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Carnot

The Carnot theorem states that the efficiency of irreversible heat engines is always less than that of reversible engines operating between the same reservoirs, and all reversible engines have the same efficiency. The document also discusses temperature scales and provides examples of heat engine efficiency calculations, including the Clausius Inequality and its application in power plant cycles. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these principles for evaluating thermal efficiency in thermodynamic systems.

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5 views10 pages

Carnot

The Carnot theorem states that the efficiency of irreversible heat engines is always less than that of reversible engines operating between the same reservoirs, and all reversible engines have the same efficiency. The document also discusses temperature scales and provides examples of heat engine efficiency calculations, including the Clausius Inequality and its application in power plant cycles. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these principles for evaluating thermal efficiency in thermodynamic systems.

Uploaded by

123akhilzz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CARNOT THEOREM

The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is


always less than the efficiency of a reversible heat
engine if they operating between the same two
reservoirs

The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines


operating between the same two reservoirs are
the same

• They are also known as the Carnot


principles
THE CARNOT
PRINCIPLES

The Carnot principles. Proof of the first Carnot principle.

1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the


efficiency of a reversible one operating between the same two
reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the
same two reservoirs are the same. 51
Temperature Scales
P versus T plots
• All temperature scales are based on
some easily reproducible states such as of the
the freezing and boiling points of water: experimental
the ice point and the steam point. data obtained
• Ice point: A mixture of ice and water from a constant-
that is in equilibrium with air saturated volume gas
with vapor at 1 atm pressure (0°C or thermometer
32°F). using four
• Steam point: A mixture of liquid water different gases
and water vapor (with no air) in
equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100°C or at different (but
212°F). low) pressures.
• Celsius scale: in SI unit system
• Fahrenheit scale: in English unit
system
• Thermodynamic temperature scale: A
temperature scale that is independent of
the properties of any substance.
• Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
• A temperature scale nearly identical to
the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas
temperature scale. The temperatures
on this scale are measured using a
constant-volume gas thermometer.
A constant-volume gas thermometer would
read -273.15°C at absolute zero pressure. 53
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
A reversible heat engine is supplied 900 kJ
of heat from a heat source at 500 K. The
engine develops 300 kJ of net work and
rejects heat to two heat sinks at 400 K and
300 K. Determine the engine thermal
efficiency and magnitude of heat
interaction with each of the sink.

33.3 % 240 kJ 360 kJ


A reversible heat engine is supplied 900 kJ
of heat from a heat source at 500 K. The
engine develops 300 kJ of net work and
rejects heat to two heat sinks at 400 K and
300 K. Determine the engine thermal
efficiency and magnitude of heat
interaction with each of the sink.

33.3 % 240 kJ 360 kJ


300 kJ/s of heat is supplied at a constant fixed
temperature of 290C to a heat engine. The heat
rejection takes place at 8.5C. The following results
were obtained :
(i) 215 kJ/s are rejected.
(ii) 150 kJ/s are rejected.
(iii) 75 kJ/s are rejected.
Classify which of the result report a reversible cycle
or irreversible cycle or impossible
results.
In a power plant cycle, the temperature range is 164C to 51C, the upper temperature
being maintained in the boiler where heat is received and the lower temperature being
maintained in the condenser where heat is rejected. All other processes in the steady
flow cycle are adiabatic. The specific enthalpies at various points are given in Figure.
Verify the Clausius Inequality. Find the maximum efficiency and actual efficiency. What
would be the heat rejection if the cycle is assumed as Carnot cycle.

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