myF 01

tuyhw;iw fw;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq;fs;

01. tuyhW vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
· ,we;j fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpj nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa fw;if.
· fle;j fhyj;jpw;Fk; epfo;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa eilngWk; Kbtw;w Ngr;R
thu;j;ij.
· kdpj rKjha tho;ifapd; gjpT Fwpg;Gfs;.
· kyu;e;J tpupe;J tUk; kdpj Rje;jpuj;jpd; gbKiw fijahFk;.
· epfo;fhyj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpwT Nfhyhf ,we;j fhyji ; j
fw;wyhFk;
· epfo;fhyKk; vjpu;fhyKk; epr;rakhf ,we;j fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J
fl;;bnaOg;gg;gLfpwJ.
02. tuyhw;W %yhjhuk; vd;gjd; nghUs; tpsf;fk; ahJ?
· Kw;fhy kdpj nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTk;
vOj;jhtz rhd;Wfs; my;yJ Mf;fq;fs; tuyhw;W %yhjhuk; vdg;gLk;
03. tuyhw;W %yjhuq;fspd; gpujhd ,U tifg;ghLfSk; vit?
01. ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs 02. njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuk;
04. ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
· ,we;jfhy nraw;ghLfis gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; tho;e;j kdpjdpd; E}y;fs;>
mwpf;iffs; tbtpy; vOjp itj;jpUj;jyhFk;.
05. ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspd; tiffs; ahit?
01. cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk; 02.ntspehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk;

06. cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk; vd;why; vd;d?

· xU ehl;bd; RNjrpa jdpj;Jtj;ij mwpa cjTk; ciueilfs;>mwpf;iffs;>
ftpijfs;> tk;rf;fijfs; vd;gd cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; MFk;.

07. ,yq;ifapd; cse ; hlL

; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; kpfg;goikahdE}y; vJ?
· jPgtk;rk; MFk;…
· ,e;E}y; fp.gp 4k; E}w;whz;lstpy; vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.
· ,e;E}ypy; kfhNrd kd;dd; Ml;rpfhy KbTtiu ,e;ehl;bd; murpay; kw;Wk;
ngsj;j rkak; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; ,lk;ngwW ; s;sd.
08. “kfhtk;rk;”gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf?
· mEuhjGu “jpf;re;j nrdtpah gpupntdh” tpy; trpj;j kfhehk Njuu;
vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ
· kfhtk;rk; njhlu;r;rpahf vOjg;gl;L> Ngzg;gl;L tUk; E}yhFk;.
· kfhtk;rj;jpy; Gj;j ngUkhdpd; ,yq;if tUif Kjy; kfhNrd kd;ddpd;
Ml;rp KbT tiu vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ,yq;ifapd; G+u;tPf Fbfs; ,af;fu;> ehfu; vd ,U Nfhj;jpuu; tho;e;jdu;
vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· fp.gp 5k; my;yJ 6k; Ew;whz;by; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.tp[adpd; tUif gw;wp
Twg;gl;Ls;s
09. jPg tk;rk;> kfhtk;rk; E}y;fs; cUthf;fj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpapUf;f $bajhf
fUjg;gLk; Kd;ida E}y;fs; vit?
ü rp`y ml;lfhj ü cj;jutp`hu ml;lfhj ü tpda ml;lfhj
10.ghsp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}ypd; rpy gFjpfSf;F Nkyjpf tpsf;fkspf;Fk; tifapy;
vOjg;gl;l ciueil E}y; vJ? ,e;E}ypw;F kfhtk;rk; ,l;Ls;s ngau; ahJ?
· Bfht
· tk;rjj; g;gfhrpdp

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

1 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 11.kfhtk;rj;jpw;F gpd;G Njhd;wpa cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fshtd?
E}y;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
· Nghjptk;rk;;, J}gtk;rk;; -ngsj;j rka E}y;fs;
· jhJtk;rk;>G+[htypa -,uhrl;il fhy tuyhw;iwmwpa cjTtd.
re;ju;k khyhq;fhu
· epfha rq;fpu`a>uh[htypa -Gj;jrhrd tsur
; ;rp murpay; fk;gis Kjy;
Nfhl;iltiuapyhd tuyhw;iw fw;f
cjTtd.
· J}Jfhtpaq;fs;>
Gfo; fhtpaq;fs;> -Nfhl;il ,uhrjdp Kjy; fz;b ,uhrjhdp
Nghu;fhtpaq;fs; tiu fw;f cjTtd.
12. ml;ltiz 01
,yf;fpatif cjhuzk;

J}Jfhtpak; kAure;Njra>jprure;Njrpa>nryypfpdpre;Njra
Gfo;fhtpak; nguFk;ghrpupj;j
rPjhthf;frl;ld>,q;fpuprprl;ld>nfhd;];jhe;jpD
Nghu;f;fhtpak; rl;ld

13. ml;ltiz 02
fhyk; Afk; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;
jk;gpah mlL; th fw;wgja>n`uz;rpf
mEuhjGuk; fhyk; rpfye;jtpdpr>rpag];yfu
Ktnjt;jhtj>
nghyd;dWit fhyk; rrjhtj>ju;kgpujPgpfhturth`pdpa
jk;gnjdpa fhyk; rj;ju kuj;dhtypa>G+[htypa
[hjffij E}y;fs;> rpq;fs Nghjp
FUzhfy; fhyk; tk;rk;epfharq;f`p;a
Nfhl;ilf;fhyk; J}J ,yf;fpaq;fs;>Fj;jpyfhtpak;

14.Fwpg;Gfs;
· ngsj;j rkak; ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L tug;gl;lik- (rke;j ghrjpfht).
· rke;j ghrjpfht - tpdagplfk; vDk; ghsp E}Yf;fhd tpsf;f E}yhFk;.
· mEuhjGu Gdpjnts;sur ku tuyhW - kfhNghjptk;rk;.
· Gdpj je;j jhJtpd; tuyhW - ghsp nkhopapyhd jhJ tk;rk;.

15. ,yf;fpa %yhjuq;fis gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhss ; g;gl Ntz;ba

mk;rq;fs; ahit?
ü E}y; vOjg;gl;l fhyk;. E}y; Mrpupaupd; Nehf;fk.;
ü E}y; Mrpupau;. E}Yf;fhd jfty; jpull ; gl;l tpjk;
16. ntspehlL; ,yf;fpa %yhjuq;fs; (Neub mDgtk;)
· rPd ,yf;fpak; -ghfpad; Njuupd; Njr rQ;rhu mwpf;if
(ngsj;j ,uhr;rpak; gw;wpa tpguk;)
· muG ,yf;fpak;- ,gpd; gJ}jhtpd; Njr rQ;rhu mwpf;if
· Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa ,yf;fpak; - upigNuhtpd; ,yq;if tuyhW
· xy;yhe;J ,yf;fpak; -gpypg]; gy;ba]; vd;gtupd; (,yq;if gw;wpa tuyhW)
· Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; - nwhgl; nehf;]; vd;gtupd; (md;iwa ,yq;if)
· njd;dpe;jpa E}y;fs;- rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy>gj;JghlL ;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

2 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

17.
%yhjhu tiffs; E}yhrpupau; E}y;fs;
mup];Nlhlb ; y; bKz;Nlh
fpNuf;f %yhjhuk; nkf];jdp]; ,z;bfh
xnrdp fpupl;l]; mwpf;if
gpspdp Ner;Ruyp];`p];NlhupNah
cNuhk %yhjhuk;
njhykp G+Nfhs rh];jpu gpuNtrk;
rPd %yhjhuk; `pAq;rhq; gpf;F Njr rQ;rhu mwpf;if
Nghu;j;JNfa mUl;je;ij gu;dNth ,yq;if gw;wpa mwpf;if
%yhjhuk; FntNuh];

18.Fwpg;Gfs;
· GNuhNfhgpa]; - ghurPfAj;jk; -,yq;if tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyakhf jpfo;e;jJ.
· mNugpauhd Riykhd; - ,yq;ifia nruz;bg; vd mioj;jhu;.
· mg+irj;- rpy; rpyhj; my; jthwp]; vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shu.;
· nfsby;au; -mu;j;j rh];jpuk;-,yq;if jhkpuguzp> ghurKj;jpuk; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ
· kfhghujk;>kzpNkfiy> uh[juq;fdp - ,yq;ifapd; ePu;g;ghrd
nghwpKiw>,uj;jpdf;fw;fy;> Jzptif.

19.,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspd; gad;fs;

· tuyhw;W xOq;F Kiwia tsu;j;J nfhs;s cjTk;.
· ntt;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; murpay;>nghUshjhuk;>r%f fhyhrhuq;fis
mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk;.
· jfty;fis cWjpg;gLj;jp nfhss; yhk;.
· xU ehl;bd; ntspehlL; cwTfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

20.njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;
vOj;jhtzq;fs;> ehzaq;fs;> rpijTfs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;>nrJf;fy;fs;

· fy;ntl;L –ep];]q;fky;ydpd; fy;nghj;j

· Rtu; - rPfpupah fpWf;fy; ftpijfs.;
vOj;jhtzq;fs; · nrg;G jfL – 1k;tp[aghF –gdhfLt nrg;Grhrzk;
· nghd; jfL- trg kd;ddpd; - ty;ypGu nghw;rhrdk;
· kug;gyif – mk;gf;f Njtyha kuj;J}z;fspy;
vOjg;gl;lit.
· fspkz; nghUsf ; s;- nrq;fy; XL vOjg;gl;lit
· ghj;jpuq;fs;- kl;ghz;lk;>ghj;jpuq;fspy; vOjg;gl;lit.
21fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
· Fif fy;ntl;L - fw;gPypfspd; mUfpy; vOjg;gl;lit .
· ghiwf;fy;ntl;L -fw;ghiwfspd; Nky; vOjg;gl;lit.
· Jhz;fy;ntl;L -nrg;gdplg;gl;l fUq;fy; J}z;fspy; vOjg;gl;lit.
· Rtu;f;fy;ntl;L -nrg;gdplg;gl;l fw;ghiwfspy; vOjg;gl;lit.
· ,Uf;if fy;ntl;L -kyu; Mrdq;fs; Nghd;w gPlq;fspy; vOjg;gl;lit.
22.,yq;ifapy; fpilf;fngw;w ntspehl;L ehzaq;fs; vit?
· cNuhkehzak; rPd ehzak;. ,e;jpa ehzak;
23.vkJ ehl;by; fpilf;fg; ngw;w Guhjd ehzak; vJ?
· f`gz (Guhz>juz) –ahid>Rt];jpfh cUtq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld
· ,yf;\;kp cUtk; nghwpf;fgl;l ehzak;
· mf vDk; nghd; ehzak; (mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy;)

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

3 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

24. nghyd;dWit fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg; gl;ljhf $wgg;gLk; ehzak; vJ?
· jk;gk];] -nrg;G ehzak;
25. Guhjd ehzaq;fs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;Ak; ghlk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
· ehza tpQ;Qhdk;
26. rpj;jpuq;fs;>nrJf;fy;fs; >rpw;gq;fs; >Xtpaq;fs; Nghd;w njhy;nghUs;fspy; ,Ue;J ehk;
vtw;iw mwpe;J nfhss ; hyhk;?
· vkJ ehl;bd; fyhrhuq;fs;
· vkJ KdNdu;fspd; Milazpfs;
· fiyahw;why;fs;>Mguzq;fs;
· rka ek;gpf;if
· rpj;jpu rpw;g nrJf;fy; fiyak;rq;fs;
· mf;fhy kf;fspd; epwgad;ghLfs;
· kf;fspd; xw;Wik
· gz;ila ,yq;if ngz;fspd; Milfs;
· Mguzq;fs;
· $e;jy; myq;fhuq;fs;
· myq;fhu fiy El;gk;
· gz;ila kf;fspd; gy;NtWg;gl;l jpwikfs;
· ntspehlL ; njhlu;Gfs;
· tho;fi ; f Kiw vd;;gtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.
ü jpf;re;j nrdtpah gpupntdh
· mEuhjGu tpfhiufSf;Fupa gpupntdf;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;.
· Vidait- Rd;`hj;jh gpupntdh
kUfj; gpupntdh ngsj;j fy;tp epiyahkhFk;
vyf;f gpupntdh
· jpf;re;j nrdtpa gpupntdhtpNy kfhehk NjuUk; tho;e;jhu;.
ü gh`pad; Njuu; -
ü rPdhit Nru;e;j gpf;F Mthu; .
ü ngsj;j rka E}y;fis Njb rPdhtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpw;F fhy;eilahfNt
tho;e;jjhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
ü fp..gp 5k; E}w;whz;lstpy; ,yq;if tUif je;Js;shu;.
ü ,yq;ifapy; mEuhjGu mgafpup tpfhiuapy; ,uz;L tUlq;fs;
jq;fpapUe;jhu;.
ü rPdhtpy; rd; rP vDk; gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;jtuhthu;.
ü ,tupd; gazFwpg;gpy; mf;fhy ,yq;if gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd.
ü `pAq;rhq; -
· rPdhit Nru;e;j gpf;F ,tu; Mthu;.
· njhlue; ;J gj;J tUlq;fs; jyahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
· ,yq;if tUif juhkNyNa ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,yq;if gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gf;fis jkJ mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;
· mj;jfty;fs; 7k; E}w;whz;L ,yq;if gw;wp mwptjw;F cjTfpd;wd
ü N[hthNth upigNuh
· Nghu;j;Jf;fy; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtuhu;.
· 1640 ,y; Nghu;j;JNfa ,uhZt tPudhf ,yq;if te;jhu;.
· gjpndl;L tUlq;fs; ,uhZtdhf ,Ue;J fg;gpjhdhfTk; gjpTAu;T ngw;whu;.
· jkJ KJik gUtj;jpy; Nghu;j;Jf;fy;; jiyefu; yp];gdpy; trpj;j NghJ
,yq;if gw;wpa tpguq;fis jkJ mwpf;ifapy; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
· fp.gp 17k; Ehw;whz;L fhy ,yq;if tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTfpwJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

4 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 ü gpypg;g]; nghy;njT];
· ,tu; xy;yhe;J fy;tpdp]; kjFUthtu;.
· Xy;yhe;J gilapdUld; ,yq;iff;F te;jthu;.
· lr;Rfpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdpapy; flikahw;wpatu;.
· ,yq;ifapd; r%f tho;f;if>nkhopAk; fyhrhuKk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs;
· tlg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; nkhop>gz;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy;
(17k; E}w;whz;;L) mwpe;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
ü nwhgl; nehf;];
· Mq;fpNyauhthu;;. fg;gy; khYkpapd; kfd; .
· 14k; tajpy; je;ijAld; fg;gNywp ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhu;.
· fp.gp 1658 ,y; ghurPfk; Nehf;fp gazpj;jNghJ fg;gy; tpgj;JfF
; s;shfp
,yq;if fiuia te;jile;jJ.
· nwhgl; nehf] ; ; cl;gl gjpdhW NgiuAk; fz;b kd;dd; 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
rpiwapyilj;jhd;.
· rpiwapypUe;J 19 tUlq;fs; ifjpahf rpiwapypUe;J nrd;W ,tu;
je;jpupkiy vDk; ,lj;ij nrd;wile;J> mq;fpUe;J gj;Njtpait
nrd;wile;jhu;.
· 1680 ,y; jhafkhd ,q;fpyhe;ij mile;jhu;.
· An historieal relation or pae island leylon(md;iwa,yq;if)vDk; E}iy
1681,y; ntspapl;lhu;.
· 17k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,yq;ifgw;wpa tuyhw;iw mwpa $bajha; css ; J.
ü gu;dhNth B.FthNuh];
· ,NaRrigapd; rka Nghjfu; >Nghuj ; ;Jf;Nfauhtu;.
· ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j ,tu; 1688,y pemporal and sqiritualconquest of Ceylon
vDk; E}iy vOjpdhu;.
27.njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fis ghJfhf;f Nkw;nfs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs; ahit?
· njhy;nghUs;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it midtUf;Fk;
Vw;gLj;jy;.
· cy;yhr gpuhahzpfSf;F Nghjpa mwpTWj;jy;fis>top fhl;ly;
MNyhridfis toq;Fjy;.
· njhy;nghUs; %yhjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij rfy nkhopfspYk; ntspaply;.
· njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fis J];gpuNahfk; kw;Wk;
Nrjg;gLj;Jgtu;fSf;F vjpuhf rl;leltbf;if vLj;jy;.
· mgptpUj;jp eltbf;ifapd; NghJ ghjpg;gilahky; ghJfhj;jy;.
· njhy;nghUs; %yhjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij murpay;ahg;G mur nfhsi ; f
jj;Jtj;jpy; ,lk;ngw nra;jy;.
· ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;F njhy;nghUs; Kf;fpaJtk; gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzu;it vw;gLj;jy;.
28;.tuyhw;iw fw;gjd; Kf;fpaJtk; ahJ?
· jhk; thOk; r%fk; >kw;Wk; cyfk; gw;wpa Gupe;Jzu;itg;ngwy;.
· ,we;jfhyk; %yk; epfo;fhyj;ij tpsq;fp vjpu;fhyj;ij flbnaOg;gy;.
· ehl;bd; Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
· Njrpa [f;fpaj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;.
· khw;W (gy;ypd) fyhrhuj;ij kjpj;jy;.
· NtWg;gl;l fUj;Jfis rfpj;Jf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; >Gupe;Jzu;T uPjpahd
Njrpaj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
· ju;f;f uPjpahd rpe;jidia tsur ; ;rpaila nra;jy; .
ü Nkyjpf Fwpg;Gfs; -
· nfhltha J}z;fy;ntl;L – JiwKftup
· gJis J}z;fy;ntl;L - tu;j;jf re;ij epUthfk;
· ngupkpad; Fsk;fy;ntl;L – tu;j;jf juk;> ifnjhopy;fs;
· rpj;Jy;gt;t fy;ntl;L – ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; tUkhdk; gad;ghL
gw;wpaJ.

5 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 myF 02
,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs;
01.xU ,yl;rj;J ,Ugj;ijahapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dNu ,e;J rKjj ; puj;ijf; fle;J
,yq;ifapd; ehyh jpirfspYk; gutp thoj; jiyg;gl;l kdpj ,dk; vJ?
Ø N`NkhNrgg ; pad;
02. ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;W fhy fl;llq;fis vt;thW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.?
Ø tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; (fw;fhyk;)
Ø Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; (kj;jpafhyk;)
Ø tuyhw;Wf;fhyk;
03. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;Giu jUf?
Ø Guhjd fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;lfhyk;
Ø fyhrhu mbg;gilapy; -
o ePz;lfhyk; epiyjpUe;j fw;fhyk;
o jhtu czT cl;nfhs;sy; cNyhf gad;ghl;Lld; epue;juf;
FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpa fhyk; (Kd;tuyhw;Wfhyk;)

04. FbNaw;w guk;gy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

Ø Kjypy; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpa kdpjd; MjpN`hNkhNrg;gpad;
Ø gpuhjd rptNdhghak; Ntl;ilahLjy;>czT nghUl;fis Nrfupj;jy;
Ø fy;yhAjq;fSk; >vYk;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw MAjq;fshf gad;gLj;jpAs;shd;.
Ø ruisf;fw;fSld; $ba kz; gilfspy; tho;e;Js;shd;.
Ø gpisj;NjhrPd; Af Gtpapaw; khw;wk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
Ø kz;zpdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;s ruisgbTfs; ,uizgbT vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

05.,yq;ifapd; fw;fhy kdpjd; 8 Rw;whly; tyaq;fspy; tho;e;Js;shd; mit vit?

Ø jho;epy mjp tuy; tyak;
Ø jho;epy Fiw tuy; tyak;
Ø jho;epy cyu; tyak;
Ø jho;epy ,il cyu;tyak;
Ø kiyehl;L ,ilcyu; tyak;
Ø jho;epy ,il <utyak;
Ø kiyehl;L <utyak;
Ø cyu; kiyehl;L <utyak;.
06. fw;fhyj;jpw;Fwpa Mjhuq;fs; fpilj;Js;s Kf;fpa ,lq;fis Fwpg;gpLf?
Ø mk;ghe;Njhli ; l-gjpuh[nty
Ø mk;ghe;Njhl;il- G+e;jy nty;Ny fq;nfhl
Ø clky;y> khe;Njhli ; l >ngy;yd; gjpngy;y]>khzpaf;fk>mj;jd nfhl
mYnyd>fpj;Jy;fy
ngypnyd>FUtpl;lgl;lnjhk;gnyd>rPfpupahmypfy>rPfpupahnghj;jd>ghfpad; fy
07. fw;fhy kdpju;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;fspd; miktplj;ij jPukhdpj;j fhuzpfs; ahit?
Ø czit ngw$ba ,aw;if tsq;fs; fpilg;git.
Ø ePiu ngw$ba ,lq;fs; .
Ø fy;yhAjq;fs; nra;tjw;F Njitahdit fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fs;.
Ø kiof;fhyq;fspy; ghJfhg;G.
Ø rhjfkhd fhyepiyfs; fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fs;.
Ø ,aw;ifahd fw;Fiffs; fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fs;.
08. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;lfhy kdpjd; tho;e;j fw; Fiffs; vit?
Ø ghfpad; fyFif
Ø gl;lnjhk;gyd Fif jho;epy <utya Fif
Ø fpj;Jyfy ngypnyd Fif
Ø rPfpupa nghj;jd Fif
Ø mypfy Fif jho;epy cyu; tya Fif

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
6 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
09.tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j ntl;l ntspfs; ahit?
(ntapy; fhy Ntl;il epyk;)
Ø kpdp`hfy;fj;j
Ø Gj;jy fiuNahu ntl;lntspfs;
Ø gj;jpuh[ nty
Ø ngy;yd;gjp ngy;y] –jho; epy cau; tya ntl;lntspfs;
Ø gz;lhutis kiyaf gpuNjr ntl;lntspfs;
Ø N`hl;ld; rkntsp

10.,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjd; tho;f;if Kiw gw;wp

Fwpg;Giu jUf.
Ø Ntl;ilahbAk; czTfis Nrfupj;Jk; tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;Lss ; hd;.
Ø miye;J jpupe;J ehNlhb tho;ifia tho;e;Js;shd;.
Ø kiof;fhyq;fspy; fw;Fifapy; tho;e;Js;shd;.
Ø rpW FOf;fshf tho;e;Js;shd; (15-25 tiu)
Ø Rkhu; 5Ngiu nfhz;ljhf FLk;gk; mike;jpUe;jJ. (FLk;gk; -Rkhu; 50 rJu kPw;wu;
gug;G –FOf;fs;fs; Rkhu; 50rJu km gug;G Mjhuk; (gz;lhutisNru;`py);
Ø tul;rpahd fhyg;gFjpapy; jpwe;j ntsp $lhuq;fspy; tho;e;Js;shd;
Ø ,we;J Nghdtu;fspd; rlyq;fis fw;Fiffspy; Gijj;Js;sdu;
Ø Fopia Njhd;Wtjw;F fk;Gfs;>kpUf vOk;Gfs; gad;gLj;jgl;Ls;sJ. (Mjhuk; -
fpj;Jy;fy ngypnyd>ngy;yd; gjpngy];]>ghfpad;fy)

11.tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpju;fspd; czT gof;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf.

Ø fw;fhy kdpjd; cl;nfhz;l czT gw;wp jho;epy cyu;tyaj;jpYk;><utyaj;jpYk;
fhzg;gLk; fw;Fiffspy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;ld.
Ø czTf;fhf Ntl;ilahlg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; khL>fhl;L vUik>khd;>kiu>rpWkhd;
Ks;sk; gd;wp>Kay;.ku mzpy;>fPup>Fuq;F>fhl;Lf;Nfhop>kiyghk;G>cLk;G vd;gtw;iw
cl;nfhz;ld;.
Ø jho;epy <utya ePu;gug;Gfspy; fhzg;gl;l jpj;jah vdg;gLk; kPd;fs; mtuf ; shy;
gpbf;fg;gl;ld.
Ø jhtu czTfSk; fhl;L thio>fhl;Lg;gyh>tss ; pf;fpoq;F tiffs;> fpj;Js;
tpij>fhl;L ghf;F vd;gdTk; czthff; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Ø jho;epy <utyaj;jpYk;>fsg;GfspYk; thOk; ej;ijfis czthf cl;nfhz;ldu;.
Ø ehl;bd; cl;gFjpapy; ePz;l J}uk; nrd;W cgi ; g ngw;W te;Js;shd;.
Ø czT gz;lq;fis jPapy; Rl;l gpd;dNu czthf cl;nfhz;ldu;.
Ø Mjhuq;fs; -fpj;Jy;nfy ngypnyd Fif
12.tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpju;fspd; njhopEl;gk; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf.
Ø gpujhd njhopEl;gk; Mjhukhf fy;yhAj gad;ghl;il Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Ø Nfj;jpu fzpj nghwpKiw cUtpyhd fy;yhAjq;fs; mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
Ø 4.5 cm msitf;nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
Ø gspq;F ghiwfspdhYk; rpwpjsT kQ;rs; epw gspq;Ff; fw;fshYk; EZf;fkhd
Kiwapy; fy;yhAjq;fs; jahupf;fgl;Ls;sd.
Ø Ntl;ilahLjy;> ntl;Ljy;>cuha;jy;> jl;ilahf;Fjy;>Njhz;Ljy; vd;gtw;wpf;F
Vw;whw; Nghy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ø fUq;fy; %yk; Rj;jpay;>mk;kp vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Ø rpg;gpia Jisj;J nra;ag;gl;l fOj;jpy; mzpAk; ml;bay; ngwg;gl;lJ.
Ø khiyapd; kzpnad;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
13. fw;fhy kdpjd; clyikg;G gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis jUf.
Ø rhjhuz tsu;r;rpaile;j Mz; xUtupd; cauk; 174 nrd;wpkPw;wuhFk;.
Ø tsue ; ;j ngz; xUtupd; cauk; 166 nrd;wp kPw;whuhFk;.
Ø gw;fs; ngupjhf ,Ue;jd.
Ø tsue ; ;j Mz;xUtupd %iyapd; msT 1600 fd nrd;wpkPw;wu; .
Ø ngz;ndhUtupd; %iy 920 fd nrd;wp kPw;wu;
Ø MAl; fhyk; 35-40 tajpf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

7 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

14.tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpju;fspd; rlq;F rk;gpujha Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf.
Ø kuz rlq;F Kf;fpakhdJ.
Ø ,uhz;lhf gpsf;Fk; tifapy; Jisaplg;gl;l kz;ilNahL xd;W
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
Ø gpsf;fg;gl;l kz;ilNahl;by; fuL Kudhd gFjpfisAk; ntspapy; Jwj;jpf;
nfhz;bUe;j gFjpfisAk; fy;ypy; cuha;e;J kl;lkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ø xU gFjp nre;epwkhd ghiwahy; epwk; G+rg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ø kuzj;jtupd; rlyj;ij cf;fpNghFk; tiu ghJfhj;J Gijj;J
itj;jpUe;jdu;.
Ø gpd;du; vOk;G $l;il Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;L ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy;
ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ø vOk;G $L tise;J Gijf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ø Mjhuq;fs;- gJisf;F mUfhik -,uhtz vy;iy Fif>ghfpad; fy Fif
15. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy Kf;fpak;rq;fs; vit?
Ø ehNlhb tho;f;if Kiwahf fhzg;gl;lJ.
Ø gpujhd njhopyhf Ntl;ilahLjy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Ø fy;yhAjq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Ø fw;Fiffs;>jpwe;j ntspfspy; tho;f;if elj;jpdhu;fs.;
Ø khkpr czT Kjd;ikahdJ.
Ø njhopEl;g mwpT XusT fhzg;gl;lJ. fy;yhAjq;fs; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
Ø fspkz; gad;gl;lJ.
Ø kuzpj;jtu;fs; fw;Fifapy; Gijf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; vOk;G $Lfs; Njhz;b vLf;fg;l;L
Gijf;fg;gl;ld
Kd; tuyhw;W fhyk;
16.Kd; tuyhw;W fhyk; vd;why; vd;d?
Ø tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy Kbtpw;Fk;> tuyhw;W fhyj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpw;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l fhyNk Kd; tuyhw;wW fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
Ø ,Uk;G cNyhf ghtiz ,f;fhy gFjpapNyNa Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Ø ,f;fhyj;jpy; epiyahd FbNaw;wq;fs; tptrhak; nra;aj; njhlq;fpaik
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
17.Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; ahit?
Ø epiyahd tho;f;if Kiw Muk;gkhdJ.
Ø tptrhak; Kf;fpak;ngw;wJ.
Ø tPLfs; fl;b kf;fs; tho;e;jdu;.
Ø kf;fspd; njhopEl;g mwpT tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.
Ø jhtu czT Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ.
Ø Rlg;gl;l fspkz; ghj;jpuqf; s; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.
Ø kuzpj;jtu;fspd; m];jp kahdq;fspy; Gijf;fg;gl;ld.
18.Kd; tuyhw;W fhy kf;fspd; kuz rlq;F Kiw gw;wpa Fwpg;Gff ; is jUf.
Ø fy;yiw kahdk; fhzg;gl;lJ.,J ghupa fw;ghiwfis xd;W Nru;j;J rJu tbtpy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ø kahdk; fw;Rtu; xd;wpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ø rlyq;fis vupj;J ngwg;gl;l m];jp kl;ghz;lq;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.,J m];jp
itf;fg;gl;l kahdk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Ø Ma;tpd;gb kahdq;fs; fp.K750-350 fhyjj ; pw;FwpaJ.
Ø nkfhypj; Kiwapyhd khahdq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;ld.
Ø fspkz; ghj;jpuq;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l m];jp Fop Njhz;b
Gijf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.,k;kahdq;fs; m];jpfyrk; itf;fg;gl;l Gijf;Fop kahdk;
vdg;gl;lJ.
Ø gr;ir fspkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l Xlk; Nghd;w mikg;gpDs; kl;ghz;lq;fspy; m];jp
ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ø Xlq;fspy; vYk;G $L itj;J vupf;fg;gl;Nl m];jp ngwg;gl;likahy;>gr;ir fspkz;
Xlq;fs;>gjkhf Rlg;gl;Ls;sd.,jdhy; ,t;Nthlq;fs; ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUe;jJ.
Mjhuk;:- Cth khfhzj;jpy;-`y;JKy;iy>ngufy
kj;jpa khfzj;jpy;- jk;Gs;is>ahg;g$t mUfpYss
;
fy;nrh`hd;>fNytiyf;F mUfpYs;s al;bfy;nghj;j

8 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

19. Kd;tuyhw;W fhy FbapUg;Gfs; ,ay;Gfs; ahit?
Ø epiyahd tPLfs; mikj;J FbapUg;Gfis mikj;Js;sdu;.cjhuzk;-
cluQ;rhklk;tPL -10.2-6.80 mb
Ø nrt;tf tbtpy; tPLfs; mikf;fgl;bUe;jJ.
Ø tPLfs; Kd;gf;fKk>; gpd;gf;fKk; Rtuhy; gpupf;fgl;bUe;eJ.
Ø $iu ,Yf;FGy; my;yJ mJ Nghd;w njhd;wpdhy; Ntagl;bUe;jJ.
Ø fjT nghWj;jgl;likfhd Mjhuk; fhzg;gl;ld
Ø tpwhe;ij mikg;Gk; fhzg;gl;bUe;jJ.

20. Kd;tuyhw;Wfhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

Ø epiyahd FbapUg;Gf;fspy; tho;e;jik.Kd;ida fhyj;ij tpl XusT
rpe;jpf;fj;jpwd; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;Js;sJ.
Ø tPL>tptrhak;>,Uk;G cgNahfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.
Ø kl;ghz;l gad;ghL tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
Ø rikayiw cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Ø tptrha czTfis cl;nfhz;l NghJk; khd;>khL>fhl;Lg;gd;wp>kumzpy;>
Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Ntl;ilahb cz;Ls;shd;.
Ø Nrid gapu;nra;if Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ.Fuf;fd;>vs;>nkndup vd;gd gapuplg;gl;ld.
Ø new;gapu; nra;if Kf;fpaJtk; ngw;wJ.
Ø kPd; gpbj;jy;>ke;ij tsu;j;jy;>jr;R njhopy; vd;gd fhzg;gl;ld.
Ø fspkz;kzpfs>;fz;ikapl gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfFr;rpfs;>clypy; tu;zk; g+r
gad;gLj;jpa miuf;Fk; fw;fs; vd;gd mf;fhy ngz;fspd; myq;fupg;G gw;wp mwpa
cjTfpwJ.

21.Kd; tuyhw;W fhy njhopEl;gk; tsur ; ;rp gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

Ø cNyhf kw;Wk; kl;ghz;l njhopEl;gk; tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.
Ø ,Uk;G gyk; tha;e;j cNyhfkhjyhy; fhLfis mopj;jy;>epyj;ij
gz;gLj;jy;>cOjy; Nghd;w Ntiyfis vspjhf nra;jhd;.
Ø epwe;jPl;lg;gl;l kl;ghz;l njhopEl;gk; gw;wpa mwpT tpUj;jpia fhl;LfpwJ.
Ø mj;jpthukpl;L tPLfis mikj;jy; vd;gd tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
Ø kz;zpyhd kzpfs; nra;Ak; njhopEl;gk; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
Mjhuk;-`y;JKy;iy> cluQ;rhklk;

tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;
22.tuyhw;W fhy FbapUg;Gfspd; guk;gypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs; ahit?
Ø tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rpapd; msT
Ø kz;zpz; jd;ik
Ø jiujN ; jhw;w NtWghL
Ø ,aw;if tsq;fspd; guk;gy;
Ø ePNuhilfs;
ü kiotPo;r;rpapd; msT-
o cyu; tyaj;jpy; FbNaw;wq;fs; mjpfkhf mikf;fg;gl;ld.
o tptrhaj;jpw;F kioePu; mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ.
o gUt fhw;W %yk; mjpfk; kiofpilj;j ,lq;fspy; kf;fs;
FbapUg;Gfis mikj;jdu;.
o njJWxah> kfhtypfq;if> ahd; xah> fy;Nyhah> kzpf;fq;if>fyh
Xah Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; FbNau;e;jdu;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
9 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 ü kz;zpz; jd;ik-
o nrq;fgpy epw kz; tif cyu;tyaj;jpy; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
o mjpf tpisr;ris jUk; kz;zhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
o ,k;kz; kioePiu Njff ; p itf;f $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
o tulr; p gUtj;jpYk; <uj;jd;ikia Ngz$baJ.
cjhuzk; - nghyeWit nkhduhfiy> mEuhjGuk;>
tTdpah>jpUNfhzkiy

23.jp];] kfuhik Fsj;jij fl;ba kd;dd; ahu;?

Ø ,sehfd; kd;dd;
24.gpuhkp vOj;J fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; mtuz vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ?
Mjhuk; fhzg;gLk; fw;Fiffs; ,uz;ilj; jUf?
mizf;fl;L
fw;Fiffs;-fNzfe;j tpfhiu,fy;nyd tpfhiu

25.tuyhw;W fhy FbNaw;wj;jpd; fl;likg;G jd;ik gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

Ø rpwe;j epUthf fl;likg;G fhzg;gl;lJ.
Ø FLk;gk;>fpuhkk;>efuk;>Guk; vd;w gbKiwapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Ø Xt;nthU gbKiwapy; cs;stu;fSk;; jq;fsJ flikfis rpwg;ghf epiwNtw;wpdu;.
Ø kf;fs; ,d> kj NtWghbd;wp xw;Wikahf tho;e;jdu;.

26.tuyhw;W fhy FLk;g ,ay;ig jUf.

Ø tuyhw;W fhy r%f mikg;gpy; FLk;gk; rpwpa myfhFk;.
Ø FLk;gj;ij FLk;g jiytd; epu;tfpj;jhd;.
Ø gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfspy; FLk;g jiytd; Fu;`gjp vd miof;fg;gl;ld.
Ø FLk;g jiytdpd; flikfshf
o FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fis ghJfhj;jy;.
o FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa vw;gLk; gpzf;Ffq;fis jPu;j;jy;.
o ey;nyhOf;fj;ij fl;bnaOg;gy;.
o FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wy;.
27.tuyhw;W fhy fpuhkj;jpd; jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
Ø FLk;gq;fis nfhz;l myF fpuhkk; MFk;.
Ø xU fpuhkj;jpy; 5-6 tiuahd FLk;gq;fs; trpf;Fk;.
Ø fpuhkj;jiytd; fkpf my;yJ fpuhkpf vd miof;fg;gl;ld.
Ø FLk;gq;fspilNa vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis rkhjhd Kiwapy; jPu;j;jy;
Ø fhl;L kpUfq;fspy; ,Ue;J fpuhk kf;fis ghJfhj;jy; fpuhk jiytdpd;
flikahFk;.
Ø fpuhkq;fspilNa vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;jy; fpuhk jiytu;fs; gj;J Ngiu
nfhz;l rig fhzg;gl;lJ.
Ø jk;Gs;s gpuNjr fSjpa nghf;Fz fy;ntl;L fpuhk jiytu;fs; gj;J Ngiu
rigia fpuhk gpujhdpfs; rig vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Ø fpuhk ghJfhg;gpw;fhf kuf;fl;ilfshy; Ntyp mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Ø fpuhkj;jpw;F ghij>ePu;trjp Nghd;wd Vw;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
Ø tptrhak;>ke;ij tsu;g;G vd;gd gpujhd njhopyhFk;.
Mjhuk; - tPl;Lf;fUfpy; jhdpa fsQ;rpak;>ke;ij Nka;jy;.
Ø tPLfs; ,iyFiyfspyhd $iufis nfhz;bUe;jd.
Ø mj;jpthuk; ,lg;gl;L fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd.
Ø tPLfs; tl;ltbtkhfTk; rJutbtkhfTk; fhzg;gl;ld.
Ø kz; Rtu;fs; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
cjhuzk;-jp];]kfhuhikapy; tyfk;gj;J

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
- -III
10 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk; tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;
 28.efuk;> Guk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
Ø fpuhkk; tsu;r;rpaile;J efukhf khw;w Kw;wJ.
Ø efuk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Guhjd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ø efuk; vd;gJ fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; Guj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l myfhFk;.
Ø efuj;jpd; CNl fpuhk cw;gj;jpfs; Guj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;ld.
Ø tsur ; ;rpaile;j ngupa efuk; Guk; vdg;gLk;.
Ø gdhfLt nrg;Grhrdj;jpy; mDuhjGuk; EUGuk; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Ø ngupa efuj;jpd; gpujhd fl;bl fiyQu; Gufkj;j vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
(gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfspy;)

29.tuyhw;W fhyj;jpy; xU Fsj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;L tsu;r;rpaile;j fpuhkk;

vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lJ.cjhuzk; jUf?
thgpfhkvd ,yf;fpa %yhjuq;fspy; Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk;- kfhtk;rk;-Rkzthgpfhk tpfhu thgpfhk `Pe;jup thgpfhk fl`thgpfhk

30.xNu njhopiy nra;j kf;fs; tho;e;j fpuhkq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;fis gl;bay; ,Lf.
Ø frpfhufhk- tptrhapfs; thOk; fpuhkk;.
Ø kzpfhuhk- ,uj;jpdk; mfo;Nthu; gl;il jPl;LNthu;.
Ø Nfhghy fhk - ,ilau; tho;e;j fpuhkk;.
Ø Nftl;l fhk– kPdtu; tho;e;j fpuhkk;.
Ø Fk;gfhufhk– Fatu; tho;e;j fpuhkk;.
Ø tl;lfPfhk– jr;ru; tho;e;j fpuhkk;.

31.fhuzfhupaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gl;l fpuhkq;fs; vit?

Ø gl;lhd fhk – JiwKfj;ij mz;ba fpuhkk;.
Ø epak;fk; - tu;j;jf fpuhkk.;
Ø Xyfk; - kf;fshy; iftplg;gl;l Fsf;fpuhkk;.
Ø gupfpj;jfk – Ntypapl;L ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fpuhkk.;
Ø mgupfpj;jfk – Ntypapl;L ghJfhf;fg;glhj fpuhkk;.
Ø Guk- ngupa efu FbNaw;wq;fs;
Ø Gufkj;j– efuj;jpd; Guhjd fl;ll(th];J)fiyQu;.

Note- Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; gdhfLt nrg;G rhrdj;jpy; mDuhjGuk;

EUGuk; vd vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
11 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 myF-03
3.,yq;ifapd; murpay; mjpfhu tsu;r;rp
1.tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; kd;ddhf Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu; ahu;?
tp[ad; - fp.K 6k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,yq;iff;F te;jhd;.

2.fp.K 2400 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd tptrha r%fk; xd;W fhzgl;ljhf

njupatUk; GijFop Mjhuk; fhzg;gl;l ,lq;fs; ahJ?
ngufy `y;Jy;y
3.ngUtpUg;G vd;why; vd;d?
ngUk;ghd;ikNahupd; MjuTld; ehl;il epu;tfpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
ngWtpUg;G’ vdg;gLk;.
4.Muk;gfhy mjpfhu gbKiw tsu;r;rp vt;thW fhzgl;lJ?
,y;yj;jiytd; fkpf gUkf uh[h

5.gpf;FfSf;F Fif xd;iw jhdkspj;j gUfk vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhu;

mjd; nghUs; ahJ?
Ø njhll ; Ngh[f glFj;Jiwia epu;tfpg;gu;.
Ø tupt#ypg;gtuhTk; nrhj;Jfis cilatuhTk;.
Ø epu;thf mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;ltuhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; vd $wg;gLfpwJ.

6.,y;yj;jiytdpd; flikfs; ahit?

(fp.K – 900 – cyu;tya FbNaw;wq;fs;)
Ø jd; FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fis giftu;fsplkpUe;Jk; tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J ghJfhj;jy;.
Ø FLk;gj;jpy; xw;Wikia epiyehl;Ljy;.
Ø jd; FLk;gj;jtuJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wy;.
Ø FLk;gj;jpy; xOf;fj;ij ghJfhj;jy;.
Ø fpuhk eyd; fUjp nghJgzpfspy; <Lgly;.
Ø rka nraw;ghl;L gzpfspy; <Lgly; cjhuzk; - Rkztpd; FLk;gj;ij Nru;e;j
FLk;g jiytndhUtd; gpf;Fkhupd; Nrkeyd; fUjp fw;Fif xd;iw Rj;jk; nra;J
jhdkspj;jjhf mDuhjGu ngupa Gspad;Fsk; vDk; ,lj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;Lss
; J.

7.Guhjd fpuhk jiytu;fspd; flikfis Fwpg;gpLf?

Ø Guhjd fy;ntl;LfspYk; ml;LthfijfspYk; fpuhkpf>fkpf vd
fpuhkj;jiytu;fs; Fwpg;gplgLfpd;wdu;.
Ø ,y;yj;jiytu;fsplj;jpNy ,Ue;J fpuhk jiytd; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhd;.
Ø fpuhk, jiytd; njuptpy; nrhj;J Rfq;fs; gyk; MSik nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
Ø fpuhk jiytu;fs; gw;wp Gj;jNfhr Njuupd; rke;jghrjpfht Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

fpuhk jiytdpd; flikfshf –

Ø fpuhkg; nghJ tplaq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fy;.
Ø fpuhkf; Fsq;is epu;tfpj;jy;.
Ø ePiu tpepNahfpj;jy;.
Ø fpuhkj;jtu;fspilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;jy;.
Ø ey;Ywit Nkkg ; Lj;jy;.
Ø rkhjd rftho;T epyTtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;jy;.
Ø fpuhk ViofSf;F cjTjy;.
rka tsu;r;rpapy; gq;F nfhss ; y;. cjhuzk; rpj;Jy;gt;t vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
mike;Js;s tpfhiuf;F nrhe;jkhd nfhutf;fy vDkplj;jpy; cs;s fw;Fif

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
12 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 8.’gUfk’ vd;w gjtp gw;wp RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
Ø gy fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU gpuNjrj;jpd; epu;thf mjpfhupNa gUfk vd
miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
Ø fkpfkhUs;; gyKk; jpwikAk; nfhz;l xUtNu gUkf gjtpf;F epakpf;f gl;ldu;
Ø gy fpuhjq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU Fsj;njhFjpia rpwg;ghf epu;tfpg;gjw;fhfNt
gUkf gjtp cUthdJ.
Ø gpw;fhy murpay; tsu;r;rpapd; Muk;g milahskhf gUkf gjtp fhzgl;lJ.
Ø vy;yh fkpf khu;fisAk; topgLj;Jgtuhf fhzg;gl;lhu;;.
Ø gUkfupd; mjpfhuk; cau;thd gbahy; ,tu;fis muru; vd;w nrhy;yhYk;
mioj;jdu;.
Ø cjhuzk; khj;jis khtl;lj;jpy; vk;Gy mk;Ng vDk; ,lj;jpy; fy;ntl;L xd;wpy;
gpuhe;jpa epUthfp Nghrdp murd; vd;W Fwpgpll
; du;.
Ø Nffhiy khtl;lj;jpy; alnyfd vd;w tpfhiuapy; fw;Fifapy; gpuNjr epu;thfp
Jfju[ vd;W nghwpf;fgl;Ls;sJ. u[ vd;w nrhy; kf;fis kfpo;tpg;gtu; vd
mu;j;jk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

9.gUkfupd; flikfs; vit?

Ø tup mwtpLjy.
Ø Fsj;njhFjpfis gupghypj;jy;.
Ø fpuhkq;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis juP;j;jy;.
Ø Fsj;njhFjp ePiu rpwg;ghf tpepNahfpj;jy;.
Ø gpuNjrj;jpy; epfOk; nghJ itgtq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;.
Ø fpuhkgpuNjr gpui[fspdJk; eyDf;fhf juP;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
Fwpg;G:-Guhjhd fhy ,bghLfs; cila Fsj;njhFjpfis ‘ntt;gpughjda
vy;yq;fht’ vDk; ngauhy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

10.murpd; tsu;r;rpapd; Kjd;ikahd mk;rk; ahJ?

Ø gd;KfgLj;jgl;L ,Ue;j mjpfhuk; xUKfgg ; Lj;jg;gLtNj murpd; tsu;r;rp MFk;.
Ø mur mjpfhuk; kj;jpagLj;jgly; vd;gjhFk;.
Ø ehl;il xd;W gLj;JtJ vd;gjhFk;.
Ø mjpfhuk; ikag;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; muR vd;w fUtp cUthfpwJ. Mlr ; pahsu;fs;
murdhthd;.
11.tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fspd;gb ,e;ehli; l Mz;l Kjy; kd;dd; ahu;?
Ø gz;Lfhga kd;ddhthd;- Ml;rpapd; kjj ; pa epiyak; mDuhjGuk.;
Ø jdJ gj;jhtJ Ml;rp tUlj;jpy; fpuhkq;fSf;F vy;iy tFj;jhd;.
Ø rpjWz;L fple;j Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fis xd;WgLj;jpatd;.
Ø mga thtpia mikj;jhd;.
12.,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; Njtek;gpajp];] kd;ddpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid kjpg;gpLf?
Ø ,yq;ifapd; miktpl Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if Rje;jpu
ehlhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;j;jpaJ.
Ø Gdpj ntss ; uR kuk; elg;gLk; itgtj;jpw;F gpuNjr jiytu;fis
miof;fgl;lik.c-k;;:- fjpu;fhkk;.re;jdfhkk;
Ø Gdpj ntss ; uR kuf;fpisfis ehl;by; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; eLtjw;F
kd;dd; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.
Ø murdpd; KbR+l;L tpohtpw;F mNrhf kd;dd; gQ;r t];Jf;fs; vdg;gLk; Ie;J
nghUl;fis mDg;gp itj;jik (Mytl;lk; jhkiu ghjzpfs; kq;fs ths;
new;wpg;gl;lk;)
Ø kfpe;j Njuu; Clhf ngsj;j kjj;ij ,yq;ifapy; gutyila nra;jik.
Ø gpf;Ffspd; MNyhridfis ngw;W ehL KOJk; jkJ epUthj;ij
mKy;gLj;jpaik.
Ø ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J tUifje;j rq;fkpj;ij gpf;Fzp [k;GNfhsgl;bzj;ij
mile;jNghJ mtu;fis mDuhGuk; tiu Cu;tykhf mioj;J te;jik.
Ø ehl;L kf;fspd; ed;ik fUjp jprhthtpiaAk; J}guhk tpfhiuia mikj;jik
Kf;fpaJtKilajhFk;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
13 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 13.,yq;ifapd; epUthf xUKfgg ; Lj;jypy; Jl;lifKD kd;ddpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
Fwpg;gpLf?
Ø gUkfkhupd; xj;Jiog;ig ngw;W nfhz;lik.
Ø jsgjpfs; ,g;gjtpia ngw Kd;du; gUkfuhf ,Ue;jik.
cjhuzk; - NtYRkd G];]Njt Njuu;Gj;jfha ee;jkpj;jpu
Ø ,yq;ifapd; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuqf ; spd; gb ,yq;if jPit xd;WgLj;jpa
Kjy; murdhf Jl;lifKD FwpgpLf;fpd;whd;.
Ø nghUshsu;, tupmwtPl;lhsu; nrayhsu; gz;lf rhiyf;F nghWg;ghsu;
Nghd;w gjtpf;F gUkfu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
Ø vy;yhsid Njhw;fbj;J ngsj;j rhrdj;jpdJk; ehlb ; d; eyDf;Fk; vd;W
$wpaik.
Ø vy;yhsid Njhw;fbj;J khe;Njhl;lk; JiwKfj;ij jd;trg;gLj;jpaik.
Ø Utd;ntyprhait fl;baNghJ mjd; ehw;wpir thapy;fspYk;
jhdkspf;f Vwg; hL nra;jik.
Ø vy;yhsdpd; fy;yiwf;F vy;NyhUk; kupahij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
fl;lisapl;lik.
14.,yq;ifapd; epu;thf ikag;gLj;jy; my;yJ kj;jpag;gLj;jypy; trg kd;ddpd;
Kf;fpaJtk; ahJ?
Ø ,yk;fu;z tk;rjj ; pd; Kjy; kd;dddhthd;.
Ø xOq;F Kiwahd tup mwtPl;L Kiwia ehL KOtjw;Fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhd;;.
Ø ghupa Fsq;fis mikg;gjw;F fhuzkhdtd; Mthd;.
Ø ehl;il epUthf khtl;lq;fshf gpupj;J nghWg;ghf mikr;ru;fis
epakpj;jhd;.cjhuzk;- aho;ghzj;jpw;F up]pfpup vd;w mikr;ru;.
Ø trg kd;ddpd; epUthf mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; gw;wp ty;ypGu nghw;rhrdj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lLs;sJ.
Ø ,yq;ifapd; jhdpa Vw;Wkjpf;F Kf;fpaJtkspj;jhd;.
cjhuzk;- ,e;jpahtpy; fpU];zh ejp gs;sj;jhf;fpy; Vw;gl;l
czTg;gw;whf;Fiwia ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L nraw;gl;lik.
Ø ,yq;ifapd; jiufPo; ePu;ghrd njhopDl;gk; trg kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpak;
ngw;wJ.ud;kR G+q;fhtpw;Fk; Fl;lk; ngha;iff;Fk; ePu; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lik.
Ø ,yq;ifapd; jiufPo; ePu;ghrdnjhopDl;gk; gw;wp fh];kPupy; vOjg;gl;l
uh[juq;fdpapy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

15.,yq;ifapd; mur mjpfhuj;jpy; Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; Kf;fpaJtj;ij

Fwpg;gpLf?
Ø ,yq;ifapd; Nkd;ikahd Ml;rpahsuhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;.
Ø Nrho Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J ,yq;ifia kPl;nlLj;j ngUikf;Fupa kd;ddhthd;.
Ø rpWguhaj;jpy; fPu;j;jp vd;w ngaUld; cUFizf;Fr;nrd;W tho;e;J te;jhd;.
Ø fPu;j;jp FLk;gj;jpw;F milf;fyk; toq;fpaJ rpj;jhUgpk;gp Gj;jehaf;f vd;w ghJfhg;G
mjpfhupahthu;.
Ø gdhfLt nrg;NgL Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddhy; vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.
Ø 1070 ,y; KO ehl;bw;Fk; kd;ddhf mDuhjGuj;jpy; Kb#bf;nfhz;lhd;.
Ø Nrhou;fhyj;jpy; ftdpahJtplg;l;l tpfhiufs; Gduikg;G nra;jhd;.
Ø jdJ jiyefukhf nghyeWitia njupT nra;jhd;.
Ø ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;ij Kjd;ikgLj;jpNa nraw;gl;lhd;.
cjhuzk; - kpad;khu; fk;G+r;rpah
Ø Nrhou;fsplk; ,Ue;J ehl;il ghJfhg;gjw;fhf jpUkzcwTfis Nkw;nfhz;lhd;.
cjhuzk; - fypq;f ,sturp jpupNyhf Re;jupia jhd; jpUkzk; nra;jik jd;
rNfhjup kpj;jhit ghz;b ehl;L ,sturDf;F kzk; Kbj;J nfhLj;jik.
Ø khe;Njhl;lj;jpy; flw;fhty; muz;fis cUthf;fp ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ig
fl;LgLj;jpaik.
Ø ehl;bd; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf k`hfy;flty k`hfzjutht Kjypa
J}u;e;J Nghd Fsq;fisj; jpUj;jpdhd;
Ø vyfuf; fhy;thapd; rpije;j gFjpfis nrg;gdpl;lik.
Ø fe;jsha; fTLS kpd;Ndupah Fsg;gFjpfspy; kPz;Lk; tptrhaj;ij Muk;gpj;jik.
Ø Cth kfhzj;jpy; GJFdthtpia mikj;jhd;.
“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;
fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
14 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 01Mk; tp[a kd;ddpd; rka gzpfshtd.
Ø nghydWitapy; 03khb nfhz;l jyjh khspifia mikj;jhd;.
Ø rptndhspg;ghjkiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijia nrg;gdpl;L jq;Fkpl trjpfis
Vw;gLj;jpdhd;.
Ø ngsj;j fy;tp Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf gpupntdhf;fis mikj;jhd;.
Ø kfhtpfhiu N[j;jtduhktpfhiu jp];]kfuhktpfhiu mgafpup tpfhiu njtpEtu
tpfhiu kfpaq;fid tpfhiu ryfpup tpfhiu Kjypa tpfhiufis Gduikg;Gr;
nra;jik.

16.ghjpfhga kd;dd;.
Ø fp.K 22k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 07 E}w;whz;L tiu ,yq;ifia xU Filapd; fPo;
Ml;rp nra;jhd;.
Ø kj;jpa epUthf rpwg;ghf nray;gl;lJ.
Ø ntspehlL ; tu;j;jfk; rpwg;gile;jJ.
Ø cNuhKf;F tu;j;jf J}Jf;FOit mDg;gpdhd;.
Ø cNuhKf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilNa neUf;fkhd tu;j;jf njhlu;G ,Ue;jJ.
Ø khe;Njhll; j;jpYk; rpfpupahtpYk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w cNuhk ehzaq;fs; rhd;Wfshf
cs;sd.
Ø cNuhkpy; ,Ue;J ,yq;iff;F fz;zhb gspq;F gtsk; Mguzq;fs; vd;gd
cNuhKf;F nrd;w J}Jf;FOthy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
Ø ghjpfhga kd;dd; Utd;ntyprhatpy; khngUk; G+i[ xd;iw elj;jpdhd;.
Ø ghjpfhga kd;ddpd; rpiy Utd;ntyprha Kw;wj;jpy; cs;sJ.

17.Guhjd fhy ,yq;ifapd; mur ghuk;gupak; ifkhw;wg;gl;l Kiwfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf?

Ø Guhjd muRupikahdJ je;ijaplkpUe;J kfDf;Nfh rNfhjudplkpUe;J
rNfhjuDf;Nfh fpl;bajhf njupfpd;wJ.
Ø Njtek;gpajp];] kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; mtuJ rNfhjuu;fs; murfshfpAs;sdu;.
Ø Jl;lifKD kd;dDf;Fg; gpd;du; mtUila rNfhjudhd rj;jhjp];] muRupik
ngw;whu;.
Ø je;ijaplkpUe;J kfDf;F muRupik fhtd;jp];] kd;dDf;F gpwF Jl;lifKD
Ø trg kd;ddpd; gpwF mtuJ kfd; tq;fehrpf;f jp];]Tf;F
Ø 04k; Kfydpd; kfd; fPu;j;jp ,sturd; je;ijaplkpUe;J muRupik ngw;Wnfhz;lhu.;
Ø murDf;F %j;j Gjy;tdpd; mLj;j kidtpapd; %j;j kfDf;F muRupik
fpilj;jJ.
Ø Gjy;tu;fs; my;yhj NghJ Nkhjy;fs; muRupik njhlu;G gy Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fSk;
cs;sd. cjhuzk; - fhrpag;g kd;dd; je;ij jhJNrd kd;ddplkpUe;jJ.
Ø ,tw;iw tpl murdpd; kidtpapd; rNfhjuDf;F kwW ; k; murdpd; rNfhjupapd;
Gj;jpuDf;F muRupik fpl;ba re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

15 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 murpay; mjpfhuk; kj;jpagLj;jgl;l gpd;du; mjpfhuq;fs; tupirgLj;jgl;l xOq;F
Kiwfis jUf.
kfhuh[h (kGWKfh)

jiyik mikr;ru;-kfhRkjp (kfhkj)

mikr;ru;fs; (mnkj)-jsgjpfs; (Nrdhjpgjp)

nghUshsu;(glfupf)

czTr;rhiy mjpfhup (gjF)

tof;fq;fs; kuG Kiwfs; njhlug

; hd mjpfhup (nfhJD Nfhdh)

efu gupghyfu; (efuFj;jpf)

Fjpiu gpuptpd; jiytu; (mr mnjf)

ahidg;gpuptpd; jiytu; (`jp mnjf)
ehl;ba gpupptpd; jiytu ;(el mnjf);
fhR mr;rpLk gpuptpd; jiytu;(Ug mnjf)
tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;fhd jiyytu; (gz mnjf)
efu flb ; l epu;khdp (efu tbf)
mur nrayfj; jiytu; (gdngbf)
Fwpg;G:- kd;du;fspd; nraw;ghLfSk; mtu;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw tpUk;gpa tpjKk; vit?
Ø Mz;ltd; Nghjprj;Jtu; kiyapd; murd; rf;futu;j;jp vd;gdthf tsu;r;rpAw;wd.
Ø Fl;l fz;z mga kd;dd; - eNu];tu(kdpju;fspd; flTs;)
Ø kfhNrd kd;dd; - kpd;Ndupj; nja;tk;
Ø Kjyhk; fhrpag;g kd;dd; - FNguflTs;(myfga kfhuh[h)
Ø Myfga kfhuh[h- ,e;jpuNyhfq;fspd; kfhuh[h
Ø rf;fu tu;j;jp – KO cyfpw;Fk; murd;
Ø Nghjprj;Jtuhf Njhw;wk; mspj;jy;

NOTE:- kd;du;fspd; nraw;ghLfSk;>mtuf ; s; Njhw;wk; ngw tpUk;gpa tpjKk; vit?

Mz;ltd;>Nghjprj;Jtu;>kiyapd; murd;>rf;futu;j;jp vd;gdthf tsu;r;rpAw;wd.
Fl;lfz;z mga kd;dd; -eNu];tu(kdpju;fspd; flTs;);
kfhNrdd;- kpd;Ndupah nja;tk;
1k; fhrpag;gd;- FNgu flTs;(myfgha kfhuh[h)-,e;jpuNyhfq;fspd; kfhuh[h
rf;futu;j;jp-KO cyfpw;Fk; murd;
Nghjprj;Jtuhf Njhw;wk; ngw;wit

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
16 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 myF-04
gz;ila r%fk;;
01.ehl;bd; epu;thfj;ij nfhz;L elj;Jk; %d;W ];jhgdq;fSk; vit?
rl;lk;
epu;thfk;
ePjp

02.Guhjhd fhyjj ; py; gad;gLj;jgl;l nrhw;gpuNahfk; vtw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ?

v tj;`pkpad; tjhy -murdpd; Miz
v Vf M];jhd -mur rig
v rhk;a -mDkjp
v Vf M];jhd rhk;a- mur rigahy; mDkjpf;fgl;lJ.
v tj;fpkp - murd;
v rght - ePjpkd;wk;
v k`Nyfk; -gjpthsu; ehafk;
v jrfk; vj;jd; - gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; nraw;gLk; rigfs;
v nt[;[rhyh- itj;jparhiy
v cgrf;fNuhfhehr- fha;r;ryhy; ghjpf;fgl;ltu;fSf;f jdp itj;jparhiy
v g]te;jp ehk rhy- gpurtj;jpw;fhd itj;jparhiy(jpk;gpupNf)
v nrhj;jp rhy - gputr tpLjp(tpNrl fl;blq;fs;)

03.kd;duhlr; p fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;Jiw>epu;thfj;Jiw>ePjpj;Jiw rpwg;ghf nray;gl;lJ vd;w

tpjj;jpid cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff?
· rl;lj;Jiw:-
rl;lj;Jiw ehlL ; f;Fj; Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpaJ.
· muru; fhyj;jpy; mjpfhuk; kj;jpagLj;jgl;L ,Ue;jikahy; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjw;F
kd;dNd nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhd;.
cjhuzk;:- fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; tj;fpkpad; tjhyvd murdpd; rl;lj;ij Fwpj;jpUe;jJ.
· kd;dDf;F rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjpy; mur rig cjtpaJ vf;n;jd; rkpa mjhtJ mur
rigahy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ vd nghUs;gLk;.
· kf;fsJ r%f>rka>nghUshjhu>Mj;kPf Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf rl;lk; ,aw;wgl;lJ.
· ehl;bd; kuGfs>; gpf;Ffspd; MNyhridfis ngw;Nw kd;dd; rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhd;..
cjhuzk;:-
Ø Jl;lifKD kd;dd;- vy;yhs kd;dpd; fy;yiwf;Fk; kf;fs; kupahij nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;
Ø kfhNrd kd;dd;- kfhtpfhiu gpf;FfSf;F jhdk; toq;f $lhJ
kd;dd; Ml;rp nra;Ak; NghJ mur rigapd; MNyhridfis ngw;W nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
· epu;thfj;Jiw:-
· ehl;bd; epu;thf kj;jpa epiyakhf jiyefuq;fs; nraw;gl;ld. cjhuzk; -
gz;Lfhga kd;dd; - mDuhjGuk;
· jiyefUf;F ntspapy; gpNujrq;fis epu;tfpf;f cs;Suhl;rp njhlu;ghd epUthf
mikg;G ,Ue;jJ.
cjhuzk; - ty;ypGu nghw;rhrdj;jpy; aho;ghzj;jpw;F up]p`pup vd;gtu; gpuNjr
Ml;rpahsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lik.
· fPo; kl;l epUthj;ij epu;tfpf;f RNar;irahd rigfs; ,Ue;jik.cjhuzk; -
‘jrfk; vj;jd;’ 10 fpuhkj;jiytu;fis nfhz;l rig vdg;gLk;. cjhuzk; -
khj;jis ‘fSjpa nghf;Fz’ fy;ntl;L
· Rfhjhuj; Jiw Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
· Gj;jjh] kd;dd; itj;jpa rhiyfis epu;khzpj;jik.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
17 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 · gz;Lfhga kd;dd; 01k; ghuhf;fpukghF kd;dd; mDuhjGuj;jpYk;
nghydWitapYk; itj;jpa rhiyfis epWtpaik cjhuzk; - nghydWit
Myh`hdh gpupntdh (kUj;Jt Xlk; kUj;Jtcgfuzk;)
· 5k; kfpe;jd; kd;dd; ehnlq;fpYk; fhzg;gl;l itj;jpa rhiyfSf;F trjpfis
nra;J nfhLj;jhd;.
· 4k; fhrpag;gd; fha;r;ryhy; ghjpfg;gl;ltu;fSf;nfd ‘cgrf;f Nuhfehr’ vd;w
jdpahd itj;jpa rhiyiffis mikj;jhd;.
· Kjyhk; cgjp];] kd;dd; gpurt tpLjpfis fl;bdhd;.cjhuzk; - ‘g]te;jp
ehk rhy’ jpk;gpupNf gpurt tpLjp – nrhj;jprhy
· epUthf eltbf;iffspy; ntspehl;L nfhs;ifAk; Kf;fpa ngw;wJ.

ePjp nraw;ghLfs; -
· ePjpkd;wj;ij Fwpf;f rght vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
· ePjpkd;wq;fs; kf;fspilNa Vw;gLk; gpzf;Ffis tprhupj;J jPu;g;G toq;fpd.
· epyq;fs; nrhj;Jfs; ifkhw;wk; njhlu;gpy; ePjp kd;wNk cj;jpNahf G+u;t
epUtdkhd nraw;gl;lJ.
· vy;yhsd; kd;dd; muz;kid thapypy; Muha;r;rpkzpapid flb ; apUe;jik.
· k`pe;j uhk vDk; gpf;Ffspd; Muhikf;F nfNyfk vDk; ,lj;ij md;gspg;G
nra;a te;j nkdpd;fKNt cja epfnty;NyNrd vd;w mjpfhupfs; rghit gpujp
epjpj;JgLj;j te;jjhjf $wg;gLfpwJ.
· ePjpkd;wk; (rght)k`Ny k`Nyfk; - gjpthsu; ehafk; vd;w gjtpfs;
ePjpkd;wj;NjhL njhlu;GilajhFk;.

· 04 kd;duhlr ; p fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis

cjhuzq;fSld; jUf?
· ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;L nfhs;ifapd; miktplfhuzp nry;thf;F nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
· ,yq;if may; ehlhd ,e;jpah Nkw;F ehLfshd fpNuf;fk; mNugpah> ,j;jhyp>
Nghd;w ehLfSlDk; fpof;F ehLfshd rPdh> fk;G+r;rpah> yhNth];> kpad;khu;
Nghd;w ehLfSld; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jJ.
· tu;j;jfk;>jpUkzk;>rkak;>murpay; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jJ.
· ,yq;if tu;j;jfk; njhlu;GfiscNuhk>;rPdh>,e;jpah Kjypa ehLfSld;
itj;jpUe;jJ. cjhuzk; - cNuhk ehzaq;fs;- rPfpupah > khe;ij
· ghjpfha kd;dd; cNuhKf;F xU J}Jf;FOit mDg;gpdhd;.(FNshba]; kd;dd;
fhyj;jpy;)
· rPd kl;ghz;lk; ,yq;ifapy; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;lik. cjhuzk; -
mgafpup>N[jtduhka)
· ,gpd; gJ}jh Njr rQ;rhup ,yq;iff;F te;jik.
· fp.gp 12k; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;if tu;j;jfu;fs; kpad;khUld; ahid tpahghuj;jpy;
<Lg;gl;lik.
cjhuzk; - tk;r fijfs;
· f[ghF kd;dd; gj;jpdp Nfhtpy; jpwg;G tpohTf;fhf njd;dpe;jpa Nru ehl;Lf;F
nrd;wik.
· fdp];l jp];] murd; Utd;ntyp jhJ NfhGuj;jpw;F Njitahd fz;zhb
kzpfis ngw;W nfhs;tjw;F xU J}Jf;FOit cNuhKf;F mDg;gpdhd;.
· ghfpad; Njuu; ,yq;ifapy; mga fpup tpfhiuapy; 02tUlq;fs; jq;fpapUe;jik.
· 01k; tp[aghF kd;dd; kpad;khupypUe;J gpf;Ffis tutioj;J cgrk;gjh
epfo;r;rpia elj;jpaik.
· t[;uNghjp vd;w ngaUila njd; ,e;jpa gpf;F ,yq;if te;jik.
· njd;dpe;jpa njhlu;G fhuzkhf ngsj;j rkak;>,e;Jrkak; ,yq;iff;F gutpaik.
· muhgpahTld; njhluG ; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; ,];yhk; gutpaik.
· 06k; mf;Ngh kd;dd; rPdhTld; neUf;fkhd njhluG ; ffis nfhz;bUe;jik.
· 01k; tp[aghF kd;dd; jd; jq;if kpj;jhit ghz;ba ,sturDf;F jpUkzk;
Kbj;J nfhLj;jik.
“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;
fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
18 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 · fypq;f ,sturp jpupNyhf Re;jupia jpUkzk; Kbj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
· f[gh kd;dd; Nrho ehL nrd;W Aj;jk; Gupe;jik.
· 01k; guhf;fpukghF ghz;ba ehl;LfF
; gilnaLj;J rpiwgpbf;fgl;Nlhiu kPl;L
te;jik.
· 01k; tp[aghF nghyd;dWit jyjh khspif ghJfhg;Gff ; hf njd;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j Ntiyf;fhu gilia epakpj;jhd;

05.kd;duhl;rp fhy epUthfj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; vit?

· kf;fspd; vjpu;fhy ey;tho;it Nkkg ; Lj;jy;.
· may;ehLfSld; ey;Ywit tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
· ehl;L kf;fspd; rkhjhd rftho;it Nkkg ; Lj;jy;.
· murpay;>nghUshjhu>r%f fyhrhu tplaq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
· ehl;bd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ghJfhj;jy;.
06.kd;duhlr; p fhy nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?
· mNdf kf;fs; fpuhkq;fspNy tho;e;jdu;.
· tho;thjhu njhopyhf tptrhaNk fhzgl;lJ.
· rpyu; Nrid gapu;r;nra;iffspYk; <Lgl;ldu;.
· ke;ij tsug ; ;Gk; tho;thjhuq;fSs; xd;whf fhzgl;lJ.
· gyu; new;gapu;nra;ifapYk; <Lgl;ldu;.

07.kd;duhlr ; p fhyj;jpd; tptrhaj;jpd; ,U gpujhd gpupTfSk; vit?

01.Nrid gapu;r;nra;if
02.new;gapu;r;nra;if

Nridg;gapu;r;nra;if
· Nridg;apu;;nra;if Nkl;Lepyg;g gapu;nra;ifahFk;.
· jkf;F Njitahd msT jhdpaq;fisAk;>kuf;fwp tiffisAk;>gapupl;L
nfhs;sf;$bafhf ,Ue;jJ.
· NghJkhd msT epygug;ig ngUq;fhLfspy; ,Ue;J ngw;W jPapl;L nfhSj;jp
Nrid xd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.
· jPapl Kd;du; rg;jkpl;L xyp vOg;gp rfy capupzq;fisAk; epyg;gFjpapypUe;J
tpulb; tpLtu;.
· Gjpjhf jPaplg;gl;l fhzp etnjdp Nrid vdg;gLk;.
· etnjdp Nrd vd;gjw;F Fuf;fd;> nfhs;S>
cSe;J>gaW>Nrhsk;>fUk;G>tuF>jpiz>Xkk>; vDk; jhdpa tiffs; xd;gJk;
nropg;ghf tsUk; NridiaAk; etnjdp Nrid vd rpy gpuNjrq;fspy;
mioj;jdu;.
· rpy fhyk; iftplg;gl;l gpd;du; kPsTk; gapulg;gLk; Nridfs; ‘fdj;j’vdg;gLk;.
· Nridfspy; cOe;J>tuF > gaW> Fuf;fd;> Nrhsk;>vs;S>fLF>ruPfk;>jpiz>muprp
Nghd;w jhdpatiffSk;>tl;lf;fha;>G+rzpf;fha;>fj;jpupf;fha;>rhy;gy; G+rzp Nghd;w
kuf;fwp tiffSk; >ney;>fUk;G>gUj;jp Nghd;wdTk; gapuplg;gl;ld.
· mf;fhyj;jpy;>JzpAk;>rPdpAk; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba tifapy; gUj;jpAk;>fUk;Gk;
cw;gj;jpapy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jpUe;jd.
· Nrid ,Ug;gplj;jpy; ,Ue;J XusT J}ukhd ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; Nridia
tdtpyq;Ffspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F fk;Gfshy; Md Ntyp
milf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.mJ ‘jz;L ntl;l’ vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
· Nrid gapu; nra;iff;fhf muru;fshy; tup mwtPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.mt;tup nfjp
ml>nfLfdf vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.cjhuzk; - nghydWit ep];]q;f ky;ykd;dd;
,t;tpU tupfisAk; ePf;fpajhf Fwpg;gpg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
19 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 new; nra;if
· fy;ntl;Lfspy; ney;gapulg;gLk; ,lk;>tay; vd;Wk; nfj vd;Dk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· rpw;wsT new;nra;if gz;zg;gLk; ,lk; tay; vd;Wk;>gy tay;fs; nfhz;l gue;j
,lj;ij nfj vd Fwpg;gpLtu;.(nfj vd;gJ rk];fpuj nkhop)
· rpW Nghfk;>,ilg; Nghfk;>ngUk; Nghfk;> vd ePu; fpilf;Fk; jd;ikapd;
mbg;gilapy; new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sgl;lJ.
· new;nra;ifia ntw;wpfukhf Nkwn ; fhs;tjw;F kio ePiu Njff ; p
itj;Jf;nfhs;sy;>MWfis kwpj;J fhy;tha;fs; %yk; ePiu tay;fSf;F
mDg;Gjy; vd;w Kiwfs; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
· ePu; tsj;ij ghJfhj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilajhf fhzg;gl;lJ. kfh
guhf;fpukghF ‘tpz;zpy; ,Ue;J nghopAk; xU Jsp ePiuNaDk; kdpjDf;F
gad;glhJ flypy; fyf;f tpl khlN ; ld;’
· Fsq;fs; fpuhkpa Fsk;>ngupa Fsk;>ngupa Fsj;Jf;F ePu; toq;Fk; vd
fhzg;gl;lJ.(fkpf thtp>kfh thtp )
· trg kd;dd;>kfhNrd kd;dd;>jhJNrd kd;dd; MfpNahu; ePu;ghrdk; njhlu;gpy;
Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.

ke;ij tsu;g;G:-
· ke;ij tsug ; ;gpy; gpujhdkhf khL tsug;G fhzgl;lJ.
· fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; khL tsug ; ;NghUf;fhd fpuhkk; ‘Nfhghyfk;’ vd $wg;gl;Lss
; J.
· czT Njitapy; japu;>nea;>ntz;nza; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
· nfhOk;G E}jdrhiyapy 04k; fhrpag;g kd;ddhy; nghwpf;fgl;l fy;ntl;by;
‘fpupnfup’ vDk; nrhy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
· ‘fpup nfup’ vd;gJ ghy; ngw;W nfhs;s tsu;f;Fk; gRf;fis Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
· khLfis jtpu NfhopfSk;>MLfSk; tPLfspy; tsu;f;fgl;ld.
· nkjfpupapy; cs;s vj;nt`u kz;lgj;jpy; itj;jparhiyfspy; Nehahspfspd;
Njitf;fhf kuzpj;j MLfspdJk;>NfhopfspdJk; khkprk; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ifj;njhopy;:-
· gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,yq;ifapy; cNyhf ifj;njhopy; kpfTk;
Kd;Ndw;wfukhf ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
· cNyhf ifj;njhopypy; Kf;fpakhdJ ,Uk;G ifj;njhopshFk;. ,jNdhL
njhluG ; ila fk;khsu;fis fy; ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘fgu’ vd Fwpg;gplgl;bUe;jJ.
· md;whl tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf kz;ntl;b>Vu;>mupths; vd;gd cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;ld.
· cjhuzk;:- nghyd;dWit KJfy vDk; ,lj;jpy; k[;[pk vDk; fk;khsiu gw;wp
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jik.
· nrk;G(jk;gfu)>nts;sPak; Nghd;w cNyhfj;njhopy;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld.
· jq;f ifj;njhopypy; <lgl;l nghw;nfs;su;fs; Jyhjhu vd;w nrhy;yhYk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ,uj;jpd fw;fs; ifj;njhopy; gw;wpAk; ><Lgl;l fiyQu;fs; ‘kzpfu’vd;w
nrhy;yhYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· je;jr; nrJf;fy; ijj;njhopy; gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
‘jbf’vd;gJ ahidje;jk; MFk;.
· kz;ghz;l tidjy; ijj;njhopy; gw;wp $wg;gl;bUe;jJ.,tu;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy;
‘Fk;gfhu’vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jdu;.
· E}y; E}w;Fk; ifj;njhopy; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. ‘jjta’vd;w nrhy;yhy;
E}y;E}w;gtu;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jdu;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
20 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 tu;j;jfk;
· Guhjd efuq;fspy; mDuhjGuk;>kfhfkk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
· Guhjd fhy mEuhGuj;jpd; njw;F thapypy; fhyRkz vd;w ngaupy; tu;j;jf re;ij
xd;wpUe;jJ.
· tu;j;jk; Guhjd fhyjj ; py; rPtNdhghakhf ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
· rPfpupah ePu;G+q;fhtpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by; ‘mgytgy’vd;w egu; gw;wp
gpu];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ‘Mk;y’tpahghuk; vd;W gioarpq;fsj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ Gsp tpahghuj;ij
MFk;.
· tu;j;jfu;fs; r%fuPjpahf xd;W gl;L nray;gl;ldu; vd;gij ‘Gfa’ vDk; ngaupy;
rq;fnkhd;W nray;gl;ljd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
· tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lg;gl;Nlhu; tzp[ vDk; ngauhNyh thgu vDk; ngauhNyh
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
· Guhjhd tu;j;jfu;fs; nry;te;jfu;fs; Mdgbahy; mtu;fs; gpf;Ffs; tho;tjw;Ff;
fw;Fiffisj; jhzkspj;Js;sdu;.
· Rkz vDk; tzpfuhy; mt;thW jhdkspf;fg;gl;l fw;Fif xd;W gw;wp
mk;ghe;Njhl;il gz;lfy vDk; ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· mk;ghe;Njhli ; l khtl;lj;jpy; nt`uf;fk vDk; ,lj;jpy; fy;ntl;L xd;wpy;
‘jjtaGfa’vDk; thu;j;ij ‘E}y; E}w;gtu;’ my;yJ nerthspia Fwpg;gjhf
fhzg;gl;lJ.
· Jzpnea;jy; tpahghuk; nra;gtu;fspd; rq;fk; xd;W gpf;FfSf;F Fif jhdk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ njhlu;gpYk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
· Guhjhd re;ijfs; Kiwahf epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lik njhlu;gpy; ehd;fhk; cja
kd;ddpd; N`hgPbfk J}z;fy;ntl;by; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· N`hgpbfk re;ij gw;wp nrhunghu thtp J}z;fy;ntl;bYk; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· re;ijf;F tUk; my;yJ re;ijia fle;J nry;Yk; tz;bfSf;F
tupt#ypf;fg;glf;$lhJ>vd;w rl;l%yk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
· #upa xspapy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fg;gl;l kz;lgk; xd;wpd; fPo; kl;LNk ntw;wpiy
tpahghuk; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
· fha;e;Jg; Nghd ntw;wpiyia kf;fSf;F tpw;ff ; g;gl$lhJ.
· Nehd;kjp jpdq;fspy; tu;j;jfk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
· Nehd;kjp jpdq;fspy; tu;j;jfk; Gupe;Njhuplk; jz;lg;gzk; t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.
· jz;lkhf k`paq;fid tpfhiuf;F tpsf;Nfw;Wtjw;F vz;nza; toq;f vd
gzpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
· njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tk;rhtspfspd; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; gy ,yq;ifapy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l jkpo; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ehdhNjrp tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpw;Fupa cNyhf Kjj ; piufs; mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapy;
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
· fhk; Ngh[u;fs; vd;W Mg;fhdp];jhdpypUe;J ,yq;if te;j tu;j;jfu;fis
Fwpg;gplg;gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lss ; J.
· ,yq;if ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jikAk; fpof;F Nkw;F
tu;j;jf ghijapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jikAk; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; Guhjd
fhyj;njhlf;fk; ,yq;if gpug;gy;ak; mila fhuzkhapw;W.
· mEuhjGuk; efuhf tsur ; ;rpaile;fikAk; efUf;F Nkw;fhf khe;ij fpof;fhf
Nfhfz;z JiwKfKk; fhzg;gl;likAk; tu;j;jf tpUj;jpf;F fhuzkhaike;jJ.
· Nkw;F fpof;F fiuNahuq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l rpwpa JiwKfq;fspd; nry;thf;Fk;
tu;j;jf tpUj;jpf;F fzprkhf gq;fhw;wpd.
· tlflw;fiuapy; mike;jpUe;j [k;GNfhsg;gl;bdk; vDk; rpwpa JiwKfj;jpw;F Gdpj
ntss ; uR kuf;fpis nfhz;L tug;gl;likAk; fpof;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s
yq;fhgl;bdk; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rpwpa fg;gy; jupg;gplj;jpy;; N`kkhyh
,stuprpAld;>je;j ,sturDlDk; Gdpj je;j jhJ nfhz;Ltug;gl;likAk; Guhjd
fhy tu;j;jftpUj;jpf;F fhuzkha; mike;jJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
21 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 · Mrpupau;fis Fwpg;gpl gioa gjpNtLfspy; ‘Mrhu;a’ vDk; nrhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· fiyfis fw;gpf;Fk; egu;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ fiyfspy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;j
egu;fSk; ‘Mrhu;a’ vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
· ahidiag; gof;Fk; Mrpupau;fs;-`];jp Mrhu;a
· Fjpiu kPNjwpr; nry;tij fw;gpg;Nghu; -m];t Mrhu;a
· mk;G va;Jk; fiyia fw;gpj;Njhu; -jD Mrhu;a vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
· ngsj;j fy;tp epiyaq;fs; gpupntdhf;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;ld.
· fy;tpapy; rka fUj;JfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jt kspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
· Guhjhd fhy gpuhkzu;fSk; gpf;FfSk; fy;tpia Gfl;bdhu;fs;.

itj;jpau;fs;
· itj;jpau;fis Fwpg;gjw;F fy;ntl;Lfspy; (nt[)vd;w nrhy;
gpupNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· itj;jpau;fspy; cau; epiyapy; ,Ue;jtu;fs; ‘kN`ntjdh’vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ‘kN`nyjdh’ itj;jpaiuNah mWitrpfpr;ir nra;Ak; itj;jpaiuNah Fwpg;gplTk;
gad;dLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· nghJthf gpf;FfNs itj;jpau;fshfTk; ,Ue;Js;sdu;.
tof;fwpQu;fs;
· <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; epytpa rl;lq;fis ghu;f;Fk; NghJ JiwNghd
mwpTs;su;fs; tho;e;Js;sdu; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
· ,tu;fs; rl;lk; ,aw;wtjpYk; juP;g;G nrhy;tjpYk; kd;du;fSf;F cjtpAs;sdu;.
· kd;du;fSf;F MNyhrizfis toq;Fgtu;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdu;.
· tof;fwpQu;fs; ‘nth`hu’vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
· tof;fwpQu;fs; thz;ikkpF egu;fshf cau;thf fUj;jg;gl;ldu;.
gy;NtW fiyQu;fs;
· fiyQu;fspy; eldkhLNthu; rpj;jpuk;tiugtu;fs;> ftpQu;fs; gw;wp Guhjd
%yhjhuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
· FUzhfy; khtl;l>nkjfktpy; mike;Js;s Guhjhd tpfhiuapy;
nrJf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; jp];] vd;w eld fiyQu; gw;wp
Fwpg;gplg;gl;L:s;sJ.
· rpj;jpiu fiyQiu Fwpg;gpl ‘rpjfu’‘ygju’ vd;w nrhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ftpQu;fis Fwpg;gjw;F ftp vd;w nrhy;gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fyhrhuk;
· ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd rkakhf Gj;jrkak; tpsq;FfpwJ.
· fp.K 03k; E}w;whz;by; kfpe;j Njuu; ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkaj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;.
· ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ ngsj;j kd;ddhf Njtek;gpajP]d; tpsq;fpdhd;.
· Njtek;gpa jP] kd;dNd ,yq;ifapy; gpf;FrhrdKk;>gpf;Fdp rhrdKk;
Njhw;wk;ngw;w fhuzkhf mike;jhd;.
· gpf;Ffs; trpg;gjw;nfd MuhikfSk; >FiffSk; jhdkspf;fg;gl;ld.
· 1600w;f;F Nkw;gl;l fw;Fiffs; ehl;bd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
· fw;Fiffs; Rj;jk; nra;J kiof;fhyj;jpy; ePu; toptjid jLg;gjw;fhd gPypfis
mikj;J gpf;FfSf;F jhdkspj;jdu;.
· jhdkspj;Njhu; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fs; ‘gpuhkp’vOj;Jf;fs; ‘gpuhfpUj’vDk; Guhjd
rpq;fs nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Lss; d
· upbfy nt];]fpup>rPfpupa Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzyhk;
· gd;drhyh vdg;gLk; fl;llKk; gpf;Ffs; tho;tjw;F mikf;fg;gl;ld.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

22 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 · jiyik gpf;F xUtupd; fPo; tho;e;j Vida FUkhu;fs; ‘me;Nj thrpg;’gpfFfs; vd
Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;.
· jiyik gpf;Ffis mz;b thOk; khztg; gpf;Ffs; ‘rjtp`fupa’vd;Dk;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; $wg;gl;Lss
; J.
· tyfk;gh kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; jpupgplfk; vOjg;gl;lJ.
· ‘trtrpf’vd;gJ kiof;fhyj;jpy; ghJfhg;ghf jq;fpapUj;jy; vd;gjhFk;.

Vida kjq;fs;
· mDuhjGu kw;Wk; mjid mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy; gpuhkzpa kf;fs; FOf;fshf
tho;e;Js;sdu;.
· gpuhkzu;fs; rka eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ljhf kfhtk;r Bfhtpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· rPtf rhyh vDk; nrhy; rptypq;fk; gpujp];il nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ,lk; vd
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· njd;dpe;jpa njhlu;G ,e;J rkak; gut fhuzkhapw;W
· nghydWitapy;16k; rptd;Nfhapy;fs; fll ; g;gl;lik.
· ‘jnkl’vd fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ jpuhtplu;fis MFk;.
· gpuhjd JiwKfq;fis mz;b jkpo; kf;fs; thod;e;Js;sdu;. jpUNfjP];tuk;
jpUNfhNz];tuk; vd;gd jkpo;kf;fspd; topg;ghl;blq;fshFk;.
· rpYit milahsk; fz;lwpag;gl;Lss ; J. fj;Njhypf;f rka gpupTfspy; xd;whd
ne];Nlhupau;fSf;F cupajhFk;.
· ghurPf tpahghupfshy; rpYit topg;ghL Nkw;nfhss ; g;gl;lJ.
· fp.gp 5k; E}w;whz;by; Njr rQ;Qhup nfh];k]; ,z;bnfhg;Nyl]g; mDhuhjGuj;jpy;
tho;e;j ghurPf tpahghupfs; gw;wp $wpAs;sdu;.
· Guhjd muG G+Nfhstpay; E}yhd ‘fpjhg; my; k];ypf; ty; kkhypf;’rpy; ,yq;if
nruz;bg; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· muhgpau; ,yq;ifAld; Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ey;Ywit Nkwn ; fhz;lJ.
· Kfk;kJ egp mtu;fs; muhgpahtpy; ,];yhkpa gpurhuj;jpy; <Lg;gl;L nfhz;bUe;j
NghJ mij mwpa nrd;wjhf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ,gd; r`;upau; vOjpa ‘m[hapg; my;`pe;j’vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,];yhkpaupd; gq;fspg;G ,];yhkpa kj
nry;thf;if Nkk;gl nra;jJ.
· fp.gp 850,y; tu;j;jfuhd Riykhd; vd;gtu; rptndhspg;ghjkiyia ju;rpf;f
iyq;if te;jik.
· Riykhd;>kFjp>my;GW}d;>,gpd;gJ}jh ,yq;if gw;wpa jfty;fis je;Js;sdu;.
· fp.gp 1344 ,y; ,yq;iff;F te;j ,gd; gJ}jh Gj;jsk; GuNjrj;jpy; ,lk;ngww ;
fWth tpahghuk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
fy;tp
· Guhjhd fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj fy;tpia ngw;Wnfhs;sTk;> mjid gug;Gtjw;Fk;
mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
· xU guk;giuapy; ,Ue;J mLj;j guk;giuf;F mwpT gupkhw;wg;gl;lJ
gapw;rpfs;>Nfs;tpQhdj;jpd; %ykhFk;.
· Guhjd fhy kahdq;fSk; >m];jp itf;fgl;l kl;ghz;lq;fSk; itff ; gl;bUe;e
tpjk; xNu khjpup cUthf;f gl;bUe;j jd;ik vd;gd mwpT njhopDl;gj;ij
ntspfhl;LfpwJ.
· Guhjhd fhyj;jpy; vkJ ehl;L fy;ntl;Lfspy; Mrhu;a vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ
Mrpupatu;fshtu;.
· fw;gpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fis nfhz;Nl Mrpau;fs; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.(JZ
Mrhu;a>mk;G va;Jtu;fs;> Fjpiuahidia gof;Fgtu;fs);
· Gj;j rkak; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fhyj;jpy; ,e;ehl;bd; fy;tp epiyaq;fshf ngsj;j
tpfhiufNs nraw;gl njhlq;fpd.
· ngsj;j FUkhu; rpq;fsk;>ghsp>rk];fpUjk;>gpuhfpUjk; kw;Wk; Gj;j ju;kk; njhlu;gpYk;
Mo;e;j mwpit nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
23 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 · Guhjd fhyj;jpy; mEuhjGuj;jpy; kfhtpfhiu rka kj;jpa epiyakhf md;wp fy;tp
epiyakhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ.
· jpupgplfj;jpw;F Nkyjpf tpsf;fkhf ml;Lthf;fis vOjpaGj;j Nfhr Njuu;
kfhtpfhiuapy; fy;tp gapd;wtuhtu;.
· NyhNfhgfhu E}ypy; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yf;fpaKk; ,uridAk;
· Guhjhd fhy ,uhrul;il ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; ghsp>rk];fpUjk;>rpq;fsk; Mfpa
nkhopfspy; vOjpapUe;jij mtjhdpf;fyhk; cjhuzk;-jPgtk;rk;
mgpjhdgpujPgpf;fh>rhuh gpujPg;gjp
· rpq;fs E}y;fshf -rpag];]yfu>rjhe;jhtj;j>KtNjcjhtj;j Fwpg;gplyhk;.
· rk];fpUj E}y;fshf [dhfp`uza>ghtjNghjd>mDUj;jrj;jfa vd;tw;iw
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
· <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G fpupe;j gd;riy fw;ghiwapy; jhdj;Jld; ghlf;$ba
ghly; Gj;j ngWkhdpd; Fztpay;Gfis giwrhw;Wtjhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
· rPfpupa gspq;F Rtupy; 600 Nkw;gl;l ftpijfs; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
· ePz;lfhy tptrha eltbf;if ,aw;if #oypy; Nkwn ; fhss
; g;gl;l ke;ij tsu;g;Ng
vd;gijAk; mf;fhy kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahL xd;wpj;J tho;e;jij Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
· kUe;J>Mil>tL P Kjypa NtiyfSk; ,aw;ifNa kf;fSf;F toq;fpaJ.,t;thW
,aw;ifNahL xd;wpUe;J ,yf;fpaKk; tsu;;r;rpAw;wJ.
,zq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,zf;fg;ghL
· Kw;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj vkJ efuq;fspy; gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fis nfhz;l kf;fs;
tho;tjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.
· njd;dpe;jpah – jkpou;fs;
· fpNuf;fk; nk]pNlhdpah – mNahdpad;fs;
· Mg;fhdp];jhd; - fhk;Ngh[u;fs;
· kyhf;fh – [htu;fs;
· gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fs; efu;Guj;jpy; Njhd;w fhuzkhapdu;.
· ,dq;fspilNa gd;Kf jd;ik fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; >If;fpakhf tho;e;Js;sdu;.
· ngsj;j rka FUthf jkpou; xUtu; ,Ue;jhf mDuhjGu mgafpup tpfhiu
fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLf;fpd;wJ.
· jkpou;>rpq;fstu; jpUkz cwT fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· Guhjhd Gufhyj;jpNy jkpo FLk;gq;fs; rpy tho;e;J te;j njhy;nghUshuf ; shy;
mDuhjGuj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
· fp.gp 9k; E}w;whz;lstpy; ,e;ehlL ; mur rigapy; jkpo; mjpfhup vd;w mur gjtp
,Ue;Js;sJ.
· nfhOk;G mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy; 4k; kfpe;j kd;dd;pd; fy;ntl;by; jkpo;
mjpfhup gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· jkpou;fs; mjpfkhNdhu; ,uhZtj;jpy; gilapduhf gzpGupe;Js;sdu;.
· njd;dpe;jpa gilapd; cjtpia ,sehfd;> mgaehfd; kd;du;fs; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
· njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j tpahghupfs; njh;lu;gpyhd cNyhf Kj;jpiu
mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Lss; J.
· jhdhNjrp my;yJ Iq;FWtu; tu;j;jfu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd jPu;it epiyak; xd;W
gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· midj;J kf;fSk; xw;Wikahf topgLk; ,lkhf rptndhspghjkiy
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ngsj;ju;fs; - rpupghj vd;Wk;
,e;Jff ; s; - rptndhspghjkiy vd;Wk;
fpwp];jtu;fs; >,];yhkpau;fs; - Mjhkpd; kiy vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdu;.
· ehLfhz; gazp Riykhd; fp.gp 850 fhyg;gFjpapy; rptndhspghj kiyia ju;rpf;f
te;jjhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
· mf;fhy kf;fs; ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpf;fhf rfyUld; rftho;itNa tpUk;gpdu;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
24 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 Fwpg;G
‘gjdhfu’
· Guhjhd fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j FUkhu; Mo;e;j jpahdj;jpy; <LgLk; fl;lltif
MFk;.
· ePNuhilahy; gpupff
; g;gl;l ,U fl;llq;fis rpwpa ghyk; xd;why; ,izj;J
,J fl;lg;gl;lJ.
· ngupkpad; Fif fy;ntl;by; RJ];;]d vd;w ngaupy; (gjhd fuiy)Kk;
Nkil fl;llk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

‘Gfa’
· rk];fpuj nkhopapy; Gf vDk; nrhy; rig vd;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· Guhjd fy;ntl;L Gf vd;gjw;F tzpfu;fspd; rig vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
· Gf vd;gjw;F epak];jhd vd;w nrhy;Yk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

myF-05
,yq;ifapd; Guhjhd tpQ;QhdKk; njhopEl;gKk;
01.tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gjd; nghUs;
· tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ ,aw;ifapd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; mbg;gilia
njupe;Jnfhs;tJk; mjw;F mu;j;jk; fw;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tjhFk;.

02.,yq;ifapy; Guhjhd fhy kf;fs; njhopEl;g mwpit gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu; vd;gij

czu;j;Jk; gpujhd Jiwfs; vit?
fy;yhAj gad;ghL-
· tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fy;yhAj gad;ghL ,Ue;Js;sJ.
· rkhe;jukhd fy;yhAjq;fs; fuLKulhd fw;ghiwfis nrg;gdpLtjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· gyhq;nfhilapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l Nfe;jpu fzpj Kiwapy; mike;j
fy;yhAjq;fs; mf;fhy njhopEl;gj;ij fhl;LfpwJ.
· fw;fspd; Xuq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;l $u;ikahd fy;yhAj gad;ghLfs; Guhjhd
fy;yhAj njhopEl;gj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
· 25000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l epiyfz;zhb vdg;gLk;
xsp CLUtf;$ba gbf;ffy;ypdhy; nra;ag;gl;l rkhe;jukhd fy;yhAjq;fs;
njhopEl;g jpwid ntspf;fhlL ; fpd;wJ.

vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fspd; njhopEl;g jpwd;

03.fspkz; Xl tbtpyhd Guhjd fy;yiw %yk; ntspgLj;Jkhw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
· fspkz;zhy; Xl tbtpyhd fy;yiwfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
· ,we;jtu;fis jfdk; nra;tjw;F gr;irf;fsp kz;zhy; Xl tbtpy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
· ,j; njhopEl;gk; ngsjPf tpQ;Qhd ,ay;ig tpsf;FfpwJ.
· kdpj vOk;Gf; $l;il itj;J vupf;Fk;NghNj ed;whfr; Rlg;gl;lJ.
· vupg;gjw;fhf cs;Ns tspNahl;lj;ij toq;Fk; tifapy; fspkz; Foha;
nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
· vupjYf;F xl;rprd; thA Njit vd;gJ 14k; E}w;whz;by; fz;lwpag;gl;lhYk;
3350 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dNu mf;fhykf;fs; ,t;twpit ngw;wpUe;Js;sdu;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
25 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 04.Guhjhd fhy kf;fs; ‘tPlikg;Gj; njhopEl;gk;’ njhlu;gpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sdu;
vd;gij RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
· jpwe;j ntsp gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;e;j tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjd; Fbirfis
mikj;J tho;e;jpUg;ghd; vd tuyhw;whrpau;fs; $wpa NghjpYk; mjw;fhd
Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy.
· mf;fhy kdpjd; jd; njhopEl;g mwpit gad;gLj;jp jhd; tho;e;j ,lj;ij
tho;tjw;F tpjj;jpy; khw;wpf; nfhz;L tho;e;Js;sdu;.
· fpj;Js;fy ngypnyd mfo;tpd; NghJ fpilf;fg;ngw;w fUq;fy; fl;llnkhd;wpy;
rpijTfs; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.mJ ,iyFiofspdhy; Ntag;gl;bUe;jJ.
· Kd; tuyhw;wpd; fhyjj ; pd; gb fp.K 1129 Mk; Mz;L mikf;fg;gl;l tPnlhd;wpd;
rpijTfis njhy;nghUspayhsu;fs; fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;.
· ,uj;jpdGup khtl;lj;jpd; cluQ;rhklk vDk; fpuhkj;jpd; mike;jpUe;jJ.
· epyj;jpw;F Nkyhy; fUq;fy; gug;ggl;L mjd;Nky; fspkz; ,l;L tPl;L jiu
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
· twpr;R Rtu;fSf;F fspkz; itj;J vOg;g gl;bUe;jJ.
· kuj;jhyhd fjT epiy nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;j Jisfs; mfo;tpd; NghJ
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
· epiyahd tPnlhd;iw mikf;f njhopDl;gk; tsu;r;rpaile;jij fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.

05.Guhjhd fhy kf;fspd; njhopEl;g mwpit ‘kl;ghz;lq;fs; jahupj;jy;’%yk;

mwpaf;$bajhAs;sJ. cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
· Guhjhd fhyk; njhlf;fk; fspkz;zhy; ghj;jpuq;fs; jahupf;Fk; njhopEl;gk; vkJ
ehl;by; rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sJ.vd;gJ Kd;tuyhw;W fhyj;jpNy fpilf;fg;ngw;
Wss ; J.
· tidjy; rpy;Y vDk; cgfuzk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
· jukhd kl;ghz;lj;jpw;F jukhd fspkz;izj; njupTnra;jy;mjid
gjdply;>RLtjw;fhd #isia mikj;jy;.cupantg;g epiyapy; ghj;jpuq;fis
Rl;nlLj;jy; vDk; gpuNahf uPjpahd mwpT gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· fspkz;; ghj;jpuq;fis RLtjw;F Kd;du; ghj;jpuj;jpDs; ckpia epug;gp #ioapDs;
ftpo;e;J itj;J mjd;gpd;du; Rl;nlLj;Js;sdu;.
· epwq;fis jahupg;gjw;F jiuapy; fhzg;gLk;. nre;epwf; fw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
· mr;Rfspy; thu;f;fg;gl;Nl ghj;jpuk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
kl;ghz;lk; Rl;lg;gl;l gpd;du; mjd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cUtk; jPl;Ljy; tu;zkpLjy;
vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhz;ld cjhuzk; cluQ;rhklk kl;ghz;lk;

06.ePu;ghrd Kfhikj;Jtk; Guhjhd fhyj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpaJ vd;gjid

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
gpd;tUk; tpla gug;Gfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L Guhjhd fhy ePu;ghrd njhopEl;gj;ij
tpsf;fyhk;.
· kfhthtpfs; mikj;jy;.
· Fsf;fl;L >mizf;fl;L
· miyjhq;fp
· fypq;fy; njhl;bAk;>kilf;fjTk;
· fhy;tha; mikg;G
· rPfpahtpd; ePu;g;G+q;fh
kfhthtpfs;
· vkJ ehl;bd; tuyhw;W fhyjj; pw;Fupa rpwe;j epu;khzgilg;G Fsq;fs;
mikj;jyhFk;.
· tptrha eltbf;iffs;.ntss ; g;ngUf;if fl;LgLj;jy;efu kf;fspd; ePu; Njitia
G+u;j;jp nra;jy; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; ngUq;Fsq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
· ghupa Fsq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd ,lj;ij njupT nra;jy;.
· mjpf ePupd; mKf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fsk; cilg;ngLg;gij ghJfhf;fyhk;
· Nkyjpf ePiu Fsj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wy;.
“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;
fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

26 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 · ghupa ePu;g;gug;igj; jhq;fp epw;Fk; tifapy; Fsf;fli ; l rf;jp tha;e;jjhf
mike;jpUe;jdu;.
· ,aw;ifahd fw;ghiwfis mj;jptukhf;ff; nfhz;L Fsff ; l;il mikj;jdu;.
· Mw;Wf;F ,Ugf;fKs;s vr;rf;Fd;Wfs; my;yJ ghiwj; njhlu;fis njhLf;Fk;
tz;zk; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
· Fsf;fl;L ePz;lfhyk; epiye;jpUg;gjw;fhf kz;gilfspy; mikf;fg;gl;lik.
· fspkz;>kz;>ruis>ntz;fsp vd;gtw;iw Xu; mLf;fpd;Nky; ,d;Ndhu; mLf;fhf
,l;L>ed;F mOj;jp mizf;fl;L mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
· kpUfq;fis gad;gLj;jpNa mOj;jg;gl;lJ.
rkTauf;NfhLfspd; gutYf;F Vw;gTk;Fsf;fl;Lmikf;fg;gl;ld
Fthl;irl; ghiw mike;Js;s ,lj;jpy; ngUq;Fsq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld

miyjhq;fp
· Fsk; ePuhy; epug;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ mjd; Nky; kl;lj;jpy; miyfs; cUthFk;.
· ePupd; Nky; fhw;W mOj;jj;ij gpuNahfpg;gjdhy; miyfs; cUthFfpd;wd.
· ,t;thW miyfspdhy; Vwg ; Lk; mOj;jj;jhy; mizf;fl;L mupg;GWk;.
· mizf;fl;bd; cl;gFjpr; ruptpy; fw;fisg; gjpg;gjd; %yk; miyj;jhq;fp
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
· ePuiyr; rf;jpapd; nraw;ghl;ilf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L Kd;Ndhu;fs; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf
rpe;jpj;Js;sdu;.
mizf;fl;L mupg;GWtij jLg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ

kilf;fjT
· Fsj;jpypUe;J fhy;tha;f;F ePiuj; jpwe;J tpLtjw;F mikf;fg;gl;l cWg;Ng
kilf;fjT MFk;.
· tprhykhd Fsg;gug;gpy; ePu; epiwAk; NghJ ePiu ftdkhf ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;.
· ftdkhf ePiu ntspNaw;whtpl;lhy; mjd; %yk;Fsj;jpw;Fk; mjid #oTs;s
kf;fSf;Fk; mopT Vw;glyhk;.
· Fsj;J ePupd; Ntfj;jhy; fhy;tha; mupj;Jr;nry;yg;gLtij jLg;gjw;fhfNt
kilf;fjT mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
· kilf;fjT><ufypq;fy;>cau; fypq;fs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;
· ePu;kl;lk; cau;thf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ cau; fypq;fy; Clhf ePu;
tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
· ePu;kl;lk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ <uf;fypq;fy; Clhf ePu; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
· Fsj;jpd; mbapy; gbAk; Nrw;iw mfw;wtjw;Fk; <uf;fypq;fy; gad;gLfpwJ.
· gz;ila fy;ntl;Lfspy; ‘u[nkh`hy;’vDk; ngauhy; kilf;fjT Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
· 4k; kfpe;jdpd; nt];]fpupa fy;ntl;by; nkh`hy;>efh vDk; ,U gjq;fs;
fhzg;gl;ld.
· cauk; $ba ngupa Fsff ; l;Lfspy; xd;Wf;F Nkwg
; l;l kilf;fjTfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
· fw;W}z; ehd;F Kok; caukhdJ.
fypq;fy; njhl;b
· ePu;ghrd njhopEl;gj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j gilg;ghf fypq;fy; njhl;b fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
· fypq;fy; njhl;b nrt;tf tbtpyhd fUq;fw;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
· Fsj;J ePupd; mKf;fj;jpypUe;J Fsj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhf fypq;fy; njhlb ;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
· gz;ila kilf;fjT fypq;fy; njhl;bia Mjhukhf nfhz;Nl mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

27 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 fhy;tha; mikg;G
· ejpfis kwpj;J mizfl;b >ePiuj; Njf;fp>me;ePiu Fsq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L
nry;Yjy; njhlug ; py; fhy;tha; gadgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
· fp.K 2k; E}w;whz;Lf;Ff;Fwpa fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; ‘mbf’vd;w ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
mjpfhup fhy;tha;fs; mikg;gjpy; <Lg;gl;ltuhtu;.
· Guhjd fhyjj ; py; mikf;fg;gl;l gpukhz;lkhd fhy;tha;fs; kfhtyp fq;ifapd;
fpis ejpahd mk;gd; fq;ifia kwpj;J fl;lg;gl;l vy`ufhy;tha; MFk;.
· fhy;tha; ClhfNt (vyfu)kpd;Ndupah>fpupe;jiy>fTLS>fe;jsha;Fsq;fSf;F ePu;
nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· kpdpg;Ng gpuNjrj;jpy; kfhtyp fq;ifia kwpj;J miz xd;iw fl;b fhy;tha;
Clhf nghydWit tiu ePu; nfz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ.
· nghJ kf;fspd; ePu; ghtizapd; NghJ ePupd; juk;>Fspu;r;rp vd;gtw;iw ghJfhf;f
$ba tifapy; njhopEl;g Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
· cjhuzkhf mEuhjGuk; Nghd;w gpuNjrj;jpy; mkpyr;Rit mjpfk;>,jdhy; Fb ePiu
ngWtjw;fhd fpzWfs; ntl;Lk; NghJ Kiwahd jpl;lnkhd;iw ifahz;ldu;.
· ngupa kl;ghz;lq;fs; gytw;iw fpzw;Wf;Fs; Gijj;J fpzw;wpd; Rtiu
%bAs;sdu;.,t;thW mikf;fg;gl;lJ (Cuhnfhl) fpzWfs; vdg;gl;ld.
· Ruq;f ePu;ghrdk; ePu; ghrd njhopEl;gj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.trgkd;dd; Ruq;f
ePu;ghrdk; jprhthtpapypUe;J Fl;lk; ngha;if>uz;kR G+q;fhtpw;F ePiu nfhz;L
nrd;wik.
07.rpfPupah ePu;G+q;fh njhopEl;gk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
· rpfPupahtpd; Nkw;F ee;jtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghdnjhU epu;khzkhFk;.
· ehd;F ePu;g; G+q;fhf;fs; ghijapd; ,Ukuq;fpYk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
· NknyOk; ePupd; cauj;jpd; mikTfspy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
· vspikahd>nraw;jpwd; $ba njhopEl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· Rkhu; 600 mb cauj;jpy; ,Ue;J fPo;Nehf;fp tUk; ;ePupd; mKf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp>
ePiu Nknyor; nra;jNy ,j; njhopEl;gj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;JtkhFk;.
· tl;l tbtpyhd Jisaplg;gl;l fUq;fy;iyg; nghUe;jp mj;jpthuq;fs; Clhf
fz;izf; ftUk; tz;zk; jz;zPu; nknye;J tprpWk; tz;zk;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
· NknyOk; jz;zPupd; cauj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLk; tifapy; fUq;fy; Jthuq;fs;
tpll
; q;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
· tha;fhy;fs; RUs; tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
· Nrw;iw ePf;Fk; tifapy; fUq;fs; ghiwj;Jz;lq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

08.,yq;if Guhjhd fhy fl;ll epu;khzpf;fiy gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

· fl;;ll epu;khzk; rk;ge;jkhd Mjhuq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; mDuhjGuk>;nghydWit
,uhr;rpa njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tfspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
· fl;;llfiy epu;khzq;fis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
ngsj;j rka fl;llq;ffshd J}gpJ}gp kid >rpiykkid
tpfhiufs;>Muhikfs;>jhdrpiyfs;>mur khspiffs;
· mDuhjGuj;jpy; N[j;jtduhk>mgafpup>Utd;ntyprha Nghd;w
tpfhiufSk;>Nyhtkfhgha (Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk;) vd;gd Kf;fpakhjhFk;.
· Guhjhd fhy tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ njhlug ; py; Utd;ntyprha
Nghd;w caukhd J}gpfs; ,b.kpd;dy; jhf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G ngWk;
tifapy; ,b jhq;fp nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
· tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fspy; ,bjhq;fp t[;uRk;;gl;l vd;w ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
· Utd;ntyprha tpfhiu Jl;lifKD kd;ddhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;.
· ,t;tpfhiuf;fhd mj;;jpthuk; mikf;fg;gl;l njhopEl;gk; ,d;iwa tpQ;QhdJiwf;F
<lhdjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
28 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 · mfog;gl;l mt;tfopapy; gyk; tha;e;j kdpju;fisf; nfhz;L Rz;zhk;G
fw;ghiwfs; ,lg;gl;L mit cilf;fg;gl;ld.
· gpd;du; ntz;nza;fsp vdg;gLk; fspkz; ,lg;gl;L cWjpahf;fg;gl;lJ.
· mjd; Nky; etePjk; vdg;gLk; fspkz; G+rg;gl;lJ.
· gpd;du; ,uhrhaz jputnkhd;wpd; %yk; fiuf;fg;gl;l tpshk;gor;rhW G+rpa cNyhf
tiynahd;W tpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
· mjd; Nky; ey;nyz;izapy; eidf;fg;gl;l ‘ud;rpupay;’vdg;gLk; fw;fs; gug;gl;ld
· etPd nfhq;fpuPl; Kiwf;F xg;ghdjhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
· mgafpup mfo;;tpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l epw XLfs; kl;ghz;l ifjn
; jhopiy
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
· gl;liw ifj;njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;jpUe;jij cgfzq;ffs; MAjq;fs;
Ez;Zgfuzq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J njupe;J nfhs;shk;.

09.Guhjd fhy Rfhjhu Nrit kw;Wk; itj;jpa Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

· kfhtk;rj;jpYk; mDuhjGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpurt ,y;yk; gw;wp
Fwpg;gplgl;Ls;sJ.
· Jl;lifKD kd;dd; 18itj;jparhiyfs; mikj;jjhf tk;r fijfs; $Wfpd;wJ.
· kd;du;fs; rpyu; itj;jpa fiyia fw;wwpe;jtu;fshf fhzg;gl;ldu;.
· rpyu; itj;jpa fiyapd; tsur ; ;rpf;F mDruid toq;fpatu;fshf fhzg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
· nghydWit ‘Myh`z’ gpupntdh mike;jpUe;j epyj;jpy; 147.5 mb ePskhd 109
mb mfykhd itj;jparhiy ,bghLfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· itj;jpa fUtpfs;>kUj;Jt Xlk; vd;gdTk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· itj;jpa E}y;fs;>itj;jpaUf;fhd fpuhkq;fis xJf;Fjy;>%ypif Njhl;lq;fis
cUthf;Fjy; njhlu;ghfTk; njupa te;Js;sJ.
· kyry$lq;fis tbj;jy; Kiwapy; fopTfis Kfhik nra;jy;> kyry$lq;fspd;
fopTfs; Mokhd Fopf;Fs; ,lg;gLjy;>#oYf;F jPik gaf;fhj tifapy;
fopTfis ntspNaw;Wjy;>mOf;F ePu; XLtjw;fhd rhf;fil njhFjp
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
· Fspf;Fk; njhl;bfspspUe;J tpNrl Foha;fspd; %yk; mOf;F ePiu ntspNaw;Wjy;
Nghd;wd gw;wpa njhopDl;g mwpT cau; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

10.,Uk;ig gpupj;njLf;Fk; njhopDl;gk; njhlug ; py; tpsf;Ff

· gz;ila fhyk; njhlf;fk; ,Uk;G jhJypUe;J ,Uk;ig gpupj;njLf;Fk; njhopDl;gk;
tsur ; ;rp fz;bUe;jJ.
· Cth khfhzj;jpy; ngufy vDk; ,lj;jpy; fp.K2400 Mz;lstpy; fy;yiw
xd;wpypUe;J ,Uk;ig cUthf;f gad;dLj;jgl;l Ftis xd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
· ,Uk;ig gpupj;njLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; rg;gpufKt khfhzj;jpy; gyhq;nfhil
rkndyntt vDk; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uk;ig cUthf;Fk; #is fhzg;gl;lJ.
· kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; rPfpupahTf;F mz;ikapy; mynfhyntt nj`pf` myfe;j
vDk; ,lj;jpy; ,Uk;G mLg;G fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
· ,Uk;ig cUf;f 1538oC ntg;gepiyia ngw kpfrpwg;ghd njhopDl;g mwpT Njit
vd;gij rkndynttapy; ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jgl;l njhopDl;g Kiw
MjhugLj;Jfpd;wJ.
· rkndyntt vDk; ,lj;jpy; ,Uk;ig ngw ypkidl; kw;Wk; n`kill; vDk;
,urhad ngaiuAila fw;fNs gad;gLj;jgl;Ls;sJ.
· kuq; vdg;gLk; kuj;ij vupj;J ngwg;gl;l fupia mLg;ig vwpf;f
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· jw;NghJ kuq; vdg;gLk; kuk; ‘aflkuq;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
· nj`pf` myfe;j gFjpapy; ,Uk;G #is vuptjw;F Njitahd tsp ,d;W
nfhy;yu; gl;liuapy; gad;gLj;jgLk; CJis vDk; fUtp %yNk
ngw;Wnfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

29 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 ·rpW ifj;njhopy; vd;gjpy; gy;NtW Mguzq;fs; tbtikj;jy;>kl;ghz;l
ifj;njhopy;>khzpf;fk;>gl;liwn;jhopy; vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.
· Mguz ifj;njhopYf;F cjhuzkhf N[j;jtduhika mfo;tpd; NghJ fpilj;j
jq;f Mguzj;ij Fwpg;gplyhk;.(c-k;) ney; kzp mstpy; 21 G+f;fs; eifapy;
nrJf;fg;gl;ld.
· mgafpup mfo;tpd; fz;lwpag;gl;l epw XLfs; kl;ghz;l ifjn ; jhopiy
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
· gl;liw ifj;njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;jpUe;jij cgfuzq;fs;>MAjq;fs;>Ez;
cgfuzq;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J njupe;J nfhss ; yhk;.
12.gz;ilafhy cs;ehl;Lr; rk;gpujhaq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
· Gj;j rkak; kf;fspilNa gutpapUe;jJ.
· tptrhaj; Njitfspd; nghUl;L gof;fKilNahuhf kf;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
· ntt;NtW nja;;tq;fSf;F G+ir nra;Ak; tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
· md;whl gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;J nfhz;l rpy Kiwfis ifahz;lik.
· ney;>ey;nyz;nza; nfhz;L tpsf;F xd;iwNah my;yJ gytw;iwNah Vw;wp G+ir
nra;jdu;.
· gapu;fs;>gRf;fSf;F> Neha; fpUkpfshy; Vw;gLk; njhy;iyfis ePf;fp rpy rka
Mrhuq;fis ifahz;ldu;.
· gRf;fspd; ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;L rhe;jp G+i[ nra;Ak; gof;fk; fhzg;gl;lij
njhy;nghUs; Mjhuk; %yk; mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
· rg;ufKt>Cth khfhzq;fspy; rhe;jp G+i[ topg;ghli ; l ,d;Dk; fhzyhk;.

13.gz;ila fhy kf;fspd; Njrpa mwpT gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

· ,aw;ifapd; ngsjpfj; jd;ikfis mstpLk; Kiwnahd;whf gz;ila msj;jy;
Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
· tptrhaj;jpw;fhf epyj;ij mstpl Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ.
· Kd;Ndhu;fshy; fpupa>mKz>fuPir.Ngy;y vDk; jhdpaq;fspd; msit KiwfNs
epy mstPl;bw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
· fuPir tay; vd;gJ xU fuPir msT tpij ney;iy tpijf;f $ba gug;gsit
nfhz;l tay; epykhFk;.
· xU fuPir vd;gJ ehd;F mtdj;jpw;F rkdhdJ.
· xU mtdk; vd;gJ 7.5 Gry;
· xU mtdk; vd;gJ ,d;Dk; Rkhu; ,uz;L Vf;fiuf;Fwpf;Fk;.
· ngUf;fy; Kiwapy; njhlu;G Ngzg;gl;l msit Kiwfs; cau; fzpj mwpit
giwrhw;Wf;fpd;wd.
· ePsj;ij msg;gjw;Fk; Kiwahd msit Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lss ; d.
· kpfr; rpwpa myF gukhZ vdg;gl;lJ.mq;Fyk;.tpaj;j vDk; myFfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
· ft;t vDk; myif gad;gLj;jp ep];;]q;f ky;y kd;dd; tPjpfspy; fw;W}z;fs;
mikf;f nra;Js;shd;.
· fw;W}z;fs; fhTj fZ vdg;gl;lJ.

14.Guhjhd fhyj;jpd; epiwia msj;jYf;F gad;gLj;jpa myFfs; ahit?

· ghuj;ij msg;gjw;F mf;fhyjj ; py; Kiwahd myFfs; ,Ue;Js;sd
· tpahghu eltbf;ifapy; Kiwahd msit Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd
· tpahghu eltbf;ifapd; NghJ KiwNflhd tifapy; msit epWitfis
Fiwg;gJ jz;lidf;Fwpa Fw;wkhFk;
· nrhunghu thtp Jhz; fy;ntl;by; murhq;fj;jpdhy; mDkjpf;fglhj juhR,gbf;fy;
vd;gtw;why; epWg;Gj jil nra;ag;gl;l eltbf;ifahFk; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ,

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
- -
30 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk; tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk; III
 15.fhyj;ij msff ; gad;gLj;jpa msit Kiwfs; ahit?
· tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;l r%fj;jpw;F fhyj;ij msj;jy; ,d;wpaikahj
NjitahFk;.
· gapu; tpijj;jy; kw;Wk; mWtil nra;jy; vd;gd cupa fhyj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
· ePz;l fhyj;ij msg;gjw;F tUlk; msT gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ re;jpufdf;if nfhz;l
khj msthFk;
· mkhthirapy; ; ,Ue;J ngsu;zkp tiu 15 ehlf ; nsd;Wk; ngsu;zkp jpdj;jpypUe;J
mkhthir tiu 15 ehl;fs; vd;DK; 30 ehl;fs; xU khjk; vd;Dk; khjj;jpd; ,U
gFjpfSk; tsu;gpiw Nja;gpiw vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;bUe;jd
· khjq;fs; ij,khrp,gq;Fdp vdg;ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd
· 12 khjq;fis Fwpf;f ‘trp’vDk;rk];fpUj nrhy;Yk; ‘`tfu’’ vDk; nrhy;Yk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
· rpq;fsj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mTUJ vd;gJ ‘`t[u’ vDk; ;rk];fpUj nrhy;ypy;
,Ue;J gpwe;jjhFk;
· ehs; my;yJ jpdk; vDk; nrhy; Guhjhd fhyj;jpy; ‘jPjpa’ vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ
· u[fy vDk; ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Fl;lfz;z mga kd;dd; fy;ntl;by; ‘jj’ vDk;
nrhy;ypy; ‘jPjpa’ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ
· rpq;fsj;jpy; rpwpa msT Neuj;ij Fwpg;gjw;F nkh`j;j vDk; nrhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
· nkh`j;j vd;gJ K$u;j;jk; vd;gjhFk;

njbfk ahid tpsf;F gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf?

· guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; gpwe;j ,lkhd Gq;ffhk ,d;W njbfk miof;fg;gLk; vDk;
,lj;jpy; Nffhiy khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
· kfh guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; gpwg;ig epidT $Wk; tifapy; ‘njbfk #jpfu
irj;jpa’ J}gp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
· 1951k; Mz;L mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; NghJ ntz;fy tpsf;nfhd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpsf;fpd; Nky; ahid cUtKk;>,U kdpj cUtq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
· ahid Jk;gpf;ifapy; fUk;G xd;iw itj;Js;sJ.
· ahidapd; tapw;wpy; tpsf;F vuptjw;fhd vz;nza; fsQ;rpag;glj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
· ahidapd; gpd;dq;fhy;fspnuz;bw;Fk; ,ilapypUe;J tpsf;fpy; vz;nza; tw;wp jPgk;
mida NghFk; NghJ jd;dpr;irahf ahidapd; tapw;wpypUe;J vz;nza; tpsf;fpy;
tbAkhW mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahdJ tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapdjhFk;.
· mJ mirah ePu; tpQ;Qhd KiwahFk;.
· tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; mbg;gil gz;Gfs; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik njbfk ahid tpsf;fpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

31 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 myF-06
tuyhw;W mwpTk; mjd; eilKiw gpuNahfKk;.
1.,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; gz;ghl;bw;F cupj;jhd njupT nra;ag;gl;l MW
vz;zf;fUf;fSk; vit?
ª r%f xOq;fikg;G (gioa) ª#oypd; ghJfhg;G ªRNjr czT
ªrl;lKk; ghuk;gupaq;fSk; ªngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G ªRoy; ghJfhg;G

2.,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;W fhy r%f xOq;fikg;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

ªr%f xd;wpDs; r%f gjtpfs; fhzg;gl;lz.

ªNkypUe;J fPo;tiu mjpfhuk; gbgbNa tUk; rpW fl;likg;ghdjhy; mJ epiyf;Fj;jhd

fl;likg;G vdg;gLk;.

ªmurd;; mikr;ru;fs;>NtW mur mYtyf

; s; vd epiyFj;jhd fl;likg;G fhzg;gLk;.

ªrkhe;jukhd fl;likg;GfSk; rKjha mikg;gpy; fhzg;gl;ld.

ªgy epWtdq;fspy; cau; mjpfhupfs; xNu juj;jpy; cs;stu;fshf ,Ug;gu;>,J fpilahd

fl;likg;G vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. (cjhuzk;-mikr;ru;fs;>Nrdhjpgjpfs>;nghUshsu;)

3.tuyhw;W fhy rKjha mikg;gpy; “murd;” gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf.

ªrKjha mikg;gpy; cr;repiyapy; cs;stu;fs; murdhthd;.

ªmurd; ew;FzKilatdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ªmurd; murkuig Nru;e;jtdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ªmurd; Fbkf;fSf;F nja;tkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fz;zjPrdpd; jk;Gsi

; s tpfhiu
fy;ntl;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ªmurDf;F nraw;g;gl;l mjpfhupfs;> xd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;L fy;ntl;by; “uj;nfhy; rk;jU” vd

miof;fg;gll ; du;.(mur Fyj;jtu;)

ªujy>uh[Fy>uj;nfhy;>unjhy; vd;gd mur Fyj;jtu; vd;gij mbg;gilahf nfhz;L

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

ªngsj;j gpf;Fkhu; murDf;F MNyhrid toq;fpdu;.

ªehl;bd; epUthfj;jpYk; murDf;F ngsj;j FUkhu; cjtpAs;sdu;.

ªfp.gp 1k;>2k;>3k; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; Fsq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl Ntz;ba tupia mwtpLk; nghWg;gpid

muru;fs; tpfhiufsplk; xg;gilj;jdu; vd $wg;gLfpwJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

32 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 4.tuyhw;W fhy rKjha mikg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l gy;NtW Kf;fpa rKjha gpuptp;du;
ahtu;?
ªmurd; ªnry;te;j tu;j;jfu;fs; ªfg;gy; Jiwapy; <Lgl;l fw;gpj;jhd;fs;

ªkjFUkhu; ªitj;jpau;fs; ªMrpau;fs; ªmikr;ru;fs;

5.tuyhw;W fhy rKjha mikg;gpy; rhjhuz kf;fs; tFjpf;Fs; cs;slq;Fk;

kf;fs; gpuptpdu; ahtu;?
ª tptrhapfs;
ª ,ilau;fs;
ª Fatu;fs;
ª ,uj;jpdf;fy; ntl;LNthu;
ª nfhy;yu;fs;
ª kPdtu;fs;
ª Vida njhopy; nra;Nthu;
ª rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fk;>cau;Fb kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jpatu;fs; rhjhuz
tu;j;jfu;fSk; mur mYtyu;fSk; Mtu;.
ª rKjhaj;jpy; fPo; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;Njhu; mbikfshtu;.
ª mbikfs; 02 gpuptpduhf ,Ue;jdu;
ª 01.guk;giuahf mbikfshf ,Ue;Njhu; 02.$ypf;F ngwf;$ba mbikfs;
ehl;bd; ey;Ywit ghJfhj;jy; kf;fspd; ghJfhg;G vd;gd murdpd; gpujhd nghWg;ghf
,Ue;jJ.
ª epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cwtpid ghJfhg;gjd; %yk; r%f xUq;fpidg;gpid Ngzp
ey;yhl;rp nra;a tuyhw;Wfhy Ml;rpahsu;fs; Kad;Ws;sdu;.

06.tuyhw;W fhy ,yq;ifapd; rl;lKk; ghuk;gupaq;fSk; gw;wp tpgupf;Ff.

ª rKjhaj;jpd; ed;ik fUjp r%f tpNuhj nray;fs; rl;lj;jpd; %yKk; kuG uPjpahd
ghuk;gupaq;fs; %yKk; fl;LgLj;jg;gl;ld.
ª rl;lkpaw;Wjy;>rl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; NghJ vkJ muru;fs; njspthf
jUkkhw;wpdu;.
ª fp.gp 9k;Ehw;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; khdtu;kd; mur guk;giu ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j
NghJ mk;kd;dDila fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; tjhy’ kw;Wk; rght’ vd;w ,Ug;gpupT mjpfhupfs;
gw;wp Fwpg;gplgLfpd;wJ.
ª tjhy vd;gJ epiwNtw;W JiwahFk;.,J murrig vdg;gl;lJ.
ª rght my;yJ rgh vd;gJ Gujhd ePjpkd;w Kiwia Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
ª ghJfhg;G mjpfhup vd;gjw;F jz;lehaf;f vDk; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ª fp.gp 9k; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; nka;fhg;ghsu; gjtp gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.jkpo;
nkhopapYs;s nka;fhg;ghsu; gjtpapypUe;J te;jjhFk;.,J ghJfhg;G mjpfhup vd;gjhFk;.
ª 1k; tp[aghFTf;F giftu;fshy; Jd;gNkw;g;gl;l NghJ rpj;jhUk;gp Gj;jehaf;f vd;w
ngaUila jz;lehaf;fNt cjtpahf ,Ue;jjhf ghdf;fLt nrg;Ngby; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
ª fp.gp 1k;>2k; E}w;whz;l fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fsq;fspy; gupghydk;>mur epyq;fis
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tup mwtpLjy;>cw;gj;jpapy; 1/6 gq;F tupahf
nrYj;jg;gl;lik vd;gd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

33 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 07.tup rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mwtplg;gl;l Kf;fpa tupfs; ahit?
1. Fsq;fspypUe;J ePiu gad;gLj;JNthuplk; mutplg;gll ; tup? jf;fgjp
2.muritf;F nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspy; gapu; nra;tjw;fhf nrYj;jg;gl;l tup? Ngh[f;fgjp
3.tha;f;fhypy; kPd; gpbg;gjw;fhf muRf;F nrYj;Jk; tup? kjukQ;rff ;
v tupfs; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUshf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
v mWtilahf 10 fha;fSfF ; 1fha; tupahf nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
v ntspehLfspypUe;J nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; NghJ JiwKf Rq;f tup
mwtplg;gl;lJ.
v tptrhak; jtpu;e;j Vida rpytw;Wf;F tuprl;lk; mKy;gLj;jgl;lJ.
v mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpYs;s mk;gyhe;Njhl;il nfhlthatpy; gioa ngsj;jtpfhiuapy;
1k;E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; tpfhiuf;F mz;ikapYs;s JiwKf tup me;j tpfhiuf;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
v tuprl;lq;fs;>ePjp rl;lq;fis kPWNthWf;F jz;lidAk; tpjpff ; g;gl;lJ.
v 1k; f[ghF kd;ddpd; rpj;Js;gtt ; fy;ntl;by; jPu;g;G kd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l mguhj
gzk; rpj;Js;gt;t tpfhiuapy; tho;e;j gpf;Ffspd; Njitf;fhf toq;fg;gl;ljhf
$wg;gLfpwJ.
v ,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; capupdq;fs;>kuQ;nrbfs;>ePu;>kz; vd;gtw;iw ghJfhf;f rl;lq;fs;
mKy;nra;ag;gll ; d.
v cupafhyj;jpy; mWtil nra;ahjtu;fSf;F 5fyq; mguhjKk; tpjpf;fgLtNjhL njhlu;gpy;
fp.gp 9k; E}w;whz;bw;Fwpa J}z; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
v kiofhyj;jpy; mWtil nra;jhy; kz; mupg;G Vw;gLk; vd;gjw;fhf Nkw;$wg;gl;l rl;lk;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
v tptrhaj;ij xOq;fhf Kdn ; dLf;f gy rl;lq;fs; Ml;rpahsu;fshy; gpwg;gpff; g;gl;ld.
v mDuhjGu nt];]fpupa fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; Fsq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; euP; tay;fspy; ney;
jtpu ghrpg;gaW tpijj;jy; MfhJ vd Fwpg;gplg;glL ; s;sJ( 4k; k`pe;jd;)
v tu;j;jfk; xOq;fhf eilngw kd;du;fs; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wpdu; vd 3k; cja kd;ddpd;
gJis J}z;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
v kd;dd; k`paq;fid tpfhiuf;F nry;Yk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; N`hg;gpl;bfk vd;w ,lj;jpy;
murhq;f tu;j;jf epiyaj;jpy; eilngw;w nghUj;jkw;w rl;lq;fis jLf;f tpjpj;j gJis
J}z; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nrhunghuthtp fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplgl;Ls;sit

« N`hg;gpl;bfk tu;j;jf epiyaj;jpy; vy;iyapy; tpahghuk; nra;gtu;fsplk; khj;jpuk; tup

mwtplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
« tu;j;jf re;ijia fle;J nry;NthuplkpUe;J tup mwtplf;$lhJ.
« mjpfhupfsplk; fhz;gpf;fhJ nghUl;fis tpw;NghuplkpUe;J 2 klq;F tup mwtplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
« mur mjpfhupfshy; msT Fwpf;fg;glhj juhR nfhz;L tpahghuk; nra;jy;;. $lhJ
« kpUfq;fis vtUk; nfhy;yf;$lhJ vd Kjypy; rl;lkpaw;wpatd; Mkz;l fhkpdp mga
kd;dd;.
« ,r;rl;lk; gLnfhiy rl;lk; vdg;gl;lJ.
« gR>ML vd;gtw;iw nfhy;NthUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;Fk; rl;lk; 4k; k`pe;j kd;ddpd;
Ntty;fl;ba fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
« Ntty;fl;ba fy;ntl;by; fsntLj;jy;>nfhiy nra;jy; njhlu;gpy; tpjpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
jz;lid tpgupff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
« nfhiyf;Fw;wj;jpw;F J}f;fpypLjYk; >gpwUf;F nrhe;jkhd khLfis fsT nra;J gpbgl;lhy;
kpUfq;fis Njb cupatuplk; xg;gilj;J >kpUfq;fspd; clypy; ,lg;gl;l
milahsq;fis kpUfj;ij jpUbatdpd; new;wpapypl Ntz;Lk;.
jiykiwthf thOk; Fw;wthspia gpbf;Fk; tiu mf;fpuhkj;jtu; gpbf;Fk; tiu tup
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.mJ cs;ehl;L jz;lgzk; vdg;gLk;.
« Fw;wthspfF ; toq;fg;gLk; jz;lid VidNahUf;F gbg;gpidahf mika$ba tifapy;
mike;jJ.

34
 gz;ila fhy gzKk; nrythzpAk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
« Kw;fhyj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W nghUshjhu KiwNa ,e;ehl;by; fhzg;gl;lJ.
« njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fsp kz;zpyhd tl;l tbtpyhd fyk;
tu;j;jf Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhnkd njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.
« ,e;ehl;by; gzGof;fk; fp.K 250Mk; Mz;lstpy; Muk;gkhdJ.
« tl ,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fshy; nts;sp ehzak; ,q;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ ,jid `];vb
vd;W miof;fpd;wdu;.
« tl;lk;>rJuk;>Neu; tbtq;fis nfhz;l fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
« Guhjd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; f`gd vd;Wk; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fpy; f`tD vd;Wk;
mwpKfkhtJ `];Gt vd;w gzkhFk;.
« Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ahid kw;Wk; Rt];jpfh milahsq;fis nfhz;l ehzak;
ntspaplgg ; l;ljhf mwpag;gLfpwJ.
« ehza ntspaPl;L mjpfhup xUtu fhzg;gl;ljhfTk; mtiu fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; &g;gjf;f
vd Fwpg;gpl;ls;sdu;.
« Kw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ehzaj;jpw;F gjpyhf cNyhfj;jpd; epiw ngWkjpahf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
« mDuhjGu mgafpup tpfhiuapy; mfo;Tfspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l jq;f cNyhf Jz;by;
ue;njtprp fye;j vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
« 4k; fhrpag;g kd;ddhy; mEuhjGu tPuhd;Fu tpfhiu gpf;FfSf;F jq;f Flq;fs;
toq;fg;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
« ,yq;ifapy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w mNef ehzaq;fs; cNuhk ehzakhFk;.
« goia rPd>muhgpa>gpupj;jhdpa ehzaq;fSk; vk;ehl;by; ghtidapypUe;jJ.
« V.O.C vd;w fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fk;> xy;yhe;J tu;j;jf epWtdj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhd
ehzakhFk;

Kw;fhy ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu vOJf

« ,yq;if rKjhak; ngz;fis cau;thf fUjpaJld; kjpj;Jk; nraw;gl;lJ.
« Ml;rp nra;tjpYk; ngz;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gll ; J.
« #srt P ypNjtp vd;w murp gw;wp yh`Pfyaiy>ePy;fpupNfa vd;w gioa J}gpf;F mUfpy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
« yPyhtjp murp ,e;ehl;il 03 Kiw Ml;rp nra;jhs; vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
« ngz;fs; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gl jilfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
« fztd; J}u ehl;Lf;F nrd;WtUlq;fSf;F gpd; jpUk;gp tUk; tiu jdpahf tho;e;j ngz;
gw;wp urth`pdp vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
« tpfhukfhNjtpaplk; ngsj;j gpf;Fkhu; ePq;fs; Kw;gpwg;gpy; nra;j ew;nraypdhy; ,g;nghOJ
nry;thfF ; ld; ,Uf;fpd;wPu;fs; vd $Wk; NghJ gps;sisfs; ,y;yhj Rfk; vd;d Rfk; vd
mtu; tpdtpAs;sik urth`pdpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
« ngz;fs; jpUkzk; nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gJ rKjhaj;jhy; Vw;Wnfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
« gps;isfSf;F fy;tpawpit Gfl;LtJ ngw;Nwhu;fspd; flikahFk;.( rf];] tj;Jgfud)
« rhypadpd; kidtp mNrhfkhyh>Jl;lifKD kd;ddpd; khspifapy; Ritahd czT
rikj;J midtu; kdijAk; ftu;e;jjhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
« fy;tpawptpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; gJghr;rpf;fh vd miof;fg;gll ; du;.
« kJu `j;jurh ifuhrpahd ngz; vdTk; miof;fg;gll ; du.
« gUkfY vd;gJ ngz;fs; gpuNjr Ml;rpia tfpj;Jss ; du; vd;gjhFk;.
« ngz;fs; jk;ik myq;fupj;J nfhs;stjpYk; mf;fiu fhl;bAs;sdu;.
« ngz;fs; jha;khu;fshfTk; rNfhjupfshfTk; kjpf;fg;gl;ldu;
« Njhiy epw%l;Ljy;>fz; ,ikfSf;F epw%l;Ljy>; rq;fpyp mzpjy; vd;gd njhlu;gpy;
rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

35 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 Guhjd fhy RNjr czT Kiwfs; gw;wp jUf
· jhdpaq;fis tWj;J ngwg;gl;l czT mj;Rit vd gioa Ehy;fs; $wg;gl;lJ.
· czTf;F gpd; rpw;Whz;bahf vs;is cz;ldhu;. ‘jpyrq;Fypf;fh’ vdg;gLk; czT
vs;SUz;ilahFk;.
· mf;fhyj;jpy; fhl;Lf; fpoq;F Kl;fpoq;F tw;whis gPu;fy; fha; Riuf;fha; érzpf;fha;
Rz;lfha; nts;supf;fha; KUq;if fPiutiffSk; nghupay; Rz;ly; Fok;G vd
rikj;j czthf cl;nfhz;ldu;.
· fQ;rpia czthf cz;ldu;.gioa E}y;fspy; ‘`G`k` ; hb’ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
· 1 gq;F muprpAld; 6gq;F ePu; Nru;j;J Nehahsuf ; Sf;F nra;ag;gLk; fQ;rp ‘athF’
vdg;gLk;.
· ePu; Nru;f;fhj ghypy;>Njd;>nea;> vd;gd Nru;j;J Mwpag; gpd; Njhlk; gor;rhw;iw Nru;j;J
Ritahd fQ;rp jhahupf;fg;gLk; vd;gij ‘ru;j;jku;jdhtypa’ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

gz;ila fhy rKjha #oy; ghJfhg;G njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gpLf

· ,aw;if #oiy mopg;gjd; %yk; ePu;g;gw;whf;Fiw kz;tsk; Fd;wy;.
· cau;epyq;fspy; cs;s kuqf; is ntl;l$lhJ vd 4k; k`pe;j kd;ddhy;
nghwpf;fg;gl;l mDuhjGu fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Lss
; J.
· 3k; cja kd;ddhy; mDuhjGuj;jpy; Gj;jdn`y vd;w ,lj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; kuq;fis ntl;l Ntz;lhk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Lss
; J.
· fhrpag;gkd;ddJ nfhz;ltd; J}z; fy;ntl;by; kuQ;nrbnfhbfspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy;
murpd; rl;lq;fSf;F mika nraw;gLk;gb mur mjpfhupfSf;F mwpTiu
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
· ,aw;if capupdq;fs;>kz; vd;gtw;iw ghJfhg;gjw;F Guhjd fhy kd;du;fSk;
kf;fSk; Kiwahd Ntiyjpll ; j;jpw;F mikthf nray;gl;Ls;sdu; vd;gJ
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

36 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 myF-07
cyu; tya Guhjd efuq;fspd; tPo;r;rpAk; njd; Nkw;fpy; Gjpa
,uhr;rpaq;fspd; Njhw;wKk;.
1. cyu;tyaj;ijr; Nru;e;j tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; kw;Wk; njd;khfhzj;jpy;
cs;s Guhjd efuq;fs; vit? mtw;iw cUthf;fpa kd;dd; ahu;?
KjyhtJ - mDuhjGuk>;gz;Lfhgakd;dd; 450 tUlq;fs; goikahdit
nghydWit khfk
,uz;lhtJ efu kakhf;fy; : jk;gnjdpah ahg;gFt FUzhfy; fk;gis Nfhl;il
2. xU efuj;jpw;F Njitahd mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; vit?
● efu; xd;wpw;F Njitahd flb
; lq;fs;
● ePu; trjp
● cl;fl;Lkhd trjpfs; (cjhuhzk; : ghijfs;)
3. cyu;tya gpuNjrj;jpy; efuq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit?
● kdpjd; Xuplj;jpy; epue;jukhd tho;ifia tho;e;jik
● kpifahd cw;gj;jpAk;> tUkhdKk;
● ntspehlL; tu;j;jf njhlu;Gfs;
● mur KjyPl;L eltbf;iffs;
● njhopy;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
kdpjd; Xuplj;jpy; epue;jkhd tho;ifia tho;e;jik
● Muk;gj;jpy; Ntl;ilahLjypy; <Lgl;lhd;
● Ntl;ilahLjiy iftpl;L gpd; tptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhd;
● tptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;G epue;jukhd Xuplj;jpy; tho;e;jhd;
● fpuhkq;fspd; Njhd;w epue;ju tho;f;if toptFj;jJ
● fpuhkq;fs; gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rpaile;J efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
● epue;jukhd tho;f;if kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mikjpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
● kf;fsJ tho;f;if fpuhkj;jd;ikapypUe;J efu; jd;ikf;F gbg;gbahf
khw;wKw;wJ.
kpif cw;gj;jpAk; tUkhdk; mjpfupg;Gk;.
● tptrhaj;jpd; %yk; fpilj;j tUkhdk; efuq;fs; tsu;r;rpaila
fhuzkhapw;W.
● KjyhtJ efukakhf;fy; mEuhjGuk;> nghydWit> khfk MFk;.
● ,uz;lhtJ efukakhf;fy; jk;gnjdpah> ahg;g$t FUzhfy; fk;gis
Nfhl;il vd;gdthFk;.
● kz;zdpd; tsk;> tptrhapfspd; mwpT> ifahSk; tptrha El;gq;fs; vd;gd
mtw;wpw;F Vw;g tUkhdKk; NtWgl;L fhzg;gl;lJ.
● mjpfkhd tpisr;ry; tay;fspypUe;J fpilj;jJ ,J kpif cw;gj;jp
vdg;gl;lJ.
● kpif cw;gj;jpia ngw;wtu;fs; nry;te;ju;fshfTk;> Vidatu;fspy;
ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; tptrhapfshfTk;> ViofshfTk; khw;wk; ngw;wdu;.
● Vio tptrhap xUtd; fpuhkj;jiytdplk; ney; %il xd;iw fldhf
ngw;whd; vd “[hjf ml;lfjh” Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
● fpuhkj; jiytu; gjtpia nry;te;ju;fs; ngw;wdu;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

37
 ● nry;te;ju;fs; mjpf nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf trjpahd
FbapUg;Gfspy; thoj;jiyg;gl;ldu;
● ehsiltpy; ,f;FbapUg;Gfs; efuq;fshf khwpd
● efuq;fspy; ngupa tPLfs>; mofhd g+q;fhf;fs>; re;ijfs;> tzf;f];jyq;fs;>
ghJfhg;Gkjpy;fs; vd;gd mikf;fg;gl;ld. vdNt kpif cw;gj;jp efu
Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ.

ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpile;jik.

● kpif cw;gj;jpia nfhz;ltu;fs; nry;te;ju;fshf khw;wk; ngw;wdu; ,tu;fs;
gUkf vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
● gUkf midtUk; xNu FLk;g mikg;igf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
● ,f; FLk;gq;fs;> FLk;gq;fspd; me;j];ij ntspf;fhl;Lk; xU nrayhf
ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J jUtpf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs>; kzpfs; vd;gtw;iw
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
Mjhuk; - mEuhjGuk;> jp];]kfuhk mfo;T.
● ,e;J rKj;jpuj;Jld; Neubahf tu;j;jf njhlu;G nfhz;;ljdhy; ngUe;njhif
gzk; ehl;bDy; te;jJ.
● ,e;jpahtpd; jhkpuypg;jp> fhNtupg;gl;bdk; Mfpa JiwKfq;fspy; ,Ue;J
tu;j;jfu;fs; ,yq;iff;F te;Js;sdu;.
● re;jKfrpt kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; cNuhkpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gtsq;fis
itj;J “kfhjhJ NfhGuk;” fl;lgl;ljhf kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ.
● ,yq;if JiwKfq;fspy; ghurPf> vj;jpNahg;gpa fg;gy;fs; vg;NghJk; jupj;Jr;
nrd;wjhf “nfh];k];” Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
● Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;dd; ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F fiuf;F rkpgkhf cs;s
nghydWitia tu;j;jf Nehf;fk; fUjp jiyefukhf njupT nra;jhd;.
● 1k; tp[aghF kd;dUf;F gpd;du; Ml;rp nra;j muru;fs; njd;fpof;fhrpa
ehLfSld; neUf;fkhd cwTfis nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
● kpad;khu>; fk;Nghbah ehLfspd; murFyg; ngz;fis jpUkzk; Kbj;jdu;.
● nghydWit fy;tpfhiu> Gj;ju;rpiy> rj;k gpurhja (VoLf;F khspif)
vd;gdtw;wpd; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mur Kaw;rpfs;
● efu tsu;r;rpf;F muru;fspd; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdJ.
● gz;Lfhga kd;dNd mDuhjfk vd;w fpuhkj;ij jiyefukhf;fpdhd;.
● efu epu;khdj;jpw;F NghJkhd fl;blq;fis mikj;jhd;
● efuj;ij Rw;wp kjpy; mikj;jhd;
● ntspA+u; kf;fs; efuj;jpw;Fs; Eiotjw;F trjpahf ehd;F jpirfspYk;
ehd;F Eiothapy;fis mikj;jhd;
● jpll
; kpl;l tPjpfis mikj;jhd;
● efuj;ij moFgLj;j g+q;fhf;fis mikj;jhd;
● efuj;ij Nkwg ; hu;it nra;a efu Fj;jpfd; vd;w mjpfhupiaAk; epakpj;jhd;
● 1400 tUlq;fs; jiyefuhf mEuhjGuk; tpsq;fpaJ
● trg kd;dDk; mEuhjGu efiu moFgLj;j gy jlhfq;fis mikj;jhd;
● kfhguhf;fpukghF kd;dDk; neYk;nghFd (jhlfk;) mikj;jhd;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

38
 4. mEuhjGuk;> khfk> nghydWit Mfpa efuq;fs; rfy JiwfspYk;
tsu;r;rpaila VJthd fhuzk; ahit?
mEuhjGuk;
· gz;Lfhga kd;ddpd; jpl;lkpl;l nraw;ghLfs;
· mgathtp efu kf;fspd; FbePu; Njitia epiwT nra;jik
● ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyakhf tpsq;fpaik
· mjpf rdj;njhifAk;> efuj;jpw;F Njitahd fl;blq;fSk;
mikf;fg;gl;lik
· ru;tNjr JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpa khe;Njhl;lk; mUfpy; ,Ue;jik
· tskhd kz;> Fsq;fs; mikf;f$ba rkepyk; fhzg;gl;lik
· ky;tj;J Xah Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk;> kPd;gpb njhopYf;Fk; cjtpahf
mike;jpUe;jik.
· itj;jpaNritfs; rpwg;ghf fhzg;gl;lik.
cjhuhzk; Gj;jjhr kd;dd;> 5k; kfpe;jd;
5. khfk tsu;r;rpile;jikf;fhd fhuzqf
; s;
● fpUe;jpXahtpw;F mUfpy; mike;jpUe;jikAk;> efukf;fSf;F Njitahd
FbePu; ,Ue;jikAk;
● khfk efuj;jpw;F NkwN ; f tst fq;ifAk;> fpof;Nf khzpf;f fq;ifAk;
mike;jpUe;jik
● tptrhaj;jpw;F NghJkhd ePu;tsk; fpilj;jik
● new;nra;if> Nrid nra;iff;F NghJkhd epyq;fs; fpilj;jik
● NghJkhd czT Njit g+uj ; ;jpahfpaik
● mur mjpfhupfs; mjpfkhf khfk gFjpapy; nrwpe;J tho;e;jik
● nry;tk; kpFe;j tu;j;jfu;fs; mjpfk; khfikapy; tho;e;jik. cjhuzk; Rkd
tzpfu;
6. nghydWit jiyefuhf tsu;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
● Nfhfu;z JiwKfj;jpw;F mUfhikapy; mike;jpUe;jik
● Nfhfu;z JiwKf tUkhdk; kf;fSf;F toq;f cjtpaJ
● Mf;fpukpg;Gfis jLf;f $ba ,lkhf Nfhfu;z tpsq;fpaik
● Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; ghJfhg;G Nehf;fk;
● nghydWit kfhtyp fq;iff;F mUfpy; tskhd gFjpapy; mike;jpUe;jik
● Nrhou;fs; nghydWitia jiyefuhf;fp mjw;F [dehj kq;fsk; vd
ngaupl;lik
● ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; njd;fpof;fhrpah> njd;rPdh ,ize;J nfhz;likAk;>
Nfhfu;z JiwKf gpurpj;jk; ngw;wikAk;> nghydWit Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ
7. nghydWit ,uhrjhdp tpo;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzpfs;
● gytPdkhd kd;du;fs; Ml;rp gPlNkwpaik
● fypq;f ghz;ba tk;r Ml;rp mjpfhu Nghuhl;lk;
● nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp
● fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G
● mur epu;thfk; rPu; Fiye;jik
● tu;j;jfKk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; jilg;gl;lik
● kNyupah Neha;
● kf;fs; NtW ,lq;fs; Nehf;fp Gyk; ngau;e;jik

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

39
 gytPdkhd kd;du;fs; Ml;rpgPlNkwpaik
● Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; kuzk; rk;gtpj;J fp.gp. 1186,y; ,Ue;J
nghydWit tPo;r;rpaile;j 1215 tiuapyhd 29 Mz;Lfspy; 12
Ml;rpahsu;fs; gjtp tfpj;Js;sdu;
● ep];]q;fky;y kd;dd; kl;LNk ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; 09Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;
● Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dDf;F thupR ,d;ikahy; mtd; ,we;j gpd;G
murpay; Fog;gk; Vw;gl;lJ
● NrdhjpgjpfSk; murpaypy; jiyapl;lhuf; s;
● ghuhf;fpukghFTf;F gpd;G mtdJ rNfhjupapd; kfd; 2k; tp[aghF Ml;rpf;F
te;jhd;. xU tUlj;jpw;F Nky; Ml;rpapy; ePbf;f Kbatpy;iy
● 1k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; kidtp yPyhtjpia fp.gp. 1197 ,y; fPuj ; ;jp vd;w
Nrdhjpgjp Ml;rpapy; mku;j;jpdhd;. ,t;thwd gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsu;fs;
nghydWit tPo;r;rpf;F fhzkhapdu;
fypqf
; ghz;ba tk;r Ml;rp mjpfhu Nghuhl;lk;
● Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; kiwitaLj;J fypq;f tk;rj;jtUf;Fk;>
ghz;ba tk;rj;jtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; mjpfhu Nghuhl;lk; cf;fpukile;jJ.
● fypq;f tk;r Mjuthsuf; s; ep];]qf
; ky;y kd;ddpd; kiwitaLj;J mtdJ
rNfhjupapd; kfDk; Nrho kd;ddpd; rNfhjuDkhd rhfrky;yd;>
ep];]q;fky;y kd;ddpd; kidtp fy;ahztjp vd;gtu;fs; Ml;rpgPlNkwpdu;
nghUshjhu tPor;;rp
● ep];]q;fky;y kd;ddpd; kiwTf;F gpd;G gytPdkhd kd;du;fs;
Ml;rpgPlNkwpaikAk;
● murpay; cWjpj; jd;ikia Ngz KbahikAk;Fsq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs;
cs;spll ; ePu;ghrdf; fl;likg;ig guhkupf;f Kbahkw;NghdikAk;
● gpuNjr epUthfk; rPu;Fiye;jikAk;tptrhaKk;> tptrha eltbf;iffSk;
eyptile;jik.
● tu;j;jfk; Vida rpWifj;njhopy;fs; tPo;r;rpaile;jik fhuzkhf
nghUshjhuk; ghjpg;gile;jJ
fypqf
; khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G
● nghydWitapy; fypq;f> ghz;ba tk;rj;jpdUf;fpilapyhd Fog;gj;ij
gad;gLj;jp fypq;f khfd; fp.gp. 1215,y; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;
● 24000 gilapdu; khfdpd; gilnaLg;gpy; ,Ue;jdu;
● gytPdkhd murpay; epiyikia fhuzkhf khfdpd; gilnaLg;Gf;F
Kfk;nfhLf;f ,yq;ifauhy; KbahjpUe;jJ
● nghydWit cl;gl ,uhrul;il gFjpia Kw;Wif ,l;L ifg;gw;wpdu;
● khfhdpd; mopT ehrNtiy fhuzkhf nghydWitia kl;Lky;yhJ> ePu;ts
ehfupfKk; epu;%ykhdJ
● khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G mopT gw;wp kfhtk;rk; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ
● Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fs; kf;fspd; nry;tq;fis #iwahbdu;
● kf;fis Viofshf;fpdu;
● Gj;ju; rpiyffis cilj;njupe;jdu;
● tpfhiuf; nrhj;Jff ; is nfhs;isabj;jdu;
● gf;ju;fis jhf;fpdu;
● rpWtu;fis mbj;J Jd;GWj;jpdu;
● njhy;iyfSf;Fs;shd ngsj;j gpf;FfSk; nghJkff ; Sk; ghJfhg;G fUjp
cW`_zul;il> khaul;ilf;F Gyk; ngau;e;jdu;
“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;
fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

40
 ● ,uhrul;ilapd; gy gFjpfSk; rdre;jbaw;w epiyia mile;jd
● ,uhruli; lapd; rdr;nrwpthd efuq;fs; gyTk; rpijTfshfTk;>
vr;rq;fshfTk; khwpd
● kNyupah Neha; Vw;gl;likAk;> ngsj;j E}y;fs; vupf;fg;gl;lik> ngsj;j
gpf;Ffis Jd;GWj;jpaik>mur FLk;gj;jpdiu nfhiy nra;jik Nghd;wd
nghyeWitia tPo;rpf;fhd fhuzpfshFk;
8. ,uz;lhtJ efukakhf;fj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; vit?
● cyu;tya efuq;fSk; mtw;wpd; nropg;Gj;jd;ikAk; tPo;r;rpaile;jik
● murpaypy; mjpfhuk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;likahy; epu;thf ikaq;fs;
rkfhyj;jpy; nraw;gl;lik
● Gjpa JiwKfq;fs; tsu;r;rpile;jik
● ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOr;rpaile;jikAk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l mwpT kWkyu;r;rp
Nghd;wd ,uz;lhtJ efukakhf;fjpw;fhd mbg;gilfshFk;
● Gjpa tu;j;jf njhlu;G tiyaikg;G cUthfpaik
● ,uz;lhk; efuhf;j;jpd; NghJ tsu;r;rpaile;j efuq;fs; jpl;ltiu glq;fspy;>
Kd;ida efuj;jpl;l tiuglq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l Nfe;jpufzpj nghwpKiwj;
jd;ikapd;wpf; fhzg;gl;likahFk;.
● efuq;fs; Kd;ida mEuhjGu> nghydWit msit tpl rpwpaitahf
fhzg;gl;ld
9. nghydWit tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;du; jk;gnjdpah jiyefuhFk; tiuAkhd
fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; epUthf ikaq;fshf ,Ue;jit vit?

fp.gp 1215 ,y; nghydWit ,uhrjhdp tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

1232 ,y; jk;gnjdpah jiyefukhfpaJ. ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy;….
● rpy Njrpaj;jiytu;fs; ghJfhg;G muz;fis mikj;J mq;fpUe;jthW
Gj;jrhrdj;ijAk; ehl;ilAk; ghJfhj;J te;jjhf kfhtk;rk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
● ahg;g$t> Nfhtpe;jkiy> kpdpg;Ng vd;gd ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; epUthf
ikaq;fshf nraw;gl;ld
v ahg;g$t –Rgjsgjp
kiy cr;rpapy; Nfhl;il flb
; Mlr
; pGupe;jhd;. mlu;e;j fhLk;> kiyAk; kf;fSf;F
ghJfhg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
v Nfhtpe;jkiy – GtNdfghF Mjpghjd;
cU`_izul;ilapy; cs;s Nfhtpe;jkiyapy; ghJfhg;G muiz mikj;J
kf;fis vjpupfsplkpUe;J ghJfhj;jhd;
v kpdpg;Ng – rq;f jsgjp
kfhtyp fiuf;F mz;ikapy; k`paq;fidf;F mz;ikapy; kpdpg;Ng vDk;
,lj;jpy; Nfhl;il mikj;J kf;fisAk;> ngsj;j rkaj;ijAk; ghJfhj;jhd;.
10. fp.gp. 1232,y; jk;gnjdpahit jiyefuhf nfhzL
; Ml;rpnraj
; %d;whk;
tp[aghF kd;ddpd; Nritfis Fwpg;gpLf.
● ,yq;ifapd; %d;whtJ jiyefuhf jk;gnjdpah fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
● gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fspd; cjtpAld; jk;gnjdpah Fd;wpy; ghJfhg;G fUjp
jiyefuhf;fpdhd;
● Muk;gfhyj;jpy; td;dp jiytndhUtdhfr; nraw;gl;ljhf %yhjhuq;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

41
 ● nghydWit ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;gpd;NghJ Gj;jupd; Gdpjje;jj;jhJ kw;Wk;
ghj;jpujhJf;fis ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; ghJfhg;G fUjp nfhj;kiyapy; xopj;J
itj;jpUe;jdu;. 3k; tp[aghF kd;dd; ngypfiyapy; jyjhkhspifia
mikj;J nfhj;kiyapy; ,Ue;J Gdpj rpd;dq;fis nfhz;L te;J gpujp];il
nra;jhd;
● tp[aghF kd;dDf;F Gdpj je;jjhJ cupj;Jilajhf ,Ue;jjhy;
nghJkff ; s; mtid kd;ddhf;fpdu;
● jk;gnjdpa efuk; Kf;fpak; ngw fhuzkhdhd;
● fsdp tpfhiuia Gdu; epu;khdk; nra;jik
● jk;gnjdpahtpy; tp[aRe;juhka tpfhiuiaf; fl;baik
● cgrk;gjh rlq;if epfo;j;jpg; Gj;jrhrdj;ij J}a;ikgLj;jpdhd;
● mope;JNghd ngsj;j rka E}y;fis kPz;Lk; vOJtpj;jik vd;gd kd;ddpd;
gzpfshFk;.
● ,k; kd;dd; fp.gp. 1236 ,y; kuzkile;jhd;

11. fp.gp. 1236-1270 fhyg;gFjpapy; Ml;rp nra;j ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd;

Nritfis Fwpg;gpLf
● %d;whk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; %j;j kfdhd guhf;fpukghF ,uz;lhk;
guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; vDk; ngaupy; 1236 ,y; murdhdhd;
● ,td; rpWguhaj;jpNy rpwe;j fy;tpia ngw;wpUe;jhd;
● rq;fpuf;fpj kfhNjuu; jiyikapyhd ngsj;jgpf;Ffsplk; fy;tpia ngw;whd;
● gz;bjdhf jpfo;e;jhd; vdNt ,k;kd;dd; “fypfhy rhfpj;a rutf;Q
gz;bjd;” vDk; Gfo;ehkj;ij ngw;whd;
● ,td; vOjpa “ftprpYkpd” vDk; E}y; ,d;Wk; epiyj;Js;sJ
● vjpupfis jk; mwpthw;wyhy; ntw;wp nfhz;lhd;
● ,tdJ Nritfshf
1. me;epa Mf;fpukpg;Gfis Kwpabj;jik (murpay; Nrit)
2. rkaj;jpw;F Mw;wpa Nritfs;
3. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F Mw;wpa Nritfs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;
1. me;epa Mf;fpukpg;Gfis Njhw;fbj;jik (murpay; Nrit)
v re;jpu ghDtpd; KjyhtJ Mf;fpukpg;ig Kwpabj;jik
ü ,uz;lhtJ guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; jkJ gjpNdhuhtJ Mlr ; p tUlkhd
fp.gp.1247 ,y; re;jpughD vd;w [hth ehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsdpd; ngUk;gil
Mf;fpukpg;ig ntw;wpf;nfhz;lhd;
ü re;jpughD njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; kyhah Flhehl;bd; tl gFjpia
Nru;ejtdhthd;
ü kyhah xU ngsj;j ehlhFk;
ü vdNt re;jpughD ngsj;j Gdpj rpd;dq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fpNyNa te;jpUf;fyhk; vd $wg;gLfpd;wJ
ü ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; gilfs; 1247 ,y; re;jpughDtpd; gilfs;
Juj;jpabj;jdu;
v khfid Njhw;fbj;jik
ü guhf;fpukghF kd;dDf;F khngUk; rthyha; mike;jJ khfdpd; Ml;rpapy;
,Ue;j ,uhrul;ilia kPl;gjhFk;.
ü 40 tUlq;fs; ,uhrul;ilia Ml;rp khfd; Nfhl;ilfis mikj;J
ghJfhg;ig gyg;gLj;jpapUe;jhd;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

42
 ü vdNt khfDf;F vjpuhf jpl;lkpll; tifapy; jhf;Fjiy Nkwn ; fhs;s
Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ
ü vdNt kd;dd; jdJ gilapdu; %yk; fpof;fhfTk;> Nkwf ; hfTk;
nghydWitia Rw;wptisj;jhd;
ü 2k; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; gilapdiu jhf;Fjypdhy; khfdpd; gil
gLNjhy;tpaile;jJ. 1255 Mk; Mz;L gilnaLg;G ,lk; ngw;wjhf
$wg;gLfpwJ
v re;jpughDtpd; ,uz;lhtJ gilnaLg;ig Njhy;tpAu nra;jik
ü 1261 Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J $ypg;gilnahd;Wld; te;j re;jughD
,yq;if kPJ kPz;Lk; gilnaLj;jhd;
ü jk;gnjdpahit ghupa gilAld; gilnaLj;j ghD Gdpj je;jjhJ kw;Wk;
ghj;jpu jhJitiaAk; jk;kplk; xg;gilf;FkhW mr;RUjj ; pdhd;
ü ,g;Nghupd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; ghz;bag; NguurplkpUe;J guhf;fpukghF
kd;dDf;F gil cjtp fpilj;jjhf mwpaKbfpwJ
ü vjpupgil gLNjhy;tpaile;J re;jpughDtpd; gilnaLg;G Njhy;tpapy;
Kbe;jJ
ü gpd;du; Njtgjpuh[h vd;w mikr;rupd; cjtpAld; nghUshjhu> rka>
fy;tpj;Jiwfspy; ghupa tsu;r;rp fhZk; tifapy; nray;gl;lhd;.

2. 2k; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; rka Nritfs;

ü Mz;L NjhWk; cgrk;gjh rlq;if elj;jpaJld; jhKk; fye;Jnfhz;L
gpf;Fkhiu Cf;Ftpj;jhd;
ü gpf;F khu;fSf;fhd xOf;ff;Nfhitahd jk;gnjdpa mjpfhuhj;ij
vOJtpj;jhd;
ü rq;fuh[h k`hNjuUila jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;w gpf;Ffs;
rk;Nksj;jpNyNa xOf;ff; Nfhit njhFf;fg;gl;lJ
ü ngsj;j gPlq;fSf;F jFjpahd gpf;Ffis epakpj;J rpwg;ghf
nraw;gLj;jpdhd;
ü mopAk; epiyapy; ,Ue;j ngsj;j E}y;fis cupatu;fis nfhz;L
vOJtpj;jhd;
ü “Njtgjpuh[” mikr;rupd; cjtpAld; ngsj;jrka fy;tpapd; tsur ; ;rpf;F
ghLgl;lhd;
ü ,uj;jpdGupapy; rkd; Njthyaj;jpid fl;bdhd;
ü ju;kfuP;j;jp kfhNjuiu ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J tutioj;J ngsj;j mltp
klj;ij mikj;jhd;
ü jk;gnjdpahtpy; Gdpj je;jjhJit gpujp];il nra;jhd;
3. ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; ,yf;fpa Nritfs; ahit
ü rq;fufpj;j kfhNjuu; jiyikapyhd gpf;Ffsplk; fy;tp fw;wjdhy;
kd;ddpd; ,yf;fpa Mw;wy; tiu toptFj;jJ
ü “ftprpYkpd” vd;w fhtpa E}iy vOjpdhd;
ü “tpRj;jp khu;f;f rd;da” vd;w ,yf;fpa E}iy vOjpdhd;
ü uj;dhtypa> g+[htypa Kjypa E}y;fisAk; rpjj;rq;fuht vd;w ,yf;fpa
E}iyAk; vOj kd;dd; Cf;Ftpj;jhd;.
ü Ngr[;[ kd;Rfh vd;w ghsp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l itj;jpa E}iyAk;>
jk;gnjdpah fjpfhtj;ij vd;w xOf;f E}iyAk; vOj Cf;Ftpj;jhd;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

43
 12. tp[aghF kd;ddpd; gw;wpa jfty;fis Fwpg;gpLf
● ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; kfd; Mthd;
● Nghrj;j tp[aghF vDk; ngaupy; Gfoile;jhd;
● 1270k; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; kiwitj; njhlu;e;J
Murdhdhd;
● Ml;rpfhyk; ,uz;L tUlq;fshFk;
● mur khspifapy; ,lk;ngw;w ,uhZtrjpnahd;wpd; %yk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;
● nghydWit jsjhkhspif je;jjhJit nfhz;Lte;jhd;

13. Kjyhk; GtNdfghF kd;ddpd; Nritfis Fwpg;gpLf

● tp[aghF (ehd;fhk; tp[aghF my;yJ Nghrj; tp[aghF) kd;dd;
kuzkile;j gpd;du; mtdJ rNfhjudhd GtNdfghF ,sturd;
rjpfhuu;fis Kwpabj;J fp.gp. 1272 ,y; Ml;rpia ifg;gw;wpdhd;
● ,td; Kjyhk; GtNdfghF vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;
● td;dpj; jiytu;fs; rpyu; kd;did vjpu;j;J fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;
● njd;dpe;jpa gilnaLg;Gfs; rpytw;wpw;Fk; kd;dd; Kfq;nfhLf;f Neupl;lJ
1) jsgjp fhypqf ; uhau; gilnaLg;G
2) jsgjp Nrhkfq;fdpd; gilnaLg;G
· ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;Gfis ntw;wpfukhf Kwpabj;jhd;
● jk;gnjdpahtpy; rpy fhyk; ,Ue;j gpd;du; ghJfhg;G fUjp ahg;g$t
Nfhl;ilia jiyefuhf;fpf;nfhz;lhd;
● ntspehLfSld; tu;j;jf njhlu;Gfis nfhz;bUe;jhd;
● ,tuhy; vfpg;Jf;F mDg;gl;l tu;j;jf J}Jf; FOtpdu;f;F fp.gp 1283 k; Mz;L
nfa;Nuh efupy; vfpg;jpa Ry;jhdhy; tuNtw;fg;gl;ljhf mwpf;iffs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd
● 1284 ,y; GtNdfghF kuzkile;jhd;
14. fp.gp. 1284 - fp.gp. 1293 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; ahg;g$t Ml;rp nra;j
Ml;rpahsu;fs;
● Kjyhk; GtNdfghF fp.gp. 1284 ,y; kuzkile;j gpd;G kd;ddpd; kfd;
,uz;lhk; GtNdfghFtpw;F Nghrj; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; kfd; guhf;fpukghF
,sturSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Ml;rpAupik njhlu;ghd gpur;rpid Vw;gl;lJ
● Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp vDk; FWepy kd;dd; jiyikapy; ghz;ba ehl;L
gilapdu; ,yq;if te;J ahg;gFt Nfhl;ilia jhf;fp Gdpj je;jjhJit
ghz;ba kd;dd; FyNrfudplk; xg;gilj;jhd;
● Nghrj; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; kfd; ghz;ba ehL nrd;W kd;ddplk; ciuahb
Gdpj je;j jhJit ngw;W te;J nghydWitapypUe;J Ml;rp
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhd;
● ,td; 3k; guhf;fpukghF vDk; ngaupy; Ml;rpnra;jhd;
● fp.gp. 1287 Kjy; fp.gp. 1293 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhd;
● 1293,y; ,uz;lhk; GtNdfghF ,sturd; Kd;whk; guhf;fpukghFit ntd;W
FUdhfiyia jiyefuhf nfhz;L Mlr ; p nra;jhd;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

44
 15. ehd;fhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; Nritfis Fwpg;gpLf
● ehd;fhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; je;ijahd ,uz;lhk; GtNdfghF kd;dNd
FUdhfiyapd; Kjd; kd;ddhthd;
● ,uz;lhk; GtNdfghFtpd; gpd;du; kfd; 4k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dNd
FUehfiyapd; kd;ddhdhd;.
● 1302 ,y; mtd; Mlr ; p gPlNkwpajhf “ruNrhjp khiy” vDk; E}y;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
● “gd;rpa gd]; [hjf” (550 rhjf fijfs;) vDk; E}y; nkhop ngau;f;fgl;lJ.
,k;kd;dd; fhyj;jpyhFk;
● Jyjhrpupj;j> rpq;fs Nghjp tk;rk;> mdhfj;j tk;rk;> jyjh g+[htypa Mfpa
E}y;fs; FUdhfy; fhyj;jpy; ,k;kd;ddhy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;
● ,td; fy;tp mwpTk;> ,yf;fpa Mu;tKk; nfhz;ltd; Mjyhy; “gz;bj
guhf;fpukghF” vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;
● jyhjhkhspifapd; epUthf nryTf;fhf> gy fpuhkq;fis xJf;fpdhd;
● ,td; fz;bf;F “nrq;flfyGua” vd;W ngaupl;lhd;
● ,td; ngsj;j fy;tpia Nkkg ; Lj;j njhll
; fKy tp[ahgh gpuntdh>tpjhfk
= fdhde;j gpupntdh Mfpatw;wpw;F cjtpAs;shd;.

ehd;fhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; gpd;du; 3k; GtNdfghF my;yJ td;dp

GtNdfghF 4k; tp[aghF my;yJ rTY tp[aghF vd;w kd;du;fs;
FUdhiyia Ml;rp nra;jdu;.
FUdhfiy Fsk; - 3k; GtNdfghF kd;ddhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ
16. fk;gis ,uhrjhdpia Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fis Fwpg;gpLf
● ehd;fhk; GtNdfghF
● %d;whk; tpf;fpukghF
17. ehd;fhk; GtNdfghFTk;> fk;gis ,uhrjhdpAk;
● 1341k; Mz;L ehd;fhk; GtNdfghF kd;ddhy; fk;gis jiyefukhf;fgl;lJ.
● ,td; FUehfiyapd; ,Wjp kd;dd; rTS tp[aghF kd;ddpd; kfdhthd;
● ehd;fhk; GtNdfghF kd;ddpd; rNfhjud; 5k; guhf;fpukghF rkfhyj;jpy;
njbf kiyj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhd;
● njbfktpw;F Nkyjpfkhf ,d;Wk; ,U ,uhrjhdpfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
● fk;gis mur FLk;gj;Jld; neUq;fpa cwT nfhz;bUe;j ,U gpuGj;Jt
FLk;gq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld
Nrdhyq;fhjpfhu nrdtpuj; FLk;gk;
iufktpy; ,Ue;j moNf];tuf; FLk;gk; ,jpy; ep];]qf ; moNf];tu
rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;whu;
● jha;top muRupikahf fhzg;gl;lJ
● ehd;fhk; GtNdfghF kd;dd; fhyj;jpNy ,gpd;gJ}jh vDk; muhgpa
NjrrQ;rhup ,e;F te;jhu;
● ,gpd;gJ}jh rptndhypghjkiyia juprpf;f nrd;wNghJ> ntsi ; sahid
xd;iw itj;jpUe;j my;Nfhzu; vDk; gpuNjr Mlr; pahsu; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. mtu; moFf;Nfhzu; guk;giuia Nru;e;jtuhtu;
● ,f;fhyj;jpNyNa yq;fhjpyf> flyhnjdpa tpfhiufs; fl;lg;gl;;ld.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

45
 18. %d;whk; tpf;fpughF kd;dDk; fk;gis ,uhrjhdpAk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff
● khkdhuplkpUe;J kUkfDf;F Ml;rpAupik nra;tJ fk;gis eilKiwahFk;.
me;jtifapy; %d;whk; tpf;fpughF Mlr ; pf;F te;jhd;
● fp.gp. 1358 ,y; ep];]q;f moNf];tuupd; cjtpAld; Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;
● Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fk;gis ,uhrjhdp gpuNjrj;jpy; jpiw ngw;wjhf
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ
● fk;gis ,uhrjhdpf;F fsq;fkhf mike;jJld;> nghUshjhuj;ijAk;
ghjpg;gila nra;jJ.
● Mupa rf;futu;j;jpfspd; nry;thf;if xopf;f murdpd; gpujk mikr;ruhd
ep];]q;f moNf];tu = [atu;jdGutpy; Nfhl;il flb ; mjpy; gilia
Ftpj;J Mupa rf;futu;j;jpapd; mYtyu;fSf;F jil tpjpj;jhu;.
● Mupa rf;futu;j;jp fk;gisia Mf;fpukpj;jNghJ moNf];tuupd; gil
Kwpabj;jJ
● fk;gis ,uhrjhdp gykile;jJ
19. fk;gis ,uhrjhdpAk;> rPd Mf;fpukpg;Gk; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf
● fk;gis fhyjj ; pd; ,Wjp gFjpapy; rPd ehl;L Mf;fpupg;nghd;W ,lk;ngw;wJ
● rPdhtpy; Aq;Nyh vDk; Nguurdhy; nrq;N`h vDk; jsgjp 1405> 1409> 1411
Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; ,yq;if te;Js;shu;.
● 1409k; Mz;L tUif je;jNghJ tPu moNf];tu rPdj;jsgjpia Kiwg;gb
tuNtw;f jtwptpl;lhd;
● nrq;N`h jhd; nfhz;Lte;j fhzpf;iffis NjNte;jpuKid Myaj;jpw;F
toq;fpdhd;.
● rPdk;> guhrPf> jkpo; Mfpa Kk; nkhop fy;ntl;il nghwpj;Jtpl;L rPdhTf;F
nrd;whd;.
● ,f;fy;ntl;L Kk;nkhop fy;ntl;L vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
● 1411 ,y; ghupa gilnahd;Wld; ,yq;if te;j nrq;N`h jsgjp tPu
moNf];tuDld; NghuplL ; mtidAk;> rpyiuAk; ifjpfshfr; rPdh nfhz;L
nrd;whd;.
20. ,yq;ifapd; jiyefuhf fk;gis ,uhrjhdp Mf;fgl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
ahit?
● fk;gis Vw;fdNt cgjiytuhf ,Ue;jik (FUdhfy; jiyefuhf
,Ue;jNghJ).
● ghJfhg;G muz; kpf;f miktplq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
● rptndhspghjkiyf;F nry;Yk; re;jpapy; fhzg;gl;lik.
● kfhtyp fq;iff; fiuapy; fhzg;gl;ljhy; ePu;> Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;
rhjfkhf fhzg;gl;lik.
21. Nfhl;il kd;dd; Mwhk; ghuf;fpukghFtpd; Nritfis tpsf;Ff.
● fk;gisf; fhyj;jpy; ep];]q;f moNf]tu mikr;ru; = [atu;j;jdGutpy;
gyk; Nfhl;ilia mikj;jhd;. mf;Nfhl;ilia jiyefuhf khw;wpaJ Mwhk;
guhf;fpukghF kd;ddhthd;.
● ,tdJ je;ijapd; ngau; [ak`Ny> jhapd; ngau; RNdj;uh Njtp vd;gjhFk;.
● vjpupfspd; nraw;ghL fhuzkhf jiykiwthf tho;e;j guhf;fpukghF
,sturd;> tPjhfk k`h ]jtPu gpf;Ftpd; ghJfhg;gpy; tho;e;jhu;.
● 1412k; Mz;L iuifikapd; Ml;rpahsuhdhd;.
● 1415 ,y; Nfhl;il kd;ddhf Kb#l;bf;nfhz;lhd;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

46
 24. td;dpau; Ml;rpahsu; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
● ,uhruli ; l tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;du;> tlkj;jpa> fpof;F> tlNky; Nghd;w
rdj;njhif Fiwe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; td;dp vdg;gLk; rpwpa Ml;rp myFfs;
Njhd;wpd
● td;dp gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fs; td;dpau; vdg;gl;ldu;.
● g+[htypa vDk; E}ypd;gb %d;whk; tp[ahF kd;dd; Muk;gj;jpy; td;dp
jiytdhf ,Ue;jhd;
● Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpapy; Mwhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; Ml;rpgPlNkwpa NghJ
gjpndl;L td;dpfs; fhzg;gl;ljhf %yhjhuq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
● kj;jpa ,uhrjhdpfs; tPo;r;rpaile;jNghJ td;dpau;fs; Rje;jpukhf
nraw;gl;Ls;sdu;.
● ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF> Mwhk; guhf;fpukghF fhyjj ; py; kj;jpauRf;F
fPo;gbe;J td;dpau;fs; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
● fz;ba fhygg ; Fjpapy; fpof;F gpuNjrj;jpy; td;dpau; ,Ue;jjhf tuyhw;W
jfty;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
25. njd;Nkw;F Nehf;fp Gjpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs; ,lk;ngau;e;j fhyj;jpy;. nghUshjhu>
rkak;> fiyfs;> fl;bl epu;khdj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
● nghUshjhuk;
1) cyu; tya epu;ts ehfupfk; tPo;r;rpaile;J><utyak; Nehf;fp Gyk;ngau;e;j kf;fs;
kiyg;ghq;fhd gpuNjrq;fspy; jiyefuq;fis cUthf;fpaikAk; jiyefuq;fs;
ePz;l fhyk; epiyf;fhikAk; ,f; fhyg;gFjpapd; tpN\l gz;ghFk;
2) tptrhaj;jpw;F kioePiuNa gad;gLj;jpdu; mjpf kiotPo;r;rpfpilj;jJ.
3) kf;fspd; rPtNdhaghakhf tptrhaNk jpfo;e;jJ
4) ney; gpujhd gapuhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
5) ePu; gw;whf;Fiwahd gpuNjrq;fspy; Nridg;gapu;nra;if ,lk;ngw;wJ.
6) gbg;gbahf tu;j;jf nghUshjhu Kiwf;F gof;fg;gl;ldu;.

7) Nkyjpf tpisr;riy tpw;gid nra;jdu;.

8) gpujhd ntspehl;L tu;j;jf gapuhf fWth fhzg;gl;lJ.
9) ghf;F> kpsF> Vyk;> rhjpf;fha; Nghd;w gapu;fspd; Nkyjpf tpisr;ry;
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
10) Kj;J> khzpf;fk>; ahid> ahidj;je;jk; Kjypa tu;j;jf nghUl;fSk; Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gl;ld.
11) ,e;jpa> mNugpah> rPdh> ghurPfk;> vfpg;J Kjypa ehLfSld; tu;j;jf
nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy;fs; nra;agl;ld.
12) ntspehlL ; tu;j;jk; murdpd; jdp mjpfhuj;jpd; fpNo fhzg;gl;lJ.
13) rPdhtpy; ,Ue;J ,yq;iff;F gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
● rkak;
1) ,uz;lhk; efuj;jpd;NghJ gpujhd kjkhf ngsj;jk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
2) jk;gnjdpa Kjy; Nfhl;il fhyk; tiu jyjhkhspif kw;Wk;
tpfhiufis mikg;gjpy; kd;du;fs; Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;.
3) ,f;fhy kd;du;fs; nja;tq;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;J nraw;gl;Ls;sdu;.
4) tp\;Z> tpgP\dd;> KUfd;> rkd; Kjypa nja;tq;fSf;fhd
topghLfs;epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd> Nfhapy;fSk; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
5) fp.gp. 15k; E}w;whz;by; = [atu;jdGutpw;F mUfpy; rpthyak;
,Ue;jikf;fhd juTfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
6) rpthyaj;jpy; Kd;Nd];tuk; Nfhapy; mf;fhyg; gFjpf;FupajhFk;.
7) tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;l K];yPk;fSk; rka topghl;Lff ; hd gss ; pthry;fis
mikj;jpUe;;jdu;.
“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;
fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

48
 ● fiyfSk; fl;bl epukhzq;fSk;
1) ahg;g$t Kjy; Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp fhygg ; Fjp tiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fl;bl
epu;khdq;fis ,d;Wk; ehk; fhzyhk;.
2) njd;dpe;jpa nry;thf;F gpujpgypg;G tpNrl mk;rkhFk;
3) ahg;gFt Nfhl;ilf;Fwpa gbtupir kwW ; k; J}z;fspy; ghz;ba kw;Wk; fk;g+r;rpa
fiyg;ghuk;gupa gz;Gfis fhzyhk;.
4) Gj;j rpiykidfSld; ,ize;jjhf Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuzk;
flyhnjdpa rpiykidAld; ,ize;jjhf tp\;Z Nfhapnyhd;W
mikf;fgl;Ls;sJ. yq;fhjpyf rpiykidAld; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5) Gj;j rpiykidAld; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzk;> kfhahd rkaq;fspd;
nry;thf;fhFk;
6) fk;gis fhyjj ; py; %d;whk; tpf;fpukghF kd;ddhy; mikf;fg;gl;;l mk;gf;f
Njthyak; xU KUfd; NfhapyhFk; fiyg;ngWkjpkpf;f kur; nrJf;fYf;F ngau;
ngw;wjhFk;. kuj;J}z;fSk; $iuAk; nrJf;fy; fiyfis nfhz;L jpfo;fpd;wJ.
7) ,uz;lhk; efu kakhf;fypd;NghJ nkhop> ,yf;fpak; ghupa tsur ; ;rpaile;jpUe;jJ.
8) fy;tp fw;w gz;bju;fs; gyu; fhzg;gl;lik ,yf;fpa tsur ; ;rpf;F fhuzkhFk;.
9) jk;gnjdpah fhyj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; mjpfsthd
E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.
10) rpq;fs nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l kfhfhtpakhd “ftprpYkpd”2k; guhf;fpuk kd;ddhy;
vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.
11) ju;kNrd Njuu; vOjpa rj;ju;kujdhtpa> kAughj gpupntdh mjpguhd Gj;j Gj;jpu
Njuu; vOjpa g+[htypa vd;gd rpwe;j ciueil E}y;fshFk; (jk;gnjdpah).
12) rpq;fs ,yf;fzk; “rpjj; rq;fuht fhtpa ,yf;fd tpjpfs;”“vOrj];yFz” vDk;
E}Yk; ,f;fhyj;jpw;FupajhFk;.
13) jk;gnjdpah “fjpfhtj;j”>“fe;jTWrpupj;j”(,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghFtpd; jpdrup
eltbf;iffs;) Gj;j Gj;jpu Njuu; vOjpa “Nahfhj;jta” ,jidtpl ghsp E}y;fs;>
tpRj;jkhu;f;frd;ia” rke;j $ltu;ziz> urth`pdp> rhurq;rpu`a vd;gitAk;>
Nghr[;[ kQ;Rrh vDk; itj;jpa E}y;> `j;jtdfy;y tpfhiu tk;rk;> J}gtk;rk;
vd;gd ghsp E}y;fshFk;.
14) FUzhfiy fhy rpq;fs ciueil ,yf;fpak; gz;ragd]; [hjfa> jyjhrpupj>
jyjh G+[htypa> rpq;fs Nghjpak;rk; Nghd;wd Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
15) fk;gis fhyj;jpy; kAu re;Njra> jpru re;Njra vDk; J}J fhtpaq;fs;
vOjg;gl;ld.
16) ghu=rjfa> [pd Nghjhtyp> ghyhtjhu vDk; ghsp nkhop E}Yk; rj;ju;
khyq;fhua vDk; rpq;fs nkhop E}Yk; vOjg;gl;ld.
17) rpq;fs ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghw;fhyk; Nfhl;ilf;fhykhFk;.
18) ,yf;fpa tsur ; ;rpf;F njhl;lfKt = uhFy gpuntdh Njuu; Kf;fpakhdtuhthu;.
19) nguFk;gh rpupj;j> fhtpa Nrfua> GJFzhyq;fhua Nyhtlrq;uht>Fj;jpyfhtpak;
vDk; E}y;fSk;> `q;r re;Njra> gutpre;Njra> nrytp`pdp re;Njra vDk; J}J
fhtpaq;fSk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
20) gf;jp ,yf;fpak;> Nghu; ,yf;fpak;> Gfo; fhtpak; Nghjdh fhtpak;> tpsf;fTiu
E}y;fs; vDk; ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; ,f;fhyj;jw;FwpajhFk;.
21) ngsj;j fy;tp epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ngg;gpypahNd RNde;jpuh Njtp
gpuntdh> fhufy gj;khtjp gpuntdh> tPjhfk fdhde;jh gpupntdh vd;gd ,yf;fpa
tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpd.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

49
 myF-08
fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
1. Mq;fpNyauhy; fz;b ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?
fp.gp 1815
2. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kWg;ngau;fs; vit?
§ nrq;flfy ,uhr;rpak;
§ kiyehl;L ,uhr;rpak;
§ fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
§ k`Etu
§ =tu;j;jdGu
3. fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ghJfhg;G muz;kpf;f ,uhr;rpakhFk; vd;gjid Fwpg;gpLf?
§ ,aw;ifahf ghJfhf;fg;gl;l XuplkhFk;
§ kfhtyp fq;if ghJfhg;G toq;FfpwJ
§ gyid> cd;d];fpupa> gy;fLt vd;Dk; f];lkhd ghijfshy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;
EiotJ fbd ghijahFk;
§ kiyfshy; #og;gl;l ,uhr;rpakhFk;
(cjhuhzk; - cltj;ij> `e;jhid kiyfs;)
§ mlu;e;j fhLfshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ
§ FspUk;> mjpf kioAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa fhydpiy nry;thf;Fk; ghJfhg;ig
jUfpwJ.
4. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Kjy; kd;dd; ahu;?
Nrdh rk;gj tpf;fpukghF (1469-1511)
5. Nrdh rk;gj tpf;fpukghFtpd; gpd; fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;dd; ahu;?
§ Nrdh rk;gj tpf;fpukghFtpd; kfd; [a tPu gz;lhu (1511-1551)
§ rPj;jhthf;if kd;ddhd khahJd;idapd; ez;gd; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpy;
“tp[aghF nfhs;is” ,lk; ngw;w NghJ [atPu gz;lhu khahJd;idf;F cjtp
nra;jhd;.
§ n[atPu gz;lhutpd; ,wg;gpd; gpd; ,tDila kfd; fuypaj;j gz;lhu
murdhdhd;.
§ ,td; Nghu;j;JNfaUld; cld;ghlhd nfhsi ; fia filg;gpbj;jhd;
§ ,f; nfhsi ; fia fz;b gpujhdpfs; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
§ gpujhdpfs; rPj;jhthf;if kd;dd; ,uh[rpqf ; Df;F jkJ Mjuit toq;fpdu;.
§ gpujhdpahd Nguhjidapd; tPuRe;ju gz;lhu Kjyhk; ,uh[rpqf ; d; kd;dd;
fz;bia ifg;gw;w cjtp Gupe;jhd;.
§ ,t; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f Kbahj fuypj;j gz;lhu kd;dd;
jdJ Gjy;tpahd - FRkhrd NjtpAlDk;
kUkfdhd -akrpqf ; gz;lhuDk; fpwp];jt kjj;ij jOtpf;nfhz;ldu;.
§ rPj;jhthf;if kd;ddhd khahJd;idapd; kfNd Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; Mthd;.
6. Kjyhk; ,uhrpqf ; d; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzj;ij Fwpg;gpLf.
§ kd;dd; kPJ gpujhdpfs; mjpUg;jp nfhz;lik.
§ kd;dd; Kd; NfhgfhudhfTk; ahtiuAk; ek;ghjtdhfTk; fhzg;gl;lik.
§ jdf;F cjtpa tPuRe;jugz;luid nfhiy nra;jhd;
§ Nghu;j;JNfaupd; ePz;lfhy Mir (fz;bia ifgg ; w;wy;)
§ fz;b Ml;rpf;Fwpatu;fs; Nghu;j;JNfaupd; ghJfhg;gpy; ,Ue;jik.
§ Nghu;j;JNfau; ngUk;gil jpulb ; aik.
§ fNdjd;d vDk; ,lj;jpy; Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fdpd; gilfs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lik.
§ Nfhzg;Ggz;lhu Nghu;j;JNfaUf;F cjtpaik.
§ gpujhdpfs; rpyuJ cjtp fpilj;jik vd;gd Kjyhk; ,uh[rpqf
; d;
Njhy;tpaila fhuzkhfpd.
§ ,jd; gpd; akrpq;f gz;lhu fz;bapd; murdhdhd;.
§ Nghu;j;JNfaupd; ifg;nghk;ikahf mtd; nray;gl;lhd; (akrpq;;f gz;lhu)
§ akrpq; gz;lhu kuzj;jpd; gpd; Nfhzg;G gz;lhu fz;bapd; murdhdhd;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

50 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 7. Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; (Nfhzg;G gz;lhu) kd;ddhd NghJ vjpu; nfhz;l
rthy;fs;.
§ rl;lG+u;t Ml;rpAupik ,y;yhik.
§ Nghu;;j;JNfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J fz;bia ghJfhj;Jnfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jik
§ fz;bia rPj;jhthf;if Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;bapUe;jik.
§ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;bapUe;jik
8. Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; kiyehl;L rl;lG+u;t jd;ikia epiyehl;l
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs vit? (murpay; nraw;ghL)
§ fz;b ,uhrjhdp muRupj;jhdpahd FRkhrd Njtpia jpUkzk;
nra;Jf;nfhz;lik
§ ngsj;j rkaj;ij jOtpf;nfhz;lik
§ Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa vd;w ngsj;j ehkj;ij #bf;nfhz;lik
§ rPj;jhthf;if njy;fk tpfhiu Gdpj je;jj;jhJit fz;bapy; gpujp];il
nra;jik
§ kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gld; Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fid Njhw;fbj;jik.
9. Nghu;j;JNfa Mj;jpf;fj;jpypUe;J fz;bia ghJfhf;f Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upad;
ifahz;l eltbf;iffs; vit? (murpay; nraw;ghL)
§ fp.gp 1594 y; je;JNu Nghupy; Nghuj; ;JNfaiu gLj;Njhy;tpaila nra;jik
§ Nghu;j;JNfaUf;F vjpuhd jho;ehlb ; y; Vw;gl;l fytuq;fSf;F cjtpaik
§ Nghu;j;JNfaiu Juj;j xy;yhe;J cjtpia ngw;wik
10. ngsj;j rkaj;ij vOr;rpAu nra;tjw;F Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd;
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; vit?
§ njhd; Athd; vd;w fpwp];jt ngaiu Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa vd khw;wp
ngsj;j kf;fspd; ed;kjpg;ig ngw;wik
§ Gdpj je;jj;ij fz;bapy; gpujp];il nra;jik
§ gu;khtpypUe;J ngsj;j FUkhiu jUtpj;J cgrk;gj;jh itgtj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;lik.
§ gioa tpfhiufis Gdu;epu;khdk; nra;jik
cjhuhzk;- flyhnjdpa> upjptpfhiu> yq;fhjpyf;f
11. Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; kiyehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;g
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; vit?
§ tptrha;ij tpUj;jpila nra;a eltbf;iffs; vLj;jhd; (ney;)
§ gUj;jp gapu;nra;iff;F cjtpGupe;jhd; (nerT ifj;njhopy;)
§ nfhj;kiy> tyg;gid gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Uk;GUf;F ifj;njhopiy
Nkk;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;jhd;
§ ntbkUe;jpw;F Njitahd cg;G cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopiy tsu;j;jhd;

12. nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 – 1635) Ml;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij jUf

§ 1604 k; Mz;L Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; ,wg;gpd; gpd; mtdJ
,sk;ghuhaj;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jg;gbahy;> mtdJ xd;Wtpl;l rNfhjdhd nrduj;
1604 y; fz;b kd;ddhd;
§ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Ml;rpAupikia cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJk;.
§ Nghu;j;JNfaupd; mr;r\RUj;jypy; ,Ue;J fz;bia ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;sYk;
rthyha; mike;j mk;rq;fshFk;
§ Ml;rpAupikia epiyepWj;j FRkhrd Njtpia kze;Jf;nfhz;lhd;
§ FRkhrd Njtpf;F Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; %yk; ,U kfd;fSk;>
nrduj; kd;dd; %yk; xU kfDk; ,Ue;jd
§ Ml;rp njhlu;gpy; gps;isfspilNa Vw;gLk; mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;ij jtpu;f;f
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Kg;gpupthf gpupj;J ,sturu;fs; %tupilNa gpfpu;e;jspj;jhd;
Cth gpuNjrk; - Fkhurpqf ; ,sturd;
khj;jis gpuNjrk; - tp[aghy ,sturd;
fz;b gpuNjrk; - ,uh[rpq;f ,sturd;
§ kpfTk; gyk; tha;e;jtdhf ,isatdhd kfh M];jhd Fkhud; ,uz;lhk;
,uh[rpq;fdhthd;
§ rpwe;j tPud; 1630k; Mz;by; ue;njdpnty Nghupy; Nghu;j;JNfaiu
gLj;Njhy;tpaila nra;jhd;.
§ vy;iyapypUe;J Nghu;j;JNfaiu Klf;fpitj;jhd;.

51
 13. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; 2k; ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; (fp.gp 1635 – 1687) Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
cilatdhf fUjg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
§ fp.gp 1635y; nrduj; kd;dd; kuzj;Jld; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpqf ; dhthd;
murdhdhd;
§ ,td; vjpu; Nehf;fpa rthy;fs; tUkhW
Ø fz;b ,uhr;rpa kPjhd Nghu;j;JNfa jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhs;sy;
Ø Nghu;j;JNfaiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;wy;
Ø fz;b ,uhr;rpa gpuGf;fspd; vjpu;g;Gff
; is fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Ø xy;yhe;jupd; Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J kiyehl;ilf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
§ Nghu;j;JNfauplkpUe;J fz;bia fhg;ghw;w je;ijapd; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
nraw;g;gl;Ls;shd;.
Ø 1630 – Cth ue;jdpnty Aj;jk;
Ø 1638 – fd;ndhUt Aj;jk;
§ Nghu;j;JNfaiu ,e; ehl;bypUe;J tpul;;l me;epaupd; cjtp Njitg;gl;lJ
xy;yhe;jupd; flwg; il cjtpAld; Nghu;j;JNfaiu ,e; ehl;bd;
fiuNahuj;;jpypUe;J Kw;whf ntspNaw;wdhd;. (1638-1658)
§ ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ifNahug;gpuNjrq;fis xy;yhe;ju; jkjhf;fpf;nfhz;ldu;.
§ 1665-1668 Mz;Lfspy; xy;yhe;ju; fz;bapd; rpyg;gpuNjrq;fis
ifg;gw;wpf;nfhz;ldu;.
§ 1670-1675 fhyg;gFjpapy; xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; Nkw;nfhz;L mtu;fs;
trkpUe;j gpuNjrq;fis ifg;gw;wpf;nfhz;lhd;
§ gpd;du; xy;yhe;ju; kd;dUld; xw;Wikahf nraw;gl;lhd;
§ Nghu;j;JNfaiu ntspNaw;Wtjpy; kd;du; ntw;wpf;nfhz;lhYk; xy;yhe;ju; rpy
gpuNjrq;fis epiyepWj;jpf;nfhz;likahy; KO ehl;bw;Fk; kd;duhFk; Mir
iff;$l tpy;iy.
§ ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; fw;gpl;b> rpyhgk; > jpUf;Nfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G
Kjypa JiwKfq;fs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F cupj;jhfpd.
§ Ik;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp nra;J 1687k; Mz;L fhykhdhu;.

14. ,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf

§ 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;> kfdhd 2k; tpkyju;k#upad; kd;ddhdhd;.
§ jpwikaw;wtdhf ,Ue;jikahy;> gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;fpaJ.
§ ,td; xy;yhe;jUld; rkhjhdkhf ele;J nfhz;lhd;
§ jpwiaw;wtdhf ,Ue;jhYk; je;ijapd; fhyj;jpy; tpuptile;jpUe;j fz;b
,uhr;rpa gpuNjrj;ij ghJfhj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;.
§ tPo;r;rpAw;wpUe;j ngsj;j rkaj;ij Nkk;gLj;j gu;khtpypUe;J ngsj;j FUkhiu
tutioj;J cgrk;gjht rlq;fpid elj;Jtpj;jhd;.
§ fz;b jyhjh khspifia tp];jupj;jhd;
§ 1707k; Mz;by; mtd; fhykhdhd;

15. =tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpu rpq;f kd;dd; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf

§,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;ddpd; kfhdhtd;
§fp.gp 1707 y; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F kd;ddhdhd;
§Ml;rpj;Jiwapy; mDgtkw;wtd;> ,jdhy; gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuk;
NkNyhq;fpaJ.
§ njd;dpe;jpa ,sturp xUj;jpia jpUkzk; Kbj;jhd;
§ Foe;ijNgW fpl;ltpy;iy.
§ njd;dpe;jpa tof;fg;gb murpapd; rNfhjudpd; muRAupikahdJ.
16. = tp[auh[rpqf ; kd;dd; (1739-1747) gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf
§ = tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpu rpqf
; kd;dd; thupR ,d;wp ,we;jhd;.
§ njd;dpe;jpa tof;fg;gb kidtpapd; rNfhjudhd = tp[auh[rpqf
;
kd;ddhdhd;
§ eaf;f tk;r Ml;rp Muk;gkhFk;
§ murrig gpujhdpfspd; gyk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jJ gpujhd rthyhFk;
§ ,jdhy; jkJ cwtpdu;fshd ehaf;fu;fSf;F murrig gjtpfis
toq;fpdhd;.
52
 § ngsj;j rkaj;ij jOtpf;nfhz;L gpf;FfSlNdNa tho;e;j ,td; ntyptpl;l
ruzq;fu NjNuhtpd; MNyhridf;F mika cgrk;gjh rlq;fpid elhj;j
Kw;gl;lhYk; iff;$ltpy;iy.
§ njd;dpe;jpa ,sturpiaNa ,tDk; kzKbj;jhd;> vdpDk; thupRapd;wp 1747y;
,we;jhd;;.
17. fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf (fp.gp 1747-1781)
§ = tp[auh[rpqf ; kd;ddpd; kiwtpw;F gpd;du; mtDila kidtpapd;
rNfhjud; 1747y; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddhdhd;
§ 16 taJ Mdg;gbahy;>mtDila je;ijapd; eNudg;gh ehaf;f Mlr ; papy;
jiyapl;L te;jjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
§ tPo;r;rpAw;wpUe;j ngsj;j rkaj;ij ntyptpll
; ruzq;fu gpf;Ftpd;
MNyhridg;gb ngsj;j kj kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j gpd;tUk; Kawr ; pfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhd;
Ø rPa ehl;bypUe;J cghyp Njuu; cl;gl gy gpf;Ffis mioj;J 1753 ,y;
cgrk;gjgit elj;jpdhd;.
Ø tpfhiufis Gzuikg;Grp nra;jhd;
Ø ntyptpl;l ruzq;fu NjuUf;F “rq;fuh[h” gjtpia toq;fp ngsj;j
kWkyu;r;rpf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fpdhd;
Ø xy;yhe;jUld; rkhjhdk; xg;ge;jk; 1766 ,y; nra;J nfhz;L Aj;jq;fs;
nra;tij jtpu;j;J nfhz;lhd;
Ø 1782 ,y; kuzkile;jhd;
18. ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpqf ; kd;dd; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf (fp.gp 1781-1798)
§ fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; rNfhjud; ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddhdhd;
§ kd;dDf;Fk; gpujhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,k; kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; mgpg;gpuha
NgjNk fhzg;gl;lJ
§ ,k; kd;dd; fhyj;jpNy xy;yhe;juplk; ,Ue;J gpupj;khdpau; 1796 k; Mz;by;
fiuNahu gpuNjrq;fis ifg;gw;wp nfhz;ldu;
§ ,td; thupR ,d;wp 1798 k; Mz;by; fhykhdhd;

19. = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; Ml;rp gw;wp fUj;Jiuf;Ff (1798-1815)

§ ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;;du; gpujk gpujhdpahf ,Ue;j
gpypkj;jyhitapd; Njitf;fhf fz;Zrhkp vDk; ,sturd; = tpf;fpuk
,uh[rpq;fd; vDk; ngaupy; 1798k; Mz;by; rpk;khrdk; Vww ; g;gl;lhd;
§ ehaf;f tk;rj;jtu;fspd; thu;j;ijfSf;F flL ; g;gl;L nraw;gl;lhd;
§ fz;b ,uhr;rpa gpujhdpfSf;Fk; kd;dDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT rPu;nfl;L
fhzg;gl;lJ.
§ 1803 k; Mz;by; Mq;fpNya gilnaLg;ig ntw;wpf;nfhz;lhd;. (kf;fspd;
xj;Jiog;Gld;)
§ kd;dd; jkJ ,Wjp fhy Ml;Lrpapd; NghJ nfh^ukhd Kiwapy;
ele;Jnfhz;lhd;
§ kd;dDf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwT rPu;nfl;L NghdJ.
§ ,r;re;jg;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp 1815 k; Mz;L Mq;fpNyau; kiyehl;LfF ;
gilfis mDg;gp kd;did ifJ nra;jdu;.
§ 1815 y; fz;b gpujhdpfSf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; ,ilNa ,lk;ngw;w fz;b
xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb fz;b ,uhr;rpak; gpupj;jhdpau;fSf;F mbikg;gl;ldu;
§ Mq;fpNyauplk; ifjpahf ,Ue;j kd;dd; NtYUf;F ehLflj;jg;gl;lhd;.
§ kd;dDf;F Muk;gj;jpy; gpf;Ffs>; gpjhdpfs;> nghJ kf;fs; Mjutspj;jikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
Ø kpUfq;fis nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd fl;lis ,l;lik
Ø kJ mUe;Jtjw;F jil tpjpj;jik
Ø mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fSf;Ffl;Lg;ghl;L tpiy tpjpj;jik
Ø jyjh khspiff;F mofhd gj;jpUg;G kz;lgj;ij flb ; naOg;gpaik

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

53 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 § kd;dDf;F Kd;du; ,Ue;j MjuT Fiwe;jikf;fhd my;yJ kf;fspd;
ntWg;gpw;F cl;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
Ø jd;id murdhf;fpa gpypkj;yhitf;F kuzj;jz;lid tpjpj;jik
Ø gpd;du; gpujk gpujhdpahf epakpf;fg;gl;l vfy nghy Mqf ; pNyaiu
Mhupj;jikf;fhd gps;isfis nfhd;wJld; kidtpia Nghfk;gu thtpapy;
%o;fbj;J nfhd;wik.
Ø khk;gpl;ba jprhit> G];;]y;Ny jp]hit> guzjy Njuu; MfpNahUf;F
kuzj;jz;lid tpjpj;jik.
Ø gpw;fhyj;jpy; kd;dd; kJTf;Fmbikahdik
20. fz;bapd; epu;thf fll; ikg;ig tpsfF ; f
§ epu;thf mikg;gpd; Kjd;ik egu; kd;ddhthd;
§ rl;lk;> eputhfk;> ePjp mjpfhuk; midj;Jk; kd;ddplk; fhzg;gl;lJ
§ kd;dDf;F cjTtjw;fhf gpujhdpfs; ,Utu; ,Ue;jdu;
§ murpd; Kf;fpaq;fs; fye;JiuahLtjw;F “murrig” ,Ue;jJ
§ murdpd; jiyikapy; murrig $Lk;
§ mur rigf;F gpujhdpfs>; jprhitfs;> jiyikr;nrayhsu;> gpuNjr nrayhsu;
Nghd;Nwhu; r%fkspj;jdu;
§ murdpd; Neub epu;thfj;jpw;F mur khspif Nritfs; cl;gl;bUe;jd
§ ul;ltrk vDk; gpuNjrq;fs; gpujk gpujhdpfs; %yk; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
§ ngUtup>gpujhdpfspd; fPo; ,aq;fpa tup t#ypf;Fk; gpupT> tpfhiu>
Njthyaq;fspd; epu;thfk; gpujhd mq;fq;fshfapUe;jd.

21. fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; murdpd; mjpfhuq;fs; ahit?

§ ehl;bd; cau; mjpfhuk; kd;dDf;FupaJ
§ ehl;bd; mikjpia NgZjy;
§ ghJfhg;ig toq;fjy;
§ rk;gpujha G+u;tkhf ehl;bd; eilKiwfSf;Nfw;gr; nraw;gly;
§ ehl;bd; cau; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk; kd;dDf;Nf cupaJ
§ Fw;wthspfSf;F kuzj;jz;lid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; kd;dDf;Nf cupaJ
§ ehl;bd; midj;J murpay;> nghUshjhu> epu;thf gzpfs; kd;dDf;NfAwpaJ.
22. gpujhd gpujhdpfs; ahtu;
§ gpujk gpujhdp -gy;Nyfk;gh gpujhdp
§ ,uz;lhtJ gpujk gpujhdp - clfk;gh gpujhdp
§ gpujhdpfspd; fll ; isfs;> nra;jpfis gpuhe;jpa mjpfhupfSf;F nfhz;L
nrd;whu;fs; “fLGs;Ns” vdf; Fwpg;gplL ; s;sdu;.
§ ntss ; p G+z; ,lg;gl;l Kid tise;j gpukG ; gjtpapd; milahskhf ,Ue;jJ.
Kfh kfh kjpfhuk; ,uz;lhtJ mjjpfhuk;
23.
kfh Nfhwis ehd;F Nfhwis
Cth %d;W Nfhwis
khj;jis rg;ufKt
tygg ; id Cth gpuNjrk;
gpe;njd;d cL Etu> al;b Etu
nty;y];] Jk;gNd> nfhj;kiy
Etu fyhtpa Gyj;fk
24. fz;b ,uhrjhdp fhy khspif (k`hthriy)f;Fg; nghWg;ghd mjpfhuq;fis
Fwpg;gpLf
§ kd;dupd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,t;tjpfhupfs; ,aq;fpd
§ khspifapd; me;je;j nghWg;Gf;fSf;F epyNk kw;Wk; Kfhe;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;J
te;jdu;.
Ø ahidfSf;F nghWg;ghd mjpfhup – f[ehaf;f epyNk
Ø gpujk nrayhsu;
Ø fsQ;rpa nghUg;ghsu;
Ø je;jj;jhJTf;F nghWg;ghd mjpfhup – jpatd epyNk
Ø MilfSf;F nghWg;ghd mjpfhup – rYtld epyNk
Ø czTf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mjpfhup – gj;tld epyNk
54
 Ø Fjpiuyha Kfhe;jpuk;
Ø ftpauq;fpw;F nghWg;ghd Kfhe;jpuk;

§ ,tu;fspd; nghWg;Gff
; s;
Ø mur khspifapy; cs;stu;fSf;F czT toq;Fjy;
Ø cupa Mil Mguzq;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;;
Ø ehshe;jg; nghUl;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;
Ø mur khspifapy; cs;stu;fSf;F Nghf;Ftuj;jpid xOq;Fg;gLj;jy;

25. fz;b ,uhr;rpa gpuhe;jpa epu;thfk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf

§ fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ul;l> jprhit vd 02 gpupTfshy; MdJ.
§ fz;b efUf;F mUfpYss ; gpuNjrq;fs; ul;l vd miof;fg;gl;lJ mit
cLEtu> abEtu> Jk;gid> `up];gj;Jt> Jk;gu> N`thn`l;l> nfhj;ky>
clGyj;fk> ghjGyj;fk vd;gdthFk; (09 ul;l gpupTfshFk;)
§ jprhitfs; 12 MFk;
§ ul;l vDk; gpuNjrq;fSf;F nghWg;ghdtu;fs; ul;Nl uhy> my;yJ ull ;
k`j;jah vdg;gl;ldu;;.
§ ul;Nl uhy mjpfhupfSf;F fPo; ypaduhy> cz;bauhy kw;Wk; rpW mjpfhupfs;
,Ue;jdu;.
§ jprhitfSf;F nghWg;ghdtu;fs; jprhitfs; vdg;gl;ldu;
§ jprhitfs; NfhwisfshfTk; Nfhwisfs; gw;W vd;Wk; gpupff ; g;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
§ NfhwisfSf;F nghWg;ghd mjpfhupfs; Nfhwis vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;
§ xt;nthU Fyjj ; pdUf;Fk; Nfhj;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
§ fpuhkj;jpd; xOq;FfSf;Fk; tpjhidfs; ,Ue;jdu;
26. fz;b ,uhr;rpa tup t#ypg;G gw;wp tpsf;Ff
§ Muk;gj;jpy; tup t#ypf;Fk; gpupT jdpahf nraw;gl;lJ
§ gpd;du; jprhitfs; fPo; nraw;gl;lJ
§ ,g;gpupT 05 MFk;
§ mit KiwNa
Ø kbNf gj;j - Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhd tup
Ø FUNt gj;j - ahidg; gpbj;jYf;fhd tup
Ø gln`y gj;;j - tidjYf;fhd tup
Ø uP gj;j - ryitf;fhd tup
Ø n`e;j gj;j - nerTf;fhd tup

27. tpfhiufs;> Ntthyaq;fspd; eputhfk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpL

§ tpfhiufspd; epu;thfj;jpw;F kfhehaf;f> mDehaf;f vd;Ndhu; nraw;gl;ldu;
§ jyhjhkspif epu;thfk; jpatld epyNkf;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jJ
§ tpfhiufs;> Ntthyaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw gupghypj;jy;> G+i[fs;> ngun`uhf;fs;
elj;Jjy; Nghd;wd fpuhkj;jtu;fs; uh[fhupa Kiwapy; nra;jdu;
28. fz;b ,uhrjhdp fhy ePjp nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf
§ cau; ePjp mjpfhuk; kd;dDf;NfAupaJ
§ xt;nthU cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; Vw;g ePjp mpjfhuk; ,Ue;jJ
§ kd;dDf;F kl;Lk; cupj;jhd ePjp mjpfhuq;fshf
Ø Kf;fpa jiytu; njhlu;ghdit
Ø tpfhiufs;> gpf;Ffs; rk;ge;jkhdit
Ø ,uh[JNuhfj;Jld; njhlu;ghdit
Ø fpsu;r;rpfs;> Fog;gq;fs; njhlu;ghdit
Ø #o;r;rp njhlu;ghdit
29. fz;b ,uhr;rpa fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; ahit
§ fd;dj;jpy; miwjy;
§ tpyq;fpLjy;
§ Koe;jhoplr; nra;jy;
§ Kbiaf; fj;jupj;jy;
§ njd;id kl;ilahy; mbj;jy;
§ Ju;ehw;wj;jpd; kj;jpapy; itj;jy;
§ firahy; mbj;jy;
55
 § fPo; Fyjj; tuhf;Fjy;
§ ehL flj;jy;
§ ePupy; %o;fbj;Jf; nfhy;Yjy;
§ ahidahy; kpjpj;Jf; nfhy;Yjy;

30. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; nghUshjhu mikg;G gw;wp tpgupf;Ff

§ tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;l Efu;T nghUshjhuk; fhzg;gl;lJ
§ Raj;Njitia mbg;gilahf nfhz;bUe;jJ
§ kiyg;ghq;fhd gpuNjr khifahy;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mstpy; ney; tptrhak;
fhzg;gl;lJ
§ ePu; ghrd mikg;Gfsl rPu;Fioe;J NghapUe;jikahy ,uhruli; l>
cW`_Zul;il gpuNjrq;fspy; new; nra;iff;fhd trjpfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ
§ gss ; j;jhf;Ffspy; gbKiwapYk;> rk epyq;fspy; tay; ntspfspYk; new;gapu;
nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
§ ngUthupahd epyk; Nridg;gapu; nra;iff;F
§ Fuf;fd;> rhik> jpiz> Nrhsk; Nghd;w jhdpa tiffSk;> fpoq;F tiffSk;
gapuplg;gl;lJ
§ tPl;Lj;Njhl;lq;fspy; gyhf;fha;><ug;gyhf;fha;> kpsF> rhjpf;fha;> fuhk;G> ghf;F>
kuf;fwp> gotif vd;gd nra;if gz;zg;gl;ld
§ ,Uk;G> cNyhfk;> kuk;> muf;F ifj;njhopfSk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jd.
§ tptrha Njitf;fhfTk;> ghy; ngWtjw;Fk; kpUf tsug ; ;Gk; ,lg;ngw;wJ.

31. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; r%f mikg;G gw;wp tpgupf;Ff

§ ehl;bd; epyk; midj;Jk; murDf;F nrhe;jkhdJ
§ cupikAk; mDgtpj;jYk; njhlu;gpy; epyk; gy;NtW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ
Ø fglhfk; - mur khspiff;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit
Ø epe;jfk; - gpujhdpfspd; Nritf;fhf toq;fg;gl;lit
Ø Njthyak; - Njthyaq;fSf;F jhdkhf;fg;gl;lit
Ø tpfhufk; - tpfhiuf;fSf;F jhdkhf;fg;gl;lit
Ø guNtdpfk; - fpuhkj;jtu;fs; guk;giu guk;giuahf mDgtpj;jik
§ nghJ kf;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; Nrit uh[fhupa Kiw vdg;gl;lJ
§ fpuhkpa r%fNk fhzg;gl;lJ
§ fpuhkq;fs; Raj;Njit G+u;j;jp mile;jpUe;jd
§ r%fk; Fyj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;bUe;jJ
§ jpUkzq;fs; jj;jkJ Fyj;jtupilNa ,lk;ngw;wJ
§ jPf> gpd;d> xNu tPl;by; rhg;gpLjy; vd;wthW %d;W tif jpUkzq;fs;
,lk;ngw;;wJ
§ ciog;G gupkhww ; Kiw (mj;jk;) fhzg;gl;lJ
§ FLk;gk; gpujhd r%f myfhFk;
§ ew;gz;Gfs; r%fj;jpd; gpujhd ,yl;rzkhFk;
§ tpfhiufs;> fpuhkpa tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpak; ngw;wd

fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;du;fs;

Nrdhrk;gj tpf;fukghF ,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upad;

[atPu gz;lhu = tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpu rpqf
; d;
fuypaj;j gz;lhu = tp[auh[rpq;fd;
Kjhyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;
Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upad; ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd;
nrduj; kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd;
,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’

56 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III

 kWkyu;r;rp
01.kWkyu;r;rp vd;why; vd;d vd;gij RUf;fkhf tpgupf;f.
1. 15k;> 16k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; [Nuhg;ghtpy; fy;tp> rkak;>tpQ;Qhdk; Jiw Kjyhd Jiwfspy;
Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; kWkyu;r;rp vdg;gLfpwJ.

02.[Nuhg;ghtpy; tuyhw;Wf;fhy Afq;fs; %d;wpidAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. gioa Afk; - fp.gp 1-5k; E}w;whz;L Afk; gioa fpNuf;f gz;ghL epytpa Afk;.
2. kj;jpa Afk; - fp.gp 5-15k; E}w;whz;L fhyk; khdpa Kiw epytpa fhyg;gFjp
3. etPd Afk; - fp.gp 15k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; [Nuhg;ghtpy; midj;J JiwfspYk;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gly;.

03.kWkyu;r;rp Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Fwpg;gpl;L> RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

1. nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgy; JUf;fpau; trkhjy;.
2. tu;j;jf Kd;Ndw;wKk; Gjpa nry;te;j tu;f;fj;jpdupd; Njhw;wk;.
3. mwpT tsu;r;rp
nfhd;];jhe;jp Nehgy; JUf;fpau; trkhjy;.
1kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; nfh];jhe;jpNehgpy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j tu;j;jf efukhf fhzg;gl;lik.
2. [Nuhg;ghtpy; fy;tpkhd;fis ftu;e;J xuplkhf nfhd;];jhe;JNehgy; fhzg;gl;lik.
3. nfhd;];jhe;JNehgy; efupypUe;j fpNuf;f >cNuhk> ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jikAk;
mwpQu;fs; mjid fw;gjpy; nfhz;bUe;j Mu;tk;.
4. 1453 ,y; nfhd;];jhe;J Nehgy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;likahy; fj;;Njhypf;f kj mwpQu;fs; tho
KbahJ >fpNuf;f cNuhk E}y;fSld; [Nuhg;ghtpd; Vida ehLfSf;F nrd;W fpNuf;f
,yj;jpd; nkhopfis gug;gpdu;
tu;;j;jf Kd;Ndw;wKk; Gjpa nry;te;j tu;f;fj;jpdupd; Njhw;wKk;.
1. .fp.gp12y; Nkw;F fpof;F ehLfSf;fpilapy; tu;j;jf njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ.
2. ntdp];> n[Ndhth Nghd;w ,j;jhyp efuq;fspy; tu;j;jf tpUj;jp > tq;fpfspy; gzj;ij
Nrfupj;j Gjpa nry;te;j FLk;gq;fs; te;jJ.
3. ,tu;fs; fiyfspy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jf;$batu;fshfTk; fiyfis mjpfupf;f$ba
gzKk; mtu;fsplk; ,Ue;jJ.
4. mf;fhy nry;te;ju;fs; fiyfSf;F mDruid toq;f Kd;te;jdu;.
5. kWkyu;r;rp ,j;jhypapy; GNshud;]; efupy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa nry;te;j FLk;gj;jpdNu mDruid
toq;fpdu;.
cjhuzk; nkbrp FLk;gj;jpdu; - GNshud;]; efuk;
];Ngyh FLk;gj;jpdu; - kpyhd; efuk;
v];Nl FLk;gk; - g+uh efuk;
nfhd;]hf FLk;gk; - ghz;Lth efuk;
Nyhnud;]; nkbrp GNshud;] efupy; fiyepiyak; xd;iw mikj;jdu;.
mwpT tsu;r;rp
1. fp.gp 12 E}w;whz;bd; Kd;du; rka epWtdq;fis ikakhf nfhz;l Kf;fpa ghlq;fshf
,iwapay; nka;apay;>rl;lk; vd;gd tpsq;fpd.
2. 12k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; gioa ,yf;fpak; ehlfk; tuyhW vd;gd fw;gpf;fg;gl;ljhy;
Gjpa fy;tp khd;fs; Njhd;wpdu;.
3. mr;rpae;jpuj;ij fz;L gpbj;jikAk; mr;R Clfq;fs; ,j;jhypapy; gy gpuNjrq;fspy;
epWtg;gl;lik.
4. fpNuf;f cNuhk E}y;fs; mr;rbf;fg;gl;likAk;> ,yf;fpak; ehlfk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; mjpf
Mu;tk; fhzg;gl;likAk; kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl fhuzkhFk;.
5. [Nuhg;ghtpy;; gpujhd topKiw khw;wpaikahy; fy;tp murpay; nghUshjhuk; tpQ;Qhdk;0
Mfpa Jiwfis khw;wpaikg;gjpy; ntw;wp fz;lJ.
6. ghg;guru;fSk; mwpT kWkyu;r;rpf;F cjtpdu;.5k; epf;fy]; ghg;guru; tj;jpf;fhd;
E}y; epiyaj;ij jpwe;J itj;jhu;.
7. [{ypau; ghg;gurUk;> ypNah ghg;gurUk; fiyQu;fSf;F gy topfspy; cjtpdu;;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

57
04.kWkyu;r;rp fhuzkhf [Nuhg;ghtpy; Vw;g;gl;l tpisTfis Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.
1. rka rPu;jpUj;jk;
2. fy;tp kWkyu;r;rp
3. khdpl thjk;
4. fiyfs; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
5. tpQ;Qhdk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
6. murpay; kWkyu;r;rp
7. nghUshjhu kWkyu;r;rp
8. Gjpa tu;j;jf ghijfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
9. cyf kakhjy; Njhw;wk;
rka rPu;jpUj;jk;
1. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; jpUr;rigaplk; mjpfhuq;fs; Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;ld.
2. rkak; kdpjd; tho;tpy; gy JiwfspYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ.
3. rpy FUkhu; rka tplaq;fistpl nysfPf tplaq;fspy; mjpf <LghL nfhz;bUe;jdu;
4. kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mwpT tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthf jpUr;rigapd; Fiwg;ghLfs;
tpku;rdj;jpw;Fs;shfpd.
5. N[hd;itf;fpypg;> nghN`kpahtpy; N[hd;`];> gpuhd;rp]; ,uh];k];> N[u;kdpapy;
khu;bd;Y}ju; vd;Nghu; jpUr;rigia tpku;rpj;jtu;fs;.
6. Gul;l];jhe;J rka rPu;jpUj;jk; ,af;fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikAk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

fy;tp kWkyu;r;rp
1. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; Nfhj;jpu nkhop eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.
2. rka nraw;ghLfs; > rl;l fy;tpapYk; XusT ,yj;jpd; nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
3. kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; fpNuf;f ,yj;jpd; nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fspd; ghtid
mjpfupj;jjhy; mk;nkhopfs; tsu;r;rpf; fz;ld.
4. ,yj;jpd; >fpNuf nkhopfis fw;wy; ehfupfk; vd;w epiy Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
5. gpuNjr nkhopfs; tPo;r;rpaile;jd
6. fpNuf;f >,yj;jpd; nkhop %yk; ,yf;fpa JiwapYk; Gj;Jzu;T Vw;gl;lJ.
7. fpNuf;f ehlfk; gpugy;ak; mile;jJ.
8. vOj;jhsu;fs; gyu; cUthfpdu;.
,j;jhypapy; - jhe;Nj> ngw;uhf;> nghf;fh\pNah
,q;fpyhe;J - Nru;Njhk];Ku;> Ngf;fd;> tpy;ypak; N`f;gpau;
gpuhd;];rpy; - ,uh];k];
9. ,tu;fs; gy E}y;fis vOjpdu;.
10. N[u;kdpauhd n[hN`d;]; $ld; Ngu;f; mr;rpae;jpuj;ij fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.
khdpl thjk;;
1. khdpl thjk; vDk; ' kdpjd; Nkd;ikahdtd; " vd;w nfhs;if kWkyu;r;rpapy; tpNrl
,ay;ghFk;.
2. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; rkaNk Kjd;ikahdJ.
3. khdpl thjk; kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; Kjd;ik ngw;wjhy; midj;ijAk; ju;f;fuPjpahf
ghu;f;Fk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
4. ,yf;fak; >tuyhW>fiy >rl;lk;> xOf;ftpay; ghlq;fs; Kf;fpak; ngw;wd.
5. fpNuf;f>cNuhk nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gl;L khdplthjk; rhu;e;j vOj;jhsu;fs; gyu;
cUthfpdu;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

58
 kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa fiyfs;
rpj;jpuf;fiy
1. kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; rpj;jpu fiyNa ngUkhw;wk;ngw;wJ.
2. ,j;jhypapy; GNshud;]; efupy; Gjpa rpj;jpuf;fiy kj;jpa epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. nysfPf ,uridapy; nghUl;L ,aw;iff;F Kjyplk; mspj;J rpj;jpuk; rpw;gk; vd;gd
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ld.
4. ,NaR ehju; > fd;dp >kupahs; vd;Nghupd; cUtq;fs; tiuag;gl;ld.
5. nry;te;ju;fspd; cUtq;fs; rpj;jpukhf tiuag;gl;ld.
6. ,f;fhy rpj;jpu fiyQu;fSs; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.
ypahdhNlh lhtpd;rp
ikf;fy; mQ;rNyh
ughay;
nghf;fh\pNah
nghl;b n\y;yp
7. ypalhNdh lhtpd;rp - ftpQu;> ghlfu;> tpQ;Qhdp> nghwpapayhsu;
E}y;fs; - Nkhdhyprh> ,NaR ehjupd; ,Wjp ,uhNghrdk;
ikf;fy; mQ;rNyh - rpj;jpu fiyQu;> rpw;g fiyQu;> fl;ll fiyQu;
E}y;fs; - ,WjpjPu;g;G> rp];ld;> Myaj;jpd; Mjhkpd; rpj;jpuk;
rpw;gf;fiy
1. rpw;gf;fiyAk; kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ.
2. gspq;F fw;fspy; rpw;gq;fs; nra;jy; rpwg;ghdkhFk;
3. ikf;fy; mQ;rNyh kWkyu;r;rp fhy rpwe;j rpw;g fiyQuhthu;.
4. nkbrp FLk;gj;jpy; NyhNuhd;Nrh nkbrpad; cUtj;jij gspq;F fy;ypy; tbtikj;jhu;.
5. gpNahl;lh> Nkhaprd;> jhtPJ> Nghd;w cUtrpiyfs; ,tuJ gilg;gpy; rpwe;jJ.
6. kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; cNuhk fl;ll fiyf;F mika tl;ltbtpyhd tpy;tisak;
cau;e;j J}z; miutl;l rpfuk; vd;gd Kf;fpak; ngw;wd.
7. cNuhk fiyfis gpd;gw;wp nrhFrhd khspiffs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
8. kWkyu;r;rp fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; rhd;whf
Gdpj NgJUtpd; Ngrpypf;fh ( Myak; )
GNshud;rpYs;s Nguhyak;
9. gpukj;Nj> ikf;fy; mQ;rNyh> ypahdhNlh lhtpd;rp> uhghay; vd;Nghu; rpwe;j
fiyQruhtu;.
fl;llfiy
1.kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; fl;ll fiyapy; Kf;fpakhWjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
2.kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; EdpNfhGuq;fs;>tpy;tbt$iu>gpukpl;tbtJ}z;fs; vd;gd fl;llfiyapd;
rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
3.kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; cNuhkf;fl;lfiyf;F mika tl;ltbtpyhd tpy;tisak;>cau;e;j
J}z;fs;>miutl;l rpfuk; vd;gd Kf;fpak; ngw;wd.
4.cNuhkfiyfis gpd;gw;wp nrhFrhd khspiffs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
5.kWkyu;r;rp fiy fl;llfiyapd; rhd;whf
Gdpj NgJWtpd; ngrpypf;fh
GNshud;];]pYs;s Nguhyak;
6.gpukj;Nj>ikf;fy; mQ;rNyh>ypahNdhNlhlhtpd;]p>uhgay; Nghd;NwhUk; rpwe;j fl;ll
fiyQuhtu;
tpQ;Qhd kWkyu;r;rp
1.kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; cNuhkhdpa E}y;fspy; ,Ue;J tplaq;fs ngw;W Gtp #upad;
re;jpud;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w midj;ijAk; Muha;e;jdu;.
epf;fy]; nfhg;gzpf;f];
Nghyhe;juhd epf;fy];; nfhg;gzpf;f]; Gtp NfhstbthdJ vd;Wk;
Nfhs;fs; #upaid Rw;wp tUtjhfTk;> fz;L gpbj;jhu;.
etPd thdpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; je;ij vd;Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.
N[u;kdpauhd n[hn`d;];nfg;yu;
nfhg;gzpf]; $wpa fUj;Jf;fis cWjp nra;jhu;.
Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; #upaid ePs;tl;l ghijapy; Rw;wp tUtjhf $wpdhu;.
,j;jhypapd; fypypNah fypypNpah
njhiy Nehf;fpia fz;L gpbj;jhu;.
tpahoid #o cgf;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd vdf;fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;.
nraw;ghl;;L tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; je;ij vd Nghw;wg;ngwwhu;.
,q;fpyhe;ij Nru;e;j Irf;epAl;ld;.
GtpaPu;g;G rf;jpia fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

59
kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; itj;jpa Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;;wk;
Mq;fpNyauhd tpy;ypak; `hh;Nt kdpj clypd; FUjp Rw;Nwhl;lk; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpa
jftiy ntspg;gLj;jpdu.

Rtp]; ,dj;jtuhd ngury;];

Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk;
mjw;fhd rpfpr;riaAk;
etPd kUe;Jfs; njhlu;ghfTk;
Neha;fs; Fzkhf;Fjy; njhlu;ghfTk; jfty;fis ntspggLj;jpdhu

ikf;fy; ru;nyl;];
kdpj clypd; FUjp> ,jaj;jpd; tyJ gf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;L Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk;
,jaj;ij mile;J cly; KOtJk; gutp nry;fpwJ vdf;fz;lwpe;jhu;.
murpay; kWkyu;r;rp
1. midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; murid ikakhf nfz;L tpsq;fpd.
2. 12k; E}w;whz;by; tu;j;jf Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; kj;jpa tFg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
3. kj;jpa ju tu;f;fj;jpd;Us; tu;j;jfu;fs; > tq;fpahsu;fs; > fg;gy; cupikahsu;fs;>
Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjd cupikahsu;fs;> Nghd;Nwhu; mlq;Ftu;.
4. epy cupikahsu;fs;> gpuGf;fspd;> mjpfhuq;fs; eypTw;W kj;jpa ju tu;f;fj;jpdu;
typikAw;wdu;.
5. muru;fSf;F kj;jpa ju tFg;gpdu;fs; cjtp nra;jdu;.
6. kj;jpa ju tFg;gpdUf;F mur mDruid fpilj;jJ.
7. ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
8. Kbahl;rp Kiw fiye;J gpd;du; kf;fshl;rp [dehaf muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
nghUshjhu kWkyu;r;rp
1. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l epykhdpa Kiwia ikakhf nfhz;L RaNjit
g+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhu Kiw khw;wk; ngw;W nghUshjhu Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
2. Njrpa muR Kiwik tu;j;jfj;jpw;F mur mDruid toq;fpaJ.
3. tu;j;jf nfhs;if > tupf;nfhs;if vd;gd nraw;gl njhlq;fpd.
4. ehLfhz; gazk; fhuzkhf Gjpa fly; top khu;f;fk; fz;L gpbg;ghdJ fpof;FNjr>
Nkw;FNjr tu;j;jf gupkhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpwJ.
5. tu;j;jf nghUl;fshd thrid nghUl;fs;> jq;fk; >nts;sp> Kj;J> ,uj;jpdq;fs;> ahid
je;jk; Nghd;wtw;iw [Nuhg;ghtpw;F nfhz;L nry;yf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
6. gzGof;fk; mjpfupj;jJ.
7. ehzaq;fs;>ehzaf;Fw;wpfs; vd;gd gzGof;fj;pjw;F te;jd.
8. fhNrhiy Kiw tq;fp Kiw ehza gupkhw;wk; vd;gd Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
05.Gjpa tu;j;jf ghijapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp tpgupf;f.
1. 1453y; nfhd;];jhe;JNehgps; efu; JUf;fpau;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJld; Nkw;F> fpof;F
ehLfSldhd tu;j;jfk; jilg;gl;lJ.
2. jiu fly; topfs; ngUk;ghYk; JUf;fpau; trkhdJ.
3. Mrpahtpy; cs;sg;nghUl;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L fly;topia fz;Lgpbf;f
gl;ld.
4. ghJfhg;ghd flw;gpuahzk; nra;af;$ba jpirf;fUtp >tl el;rj;jpukhdp vd;gd
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
5. Gtp NfhstbtkhdJ vd kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;lik.
6. njhykpapd; cyfg;glj;jpd; %yk; cyfk; gw;wp njspthd tpsf;fk; fpilj;jik.
7. ghu;j;jNyhkpa la]; nrd;W gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L t];nfhlfhkh ,e;jpahtpd;
fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia mile;jhu;.
8. [Nuhg;gpau;fshy; MrpahTf;F tUtjw;F Kjd;Kjyhf fz;Lgpbf;fl;gl;l Kjy; ghij
fs;spf;Nfhl;ilahFk;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

60
 9. fpwp];Nlhgu; nfhyk;g]; Nkw;fpe;jpa jPTfis fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;.
10. ngu;bd;dl; kfyk; gpypg;igd;]; > fhNghl; rNfhjuu;fs; fdlhitAk; fz;Lg;gpbj;;jdu;.
11. 1608y; fdlhtpy; fpAngf; gpuNjrk; rk;g;Nsd; vd;guhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
12. 1609y; fdlhtpd; n`d;wp `l;rd; vd;gtuhy; fdlhtpd; `l;rd; tisf;Flh
fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
13. kfyd; 1519 y; ];ghdpahtpy; NfB]; JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nkw;fhf Gwg;gl;l gpypg;igd;];
nrd;w NghJ mq;Fs;s RNjrpfs; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
kfyd; flw;gazj;jpd; %yk; cyfk; cUz;ilahdJ vd fz;lwpe;jhu;.
06. [Nuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp cjakhjy; nraw;ghl;by; topNfhypaJ. cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
1. kWkyu;r;rp Kjd; Kjypy; ,j;jhypapy; GNshud;]; efupy; Muk;gkhdJ.
2. gpd;du; [Nuhg;gh KOtJk; gutpaJ.
3. kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ehLfhd; gazq;fspdhy; [Nuhg;gpau; Gjpa ehLfis
fz;Lg;gpbj;jdu;.
4. Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> mnkupf;f Nghd;w fz;lq;fspy; gy ehLfs; [Nuhg;gpa ,dj;jtupd; fPo;
FbNahw;w ehLfshf ,Ue;jd.
5. FbNahw;w thjk; fhuzkhf [Nuhg;ghTf;Fk; cyfpd; Vida gFjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
murpay; tu;j;jfk; nghUshjhuk; r%fgz;ghl;L njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gl;ld.
6. mr;Rj;njhopy; cyfnkq;Fk; gutpaJ.
7. FbNaw;w ehLfspd; nry;te;ju;fspd; gps;isfs; fy;tpapd; nghUl;L [Nuhg;ghtpw;F
nrd;wdu;.
8. [Nuhg;gpa kj> fyhr;rhu> gz;ghl;L> murpay;> nghUshjhu tplaq;fspy; Mu;tk; Vw;gl;L
mjid gpd;gw;wpdu;.
9. [Nuhg;ghtpy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;w fl;llKiw >fiyfs; Vida ehLfSf;F gutpdu;.
10.[Nuhg;ghtpy; tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;g mwpT cyfk; KOtJk; gutpaJ. ,jdhy; kWkyu;r;rp
cyfkakhfpaJ.
07. [Nuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp ,yq;ifapd; gpd; tUk; Jiwfs; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaikia
tpsf;Ff.
1. murpay; khw;wk;
2. nghUshjhu khw;wk;
3. r%f gz;ghl;L khw;wk;
murpay; khw;wk;
1. Nghu;j;JfNfau;> xy;yhe;ju; > gpupj;jhdpau; tUif [Nuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp ,yq;ifapy;
gut fhuzkhfpaJ.
2. Muk;gj;jpy; fiuNahu gpuNjrq;fis Ml;rpnra;j ,j;jug;gpdupd; gpd;du; 1815y;
fz;bia ifg;gw;wpaJ Kjy; 1948 ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; milAk; tiuapyhd
fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f gz;ghl;L Jiwfspy;
khw;wj;ij cUthf;fpzu;;.
3. 19k; E}w;whz;by; kWkyu;r;rpahdJ kjrPu;jpUj;jk; mr;Rf;fiyapd; Kd;Ndhw;wk;
Kjyhspj;Jt vOr;rp ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp vd;gd fhuzkhf Gjpa rpe;jidapd;
[Nuhg;ghtpy; ghupa rpe;jid Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
4. ,j;jhf;fk; gpupj;jhdpau; tUif fhuzkhf Gjpa rpe;jidAld; jhf;fj;ij ,yq;ifapYk;
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
5. Muk;gj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpau; tUifapd; NghJ kuG uPjpahd Kbahl;rp Kiw khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
6. Mq;fpNyau; gy;NtW murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis toq;fpdu;.
7. ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiw ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;lJ.
8. fz;b ,uhr;rpa fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J mjpfhuk; jprhd > nkhn`hl;lhy> Nfhwis
Nghd;w kuG uPjpahd gjtp khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
9. Gjpa gjtpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
10. Gjpa epu;thf gpupTfs; Njhd;wpd.
11. gioa rl;ljpl;lq;fs; khw;wk; ngw;wd.
12. Gjpa rl;ljpl;lq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
13. xy;yhe;J fhyj;jpy; cNuhk lr;R rl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
14. gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; rkfhy [Nuhg;gpa rl;lq;fs; nry;thf;Fg;ngw;wd.
15. Gjpa ePjp kd;w Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

61
 nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

1. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; ntdp];> n[ndhth> nfhd;];jhe;J Nehgps; Nghd;w kj;jpa

jiuf;fliy mz;kpj;j efuq;fSf;F gjpyhf kWkyu;r;rpapd; gpd;du; Nghu;j;Jf;fy;>
];ghdpa gpuhd;];> xy;yhe;J> ,q;fpyhe;J Nghd;w mj;jpyhe;jpf;F rKj;jpuj;ij
mz;kpj;j ehLfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd.
2. [Nuhg;gpau; ,yq;if tUif RNjrpa tptrha nghUshjhuj;ij khw;wpaikj;jJ.
3. xy;yhe;ju; ek; ehl;by; fWth gapd;wdu;.
4. tu;j;jf nghUshjhu cUthf;fk; jd;dpiwT nghUshjhuj;jij rPu;Fiyj;jJ.
5. ,yq;if Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp nghUshjhu tu;j;jf ehlhfpaJ .
6. czTg;nghUs;fis $l ,wf;Fkjp nra;aNtz;b Vw;gl;lJ.
7. gzGof;fk;> Gifapuj ghij> ngUe;njUf;fy; vd;gd mikf;fg;gl;lik.
8. tu;j;jf efu;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik. ( nfhOk;G . fhyp > jpUf;Nfhzkiy )
9. kj;jpa efu;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik. vd;gd nghUshjhu khw;wkhFk;.

r%f gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs;

1. mr;rp ,ae;jpuk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;;lik. Kf;fpa jpUg;GKidahFk;

2. xy;yhe;ju; mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhYk;> gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rp
fhyj;jpNy gpugy;ak; mile;jJ.
3. mr;R JiwAld; E}y;fs; rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupf;iffs; vd;gd mr;rpbf;fg;gl;ljhy;
r%fk; mwpT Jiwapy; cau; epiyia mile;jJ.
4. [Nuhg;gpa rpe;jidAk; > ,yf;fpaKk; ,e;ehl;bw;F fpilj;jJ.
5. gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifau; rpyu; ntspehl;L gy;fiyfofk; nrd;W fy;tp
fw;wikahy; Nkw;fj;jpa rpe;jidfs; ,yq;ifapd; Eioa toptFj;jJ.
6. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifapy; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijAk; ,q;F gug;gpdu;.
7. Nkw;F ehl;L fy;tp Kiw ,q;F gutpaJ.
8. [Nuhg;gpa fl;llf;fiy nry;thf;F ,yq;ifapy; gutpaJ.( Njthyak;> ePjpkd;wk;>
ghuhSkd;wk);

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

62
 ,yq;ifAk; Nkw;FyfKk;
01. [Nuhg;gpau; MrpahTld; tu;j;jf njhlu;Gfis Ngz gad;gLj;jpa
Kf;fpa %d;W ghijfs; vit?
1. nfhd;];jhe;JNehgps; efupy; ,Ue;J ghurPf >kj;jpa Mrpah topahf rPdh tiuapyhd
gl;L ghij
2. nfhd;];jhe;JNehgpspypUe;J kj;jpa jiufly; topahf vfpg;J nrq;fly; topahf
,e;JrKj;jpuj;ij te;j ghij
3. nfhd;];jhe;JNehgpspypUe;J gf;jhj; ghurPf tisFlhtpd; Clhf ,e;jpahtpd;
Nkw;Ffiuia te;j ghij
02. nfhd;]yhe;JNehgs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;likahy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfis RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
1. 1453 Mk; Mz;L ,];yhk; kjj;ij Nru;e;j JUf;fpauhy; nfhd;];jhe;JNehgps;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
2. Mrpa >[Nuhg;gpa kuG uPjpahd tu;j;jfj;jpy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
3. nfhd;];jhe;JNehgps; ,];yhkpaupd; fl;Lghl;by; te;jik fpwp];jtu;fSf;F ngUk;
,og;ghfpaJ.
4. K];ypk;fs; Mrpahtpd; thrid nghUs;fspd; tpiyia cau;j;jpaNjhL nghUl;fspd;
jl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpaik> cupa Ntiyapy; nghUl;fis toq;fpaik.
5. [Nuhg;gpau; ePz;l fhykhf Mrpa thridg;nghUl;fSf;F gof;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; fWth>kpsF
Nghd;witfSf;F [Nuhg;ghtpy; mjpf Nfs;tp epytpaJ.
6. tu;j;jf ghij ,];yhkpau; trk; te;jjhy; Gjpaghijfis MrpahTf;F nry;y
fz;lgpbf;f Njit Vw;gl;lJ.
7. Gjpa ghijfis fz;L gpbg;gjpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Kjyplk; ngw;wdu;.
8. [Nuhg;ghtpy; mwpT kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
03. Nghu;j;Jf;fy; flw;gazq;fis fz;lg;gpbg;gjpy; Kjd;ik ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
1. Nghu;j;Jf;fy; njd;Nkw;F [Nuhg;ghtpy; IgPupad; jPgfw;gj;Jy; mike;Js;s ehlhFk;
2. Nghu;j;Jf;fy; mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ij Nehf;fp mike;jpUe;ejJ.
3. fly; topahfNt mtu;fs; ntspehLfSld; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;
4. mtu;fs; flw;nraw;ghLfspy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
5. 15k E}w;whz;by; Nghu;j;Jf;fy; kd;dd; n`d;wp my;yJ flNyhb n`d;wpf;
flw;gazj;jpy; mjpf Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;.
6. Nghu;j;Jf;fypy; fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy; njhlu;ghf ghlrhiy xd;iw elhj;jpdhu;.
7. Njrg;glk;> el;rj;jpuk; njhlu;ghd ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
8. mjdhy; Gjpa flw;ghijfs; fz;Lg;gpbg;gjpy; Vida [Nuhg;gpa ehLfis tpl
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ.
9. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhd t];nfhlfhkh Mg;gpupf;fhitr;Rw;wp 1498k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd;
fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia mile;jik.
10. ,jdhy; Mrpahtpy; [Nuhg;gpaupd; Mjpf;fk; NkNyq;fpaJ.

04. ,yq;iff;F tUiff;F je;j [Nuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu;fs; ahtu;?

1. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; - 1505 - 1658
2. xy;yhe;ju; - 1658 - 1796
3. gpupj;jhdpau; - 1796 - 1948
05. [Nuhg;gpau; Mrpa ehLfSf;F tUif je;jikf;fhd gpujhd fhuzk; ahJ?
1. nghUshjhu uPjpahf yhgk; ngwy;.
2. fpwp];jt rkzj;ij gug;Gjy;.
3. cyf uPjpahf Gfo; ngwy;.
K];ypk;fspd; nry;thf;if Fiwj;jy;
' ehq;fs; fpwp];jtu;fisAk; thridg; nghUw;fisAk; Njb ,q;F te;Njhk;."
th];nfhlfhkh ,e;jpahit mile;j NghJ $wpa $w;W

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

63
 06. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifia ifg;gw;Wtjw;F VJtha; mike;j fhuzq;fs; ahit?
1. ,yq;if ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; fly; topapy; Kf;fpa kj;jpa epiyakhf mike;jpUe;jik.
2. thrid jputpa tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if Kf;fpa ehlhf tpsq;fpaik.
3. Nghu;j;JNfa kd;ddhy; fpof;F ehLfspd; ,uhrg;gpujpepjp gpuhd;]p]Nfh my;Nklh
epakpf;fg;gl;ik ,yq;ifia fz;Lg;gpbf;f MNyhrid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
4. gpuhd;]; b my;Nklhtpd; kfdhd Nyhud;]; b my;Nklhtpy; gazpj;j fg;gy; Gay;
fhw;wpdhy; jhf;Fz;L vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf ,yq;ifia mile;jik.
5. 6k; ghuhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;iff;Nfhl;il >fz;b > aho;ghzk;
vd %d;W ,uhr;rpaq;fshf fhzg;gl;lik.
6. 1521 y; epfo;e;j tp[aghF nfhiyapdhy; Nfhl;il %d;W gpupTfshf gpsTg;gl;lik.
Nfhl;il - 7k; GtNdhfghF
iwfk - iwfk gz;lh
rPjyf;if - khaJd;dd;
7. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;iff;F itj;jngau; - rpNyhd;
07. tp[aghF nfhs;is gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
1. Nfhl;il Ml;rpahsdhf ,Ue;j 8k; tPughuhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; gpd;du; mtdJ
kfd; 6k; tp[ag;ghF murhdhthd;.
2. tp[ag;ghFtpd; KjyhtJ jpUkzj;jpd; %yk; gpwe;j GtNdhfghF> khahJd;id
iwfkgd;lh vd;w %d;W Gjy;tu;fSk; vjpu; fhyj;jpy; murupikia toq;fhJ> Njtuh[
vd;w NtnwhU ,sturDf;F me;j cupikia toq;f Kaw;rpapd; fhuzkhf
Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ.
%d;W kfd; khUk; mf;fhyj;jpy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; cjtpiag;ngw;W Nfhl;ilf;F
te;J muir ngw Kad;w NghJ > ry;khd; vd;gtuhy; tp[aghF nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhd;.
08. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNaug;gpuNjrq;fis ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;stjw;F VJthd
fhuzpfs; ahit?
1. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; tUifapd; NghJ ,yq;if %d;W ,uhr;rpaq;fshf fhzg;gl;lik.
2. Gay;fhw;W fhuzkhf ,yq;iff;F jw;nrayhf te;j Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUld; ,yq;if
kd;dd; nra;Jf;nfhz;l xg;ge;jk;.
3. tp[aghF nfhs;isAld; Nfl;il gpsTg;gl;lik.
4. GtNdhfghF kd;dd; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; cjtpia ngw cjtpaik.
5. GtNdhfghF kd;dDf;F Mz;kfd; ,y;yhik. jdJ kfs; rKj;jpuh Njtpf;Fk; kUkfd;
tpjpa gz;lhudf;Fk; gpwe;j ju;kghyid jdJ thuprhf GtNdhfghF njupT nra;jik.
6. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; typikahd gil ,Ue;jik.
7. GtNdhfghF kd;ddpd; gpd; 07 tajhd Jrpydhd; ju;kghyid murdhf;fpaik.
8. ju;kghyDf;F fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; nghWg;ig Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Vw;wik.
9. ju;kghyd; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; ifnghk;ikahf khwpaik.
10. ju;kghyd; rpiyiy nraptpj;J mjid Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa kd;dd; Kb#l itj;jik.
11. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa Mjuitg;ngw ju;kyhyd; fu;j;Njhypf;f kjj;ij jOtpaik.
12. jdJ kuzj;jpd; gpd; Nfhl;ilapd; kd;ddhf Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa kd;dNd mikthd; vd;W
ju;kghyd; ju;krhrdk; vOjpaik.
13. kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa kd;dd; Nfhl;ilapd; kd;ddhdhd;.
14. Nfhl;ilia jhf;Ftpj;j rPjhthf;if kd;ddhd khahJd;idf;F flw;gil cjtp
toq;f Kd; te;jik. ,e;jpahtpd; fs;spf;Nfhl;il murd; rNkhupad;.

09. tpjpa gz;lhud; rpwe;j tPudhthd; vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; tpsf;Ff.

1. GtNdhfghFtpd; kfdhd rKj;jpuhNjtpia jpUkzk; nra;jpUe;j tpjpagz;lhu rpwe;j
Nghu; tPudhthd.;
2. jdJ kfd; ju;kghy Ml;rpapd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Nfhl;il mur khspifia
#iwahbaik > nghJ kf;fSf;F ,d;dy;fs; mile;jik njhlu;gpy;
Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhf fpsu;njOe;jdu;.
3. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; tpjpa gz;lhid ifJ nra;J Nfhl;ilapd; rpiy mikj;J mtid
tpLtpj;jhd;.
4. g];Jd; Nfhwisapy; ngyj;j gpuNjrj;jpw;F jg;gpNahba tpjpa gz;lhu >mq;F Nfhl;il
xd;iw mikj;J Nghu;j;Jf;nfaUf;F vjpuhf Nghu;njhLj;jdu;.
5. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; kPJ ntWg;Gf;nfhz;bUe;j Nfhl;il kf;fspd; cjtp tpjpa gz;lhuDf;F
fpilj;jJ.
6. tpjpa gz;lhutpd; nrayhy; Nghu;j;J;NfaUf;F gytpj el;lq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

64
 7. khahJd;idAk;> Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,isj;j ngyj;j Nfhl;ilia jhf;fp \
tpjpaghz;lhuid Njhw;fbj;jJ.
8. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F jg;gpr;nrd;w tpjpaghz;lhud; gpd;du; aho;ghzj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
Nkhjypd;wp capupoe;jhd;.

rPj;jhthf;if ,uhrjhdp
1. rPj;jhtf;if kd;dd; khahJd;dd; Mthz;.
2. Nghu;j;JfNfaUf;F vjpuhd nfhs;ifNa Muk;gfhy njhlf;fk; gpd;gw;wpdhd;.
3. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; NkNyhq;fp te;j Ntisapy; khahJd;id Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpa
kd;du;fSf;Fk; > Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; vjpuhf Nghupl njhlq;fpdu;.
4. ju;kghyd; Nfhl;ilapd; murdhdJk; khahJd;idapd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhdJ.
5. 1555 k; Mz;L khahJd;diapd; kfd; bf;fpup gz;lhu rPjhthf;if gilapd; jiyikj;Jt
gjtpia ngw;wjhy; gil NkYk; typikahdJ.
6. 1557 y; khahJd;id Nfhl;ilia jhf;fpdhd;
7. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; gPuq;fpj;jhf;FjYf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f Kbatpy;iy.
8. gpd;du; rPj;jhthf;if Ml;rpahsu;fs; Nfhl;iliaAk; nfhOk;igAk; xNu Neuj;jpy;
jhf;f Kw;gl;ldu;
9. rPj;jhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fdhy; Kd;ndhLf;fg;gl;l rPjhtf;ifg; gilf;Fk;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa gilf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Ky;Nyhupahtpy; ,lk; ngw;w fLQ;rkupy;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; gLj;Njhy;tp mile;jik.
10. Mrpa ehnlhd;wpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; mile;j kpf Nkhrkhd Njhy;tpahFk;.
11. Nfhl;il efu; rPj;jhtf;ifapd; jhf;FjYf;F cs;shjy; ju;kghyd; Nfhl;ilia tpl;L
nfhOk;Gf;F FbNaupdhd;.
12. 1581 y; khahJd;id ,we;jJk; bfpup gz;lhu ,uh[rpq;fd; vd;Dk; ngaupy; murdhdhd;.
13. ,uh[rpq;fd; rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; fz;ba murd; fuypaj;j gz;lhuit Ju;j;jptpl;L fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;ijAk; rPj;jhtf;ifAld; ,izj;jhd;.
14. 1582 k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;ij nfhOk;G Nfhl;ilTw;W
fl;Lg;gLj;jpdhd;.
15. ,uh[rpq;fd; ,uz;L re;ju;gq;fspy; nfhok;G Nfhl;ilia jhf;fp Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu Juj;j
Kad;w NghJ mk;Kaw;rp if$ltpy;iy.
10. rPj;jhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit?
1. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; MAj gyk;
2. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fPioNjr jiyikafk; Nfhthtpy; ,Ue;J fpilj;j cjtp.
3 rPj;jhtf;if ,uhrjhdpaplk; Njitahd flw;gil typikapd;ik.
4. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauf;F vjpuhf mbf;fb Nghupy; <Lg;gl;lik.
5. ,uh[rpq;f kd;du; jdJ ,uhrpaf;fhyg;gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhz;l ngsj;j vjpu;g;G
nfhs;if.
6. fz;b ,uhrpaj;ij ifg;gw;w cjtpa tPu Re;ju gz;lhit nfhd;wikahy; fz;b
,uhr;rpa kf;fspd; MjuT Fiwe;jik.
7. tPu Re;ju gz;lhutpd; kfd; Nfhug; gz;lhud; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murdhjy;.
8. ,uh[rpq;fDf;F gpd;du; Ml;rp cupik Nfhu rupahd cupikahsd; ,d;ik
vd;gjdhyhFk;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rkug;gzk;'

jpU.v];.fiyr;nry;tk; - tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;> Nfhl;lk; - 03

65
 gpd;tUk; Nghu;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu vOJf.
² je;Jiug;Nghu;
² gyidg;Nghu;
² ue;njdpnty Nghu;
² fd;ndhUtg;Nghu;

je;Jiug;Nghu;
ü NfhzgG ; gz;lhu tpkyju;k#upad; vd;w ngaupy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;
murdhfpaij Nghu;j;JNfau; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
ü Nghu;j;JNfaupd; ghJfhtypy; ,Ue;j fuypaf;fgz;lhutpd; kidtp
FRkhrdNjtpia rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;j Nghu;j;JNfau; tpUk;gpdu;.
ü 1594,y; Nghu;j;JNfa jsgjpahd(fg;gpj;jhd;
n[duy;)n[NuhNyhNg];j#rh jiyikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Mf;fpukpg;gpy; FRkhrdNjtpia murpagf epakpj;jdu;.
ü ntspehl;ltuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l murpia kf;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
ü 1k; tpkyju;k #upakd;dDf;F MjuT ey;fpdu;.
ü 1594Mz;l 7khjk; Nghu;j;JNfa gilf;Fk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa gilf;Fk;
,ilapy; je;Jiuapy; ngUk; Nghu; Vw;gll ; J.
ü je;JiuNghupy; Nghu;j;JNfag;gil ngUk; Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
ü n[NuhNyhNg];j #rhTk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;.
ü FRkhrd Njtp fz;b kf;fshy; rpiw gpbf;fgg ; l;lJld;>tpkyju;k#upad;
mtis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhd;.
ü ,e;j tpthfjj ; pdhy; fz;b ,uhr;rpajj
; py; Gjpa murtk;rk; Njhd;wpaJ.
ü tpkyju;k#upadpd; Nghu;j;je;jpuk;>fz;b kf;fspd;
MjuT>Nghu;j;JNfaUf;F
ntw;wpf;F fhuzkhf mike;jJ
gyidg;Nghu;
ü Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa fgg;pj;jhd; n[duyhf njhd; n[uhdp Nkh j mrNtJ
epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;.
ü je;Jiuapy; Nghu;j;JNfau; Njhy;tpaile;jJk; vjpnuy;nyuhy
vd;gtdpd; %yk; fiuNahu gpuNjrj;jpy; fpsu;r;rp Vw;g;gll
; J.
ü ,e;j fpsu;r;rpf;F 1k; tpkyju;k#upakd;ddpd; MjuT fpiljj ; J.

67
ü Nghu;j;JNfau; fpsu;r;rp jiytidf; nfhd;W fpuhkq;fSf;F jP %l;bdu;.
ü mrNtJ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghu;njhLf;f jahuhdhd;.
ü 1602,y; NfhthtpypUe;J Nkyjpf gilfis tutioj;J
Mapuq;fzf;fhztu;fSld; fz;bia Mf;fpkpj;jdu;.
ü Nghu;j;JNfauhy; gyd fztha; tiu khj;jpuNk nry;y$bajha;
,Ue;jJ.
ü tpkyju;k#upadpd; je;jpuj;jhy; Nghu;j;JNfag;gil fLikahd
jhf;FjYf;F css ; hdJ.
ü Nghu;j;JNfaUld nrd;w fiuNahugilapdUk; tpkyju;k#upadpd;
gilfSld; Nru;e;jJ.
ü gy Nghu;j;JNfau; nfhy;yg;gl;lJld; MAjq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
ü mrNtJ ky;thid topahf nfhOk;ig mile;jhd;.
ü tpkyju;k#upaDf;F gpwF nrduj; fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;ddhdhd;.
ü 1617 MzL ; Nghu;j;JNfaUld; rkjhd cld;gbf;if xd;iw nrduj;
nra;J nfhz;lhd;.

uen
; jdpnty Nghu;
ü Nghu;j;JNfaupd; fg;gpj;jhd; n[duyhf flikahw;wpa nfhd;];jhe;jpD
j #rh vd;gtd; Cth gpuNjrj;jpd; Clhf fzb ; ia Mf;fpukpj;jhd;.
ü 1630k; MzL ; ue;njdpntyg;Nghu; Muk;gkhdJ.
ü ,g;gil fzf;nfLg;gpy; 600 Nghu;j;JNfa tPuu;fSk; 4500
$ypg;giltPuu;fSk; gq;Fgw;wpdu;.
ü Nghu;j;JNfau; gJis efiu Mf;fpukpj;J mjid ehrkhf;fpdu;.
ü fz;b kd;dd; nrduj; jdJ gilAld; gJisia mile;J
Nghu;j;jNfaUf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
ü fz;b gilf;F nrduj; kd;ddpd; M];jhd ,sturd;(2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;)
fz;b gilf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhd;.
ü ,g;gilnaLg;G gyk; tha;e;j fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; gilahy;
jhf;fgg; lL
; epu;f;fjpahf;fg;gl;lJ.
ü Nghu;j;JNfau; nts;sthatpypUe;J ue;njdpntyTf;F gpd;thq;fpdu;;.
ü Nghu;j;JNfag;gilapy; 350 Ngu; tiuapy; capupoe;jdu;.
ü rpyu; fz;b kf;fshy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
ü n[duy; nfhd;];jhe;jpDTk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;
fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
68 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
ü ,g;gilnaLg;G Nghu;j;JNfauhy; jpl;lkplgg;l;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
gilnaLg;ghFk;.
ü fz;bgilapdupd; jpl;lkpl; nraw;ghbdhy; ,J Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.

fd;ndhUt Nghu;
ü 1638,y; ,g;gilnaLgG ; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
ü Nghu;j;JNfa fg;gpj;jhd; n[duyhf jpahNfh j nky;Nyh vd;gtu;
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.
ü 1000Nghu;j;JNfa gilapdu; 1000f;F Nkw;gl;l $ypgilfisAk;
nfhz;L ,g;gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
ü Nghu;j;JNfau; rpukkpd;wp fz;b efiu milej ; du;.
ü kd;dd; nrduj;jpd; gpd;du;Ml;rpf;F te;j 2k,uh[rpq;fd; je;jpukhf
efupypUe;J ntspNawpdhd;.
ü jf;fNeuj;jpy; fz;b gilapdu; Nghu;j;JNfag;gilia Rw;wp tisjj ; du;.
ü fd;ndhWitapy; ,U jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa fLk; rku; eilg;ngw;wJ.
ü Nghu;j;JNfag;gil gLk;Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
ü gilnaLgG;f;F jiyik jhq;fpa Nghu;j;JNfa jsgjpAk;
capupoe;jhd;.
ü vQ;rpa gilapdu; E}Wf;Fk; FiwthFk;.
ü fz;b kPjhd Nghu;j;JNfaupd; ,Wjp gilnaLgG; ,JthFk;.

fz;b ,uhr;rpak;ghJfhg;Gld; njhlu;e;J fhzg;gl fhuzq;fs;

gpd;tUkhW

Ø fz;b kf;fs; vg;NghJk; kd;dDf;F rhu;ghf fhzg;gl;lik

Ø $ypgilapdu; vgN ; ghJk; fz;b ,uhr;rpajj
; i mzk; pj;jJk; fzb
;
murDld; ,ide;J nfhz;lik.
Ø fz;b kf;fspd; Nghu; je;jpuKk;>muru;fspd; cghaq;fSk;
Ø fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ,aw;if mikg;G.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
69 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 ,yq;ifAk; xy;yhej
; Uk; gw;wp Fwpg;Giu jUf.

þ xy;yhe;jupd; jha;ehL xy;yhe;J MFk;.

þ Nghu;j;jNfaUf;F gpd; xU E}w;whz;bw;F gpwF MrpahTf;Fs;
Eioe;jdu;.
þ 1602k; MzL ; xy;yhe;j tu;j;jf rq;fq;fis ,idjJ ; xy;yhe;j
fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fk(VOC); mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
þ Mrpa tu;j;jf>murpay; nraw;ghLfis ,r;rq;fNk Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
þ tu;j;jf uPjpapy; ,yhgk; ngWtNj gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;.
þ xy;yhe;ju; [hthjPtpy; gj;Njtpahit jiyik ikakhf nfhz;L
nraw;gl;ldu;.
þ fWth>kpsF>Nhgd;w tu;j;jf nghUl;fNs xy;yhe;ju; ,yq;if kPJ
nry;thf;F nrYjj ; fhuzk;.
þ 1602,y; xy;yhe;j J}Jtdhd thd; ];gy P ; Ngu;[d; ,yq;if te;J
1k;tpkyju;k#upaid re;jpj;jhd;.
gpd;du; rpy; j thl; vd;w J}Jtd; te;jhd;. ,e;j gazj;jpy; vt;tpj
gaDk; ,y;iy.
þ 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; fhyj;jpNy xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; kd;dDf;Fk; ,ilNa
Nghu;j;JNfaiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;wTk;>>flw;gil cjtpia
ngwTk; njhlu;G ,Ue;jJ.
þ 2k; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; fbjg;Nghf;Ftuj;J>J}Jg;gazk;> vd;gtw;wpd;
%yk; njhlu;Gfis Ngzpajhy; xy;yhe;ju Nghu;j;JNfaiu
ntspNaw;w cjtpdu;
þ xy;yhe;j flw;gil jsgjpahd nt];lu; Nthy;l;bw;Fk;>,yq;if
J}Jtu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cld;gbf;ifapd; gb 1638,y; kl;lfsg;G
Nghu;j;JNfau; Nfhl;il jhf;fg;gl;lJ.
þ ,jd;NghJ Nghu;jJ ; Nfau; ruzilej ; du;.
þ ,jdhy; kfpo;tile;j2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; xy;yhe;jUld; cld;gbf;if
nra;J nfhz;lhd;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
70 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 1638,y; fz;b-xy;yhej
; cld;gbf;ifapd; mbg;gil
tplaq;fis Fwpg;gpLf
ª Nghu;j;JNfaiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;w xy;yhe;ju; fz;b
murDf;F cjTjy;.
ª xy;yhe;jUf;F Vw;gLk; nryit murd; nrYj;jy;. gzk; nghUl;fs;
%yk; (fWth>kpsF>Njd;>nkOF)
ª ahid jtpu;e;j tu;j;jf nghUlf ; is ngw;Wnfhs;sy;. VfNghf
cupik xy;yhe;jUf;F cupaJ.
ª Nghu;j;JNfauplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Nfhl;ilfis murd;
tpUk;gpdhy; xy;yhe;j gil jq;fp ,Uf;fyhk;.

Nghu;j;JNfauplkpUe;J xy;yhe;ju; fzb

; ,uhr;rpa gilfs;
ifg;gw;wpa Nfhl;ilfs; vit?
· jpUNfhzkiy>ePu;nfhOk;G>fhyp>fSj;Jiu>nfhOk;G>kd;dhu;>ah
o;g;ghzk;

xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; 2k;,uh[rpq;fkd;dDf;Fk; ,ilNa ey;nyz;zk;

epyhtikf;fhd fhuzk;?
· 1638 xg;ge;jjj
; py; nrhy;yg;gl;l fz;b kd;dd; tpUk;gpdhy;
xy;yhe;j gilfs; ifg;gw;wpa Nfhl;ilfspy; xy;yhe;j gilfs;
jq;fp ,Uf;fyhk;.,jid jkf;F rhjfkhf gad;gLj;jpa
xy;yhe;ju; Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ilfis kd;ddplk; xg;gilf;f
jtwpaik.

2k; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu ,e;ehl;bw;F mioj;jjw;fhd

gpujhd fhuzk;?
· xy;yhe;jjupd; cjtpAld; Nghu;j;JNfaiu ,yq;ifapypUe;J
ntspNaw;wy;.
· Nghu;j;JNfaupd; fPopUe;j gpuNjrq;fis fzb
; ,uhr;rpaj;Jld;
,ize;J Rje;jpu ,yq;ifia Njhw;wtpj;jy;.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
71 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;du;fSs; 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; Nkd;ikahdtd
vd;gij Fwpg;gpl gad;gLj;Jk; Mjhuq;fs; vit?
· xy;yhe;jUldhd fbj njhlu;gpd; NghJjhd; ,yq;ifapd; Nguurd;
vd ntspg;gLj;jpaik.
· xy;yhe;ju; jkJ fbjq;fspy; vOJk; NghJ vdf;F gzpg;GupAk;
Nerkhd xy;yhe;ju;
vd Fwpgg ; pl;lik.
· xy;yhe;ju; kd;dDf;F fbjk; vOJk; NghJ jq;fspd; gzpthd
Nrtfd; vd Fwpg;gpll ; ik.
· 1668,y; fzb ; apy; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;L xy;yhe;ju; rpy
gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpdhYk; 1770-1775 fhyg;gFjpapy; fzb ; kd;dd;
Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy;fshy; xy;yhe;ju; ifg;gw;w;pa gy gFjpfis
,oe;jik.
· fz;ba kd;dDld; Nkhjpdhy; ,og;G Vw;gLk; vd;gij czu;e;j
xy;yhe;ju; 1770k; Mzb ; d; gpd;du; fzb
; ,uhr;praj;Jld; NkhJtij
jtpu;j;jnfhz;ldu;.

fz;b ,uhr;rpajp;y; jkJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s

xy;yhe;ju; ifahz;l eltbf;if ahit?
· xy;yhe;j fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fj;jpw;F ell ; k; Vw;gLk;
Nkhjy;fspypUe;J tpyfp ,Ue;jik.
· fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; rkhjhdkhf nraw;gl xy;yhe;ju; Kide;jik.
· fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; ey;nyz;zj;ij ntspg;gLj;j kd;dDf;F
guprpy;fs; toq;fpaik.
· kd;dDld; ey;nyz;zj;ij Vw;gLj;j fbjnjhlu;ig Ngzpaik.
· ey;nyz;zj;ij Ngzp fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; tpisAk; fWth
tu;j;jfj;ij tpUjj ; p nra;jik.
· cgrk;gjh rlq;fpd; nghUl;L murDf;F fg;gy;fis nfhLj;J
cjtpaik.
(c-k;) tpky ju;k#upad;>tp[a,uh[rpqf ; d;> fPu;j;jp ,uh[rpq;fd;

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
72 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;py; ,Ue;Jtu;j;jf ,yhgkPl;l xy;yhe;ju; Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs; vit?
· fz;b kd;dDld; NtWehl;ltu; tu;j;jf njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;s
jilnra;jik.
· kd;dDld; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gLk; NghJ fzb ; fiuNahu
flitfis %btply;
· fiuNahu gpuNjrq;fspy; new;gapu;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
· ney; ,wf;Fkjp nryit Fiwf;f new;gapu;nra;ifia
Cf;Ftpj;jik.
· fWth gapuplTk;> mij ghJfhf;fTk; eltbf;if vLj;jik.
· fWth gapu; %yk; mjpf ,yhgj;ij cioj;jdu;.
· xy;yhe;jUf;F ,yhgkPl;lf;$ba fUk;G>Nfhg;gp>gUj;jp vd;gtw;iw
cw;gj;jp nra;a eltbf;fi vLj;jik.

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpwF; k; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilNa ,lk;ngw;w

Nkhjy;fis RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
· 1760Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpy; Jd;Gw;w
fiuNahu kf;fs; ePu;nfhOk;G>khj;jiw Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy;
xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf fyfq;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
· fz;b kd;dd; fynfhl mjpfhuk; vd;gtdpd; fPo; fiuNahu
gpuNjrj;jpwF
; gilnahd;iw mDg;gpdhd;
· fz;b gilapd; jpBu; jhf;Fjyhy; fl;Ly Nfhl;il>khjj ; iw
Nfhl;il Nghd;w ,lq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
· 1764,y; xy;yhe;j MSduhd ngud; ntd vf; jiyikapy;
MWgil gpuptpd; %yk; fzb ; ,uhr;rpak; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l NghJk;
fz;bia mila Kbatpy;iy.
· 1765 xy;yhe;j jhf;Fjy; %yk; fzb ; ifgg ; w;wg;gl;lJ.,jd;NghJ
fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; rkhjhdk; nra;a tpUgg ; k; njuptpj;jjhy;
xy;yhe;ju; jkf;F rhjfkhd epge;jidfis Kd; itj;jdu;.
epahakhd epge;jid my;yhjjhy; murd; tpUk;gtpy;iy.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
73 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
 · 1khjj;jpw;F Nky; fzb ; apy; jq;fpapUe;j xy;yhe;ju; czT
gw;whf;Fiw>Neha;>kio vd;gd fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; nfhOk;gpw;F
nrd;wdu;
· 1766,y; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; xy;yhe;jUld; rkhjd cld;gbf;if
1I nra;J nfhz;lhd;.
· 1766 xgg; e;jj;jpd; gb fzb ; ,uhr;rpak; fiuNahu gFjpnahd;iw
,oe;jJ.
· 1766 xgg; e;j epge;jidfs; xy;yhe;jUf;f rhjfkhf mike;jJ.
· ,e;epge;jidfis jsu;j;j fzb ; kf;fs; xy;yhe;jUld; Ngr;R
thu;j;ji eljj ; pdu;.
· xy;yhe;ju; ,zq;fhik fhuzkhf ,wjpapy; ,jid eilKiwapy;
nraypof;Fk; epiyikia milAk; tpjj;jpy; kf;fsJ eltbf;if
mike;jJ.

1766 cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?

· nfhOk;G> khj;jis> fhyp> aho;g;ghzk>; kd;dhu;> jpUf;Nfhzkiy>
kl;lfsg;G Mfpa ,lq;fs; xy;yhe;jUf;Fupait.
· flw;fiuapypUe;J 1ikYf;F clg ; l;l gpuNjrk; xy;yhe;jUf;FupaJ.
· fz;b fWth tu;j;jfk; xy;yhe;jUf;FupaJ.
· fiuNahu cg;gsq;fs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F cl;;gl;l fzb ;
,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhdJ.

“Etnuypah fy;tp tya Nfhl;lk; III r%f tpQ;Qhd ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

fbd ciog;gpw;fhd rku;g;gzk;’’
74 jpU.v];.fiynry;tk;- tuyhW ghl Mrpupa MNyhrfu; Etnuypah fy;tp tyak;>Nfhl;lk;-III
01 I glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ ahJ?
II ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs; ahit?

III ,J cUthf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l %yg; nghUs; vJ?

02 I glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLgtu; ahu;?

II ,tu; tho;e;jfhyg; gFjpia Fwpg;gpLf?
III ,tu; gpwe;j ,lk;
,tu; vt; ,dj;ij Nru;e;jtu;?
I
,tu; tho;e;j ,lk;?

,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l E}y; vJ?

VI ,tu; ,yq;ifia vg;ngauhy; mioj;jhu;?

03 I glj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;bid ngaupLf?

II ,jid cUthf;fpa Ml;rpahsu; ahu?;
III ,J vt ;,uhrr
; paj;jpw;FupaJ?

IV ,f; fy;ntl;L vt; E}w;whz;Lfis mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ?

V ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis Fwpg;gpLf?

04 I glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;bid ngaupLf.

II ,jid cUthf;fpa Ml;rpahsu; ahu?;
III ,J vf;fhyj;jpw;FupaJ?
IV ,jd; rpwg;G ahJ?

05 I glj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ehzaj;jpd; ngau; ahJ?

II ,J cUthf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhfk; vJ?

III Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ve;jehl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

IV ,jd; Clhf ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tplaq;fis Fwpg;gpLf?
V ,J vf;fhyj;jpw;FupajhFk;?
VI ,e; ehzaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtWngau;fs; 02 jUf?
VII ,e; ehzaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fiy vr;rkaj;jpw;FupaJ?

06 I ,f; fiyg;gilgg
; pid ngaupLf?

II ,f; fiyg;gilgG
; ve; E}w;whz;by; mikf;fg;gl;ljhf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ?

III ,f; fiyaikg;G mikangw;w ,uhrjhdp vJ?

IV ,g; gilg;G fhzg;gLk; tpfhiu?
V ,J vf;fiykuig gpd;gw;wp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?

VI ,g; gilg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; ,U nja;tq;fis Fwpg;gpLf?

VII ,g;gilg;G %yk; vf;fiyak;rk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ?

07 I. ,f; fw;Fifapd; ngau; ahJ.
.........................................
II. ,f; Fif mike;Js;s khtl;lk;
.........................................
III. ,f; Fif vt; fhyepiy tyaj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
.........................................
iv. ,f; Fifapd; rpwg;Gf;fs; ,uz;L jUf
.........................................
.........................................

08 I. glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s cUit ngaupLf

.........................................
II. ,J vf; fhyj;jpw;F cupaJ
.........................................
III.,J cUthf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ghiw tifapid ngaupLf
.........................................

09 I. glj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ ahJ

.........................................
II. ,J cUthf;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs; ahJ
.........................................
III. ,J vt; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F cupaJ
.........................................

10 I. ,J vf; fhyj;jpw;F cupa kahdk; MFk;

.........................................
II. ,J vq;F cs;sJ
.........................................
III. ,J vj;jid tUlq;fSf;F Kw;gl;ljhFk;
.........................................
iv. mfo;T Muha;r;rpapd; NghJ fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
.........................................
11 I. ,g; glj;jpdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ahJ
.........................................
II. ,J fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk;
.........................................
III. ,J cUthf;fg;gLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfk;
.........................................
iv. ,J ve;j tbtj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
.........................................
v. ,J vjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
.........................................
vi. ,jd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis Fwpg;gpLf
.........................................

12 I. ,g; glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLtJ

.........................................
II. ,J fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk;
.........................................
III. ,J vf;fhyj;jpw;FupaJ/Mz;L
.........................................
iv. ,J ifj;njhopYld; njhlu;GilaJ
.........................................
v. ,t; cUtj;Jf;F epwk; jPl;l gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fy; tif vJ
.........................................
vi. ,t; cUtj;jpy; ifahz;l njhopDl;gq;fis Fwpg;gpLf
.........................................
13 I glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLtJ ahJ?
II ,J fhzg;gLk; ,lk;?
III ,J vf;fhyj;jpw;FupaJ?
IV ,J ve;j khtl;lj;jpw;FupaJ

14 I ,g;glj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ ahJ?

II ,J mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij Fwpg;gpLf

III ,J cUthf;Ftjw;F gad;g;gLj;jg;gl;l kz; ahJ?
IV vt; ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Ml;rpahsu;fshy; ,J gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

15 I ,J vk;kd;ddpd; cUtr; rpiyahFk;

II ,rr
; piy fhzg;gLk; tpfhiuapid Fwpg;gpLf?

III ,k;kd;dd; vg;gpuNjrj;ij jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhu;?

IV ,k;kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ve;ehl;Lf;F tuj
; ;jf J}Jf;FO mDg;ggg
; l;lJ?

16 I ,k; kzpkhiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpid Fwpg;gpLf

II ,jd; fhyg;gFjpia Fwpg;gpLf?

III ,jid mzpe;jtu;fs; ahu;?

IV ,jd; gz;Gfis vOJf.

17 I ,t;thf;fj;jpid ngaupLf?

II ,J ve; E}w;whz;Lf;FwpaJ?
III ,f;fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; tprpwp milahsk; vjid Fwpj;J
epw;fpd;wJ?

IV ,f;fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; tpyq;fpidAk;>gwitapidAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

V ,f;fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; nfhb milahsk; vjid Fwpj;J
epw;fpd;wJ?

VI ,g;glk; Fwpj;J epw;Fk; fUj;JahJ?

A-md;dk;
B-gpiw
C-ehAk; fhfKk;

18 I ,f; fiygilg;ig ngaupLf.

II ,J fhzg;gLk; ,lk; ahJ?
III ,J vt; ,dj;jtuhy; epu;khdpf;fgl;lJ?
IV ,J vr; rkaj;jpw;FupaJ?
19 I ,Jvd;d?
II Guhjd fhyj;jpy; vjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
III ,J Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tplak; ahJ?

20 I ,g; gilg;gpd; ngau; ahJ?

II ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk; ahJ?
III ,J vrr
; kaj;Jld; njhlu;GilaJ?

IV ,g;gilg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l E}w;whz;bid ngaupLf.

V ,J nra;tjwF
; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfk; ahJ?

21 I ,f; fiyg;gilg;ig ngaupLf?

II ,J fhzg;gLk; ,lk;?
III ,g; gilg;G vjid FwpaPlhf czu;j;Jfpd;wJ?
IV ,J ve;j E}w;whz;Lf;FwpaJ?

22 I ,t;thf;fk; ahJ?
II ,J vt; ,dj;jtuhy; cUthf;fgl;lJ?
III ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; vOj;J Kiw ahJ?
IV ,t; ,dj;jtuhy; ,yq;if vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lJ?
V ,t; vOj;J Kiw tsu;r;rpaile;j muhgpa efuk; vJ?

23 I ,t;thf;fk; ahJ?
II ve; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrue
; ;jJ?

III ,q;F fhzg;gLk; nrhwf

; is ngaupLf

IV ,jd; jkpohf;fk; ahJ?

24 I ,g;glj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Guhjd cgfuzj;ij ngaupLf.

II ,J fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk;

III ,t; cgfuzk; vjwf

; hf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

IV ,J vk; khtl;lj;jpy; fz;bwpag;gl;lJ?

25 I ,g; glj;jpd; ngau; ahJ?

II ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij Fwpg;gpLf?
III ,jd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtJ ahJ?
IV ,J ,af;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l rf;jptY vJ?
26 I ,f; fiyg;gilg;ig ngaupLf?

II ,Jvt; tpffhiuapy; ,Ue;J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ?

III ,J tpfhiu fhzg;gLk; khtl;lj;ij ngaupLf?
IV ,Jvk; kd;dd; fhyj;Jf;FupaJ?

V ,jid cUthf;Ftjw;F gad;g;gLj;jg;gl;l tpQ;QhdKiwapid

ngaupLf?

VI ,J ve;j cNyhfj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ?

VII ,jid xspur; nra;tjwf
; hd vz;nza; vq;F epug;ggg
; l;lJ?

VIII ,g; gilg;gpy; ahid jd; Jk;gpf;ifapy; itj;jpUf;Fk; nghUs; ahJ?

27 I glj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ahJ?

II ,J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ehL vJ?
III ,J ,yq;iff;F nfhz;Ltu fhuzkhf mike;j gpuptpdiu ngaupLf?

28 I glj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; J}gp ahJ?

II ,jid epu;khzpj;j murd; ahu;?
III ,jd; rpwg;G ahJ?

IV ,J vf;fhyj;Jf;FupaJ?
V ,jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gj;j ngUkhdpd; jhJ vJ?

29 I glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLtJ ahJ?

II ,J vj;jidahk; E}w;whz;by; tiuag;gl;ljhFk;?
III ,J fhzg;gLk; tpfhiu vJ?

30 I ,g; gilg;gpid ngaupLf?

II ,J vt; ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;FupaJ?

III ,jid epu;khzpj;j murd; ahu;?

31 I ,t; muriu ngaupLf?

II ,tu; Ml;rp Gupe;j ,uhr;rpak?;

III ,r; rpj;jpuj;ij tiue;j Mq;fpNya egu; ahu;?

IV ,t; murUld; njhlu;Gila gonkhop ahJ?

32 I glj;jpy; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; cUtj;jpdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLgtu; ahu;?
II ,J mikag; ngw;Ws;s Njthyak; vJ?
III ,t; Xtpaj;ij tiue;jtu; ahu;?
IV ePu; Fwpgg
; pl;l rpj;jpuf; fiyQupd; NtNwhU Xtpaj;ij ngaupLf?

33 gpd;tUk; Mf;fq;fis ngaupLf.

.......................................... ....................................

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