A written constitution is easy to refer to, Citizens are better aware of their fundamental rights. I serves as a proud symbol of nationhood. A written constitution helps ensure political stability. v. thas easy reference in case of disputes. vi, Fasy documentation: itis a type of constitution which provides all laws and rules relating to organs of government, political system, rights and obligation of citizens in codified and documented version, vii. Amendment process: Written constitution also states clearly the process, procedures and methods of amendment. viii, It removes ambiguities: Any form of ambiguity and complexity relating to a constitution can easily be taking care of only when the constitution is in a written form and presented ina single document. Disadvantages i, Itis subject to frequent litigations. ii, The rigid nature of written constitutions makes them difficult to amend, iii, _Itis not casily adaptable to changing conditions and times. iv. Written constitutions do not often cover all subjects that may be required of a constitution, Unfit for some form of government: Written constitution ean fit or be suitable for certain political system and system of government. Such as unitary system of government. vi, Problems of interpretation: Due to the fact that written constitution is also rigid, it means fawritten Ci that there will be a great difficulty in interpreting some of the provisions of the constitution for proper implemen tion( / / xn wnwtitten constitution is one in whieh the fundamental laws, conventions, principles, customs, norms, rules and repulations whieh govern a country are not written down in a single document, ICs the opposite of written constitution, Britain and New Zealand Advantages of an Unwritten Const i, Mis Mexible and asa result, easy to amend, . An unwritten constitution makes for easy and quick decisions. iii, Us non-tigidlity climinates many potential areas of dispute in governance iv. An unwritten constitution evolves with time and is therefore responsive to changing conditions. vy. Easy interpretation; It is a type of constitution which does not pose any difficulty in the interpretation of it major provisions due to it flexibility. vi. It represents the people: Most aspect of unwritten constitution are developed from the culture, tradition and historical experience of the people there by representing and reflecting their social norms, Disadvantages of an Unwritten Constitution i, Since it is easy to amend, government might be tempted to amend it at will. ii, IL is difficult for citizens to know their rights and dut iii, In cases of disputes, it does not make for easy reference. iv. Idoes not ensure political stability especially in a vast arca. : it ean encourage dictatorship. ight; it does not prevent the violation of citizen’s right. A rigid constitution is a constitution that cannot be easily changed because its amendment process is cumbersome, Examples of countries with rigid constitutions are Nigeria and United States of America Advantages of Rigid Constitution i. Itis difficult to amend; government officials cannot change it to suit themselves. constitution helps to cnsure an orderly change of government. id constitution helps to make for political stability It removes constitutional ambiguity. v. It proteets the interest of the minority group. Disadvantages of Rigid stitution i. Its amendment procedure is cumbersome. ii, Mis expensive, iii, Mis not suitable for emergency situations. iv, Ican make the judicial arm of government to be politicized. v, Itdelay rapid growth and development. Hexible Constitution;frcxible constitutions are those in which an amendment docs not involve any lengthy or difficult procedure. Examples of countries with flexible constitutions are Britain, Haly and New Zcaland. Advantages of Flexible Constit Us procedure of amendment is easy Tereduces the chances of political instabi iii, It protects the interests of the people in the process of governance. iv. Ithelps government to take quick decision in time of emergency. ¥. It reduees the problem of constitutional conflicts and legislation among citizens and between citizen and the government. Disadvantages of a Flexible Constitution i, This prone to dictatorship Unplanned bills could find their ways into the constitution Tt does not suit federal system of government. | Ttean encourage frequent amendment which may affect government policies. v._ Itdoes not ensure political stability. Federal Constitution: ‘A federal constitution refers to one in which governmental powers that exist in the country are shared between a central government and the component states. The United States of America and Nigerian constitutions are good examples. Advantages of Federal Constitution i, It maintains the independence and autonomy of the component states. ii, It protects the interest of the minority groups. iii, It makes room for wider representation of the people. iv. Itunites people of different political, social, cultural etc origin together. Disadvantages of Federal Constitution i. It duplication of powers and government leads to increase in government expenditure. ii, The political rivalry that exists among different goverment leads to political instability, iii, _Memphasizes the differences among the different ethnic groups in a country. iv. It creates problem in the sharing of the wealth of the country among different component states. Unitary Constitution: A unitary constitution refers to one that concentrates governmental powers and authority in a single central government, lExamples of countries with unitary constitution are Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, New Zealand, Sweden, Ghana Togo etc. Advantages of Unitary Constitution i. A.unitary constitution is flexible and easy to amend,SOURCES OF CONSTITUTION Vhe sources of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria are as follows: 1. Legis re the laws enacted or made by the legislative arm of government, 2. Judicial the deci . Custom and Tradition: These are rules behavioral patterns of the people that are subjected to it 4, Past Constitution: It is certain that the past inexorably lies in the future. As a result, the draft men of any constitution look at the past one's while making new ones. 5. Philosophers and Jurists: The ideas of great philosophers and jurists have also provided important principles thi Constitutions. pe this is also known as case law. It shows the priority of sof the higher courts on the lower courts. nd regulations that govern the have been incorporated into most