CONTENTS

S. No. TITLE Page No.

DRDO News 1
DRDO Technology News
1 The Economic Times 1
DRDO, Indian firms showcase Made in India weapons,
tech at Paris defence show
Defence News 2-21
Defence Strategic: National/International
2 'CDS Gen Anil Chauhan releases Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Press Information 2
Operations Bureau
3 Press Information 3
INS Sunayna In Port Victoria, Seychelles
Bureau
4 The Economic Times 3
ASMI submachine gun from Hyderabad's Lokesh Machines
Ltd. poised for Army service
5 The Economic Times 4
US, India must stay at tech forefront, says Ajit Doval
6 India Today 5
The defence agenda: Firepower that’s more Indian
7 The EurAsian Times 7
India Invests Massive $14 Billion In Indigenous Aircraft;
After LCA Tejas, Now Big LCH Prachand Deal On
Cards
8 The Tribune 9
MoD asks UK for 9 Jaguars, spares to help maintain fleet
9 Republicworld 10
Indian Navy Set to Conduct Crucial Submarine Trials in
Spain for Project 75 India
10 The EurAsian Times 11
French CAESAR, Indian ATAGs To Bolster Armenian
Defenses; Paris, Yerevan Sign New Military Deal
11 The EurAsian Times 13
Nuclear-Armed Rafale Tilts The Scale In IAF’s Favor!
India Outguns Pakistan In No. Of Nukes, Delivery
Platform
12 Business Standard 16
Brazilian plane maker Embraer sees India, Saudi as
strategic defence markets
13 The EurAsian Times 17
Another Setback US Hypersonic Program; As Russia,
China Advance, LRHWS ‘Dark Eagle’ Delayed To 2025
14 Business Standard 20
US renews warning to defend the Philippines after latest
China clash
Science & Technology News 21-26
15 The Hindu 21
Catalytic boost for cheaper biodiesel production
16 The Pioneer 22
King Charles III felicitates India-born brain trauma
i
 expert
17 The Indian Express 24
ISRO’s rocket body re-enters earth’s atmosphere,
complies with international guidelines
18 The Economic Times 24
IISc physicists find a new way to represent ‘pi’

ii
 Object 1

DRDO News

DRDO Technology News

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

DRDO, Indian firms showcase Made in India weapons, tech at

Paris defence show
Indian defence sector firms from both public and private sectors are participating in the
EUROSATORY 2024 defence show in France. The exhibition is showcasing Indian products like
the Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher system and the LCA Tejas fighter aircraft. The India
pavilion at the show was inaugurated on Monday, June 17 by Indian Ambassador to France Jawed
Ashraf.

Bharat Electronics Limited Directors Manoj Jain and K V Suresh Kumar, Brig Zubin Bhatnagar,
Defence Attache of India to France, and senior Defence Public Sector Undertakings and Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) officials were present on the occasion, Bharat
Electronics Limited officials said.

A large number of Indian companies are taking part in the show with the DRDO showcasing 11
major defence technologies and products. One of the prime attractions from the Indian side is the
Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher system which has already been exported by India to a friendly
foreign country.

The DRDO is also showcasing its Airborne Early Warning and Control System, LCA Tejas, Astra
beyond visual range missiles and the highly successful Akash air defence system. The Arjun main
battle tank and the Wheeled Armoured Platform along with the Varunastra heavy-weight torpedo
are also on showcase.

A large number of Indian private sector companies like Nibe Defence, Bharat Forge among other
small and medium enterprises are also participating in the show. Eurosatory-2024 is being held in
Paris, France and is one of the largest defence shows in Europe.

The show is taking place at a time when almost all the countries in that region are looking to
expand their defence spending in view of the ongoing RussiaUkraine conflict.

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-indian-firms-showcase-made-in-india-
weapons-tech-at-paris-defence-show/articleshow/111087392.cms

1
 Defence News

Defence Strategic:
National/International

Ministry of Defence

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

CDS Gen Anil Chauhan releases Joint Doctrine for

Cyberspace Operations
Chief of Defence Staff Gen Anil Chauhan released the Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations
during the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) meeting held on June 18, 2024, in New Delhi. The
Joint Doctrine is a keystone publication that will guide Commanders in conducting Cyberspace
Operations in today’s complex military operating environment.

Development of Joint Doctrines is an important aspect of Jointness and Integration, a step which is
being actively pursued by the Indian Armed Forces. The Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations
is a significant step to give impetus to the ongoing process. In addition to the traditional domains of
warfare including Land, Sea, and Air, Cyberspace has emerged as a crucial and challenging domain
in modern warfare. Unlike territorial limits in the domains of land, sea, and air, cyberspace is a
global common and hence has shared sovereignty. Hostile actions in cyberspace can impact the
Nation’s economy, cohesion, political decision making, and the Nation’s ability to defend itself.
Operations in cyberspace need to be dovetailed into the National Security fabric, to evolve the
‘Ends,’ ‘Ways’ and ‘Means’ to create advantage and influence events in all other operational
environments and across all instruments of power.

This doctrine lays emphasis on understanding military aspects of cyberspace operations and
provides conceptual guidance to commanders, staff and practitioners in the planning, and conduct
of operations in cyberspace, as also to raise awareness in our warfighters at all levels.

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2026240

2
 Ministry of Defence

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

INS Sunayna In Port Victoria, Seychelles

INS Sunayna, an Offshore Patrol Vessel based at Southern Naval Command, entered Port Victoria,
Seychelles on 15 Jun 24 in the company of Seychelles Coast Guard Ship (SCGS) Zoroaster.
Zoroaster had recently completed her short refit at Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd
(GRSE), India.

Upon arrival, INS Sunayna was warmly received by officials of Seychelles Coast Guard and
Embassy of India. During the ship's visit, personnel from Indian Navy and Seychelles Defence
Forces will engage in official & social interactions and cross deck visits. The ship will undertake
joint EEZ surveillance with the Seychelles Coast Guard during the deployment. The visit is aimed
at further strengthening the camaraderie and mutual cooperation between Indian Navy and
Seychelles Coast Guard in line with the vision of SAGAR (Security & Growth for All in the
Region).

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2026190

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

ASMI submachine gun from Hyderabad's Lokesh Machines Ltd.

poised for Army service
In a new development, Lokesh Machines Ltd., a city-based manufacturer known for CNC
machines, has achieved a significant milestone with its debut small arms creation. The
company's 9x19 mm calibre submachine gun, named ASMI, has become the first
domestically designed, developed, and manufactured weapon to be officially inducted into
the Indian Army.

This historic achievement underscores India's advancement in indigenous defence

manufacturing. Indigenous Excellence Recognized Lokesh Machines Ltd. has secured a
substantial order worth Rs 4.26 crore from the Northern Command of the Army for 550 ASMI
submachine guns. This order highlights the Army's confidence in the ASMI's capabilities.
Moreover, the ASMI has already undergone testing and received positive feedback from other
security forces.

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The National Security Guard (NSG) and the Assam Rifles have received pilot lots of the
ASMI and have expressed interest in further deployment, while the Border Security Force
(BSF) has placed a pilot order for four guns.

The ASMI has not only been successful in the Indian market but has also garnered
international recognition. The weapon, designed in collaboration with the Armament
Research & Development Establishment (ARDE) in Pune and the Indian Army, has
outperformed renowned international competitors such as the 'Uzi' from Israel Weapon
Industries (IWI) and firearms from Heckler & Koch of Germany in terms of accuracy and
reliability.

The ASMI's design incorporates advanced materials and manufacturing techniques. It features
a single unibody receiver machined from aerospacegrade aluminium, making it lightweight at
under 2.4 kg. This weight advantage, combined with its compatibility with both local and
NATOstandard imported ammunition, sets it apart from its competitors.

Future Prospects and Market Potential With a price tag of under Rs 1 lakh, the ASMI is
nearly 30% cheaper than imported submachine guns, making it a cost-effective choice. Its
versatility extends to various applications within the Armed Forces, including roles such as
vehicle detachment, commanders, tank and aircraft crews, drivers, dispatch riders, and
personnel involved in close-quarters combat (CQB), counterinsurgency (CI), counter-
terrorism (CT) operations, VIP protection, and policing duties.

The ASMI's successful development and induction into the Indian Army signal a significant
achievement for Lokesh Machines Ltd. and the Indian defence sector as a whole. This
milestone underscores India's progress in defence manufacturing and its commitment to self-
reliance in this critical area.

The ASMI, with its exceptional performance and competitive pricing, not only meets the
needs of domestic security forces but also holds promise for export markets. Its success story
reflects India's journey towards defence selfsufficiency and is a testament to the innovative
capabilities of Indian manufacturers.

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/asmi-submachine-gun-from-hyderabads-
lokesh-machines-ltd-poised-for-army-service/articleshow/111078528.cms

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

US, India must stay at tech forefront, says Ajit Doval

India and the US have got to remain at the forefront of technology in case "we need to protect
and defend our value systems and it is part of a larger strategic interest", said Ajit Doval,
National Security Advisor on Tuesday, in presence of his American counterpart Jake Sullivan.

4
Both NSAs attended the Initiative for Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) Industry
Roundtable organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) here. Addressing the
meeting, Sullivan noted three important buckets for technology partnerships: the first being
innovation, the second as production, and the third being deployment.

Doval highlighted the role of industry in technology and the progress of iCET since its
inception. He stated, "iCET has achieved more than we could imagine." Doval also
highlighted the progress made across the defence innovation roadmap and start-ups, and
emphasised the importance of the semiconductor industry.
Sullivan highlighted the importance of innovation and emphasised the need for government
support for the private sector. He remarked that there exists bipartisan support for Indian
industry in the US.
He further added that building the ecosystem and supply chain manufacturing is the key to
production. Sullivan said the core of iCET is about the idea of India and the US being able to
support each other and to encourage greater collaboration in the technology ecosystem,
jointly innovate and find solutions to challenges.

The (iCET, launched in January 2023, represents a landmark agreement between the two
countries on emerging technologies such as AI, semiconductors, biotech, and defence
innovation. iCET is a significant development in the India-US relationship, as it elevates the
two countries' strategic partnership to new heights.

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/us-india-must-stay-at-tech-forefront-
says-ajit-doval/articleshow/111093079.cms

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

The defence agenda: Firepower that’s more Indian

-By Pradip R. Sagar

The challenges facing the government in the defence sector require careful strategic planning,
followed by decisive action. In its election manifesto, the BJP promised to expand India’s
defence footprint across strategic locations and partner with friendly countries to protect its
security interests in the Indian Ocean Region.

On defence manufacturing, it has promised to continue support for start-ups, so that indigenisation
can be accelerated. The other emphasis is to increase exports of Made in India defence equipment.

In the 2023–24 financial year, defence exports reached a record high of Rs 21,083 crore (around
$2.63 billion).The government has set up a target of Rs 35,000 crore by 2025. Continuing robust

5
vigilance along the tense Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China is an imperative too, along with
managing internal security threats, including insurgencies and terrorism.

Adapting to the military/ security challenges posed by climate change—like the threat rising
sea levels pose to naval bases—are on the agenda. Defence strategists point to the need to
enhance the frequency of military training exercises with countries in West and Southeast
Asia.

The armed forces should also have a greater role in acquiring defence platforms. Visualising
future battlefield environments would lead to the formulation of a capability development
plan, which would direct acquisitions and indigenisation.

What Needs To Be Done

Indigenous Technology

India is still one of the world’s top buyers of foreign armaments. The ministry must ensure the
armed forces are equipped with latest technology, while promoting self-reliance through ‘Make in
India’ in defence manufacturing.

Border defence

There is a need to further enhance border infrastructure along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in
the light of the continuing stand-off with China, and increase operational preparedness along the
Line of Control with Pakistan.

Theatre commands

The unrealised joint theatre commands for effective military operations must be implemented.
Experts say a pilot project is needed to put operational aspects in place.

Agnipath

The recruitment scheme has been a political hot potato. It must be evaluated and refined after
getting feedback from the military.

Cyber defence

Strengthening cyber defence capabilities against cyber threats and attacks on military/ critical
infrastructure.

https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-defence-agenda-firepower-thats-
more-indian-2554829-2024-06-18

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 Wed, 19 Jun 2024

India Invests Massive $14 Billion In Indigenous Aircraft;

After LCA Tejas, Now Big LCH Prachand Deal On Cards
In a bid to bolster the military’s combat capability, particularly when operating at high altitudes, the
Indian Ministry of Defense (MoD) has reportedly sent a Request for Proposal (RFP) to aircraft
manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the purchase of 156 LCH Prachand.

According to unknown officials who spoke to the Indian media, the projected cost of the new
helicopters—90 for the Indian Army and 66 for the Indian Air Force (IAF)—is ₹50,000 crores
($6B). The purchase is anticipated to strengthen India’s bid to achieve self-reliance in defense and
expand indigenous production of weapon systems.

Until now, the HAL has produced just 15 units of LCH Prachand, including ten for the IAF and
five for the Army in a limited series production capacity. However, with the new order, the
helicopter will enter serial production. According to the officials, HAL plans to carry out the order
in five to six years after the contract for 156 helicopters is inked.

The Light Combat Helicopter ‘Prachand’ has already been deployed to the Siachen Base Camp and
along the eastern border with China. The recent order would boost the Indian military’s attempt to
establish deterrence with its two adversaries across the northern and western borders: China and
Pakistan.

The LCH Prachand is India’s first indigenous multi-role combat helicopter with potent ground
attack and aerial combat capability. It has been customized to meet the Indian armed forces’
requirement to operate in deserts and mountains. The LCH is the only helicopter operating at 5,000
meters with a considerable load of weapons and fuel.

The helicopter was developed by India after its Russian Mi-25 and Mi-35 proved ineffective during
the Kargil conflict against Pakistan in 1999. The production and induction of the LCH Prachand are
noteworthy, given that the LCH project has had several hiccups since it was launched in the early
2000s.

The recent order suggests that Indian inventories will be filled with this state-of-the-art chopper
that distinguishes itself with a maximum speed of 288 mph, a combat radius of 500 kilometers, and
a service ceiling of 21,000 feet.

The LCH can carry out a wide range of tasks, including counter-insurgency operations in urban and
jungle settings, destroying high-altitude bunkers, destroying enemy air defenses, and supporting
ground forces. It can also target and destroy remotely piloted aircraft and slow-moving aircraft.

7
More importantly, however, it would stand out as yet another product of India’s ‘Make in India’ or
‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ policies calling for indigenization. The recent purchase comes just months
after the IAF placed a huge order for the LCA Tejas Mk1A aircraft.

The Indian MoD awarded a tender to HAL in April 2024 for 97 light combat aircraft (LCA Mk-
1A). The planes will bolster the IAF’s strength amid a fighter squadron shortfall. The aircraft are
being purchased at an approximate cost of ₹67,000 crores ($8B).

The IAF is already operating two squadrons of the Tejas Mk1 jets, comprising 20 each of Initial
and Final Operational Clearance variants. An order for 83 LCA Mk1A variants was placed in 2021.
The first lot of the LCA Mk1A jets is slated for delivery to the IAF in early 2024, but that deadline
has been missed.

With another huge Tejas Mk1A order, the indigenously-produced aircraft will form a significant
part of India’s air fleet. India has taken nearly 40 years to get a self-made functional combat jet
inducted into its air force, with at least two squadrons of the Tejas LCA currently flying regular
operational missions, including those near the northern and western borders with China and
Pakistan in recent months.

The expansion in the production of both these aircraft—the poster children of India’s self-reliance
in defense—may also be significant, given that neither the LCA Tejas nor the LCH Prachand has
debuted in the export market yet.

LCA Tejas& LCH Prachand Await Export Debut

The Indian government has backed the LCA Tejas and has been making concerted pitches and
attempts to propel it into the export market—albeit with no success yet.

In a previous interview, CB Ananthakrishnan, HAL CMD, said that the LCA ‘Tejas’ was the best in
its category and had evoked interest from foreign buyers.

“Five countries have shown interest. With Argentina, it is still under discussion. Talks with the
Philippines are in advanced stages. With Egypt also, we are in discussion. And talks with Nigeria
have gained momentum,” Ananthakrishnan said. However, the talks have not moved and there is no
word on progress.

Argentina sealed the deal to purchase the second-hand F-16s from Denmark, choosing the US-
origin jets over India’s LCA Tejas. The Tejas also suffered a defeat when Malaysia chose the South
Korean FA-50 over the Indian aircraft.

There were reports that the Philippines was offered the local assembly of the LCA Mk1 Naval
variant. However, despite being the first-ever customer of India’s BrahMos supersonic cruise
missile, the country has shown no further interest.

Similarly, Nigeria indicated its interest in the LCA as part of a $1 billion agreement to boost the
defense industry in the African nation. However, the details of Nigerian interest in the LCA—
whether to buy it for its armed forces or seek industrial cooperation with Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited—have to be seen.

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Interestingly, these countries have also shown interest in the LCH Prachand. Argentina signed a
letter of intent to purchase 20 Light Combat Helicopters (LCH) Prachand.

Nigeria has shown interest in the Indian-built Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, Light Combat
Helicopter (LCH) ‘Prachand,’ Light Utility Helicopter (LUH), and Advanced Light Helicopter
(ALH) ‘Dhruv.’

India has been reaching out to Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia countries, offering the
LCA Tejas and the LCH Prachand. However, a sales agreement has yet to be finalized.

https://www.eurasiantimes.com/india-invests-massive-14-billion-in-indigenous/

Wed, 19 Jun 2024

MoD asks UK for 9 Jaguars, spares to help maintain fleet

The Ministry of Defence has approached the UK for the transfer of nine Jaguar aircraft that are
now no longer in service with the European country, along with a cache of spares, to make up for
attrition in the Indian Air Force (IAF).

The Jaguars, which equip six squadrons, form a crucial element of the IAF’s deep penetration strike
capability and tactical reconnaissance. Some of these aircraft have also been modified for the
maritime role with anti-ship missiles. The IAF is seeking the airframes of five single seater GR-1
version and four twin-seat T-2 variants decommissioned by the Royal Air Force, along with about
150 different types of spare parts, sources said. The sale and transfer of the airframes and spares
would be facilitated by UK’s Defence Equipment Sales Authority and once the deal is finalised,
these would be shipped to the Air Force Station, Ambala, where two Jaguar squadrons, No.5
‘Tuskers’ and No.16 ‘Bulls’, are based.

Earlier, as an offset of the Rafale fighter jet deal, the IAF had received 31 decommissioned
airframes along with a few engines and a large number of critically needed spares from France,
which were moved to the Gorakhpur airbase, where two other squadrons are based. Jamnagar is the
third operating base for these aircraft. The Jaguars, which equip six squadrons, form a crucial
element of the IAF’s deep penetration strike capability and tactical reconnaissance. Some of these
aircraft have also been modified for the maritime role with anti-ship missiles.

The IAF is seeking the airframes of five single seater GR-1 version and four twin-seat T-2 variants
decommissioned by the Royal Air Force, along with about 150 different types of spare parts,
sources said. The sale and transfer of the airframes and spares would be facilitated by UK’s
Defence Equipment Sales Authority and once the deal is finalised, these would be shipped to the
Air Force Station, Ambala, where two Jaguar squadrons, No.5 ‘Tuskers’ and No.16 ‘Bulls’, are
based.

9
Earlier, as an offset of the Rafale fighter jet deal, the IAF had received 31 decommissioned
airframes along with a few engines and a large number of critically needed spares from France,
which were moved to the Gorakhpur airbase, where two other squadrons are based. Jamnagar is the
third operating base for these aircraft. Most of the airframes would be used for cannibalisation so
that optimum squadron serviceability can be maintained. Production of the Jaguar has long ceased
and at present the IAF is its sole operator, with other users — France, the UK, Oman, Nigeria and
Ecuador — having retired them.

In 1979, 40 aircraft were imported from the UK followed by licence manufacture of 150 aircraft by
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. At present, the IAF has about 115 Jaguars in service, but according
to reports their serviceability is a cause for concern due to obsolescence, non-availability of spares.
Over the past decade, the IAF’s Jaguar fleet has been undergoing modernisation and upgradation to
enhance its operational capability. With this, sources said the fleet is expected to remain in service
for another 15 years.

A few years ago, the IAF began re-equipping the Jaguar with the DARIN-III advanced navigation
and attack avionics suite, and earlier this year, initiated another project to re-equip the fleet with
new generation close combat air-to-air missiles, transport platforms as well as cruise missiles and
UAVs.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/mod-asks-uk-for-9-jaguars-spares-to-help-maintain-fleet-
632010

Wed, 18 Jun 2024

Indian Navy Set to Conduct Crucial Submarine Trials in

Spain for Project 75 India
The Indian Navy is set to conduct trials in Spain for its Project 75 India, aiming to procure six
advanced submarines. This initiative, involving Spanish firm Navantia, marks a significant step in
enhancing India's naval capabilities. Navantia Chairman Ricardo Dominguez Garcia-Baquero
highlighted the Spanish government's keen interest in supporting the P75(I) project. The
collaboration aims to ensure expeditious export clearances and comprehensive agreements with the
Indian government, similar to the recent Airbus deal for C-295 transport aircraft.

Testing Critical Equipment

Field evaluation trials of Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) by the Indian Navy are scheduled for
the last week of June at Navantia's shipyard in Cartagena. Both Navantia and their partner, Larsen
& Toubro (L&T), are prepared for these trials, and eager to demonstrate their advanced AIP
technology.

India seeks to acquire six conventional submarines with AIP systems, enabling extended
underwater endurance compared to previous generations. Besides the L&T and Navantia

10
collaboration, German ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and Mazagaon Dockyards Limited are also
competing for the ₹60,000 crore project. Submarine Design and Technological Advancements
Navantia has proposed its S80 submarine design, already in service with the Spanish Navy since
2023, for the including its AIP system which generates over 300 kW of power.

The S80's design integrates modern features and technologies such as the third-generation BEST
AIP (Bioethanol Stealth Technology) and an advanced sensor suite. Navantia and L&T have also
partnered to provide proven lithium-ion battery technology for the project. Navantia is committed
to fulfilling the Transfer of Technology and Indigenous Content requirements, aligning with India's
goal of achieving self-reliance in submarine technology.

Over the past few months, top-ranking Spanish officials have engaged with their Indian
counterparts, reaffirming their commitment to the P75(I) project. Navantia has maintained a
constant dialogue with Indian suppliers, sharing technical specifications to assess their capabilities.
The partnership with L&T, known for its extensive indigenisation efforts in the defence sector, is
expected to comfortably meet the Indigenous content requirements. Navantia Chairman praised
L&T's work in submarines and other defence areas, emphasizing the strategic partnership's role in
developing the Indian private sector for manufacturing major defence platforms and equipment. He
noted that the collaboration with L&T could extend beyond submarines, opening new opportunities
in defence manufacturing.

The strategic partnership between Navantia and L&T aims to not only meet the industrial and
Indian Navy's requirements but also to explore opportunities beyond submarine manufacturing.
The collaboration underscores the mutual benefits of technological exchange and capacity building
in defence manufacturing. Navantia's commitment to the project is evident in its proactive
engagement with Indian suppliers and adherence to technical requirements. This partnership aligns
with India's strategic goals of self-reliance and indigenisation in the defence sector.

https://www.republicworld.com/defence/indian-armed-forces/indian-navy-set-to-conduct-crucial-
submarine-trials-in-spain-for-project-75-india/?amp=1

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

French CAESAR, Indian ATAGs To Bolster Armenian

Defenses; Paris, Yerevan Sign New Military Deal
France and Armenia signed a contract for the supply of French self-propelled guns (SPG)
CAESAR, which has wreaked havoc on Russian troops in the Ukraine War. The French big guns,
along with the towed 155/52 Advanced Towed Artillery Guns (ATAGs) and mounted MArG
155/39, were procured from India to fortify against Azerbaijan.

11
French Defense Minister Sebastien Lecornu broke the news on X.

“We continue to strengthen our defense relations with Armenia. I had a warm and productive
conversation with my colleague, Suren Papikyan. The signing of a contract for the purchase of
CAESAR guns is a new important milestone,” he wrote.

He did not say how many systems Armenia would acquire. France has a large Armenian diaspora
and is traditionally one of Yerevan’s strongest allies in Europe. The Caesar is a self-propelled gun
mounted on a Renault Sherpa 10 truck chassis with an armored cab. The Ukraine war showed the
vulnerability of artillery guns to drones. The French artillery engineers devised a simple solution—
they took the big gun and mounted it on a truck. The self-wheeled guns are low-cost and have high
mobility, increasing their survival odds in the face of drones.

Systems like the Caesar can pull into position, fire multiple rounds, and race off in a few minutes –
a tactic known in military parlance as “shoot and scoot.”

In Ukraine, the omniscience of drones requires gun operators to hide their positions well and shift
positions immediately after firing to avoid retaliatory strikes. Ukraine war has seen an increased
leaning of the world’s forces towards wheeled and self-propelled howitzers instead of towed ones.
The French have claimed that leaks from Russian soldiers on Telegram indicate that Caesar is well-
feared. According to spokesman Guillem Monsonis, Russian military bloggers on Telegram in
April 2024 described Caesar’s range, accuracy, and mobility, saying the system killed numerous
Russian artillerymen with counter-battery fire.

Caesar’s USP is its agility, which doesn’t give Russian forces enough reaction time to locate and
target the Ukrainian crews, an artilleryman told French broadcaster TF1 last year. Russia joined the
trend towards wheeled howitzers in 2023, citing greater maneuverability. Another advantage is the
lower cost of wheels over tracks.

The French shift in strategy towards Armenia came in 2023 as Yerevan sought to diversify its arms
imports after Russia failed to provide the country with ordered weapons worth around US $400
million (it has not yet returned the money). The failed arms deal was an additional trigger in the
worsening Russia-Armenia relations, which made Armenia seek to diversify the sources of its arms
imports, looking at the West and India. France and Armenia have shared strong diplomatic ties, as
the former is home to a large Armenian diaspora. In 2001, Paris was among the first Western
capitals to recognize the Armenian genocide, two decades before the United States did. Till 2023,
France had backed Armenia only politically in the conflict.

Indian Guns For Armenia

As reported by the EurAsian Times earlier, in March 2024, Armenia placed an order for the ATAGS
from India. These guns are considered to be the best in their category and can be deployed at high
altitudes. This procurement report has come even as the Indian Army is yet to finalize the contract
for these guns that will be deployed along its border with China, an official confirmed to the
EurAsian Times.

The guns have been the result of collaboration between the Defense Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO), Bharat Forge Limited, and Tata Advanced Systems Limited. Armenia had

12
ordered an MArG 155 wheeled self-propelled howitzer from Kalyani Forge India. In 2023,
Armenia ordered six of these ATAGS. Now, it wants to procure 84 more ATAGS under US $155
million. These ATAGS are designed for high mobility and rapid deployment. They have advanced
communication systems and automatic command and control systems.

The ATAGS will replace the obsolete Soviet-vintage D-30 towed 122mm howitzers and 2A65
Msta-B 152 mm towed howitzers. Its high-altitude operability makes it ideal for Armenian forces.
Armenia will be the first export customer of the ATAGS. The Indian Army has already field-tested
these guns in Pokhran, Balasore, and Sikkim, with temperatures ranging between -15 degrees
Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius. The 155/52 mm caliber towed gun is an all-weather and terrain
system.

These howitzers can strike targets up to 50 kilometers, making them the best guns in their class.
They can fire a burst of 5 rounds in 60 seconds and at a sustained rate of up to 60 rounds in 60
minutes. Armenia has almost doubled its defense investments over the last year. In 2022, the
spending was around US$700 million to US$800 million; now, in 2024, it will be US $1.4 billion
or US $1.5 billion. The defense contracts with India alone account for a billion dollars.

Armenia has equipped itself with Indian-made Pinaka MBRLS (considered at par with American
HIMARS) and an anti-drone system. The Pinaka was delivered to Armenia via Iran in 2023.

Pinaka Mk-1 is a free-flight artillery rocket area bombardment system with a range of 38
kilometers, quick reaction time, and a high rate of fire. A single Pinaka system fires a salvo of 12
rockets from a multi-barrel launcher in 44 seconds, while a battery can fire 72 rockets.

Armenia has also purchased an Indian-built surface-to-air missile (SAM) Akash. Akash is a short-
range SAM system manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) to protect vulnerable areas
and points from air attacks. The Akash Weapon System (AWS) can simultaneously engage Multiple
Targets in Group Mode or Autonomous Mode.

https://www.eurasiantimes.com/french-caesar-indian-atags-to-bolster-armenian/

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

Nuclear-Armed Rafale Tilts The Scale In IAF’s Favor! India

Outguns Pakistan In No. Of Nukes, Delivery Platform
“There is an underlying relationship between the will to spend (military expenditure) and the intent
to kill,” wrote thinker and author Sundeep Waslekar in his book ‘A World Without War.’ A similar
sentiment is reflected in the recently published annual assessment of armaments, disarmament, and
international security by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

13
According to SIPRI’s report titled ‘World Nuclear Forces 2023,’ as of January 2024, a staggering
12,121 warheads populated the global inventory, with a terrifying 9,585 primed for potential
deployment. Russia (5580 warheads) and the United States (5044 warheads), nuclear titans locked
in an uneasy embrace, commanded a combined 10,624 of these instruments of unspeakable
destruction. Ominously, China has now joined the grim ranks, believed to have warheads on high
alert for the first time.

Alarmingly, an estimated 3,904 of these apocalyptic payloads were actively coupled with missiles
and aircraft, a 60-warhead increase from the previous year. The remaining warheads lurked
menacingly in central storage facilities. In a haunting revelation, approximately 2,100 of these
deployed warheads maintained a hair-trigger state of high operational alert, poised on ballistic
missiles for potential launch.

Nine countries worldwide possess nuclear arsenals: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom,
France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. In 2023, all these nuclear-armed states
continued to modernize their arsenals, with several deploying new nuclear-armed or nuclear-
capable weapon systems.

India Overtakes Pakistan In Nuclear Count

In the volatile nuclear dynamic between India and Pakistan, a sinister shift has occurred. India,
once trailing its rival, now possesses 172 nuclear warheads, surpassing Pakistan’s 170 for the first
time. India’s steady accumulation since 2014 has narrowed the gap, fueled by its determination to
counter Pakistan’s perceived conventional military imbalance. According to SIPRI’s report, India
potentially added eight nuclear warheads in the past year, increasing from 164 to 172. It also
estimates that Pakistan’s nuclear stockpile remains unchanged at 170 warheads.

The report notes, “It has long been assumed that India stores its nuclear warheads separately from
its deployed launchers during peacetime. However, the country’s recent moves towards placing
missiles in canisters and conducting sea-based deterrence patrols suggest that India could be
shifting towards mating some of its warheads with their launchers during peacetime.”

In 2023, both India and Pakistan continued to advance their respective nuclear delivery systems.
While Pakistan remains the primary focus of India’s nuclear deterrent, India seems to be
increasingly prioritizing longer-range weapons capable of reaching targets across China. These
weapons contribute to the development of India’s mature nuclear triad, comprising aircraft, land-
based missiles, and nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs). India’s nuclear arsenal
includes aircraft such as Mirage 2000H, Jaguar, and Rafale, land-based missiles like Prithvi and
Agni, and sea-based missiles like Dhanush and K-4/K-15.

On the other hand, Pakistan has never publicly disclosed the size of its nuclear arsenal. Limited
official data and sensationalized news reports about Pakistan’s nuclear capabilities make it difficult
to accurately assess the number and types of Pakistani warheads and delivery vehicles.

Pakistan does not adhere to a no-first-use (NFU) doctrine and reserves the right to use nuclear
weapons first in wartime, mainly due to what it perceives as an imbalance in the strength of its
conventional forces compared to India.

14
Pakistani nuclear forces comprise aircraft like Mirage and F-16, land-based missiles including
Abdali, Ghaznavi, Shaheen, Ghauri, Nasr, Ababeel, and Babur, as well as sea-based missiles like
Babur 3 SLCM. India’s capability to launch nuclear-tipped missiles through air via its Rafale,
Mirage, and Jaguar fighters outscores Pakistan. India can strike, in case of a nuclear war, deep and
with pinpoint accuracy. One critical reason India selected the Rafale over the Eurofighter Typhoon
was that Paris was accepting of the idea that the Rafale fighters would become part of the air
segment of India’s nuclear triad that could dramatically shift the balance of power in India’s favor.

China Flexes Its Nuclear Supremacy

China, however, stands as the undisputed nuclear heavyweight in the region, boasting a formidable
500 warheads in its military stockpile. Over the past year alone, China’s nuclear might has swelled
by a staggering 90 warheads ( escalating from 410 to 500), with expectations of continued growth.
It’s important to highlight that China has never officially disclosed the size of its nuclear arsenal.
Much of the analysis provided here is based on information sourced from the US Department of
Defense (DOD).

Hans M. Kristensen, Associate Senior Fellow at SIPRI’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programme
and Director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists (FAS),
noted, “China is expanding its nuclear arsenal faster than any other country.” China is currently
undergoing a significant modernization and expansion of its nuclear capabilities, expected to
persist over the next decade. Projections indicate that China could potentially match or surpass both
Russia and the USA in terms of deployed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in this period.
However, while China’s ICBM numbers are expected to rise, its overall nuclear warhead stockpile
is forecasted to remain smaller compared to these nations.

Moreover, China may now be deploying a limited number of warheads on missiles during
peacetime. Its nuclear forces encompass H-6/H-20 bomber aircraft, DF-5/DF-41 land-based
missiles, and JL-2/JL-3 sea-based missiles. “China’s recent moves towards placing solid-fuelled
missiles in silos, conducting sea-based deterrence patrols and, potentially, developing a launch-on-
warning (LOW) capability suggest that China might have started mating a small number of its
warheads (possibly around 24, corresponding to one missile brigade and one fully loaded ballistic
missile submarine) with their launchers”, report says.

Recent shifts in China’s nuclear strategy, particularly its deployment of rapid-launch solid-fuel
missiles and potential development of a Launch on Warning (LOW) capability, have sparked
widespread discussions on its nuclear doctrine, including its ‘no-first-use’ (NFU) policy. Since
2022, the US Department of Defense (DOD) has suggested that China is adopting an ‘early
warning counter strike’ strategy, akin to a LOW posture, utilizing ground- and space-based sensors
for swift missile launches before potential threats are neutralized. The US DOD reports that China
has deployed at least three early-warning satellites to support this strategy.

Raw Materials: Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) & Plutonium

But what special raw materials are needed to make these nuclear warheads, and where do they
come from? Materials capable of sustaining an explosive fission chain reaction are essential for all

15
types of nuclear explosives, from basic fission weapons to advanced thermonuclear ones. HEU and
plutonium are the most common of these fissile materials.

Both HEU and plutonium are derived from natural uranium, which consists mostly of uranium-238
(U-238) with a small percentage of uranium-235 (U-235). Enrichment, usually achieved through
gas centrifuges, raises the concentration of U-235. Low-enriched uranium, containing less than
20% U-235, is suitable for power reactors, while HEU, with at least 20% U-235, is utilized for
weapons, typically enriched to over 90% U-235. Plutonium is produced in nuclear reactors when
U-238 in the fuel absorbs neutrons.

SIPRI reports Russia (680 tonnes), the USA (483 tonnes), and France (29 tonnes) leading in HEU
stocks. Material is typically enriched to 90–93% U-235, which is typically considered weapon-
grade. China (14 tonnes), India (5 tonnes), and Pakistan (5 tonnes) also possess HEU. In terms of
separated plutonium stocks, Russia (192 tonnes), the UK (119 tonnes), France (98 tonnes), and the
USA (87 tonnes) are ahead, while China (3 tonnes), India (10 tonnes), and Pakistan (0.54 tonnes)
also have substantial amounts.

Number of Nuclear Warheads Declined, But…

While the overall number of nuclear warheads has declined due to the dismantling of retired
weapons by the United States and Russia, the lethality of active warheads continues to escalate.
The weaponization of artificial intelligence and the dissolution of arms-control treaties have
ushered in a new era of nuclear uncertainty as the nuclear superpowers relentlessly upgrade and
modernize their warheads, delivery systems, and production facilities. In this grim landscape of
nuclear brinkmanship, the pursuit of destructive might knows no bounds, casting a dark shadow
over the future of humanity itself.

https://www.eurasiantimes.com/nuclear-armed-rafale-tilts-the-scale-in-iafs/

Wed, 19 Jun 2024

Brazilian plane maker Embraer sees India, Saudi as strategic

defence markets
Brazilian planemaker Embraer sees India, Saudi Arabia, the European Union and the United States
as strategic markets for its defence unit as it looks to expand sales of the C-390 Millennium, the
head of Embraer Defense said on Tuesday.

India has an open tender to buy military planes while Saudi Arabia, looking to replace an aging
fleet of Lockheed Martin's C-130 Hercules, is currently in "early engagement" with Embraer,
Bosco da Costa Junior told reporters at an event.

16
"They don't have an open tender, but they need to replace their old C-130s. We did a lot of studies
and concluded that the (Embraer) C-390 could deliver additional capability in this replacement
process," Costa Junior said.

A potential Saudi purchase could reach 25 units, and Embraer expects the country to make a
decision in two to four years, the executive added.

In addition to Embraer's home country Brazil, nations such as Portugal, Hungary, the Netherlands,
Austria, the Czech Republic and South Korea have selected the planemaker's military
transportation aircraft.

Expanding its presence abroad with more C-390 sales has been a key goal of Embraer's defense
division, which also sees Sweden as a potential customer. It has partnerships with Mahindra in
India and Saab in Sweden to introduce the plane.

Embraer has also been "aggressive on several fronts" in the United States, Costa Junior said,
including exploring opportunities for mergers or acquisitions as well as pitching the C-390 to the
US Marines, Air Force and special forces.

"We do believe that the C-390 could add additional value to those entities in the US," the executive
said. "One thing is clear to us: We would like to become a partner of the US government."

Asked if any potential relationship with China could compromise connections with the US, Costa
Junior stressed that Embraer's defense business had no relationship or any kind of discussions with
the Asian superpower.

"We are 100 per cent US- and Nato-oriented," he said.

https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/brazilian-planemaker-
embraer-sees-india-saudi-as-strategic-defence-markets-124061900045_1.html

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

Another Setback US Hypersonic Program; As Russia, China

Advance, LRHWS ‘Dark Eagle’ Delayed To 2025
The US’s efforts to close the technological gap with China and Russia in the hypersonic program
have encountered another setback: the fielding of the Long Range Hypersonic Weapon System
(LRHWS) has been delayed to fiscal year 2025.

According to a report published by the Government Accountability Office on June 17, the US
Army will not be able to field its first LRHW battery until fiscal 2025 due to issues with the
launcher and launch sequence of the new Long Range Hypersonic Weapon System.

17
The LRHW is a trailer-launched, intermediate-range missile with a projected range of more than
1,700 miles. The system seeks to accomplish an incredible “hypersonic” top speed of Mach 17, or
3.6 miles per second. The LRHW also goes by the moniker, ‘Dark Eagle.’

The latest GAO report admits that the US Department of Defense (DoD) is not yet well positioned
to field fast systems. However, it categorically mentions that the military intends to resolve the
issues with the ambitious LRHW system and test the missile and launcher together by the end of
fiscal year 2024. “The Army missed its goal of fielding its first Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon
battery — including missiles — by fiscal year 2023 due to integration challenges,” the GAO said.
“Based on current test and missile production plans, the Army will not field its first complete
battery until the fiscal year 2025.”

The watchdog noted that the service could encounter problems even in the event of a successful
launch, pointing to a possibility of further delays. Concerns about missile performance during flight
testing could cause additional delays to the program, service officials informed the GAO.
Additionally, after a fielding decision, the GAO plans to have the eight missiles required for a
battery available within 11 months.

The recently reported delay is not the first for the program. However, it is particularly significant
given the current escalation of the hypersonic race. In September 2023, the Army acknowledged
that it would not meet its original goal of fielding the first battery by the end of the fiscal year
2023.

At that time, Doug Bush, the head of Army acquisition, said, “It’s a launcher problem.” Bush also
assured that the military was working on a new plan and that a potential delivery could be made
within the next six months. It seems that the new plan has also not worked out well for the US.

The US Department of Defense (DoD) ‘s efforts to close the hypersonic gap with China and Russia
face a significant setback as the schedule to field the weapon has been constantly pushed further.

Since 2021, the LRHW has seen multiple test failures, some ascribed to missile malfunctions. The
GAO noted issues with the launcher and launch sequence resulted in the cancellation of two tests in
2023.

While China and Russia have fielded multiple hypersonic weapons, the US hypersonic dream
keeps slipping away due to technological hurdles. For instance, the US Air Force (USAF) had to
officially cancel the AGM-183A Air-launched Rapid Response Weapon (ARRW) program after a
spate of unsuccessful tests. The USAF has placed significant emphasis on developing the
Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile (HACM), yet the weapon is far from deployment.

In June 2022, the Navy conducted the test launch of an Intermediate-Range Conventional Prompt
Strike (IRCPS) missile at the Pacific Missile Range Facility. The projectile experienced an in-flight
anomaly affecting data collection for specific flight segments. However, the US Navy swiftly
pinpointed the problem’s source and implemented corrective action, as detailed in the Pentagon’s
Office of Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) report. The fielding, nonetheless, is running behind
schedule.

18
Currently, the US Navy is developing the Hypersonic Air-Launched Offensive Anti-Surface
Warfare (HALO) program that will advance its maritime strike capabilities by providing air-
launched hypersonic anti-ship cruise missiles to surface and subsurface fleets. The weapon is
expected to be ready only by 2029.

The primary US adversary in the world, China, has arguably emerged as the world leader in
hypersonic capabilities. At least two additional hypersonic weapons emerged in the last year—the
DF-27 and an air-launched variant of the YJ-21—respectively. Meanwhile, Russia has already used
two of its hypersonic weapons—the Kinzhal and Zircon—in combat against the Ukrainian forces.

Incidentally, even countries that are considered rogue, like Iran and North Korea, are alleged to
have operational hypersonic weapons, whereas a military powerhouse like the United States does
not.

The recent GAO report paints a grim picture since the Dark Eagle was intended to become the first
hypersonic weapon in the US Army’s arsenal. Army spokeswoman Ellen Lovett said on June 17
that “for operational security reasons, we cannot provide the timing of tests in advance.” The US
hypersonic goalposts continue to shift amid malfunctions.

US Long Range Hypersonic Weapon System

The United States finds itself in a race to deploy hypersonic weapon capabilities and develop
systems for defending against hypersonic missiles. The Army and Navy have been collaborating on
a shared hypersonic glide body that could serve both the Army’s ground-launched Dark Eagle and
the Navy’s sea-launched Conventional Prompt Strike (CPS) system.

A Dark Eagle battery comprises four trailer-based launchers, each accommodating two canister
missiles. These launchers are transported on M870 trailers, towed by eight-wheeled M983A4
HEMTT tractor-trailer trucks. In addition, a command vehicle with six wheels serves as the Battery
Operations Center, supervising the Dark Eagle system’s operations.

One of the distinctive features of Dark Eagle’s design is its unpowered hypersonic boost-glide
vehicle sitting atop a rocket booster. Before being unleashed, the rocket booster raises the conical-
shaped hypersonic vehicle to the optimum height and speed. It subsequently descends over a
concise, atmospheric flight path at hypersonic speeds, defined as anything surpassing Mach 5.

US defense firm Lockheed Martin is integrating the Army’s hypersonic capabilities. It will also
manage the smooth implementation of this cutting-edge technology using a mobile truck launcher.

The US Army awarded Lockheed Martin a $756 million contract to enhance the capabilities of the
Long Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW), the country’s ground-based hypersonic weapon system.

The US must fix the technical issues and field a weapon soon, especially in the face of a
burgeoning threat from adversaries (state and non-state actors). Concern continues to mount over
the glacial pace at which hypersonic weapon research is moving, particularly in light of the
significant advancements achieved by rival states.

https://www.eurasiantimes.com/another-setback-us-dark-eagle-hypersonic/

19
 Wed, 19 Jun 2024

US renews warning to defend the Philippines after latest

China clash
The United States renewed a warning Tuesday that it's obligated to defend its close treaty ally a day
after Filipino navy personnel were injured and their supply boats damaged in one of the most
serious confrontations between the Philippines and China in a disputed shoal in the South China
Sea, officials said.

China and the Philippines blamed each other for instigating Monday's hostilities in the Second
Thomas Shoal, which has been occupied by a small Filipino navy contingent aboard a grounded
warship that's been closely watched by Chinese coast guard, navy and suspected militia ships in a
yearslong territorial standoff. There is fear the disputes, long regarded as an Asian flashpoint, could
escalate and pit the United States and China in a larger conflict.

US Deputy Secretary of State Kurt Campbell discussed China's actions with Philippine counterpart,
Maria Theresa Lazaro, in a telephone call. Both agreed that China's dangerous actions threatened
regional peace and stability, State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller said.

Campbell reaffirmed that the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty, which obligates Washington and Manila
to help defend the other in major conflicts, extends to armed attacks on Philippine armed forces,
public vessels, or aircraft including those of its coast guard anywhere in the South China Sea,
according to Miller.

A Philippine government task force overseeing the territorial disputes condemned what it said were
dangerous maneuvers, including ramming and towing, which disrupted a routine effort to transport
food, water and other supplies to the Filipinos manning the territorial outpost aboard the BRP
Sierra Madre at the shoal.

Despite the illegal, aggressive, and reckless actions by the Chinese maritime forces, our personnel
showed restraint and professionalism, refrained from escalating the tension, and carried on with
their mission, the Philippine task force said without elaborating. Their actions put at risk the lives
of our personnel and damaged our boats in blatant violation of international law.

The Chinese coast guard said the Philippines is entirely responsible for this. It said a Philippine
vessel ignored China's repeated solemn warnings and dangerously approached a Chinese vessel in
normal navigation in an unprofessional manner, resulting in a collision." Two speedboats
attempting to deliver construction materials and other supplies to a military vessel stationed at the
shoal accompanied the supply ship, according to China's Foreign Ministry, which described its
coast guard's maneuver as professional, restrained, reasonable and lawful."
Philippine Defense Secretary Gilberto Teodoro Jr. said Monday night that his country's armed
forces would resist China's dangerous and reckless behaviour, which contravenes their statements
of good faith and decency."

20
We will exert our utmost in order to fulfill our sworn mandate to protect our territorial integrity,
sovereignty, and sovereign rights, Teodoro said. It should now be clear to the international
community that China's actions are the true obstacles to peace and stability in the South China Sea.

Several incidents have happened in recent months near the shoal which lies less than 200 nautical
miles (370 kilometers) from the nearest Philippines coast and where it maintains the Sierra Madre,
which had become encrusted with rust since it was deliberately grounded in 1999 but remains an
actively commissioned military vessel, meaning an attack on it could be considered by the
Philippines as an act of war.

China has increasingly become assertive in pressing its claim to virtually the entire South China
Sea, which has led to a rising number of direct conflicts with other countries in the region, most
notably the Philippines and Vietnam.

A new law by China, which took effect Saturday, authorizes its coast guard to seize foreign ships
that illegally enter China's territorial waters and to detain foreign crews for up to 60 days. The law
renewed a reference to 2021 legislation that says China's coast guard can fire upon foreign ships if
necessary.

At least three coastal governments with claims to the waters the Philippines, Vietnam and Taiwan
have said they would not recognize the law. Malaysia and Brunei are also involved in the long-
seething territorial disputes, which are regarded as a delicate fault line in the longstanding US-
China rivalry in the region.

https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/us-renews-warning-to-
defend-the-philippines-after-latest-china-clash-124061800379_1.html

Science & Technology News

Wed, 19 Jun 2024

Catalytic boost for cheaper biodiesel production

A team of scientists from Assam, Odisha, China, and the United Kingdom have developed a
water-repellent catalyst that can cut the cost of producing “environmentally benign”
biodiesel substantially from the current levels.

The process of arriving at the “spherical superhydrophobic activated carbon catalyst” to

withstand water by-product during the production of biodiesel – pursued as a substitute for
diesel, an exhaustible fossil fuel – has been published in the latest issue of the peer-reviewed
Advanced Functional Materials, a high impact journal of the international materials science
community.

21
The authors of the study are Arpita Das, Kangkana Saikia, and Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
of Southern Assam’s Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) in
Silchar, Chandrakanta Guchhait and Bimalendu Adhikari of NIT Rourkela in Odisha, Da
Shi of the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, and Hu Li of the Guizhou
University in China.

Superhydrophobic catalysts, imitating the anti-wetting or water-repulsing properties of

natural surfaces such as lotus leaves, are deemed crucial for their ability to prevent the
poisoning of active sites by water, produced in situ or as a by-product. “Our novel
superhydrophobic catalyst can be a game-changer in the field of biodiesel production. It
stands out because of unmatched robustness; it can withstand the water by-product during
biodiesel production,” Dr. Rokhum told The Hindu.

“This means the catalyst remains highly effective and can be reused multiple times, making
the catalytic process more efficient and cost-effective,” he said. He further said the catalyst,
derived from biomass (cellulose), is ecologically benign, abundant, and highly affordable.
“This breakthrough has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of biodiesel
production, making sustainable energy more accessible,” he added. At present, the cost of
biodiesel in India is about ₹100 or UD$1.2 per litre.

Using the superhydrophobic activated carbon catalyst can bring down the cost to about 37
cents per litre. A litre of less fuel-efficient diesel costs at least ₹87 in India. “Biodiesel is a
key player in the quest for sustainable energy. Our innovative catalyst could pave the way
for broader adoption and a greener future because it makes the production process more
efficient, cost-effective, and environment friendly,” Dr. Rokhum, among the world’s top
five scientists in the field of biodiesel, said. This green synthesis strategy provides a
sustainable method for biomass waste disposal and ultimately expands the utility of biochar
as an alternative to graphene andcarbon nanotubes, he explained.

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/catalytic-boost-for-cheaper-biodiesel-
production/article68304211.ece

Wed, 19 Jun 2024

King Charles III felicitates India-born brain trauma expert

An India-born brain trauma expert and Professor of Anaesthesia at the University of Cambridge has
been conferred with one of the high honours by Britain’s King Charles III for “services to
neurocritical care”. Prof David Krishna Menon, Head of Division of Anaesthesia at the University
of Cambridge, was conferred with a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) by the
75-year-old monarch in his annual Birthday Honours list over the weekend.

22
Menon, who trained in Medicine, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care at the Jawaharlal Institute of
Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) in Pondicherry, founded the Neurosciences
Critical Care Unit (NCCU) at Addenbrooke’s National Health Service (NHS) teaching hospital in
Cambridge and is renowned for his global clinical and research leadership in traumatic brain injury.

“I am deeply honoured to be nominated for a CBE and accept it on behalf of all those who have
worked with me during what has been – and continues to be – a very rewarding career,” said
Professor Menon. Menon, the son of P.G.K. Menon – a senior official at All India Radio (AIR) in
Delhi, was raised in the city before going on for training in the field of medicine with his research
interests focussed on neurocritical care, secondary brain injury, neuroinflammation, and metabolic
imaging of acute brain injury.

According to the Cambridge University Hospitals (CUH) NHS Foundation Trust, as the first
director of NCCU, he pioneered the first recognised training programme for specialist neurocritical
care in the UK. Protocols developed improved clinical outcomes in severe head injury and the
management of acute intracranial haemorrhage. Menon has been an intensive care consultant on the
NCCU since 1993, and remains active as a full member of the neurocritical care clinical team.

He is also a director of research, principal investigator in the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, and
principal investigator in the van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, at the University of Cambridge.
Following two terms as a senior Investigator in the National Institute for Health and Care Research
(NIHR), he was appointed emeritus NIHR Senior Investigator in 2019. He is a founding fellow of
the Academy of Medical Sciences, and a professorial fellow in the medical sciences at Queens’
College, Cambridge University.

Listing his many achievements, CUH said the respected medic jointly leads the European Union
funded EURO 30-million CENTER-TBI Consortium, the International Initiative on TBI Research,
and the multi-funder UK national Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Research Platform. He jointly led
the “Lancet Neurology Commissions on TBI” in 2017 and 2022 and was executive editor of the
UK All Party Parliamentary Group Report on Acquired Brain Injury 2019.

Menon has been an applicant or co-applicant on awarded grants totalling over GBP 50 million. He
has over 650 peer-reviewed publications and since 2021 has been continuously rated as a Highly
Cited Researcher by Clarivate, a global leader in providing trusted insights and analytics. The
Acute Brain Injury Program at Cambridge, which he founded, has supported over 50 PhD
studentships, and nurtured several senior investigators across clinical and basic neuroscience.

His CBE from the King this year comes alongside that of another Indian-origin professional,
recognised for “services to transport”. Dipesh Jayantilal Shah is Chair of National Highways,
England, and formerly CEO of the UK Atomic Energy Authority and of large businesses at BP. A
graduate of the Universities of London and Warwick, and the Harvard Business School
management programme, Shah was previously conferred an OBE for his illustrious career in the
public and private sectors.

https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/world/king-charles-iii-felicitates-india-born-brain-trauma-
expert.html#:~:text=An%20India%2Dborn%20brain%20trauma,%E2%80%9Cservices%20to
%20neurocritical%20care%E2%80%9D.

23
 Wed, 19 Jun 2024

ISRO’s rocket body re-enters earth’s atmosphere, complies

with international guidelines
ISRO on Tuesday said the cryogenic upper stage of the LVM3 M3/OneWeb India- 2 mission has
re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere. The nearly 3-ton rocket body was left in an orbit of 450 km
altitude after injecting 36 OneWeb satellites on March 26, 2023, the space agency said. In its sixth
consecutive successful flight of LVM3, the vehicle placed 36 satellites belonging to the UK-
headquartered OneWeb in their intended orbit, it was noted. “The upper stage was passivated by
depleting excess fuel as per the standard practice to minimise any potential risk for an accidental
break-up.”, ISRO said.

“The re-entry was estimated to occur within a window from 14:35 UTC to 15:05 UTC, the most
probable impact being at 14:55 UTC in the Indian Ocean,” ISRO said giving an update on the June
14 re-entry. Only certain elements like gas bottles, nozzle, and tanks which comprise materials of
very high melting points were expected to survive the aerothermal heating during the re-entry for
this rocket body, it said. According to ISRO, the object was tracked by its Multi-object Tracking
Radar (MOTR) at Sriharikota over the orbits before the atmospheric re-entry, and the tracking data
was utilised in the re-entry prediction process. The re-entry of this object was continuously
monitored by ISRO’s facility, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations
Management (IS4OM), ISTRAC, here.

The LVM3-M3 rocket body was disposed of through natural orbital decay within two years of the
orbital injection, the space agency said, adding, therefore, it complied with international guidelines
such as UN space debris mitigation guidelines. The LVM3-M3 rocket stage also complied with the
directives of India’s Debris Free Space Missions (DFSM) initiative which requires the space
objects operating in the Low Earth Orbital region to be in orbit for less than five years after the end
of the mission, it said.

https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-rocket-body-enters-earth-atmosphere-
international-guidelines-9400313/

Tue, 18 Jun 2024

IISc physicists find a new way to represent ‘pi’

Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have stumbled upon a new series representation
for the irrational number pi during their research on how string theory can be used to explain
certain physical phenomena. The representation provides an easier way to extract pi from

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calculations involved in deciphering processes like the quantum scattering of high-energy particles,
IISc said in a press statement. The new formula under a certain limit closely matches the
representation of pi suggested by Indian mathematician Sangamagrama Madhava in the 15th
century, which was the first ever series for pi recorded in history.

The study was carried out by Arnab Saha, a post-doc and Aninda Sinha, professor at Centre for
High Energy Physics (CHEP), and published in Physical Review Letters. “Our efforts, initially,
were never to find a way to look at pi. All we were doing was studying high-energy physics in
quantum theory and trying to develop a model with fewer and more accurate parameters to
understand how particles interact. We were excited when we got a new way to look at pi,” Sinha
said.

Sinha’s group is interested in string theory – the theoretical framework that presumes that all
quantum processes in nature simply use different modes of vibrations plucked on a string. Their
work focuses on how high energy particles interact with each other – such as protons smashing
together in the Large Hadron Collider – and in what ways we can look at them using as few and as
simple factors as possible.

This way of representing complex interactions belongs to the category of “optimisation problems.”
Modelling such processes is not easy because there are several parameters that need to be taken
into account for each moving particle – its mass, its vibrations, the degrees of freedom available for
its movement, and so on, the statement said. Saha, who has been working on the optimization
problem, was looking for ways to efficiently represent these particle interactions.

To develop an efficient model, he and Sinha decided to club two mathematical tools: the Euler-Beta
Function and the Feynman Diagram. Euler-Beta functions are mathematical functions used to solve
problems in diverse areas of physics and engineering, including machine learning. The Feynman
Diagram is a mathematical representation that explains the energy exchange that happens while
two particles interact and scatter.

What the team found, the IISc statement added, was not only an efficient model that could explain
particle interaction, but also a series representation of pi. In mathematics, a series is used to
represent a parameter such as pi in its component form. If pi is the “dish” then the series is the
“recipe”. Pi can be represented as a combination of many numbers of parameters (or ingredients).
Finding the correct number and combination of these parameters to reach close to the exact value
of pi rapidly has been a challenge.

The series that Sinha and Saha have stumbled upon combines specific parameters in such a way
that scientists can rapidly arrive at the value of pi, which can then be incorporated in calculations,
like those involved in deciphering scattering of high-energy particles. “Physicists (and
mathematicians) have missed this so far since they did not have the right tools, which were only
found through work we have been doing with collaborators over the last three years or so,” Sinha
said. “In the early 1970s, scientists briefly examined this line of research but quickly abandoned it
since it was too complicated.”

Although the findings are theoretical at this stage, it is not impossible that they may lead to
practical applications in the future. Sinha points to how Paul Dirac worked on the mathematics of

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the motion and existence of electrons in 1928, but never thought that his findings would later
provide clues to the discovery of the positron, and then to the design of Positron Emission
Tomography (PET) used to scan the body for diseases and abnormalities. “Doing this kind of work,
although it may not see an immediate application in daily life, gives the pure pleasure of doing
theory for the sake of doing it,” Sinha added.

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/iisc-physicists-find-a-new-way-to-represent-
pi/articleshow/111082189.cms

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