Department of

CE/IT

Image Processing Unit-2

Matlab Basics
(01CE0507)

By: Prof. Ankita

Chavda
  MATLAB is a software package for high-performance
mathematical computation, visualization, and programming
environment. It provides an interactive environment with
hundreds of built-in functions for technical computing, graphics,
MATLAB and animations.
 MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB was written
Basics initially to implement a simple approach to matrix software.
 MATLAB is a modern programming language environment, and it
has refined data structures, includes built-in editing and
debugging tools, and supports object-oriented programming.
  MATLAB is Multi-paradigm. So, it can work with multiple types of
programming approaches, such as Functional, Object-Oriented,
and Visual.
 As its name contains the word Matrix, MATLAB does its' all
computing based on mathematical matrices and arrays.
MATLAB
 MATLAB allows several types of tasks, such as manipulations with
Basics matrix, algorithm implementation, data, and functions plotting,
and can interact with programs written in other programming
languages.
 History: The development of the MATLAB started in the late
1970s by Cleve Moler.
  It is designed for numerical as well as symbolic computing.
 It's a high-level language used mainly for engineering and scientific
computing.
 It works within a Desktop environment providing full features for
iterative exploration, design, and problem-solving.
 Creation of custom plots for visualizing data and tools, with the
MATLAB help of built-in Graphics.
Features  Specific applications are designed to work with any particular type
of problems, such as data classification, control system design and
tuning, signal analysis.
 Provides several add-on toolboxes to build a wide range of
engineering, scientific, and custom user interface applications.
 Provide interfaces to work with other programming languages such
as C, C++, Java, .NET, Python, SQL, Hadoop.
  The workspace contains all variables we create while working in
MATLAB.
 Whenever we assign a value to a variable, it automatically gets
space in the workspace.
 The assignment operator (=) facilitates the creation of variables.
Variables and  To access the variable from the workspace, we need to enter its
name at the command line.
functions  To view all available variables in the workspace, enter the
command- 'whos' at the command line.
 The file saved with .mat extension is called a MAT-file in MATLAB.
 Use save command to save workspace contents in a file.
 Use command load followed by filename with extension.
Matlab
Datatypes

Images from javatpoint.com

  The basic data type (also called a class) in MATLAB is the array or
matrix.
 There are 15 fundamental data types in MATLAB. Each of these
data types is in the build of a matrix or array.
 Numeric Types
Matlab  Numeric data types in MATLAB contain signed and unsigned
Datatypes integers, and single- and double-precision floating-point numbers.
 Integers:
 MATLAB has four signed and four unsigned integers data type.
 You can create variables with particular data type like
x = int16 (32501);
Integer
Integer
  MATLAB show floating-point numbers in either double-precision
or single-precision format. The default is double-precision, but we
can make any number of single-precision with a simple conversion
function.
 MATLAB composes the double data type according to IEEE
Floating-Point Standard 754 for double precision. Any value stored as a double-
Numbers needed 64 bits and single precision required 32 bits.
 Complex numbers consist of two separate part: a real part and an
imaginary part. The primary imaginary unit is equal to the square
root of -1. This is display in MATLAB by either of two letters: i or j.
Floating-Point
Numbers
  An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform various
numerical or logical manipulations. MATLAB is designed to
operate mainly on whole matrices and arrays.
 MATLAB has several types of operators, symbols, and special
characters to deal with variables, functions, and arithmetic
operations.
Matlab  Matlab Arithmetic Operators:
Operators  Arithmetic operators help in performing simple arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
power.
 Arithmetic operation with Array: If one operand is a scalar and
the other is not, MATLAB applies the scalar to every item of the
other operand, this property is called scalar expansion.
Arithmetic
Operators
  Relational operators perform value comparison operations.
 The MATLAB relational operators compare corresponding
components of arrays with equal dimensions. Relational operators
always operate element-by-element.

Relational
Operator
  Logical operators perform logical operations and output the result
in Boolean state true or false using the numbers 1 and 0,
respectively.

 MATLAB offer three types of logical operators and functions:

Logical  Element-wise: It works on corresponding elements of logical
Operators arrays.
 Bit-wise: It works on corresponding bits of integer values or
arrays.
 Short-circuit: It works on scalar, logical expressions.
  The following logical operators and functions execute element-
wise logical operations.
A = [0 1 1 0 1];
B = [1 1 0 0 1];

Logical
Operators
Element wise
  The following functions execute bit-wise logical operations on
nonnegative integer inputs. Inputs may be scalar or in arrays.
 The examples are present in the following table use scalar inputs A
and B
 A = 28; % binary 11100
Logical B = 21; % binary 10101
Operators
Bit-Wise
Operator
  The following operators execute AND and OR operations on
logical expressions, including scalar values. They are short-
circuiting operators in that they calculate their second operand
Logical only when the first operand does not fully determine the output.

Operators
Short-Circuit
Operators
 Symbol Symbol name Role
. Dot or period Element wise operation
Object property or method specifier
… ellipsis Line continuation
, Comma Separator
: Colon Vector creation
Indexing
For loop Iteration
Matlab Special ; Semicolon Signify end of the row
Characters Suppress output of code line
() Parentheses Operator precedence
Function argument enclosure
Indexing
[] Square brackets Array concatenation
Array construction
Empty matrix and array element
deletion
{} Curly brackets Cell array assignment and contents
 Symbol Symbol name Role
% Percent Comment
Conversion specifier

%{ %} Percent curly bracket Block comments

? Question mark Meta class for MATLAB class
Matlab Special '' Single Quotes Character array constructor

Characters ““ Double Quotes String array constructor

N/A Space character Separator
~ Tilde Logical NOT
Argument placeholder

= Equal sign assignment

* Asterisk Wildcard character
Formatting
Operator in
MATLAB
  MATLAB if...end statement
 The if is a conditional statement that provides the functionality to
choose a block of code to execute at run time.
 A predefined condition is checked, and the remaining code
executes based on the output of the condition.
Control  The control flows within the if block if the condition is found true.
Structure  Always close the if block with the end
 The elseif and else are optional, use them if there are more
conditions to be checked and it doesn't require additional end
 Remember not to use space in between else & if of the elseif
keyword, because this leads to nested if statement and each if
block needs to be close with the end
  Syntax:
if expression
Statements
MATLAB end
if...end  Example:
statement
discr = b*b - 4*a*c;
if discr < 0
disp('Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are
imaginary');
end
  If the first condition is not true, then we can define other
statements to run by using the else keyword.
 Syntax:
if expression
Statements
MATLAB else
if-else... end Statements
statement end
discr = b*b - 4*a*c;
if discr < 0
disp('Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are imaginary');
else
disp('Roots are real, but may be repeated')
end
  If we have more than one option or condition to check, then use elseif
keyword.
 Syntax:
if expression
Statements
elseif expression
MATLAB if- Statements

elseif- else
Statements
else...end end
statement discr = b*b - 4*a*c;
if discr < 0
disp('Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are imaginary');
elseif discr == 0
disp('Discriminant is zero, roots are repeated')
else
disp('Roots are real')
end
  The switch is another type of conditional statement and executes one
of the group of several statements.
 If we want to test the equality against a pre-defined set of rules, then
the switch statement can be an alternative of the if statement.
 Syntax:
switch switch expression
case case_expression1
MATLAB Statements
switch case case_expression2
Statements
case case_expressionN
Statements
otherwise
Statements
end
  Similar to if block, the switch block tests each case until one of the
case_expression is true. It is evaluated as:
 case & switch must be equal for numbers as- case_expression ==
switch_expression.
 For character vectors, the result returned by the strcmp function
must be equal to 1 as - strcmp(case_expression,
MATLAB switch_expression) == 1.
switch  For object, case_expression == switch_expression.
 For a cell array, at least one of the elements of the cell array in
case_expression must match switch_expression.
 switch statement doesn't test for inequality, so a case_expression
cannot include relational operators such as < or > for comparison
against the switch_expression.
 a = input('enter a number : ')
switch a
case 1
disp('Monday')
case 2
disp('Tuesday')
case 3
disp('Wednesday')
MATLAB case 4
disp('Thursday')
switch case 5
disp('Friday')
case 6
disp('Saturday')
case 7
disp('Sunday')
otherwise
disp('not a weekday')
end
  A loop statement allow us to execute a statement or group of
statements multiple times.
 MATLAB provides different types of loops to handle looping
requirements, including while loops, for loops, and nested loops. If
we are trying to declare or write our own loops, we need to make
sure that the loops are written as scripts and not directly in the
Command Window.
MATLAB  Two additional command, break and continue, can be used to
create a third type of loop, known as midpoint break loop.
Loops Midpoint break loop is useful for situations where the commands
in the loop must be executed at least once, but where the decision
to exit the loop is based on some criterion.
 Types of Loops
 There are two types of loop in MATLAB.
1. for
2. while
  for loop
 A for loop is used to repeat a statement or a group of statements for a
fixed number of times.
 Syntax:
for index = values
<program statements>
MATLAB end
 while loop
Loops  A while loop is used to execute a statement or a group of statements
for an indefinite number of times until the conditional specified by
while is no longer satisfied.
 Syntax:
while <expression>
<statements>
end
 for a = 10:20
fprintf('value of a: %d\n', a);
end
MATLAB
Loops a = 10;
Example % while loop execution
while( a <= 20 )
fprintf('value of a: %d\n', a);
a = a + 1;
end
 Syntax:

for m = 1:j
for n = 1:k
<statements>;
...
end
MATLAB end
Nested Loop Syntax:

while <expression1>
while <expression2>
<statements>
end
end
  All types of data variables are stored as multidimensional arrays,
let it be a character, string, or numbers.
 A two-dimensional array is called a matrix often used for linear
algebra.
 Array creation in MATLAB
Matrices and  We can create arrays in multiple ways in MATLAB:
Arrays in  By using space in between elements:
MATLAB A-= [ 3 5 7 8];
 By using comma in between elements:
A= [3,5,7,8];
 This command will create an array variable ‘A' having one row and
four columns.
  The array having its elements in a single row is known as a row
vector. Or we can say a single-dimensional array is a vector.
 A two-dimensional array is called a matrix. It means a matrix has
multiple rows and columns. So, while creating a matrix with
multiple rows, we have to separate the rows with semicolons.

Matrices and
Arrays in
MATLAB
 Be careful while creating a matrix, each row should have the same
number of columns, and each row should be separated with a
semicolon. Otherwise, it will show error and won't create the
matrix.
  We can create a matrix by using the in-built function, such as ones,
zeros, or rand.

Matrices and
Arrays in
 Array operations are operations implemented between arrays on
MATLAB an element-by-element basis. That is, the operation is
implemented on corresponding elements in the two arrays.
 The number of row and columns in both arrays must be the
same. If not, MATLAB will generate an error message.
 Array operations may also appear between an array and a scalar. If
the operation is performed between an array and a scalar, the
value of the scalar is applied to every element of the array.
Matrix
Operations
Arithmetic
Operations
Examples of
Matrix and
Array
Operations
Format
command
Concatenation
of Array
Concatenation
of Array
Denoting
Complex
number
  Every variable is an array in MATLAB. And all the elements in the array
are indexed as per row and column. Any particular element can be
accessed using indexing in MATLAB. The indexing in arrays in
MATLAB is the same as mathematics. It has a different syntax of
accessing the elements.
 There are several ways of indexing elements in MATLAB.
1. By specifying row and column subscripts:
 The most common way to refer particular components of an array is
by specifying row and column subscripts in brackets with an array
Accessing variable.
 The element s searched at the intersection point of row and column
elements of specified as the subscript.
Matrix
 2. Linear Indexing in MATLAB:
 The use of single subscript in-spite-of row and column subscript is
called Linear Indexing in MATLAB.
 An element is searched traversing down each column in order.

Accessing
elements of
Matrix
 3. Refer multiple elements of an Array in MATLAB:
 There is one colon operator (:) in MATLAB, use it to refer multiple
elements of an array.

Accessing
elements of
Matrix
  By using the colon operator, we can create an equally spaced
vector of values. We can assign step value that can affect the next
value at a fixed interval.
 Syntax: start: step: end.
 Example:
 Let's create a table of 13 with the help of the colon operator.

Vector
Creation Using
Colon
Operator
  We can access elements only within the current dimension. It
means if it is a vector and holds nine elements, then, we can't
access the element at position 12. Because the 12th position was
not defined during the vector creation.
Accessing  If we enter a command for accessing an element outside its'
current dimension, then it will throw an error saying index exceeds
Array array bounds.
Elements  But we can assign a value to the position which is currently not
available.
Outside  For example, we have a vector of 9 elements; then, we can create
Current a 12th element or any element beyond the 9th by assigning it the
value.
Dimension  And if there is any gap between the last index and the newly
created index, then the gap index will be assigned a 0 value
automatically.
 A value can be assigned to an index in all arrays.
  A cell is the functional data object in MATLAB. It can contain any
data, an array of numbers, strings, structures, or cells. An array of
cells is called a cell array.
 For example, one cell of a cell array contains an array of real
numbers, another an array of strings, and yet another a vector of
complex numbers.

Cell Arrays in
MATLAB
  In programming terms, each element of a cell array is a pointer to
another data structure, and those data structures can be of
different types.
 Cell arrays provide a great way to collect information about a
problem because all of the data can be kept together and accessed
by a single name.
 Cell arrays use braces :”{ }” instead of parentheses "()" for selecting
and displaying the contents of cells. This difference is because cell
arrays contain data structures instead of data. Suppose that the
Cell Arrays in cell array a is defined as shown in the figure.

MATLAB
  Each element of a cell array holds a pointer to another data
structure, and different cells in the same cell array can point to
different types of data structure.
 Then the contents of element a (1, 1) is a data structure containing
a 3 x 3 array of numeric data, and a reference to a (1, 1) displays
the contents of the cell, which is the data structure.
Cell Arrays in  By contrast, a reference to a {1, 1} displays the contents of the data
item contained in the cell.
MATLAB
Cell Arrays
Example
  When an ordinary array is declared, MATLAB creates a memory
location for every element in the array. For example, the function
a = eye (10) creates 100 elements arranged as a 10 x 10 structure.
In this array, 90 of those elements are zero!
 This matrix requires 100 elements, but only 10 of them contain
nonzero data. This is an example of a sparse array or sparse
matrix.
 A sparse matrix is a large matrix in which the vast majority of the
elements are zero.
Sparse Array  Sparse Attribute:
 MATLAB has a particular version of the double data type that is
designed to work with sparse arrays.
 In this particular version of the double data type, only the nonzero
elements of an array are allocated memory locations, and the
array is said to have the "sparse" attribute.
 An array with the sparse attribute saves three values for each
nonzero element: the value of the element itself and the row and
column numbers where the element is located.
  MATLAB is a programming language, as well as an interactive
computational environment. Files that include code in the
MATLAB language are called M-files.
 Matlab files are called "M-files" because they must have the
filename extension ".m" at the end.
 Types of M-Files:
MATLAB  There are two types of M-Files:
M-Files  M-File Scripts: Scripts do not accept input arguments or return
output arguments. They operate on data in the workspace.
 M-File Functions: Functions can accept input arguments and
return output arguments. Internal variables are local to the
function.
 We can use the MATLAB editor or any other text editor to create
our .m files.
  A script file is an external file that includes a sequence of MATLAB
statements. Script files have a filename extension .m and are
known as M-files.
 M-files can be scripts that execute a list of MATLAB statements, or
they can be functions that can accept arguments and can produce
one or more outputs.
 Create Script using MATLAB editor
 On clicking the new script icon or using the keyboard shortcut, a
M-File Scripts blank untitled file gets opened.
 The blank file has a default directory to save it. We can change the
file storage location as per our requirement.
 Create Script using Command Window of MATLAB
 Use the edit command to create a script at the command line.
 When the edit command is entered with the filename, and if the
file doesn't exist, then it prompts to create a new one. Click yes to
create the new script.
  Functions are M-files that can obtain input arguments and return
output arguments. The names of the M-file and the function
should be the same.
 Functions perform on variables within their own workspace, which
is also called the local workspace, separate from the workspace
you access at the MATLAB command prompt, which is known as
the base workspace.
MATLAB
 Function files are like programs or subroutine in FORTRAN,
Functions operations in PASCAL, and functions in C.
 A function file starts with a function definition line, which has a
well-defined record of inputs and outputs. Without this line, the
file develops into a script file.
 Syntax:
 function [output variables] =function_name(input variables);
  where function_name must be the same as the filename (without
.m extension) in which the functions are written.
 For example
 function [theta] = angleTH(x, y);
 File name must be angleTH.m
MATLAB
Functions function f = fact(n) Function definition line
% Compute a factorial value. H1 line
% FACT(N) returns the factorial of N, Help text
% generally indicated by N!
% put simply, FACT(N) is PROD(1:N). Comment

f = prod(1:n); Function body

MATLAB
Functions
 The function definition line inform MATLAB that the M-file includes a
function, and specifies the argument calling sequence of the function.
The function definition line for the fact functions are
  Function Arguments
 If the function has multiple output values, enclosed the output
argument list in square brackets. Input arguments are enclosed in
parentheses following the function name.
 Use commas to break multiple inputs or output arguments. Here
is the declaration for the function name sphere that has three
input and three output:
Function functions [x, y, z] = sphere(theta, phi, rho)

Arguments  If there is no outputs, leave output blank:

function printresults(x)
 or use empty square brackets:
function [ ] = printresults(x)
  H1 Line:
 The H1 line is the first help text line, is a comment line
immediately following the function definition line. Because it
consist of comment text, the H1 line starts with a percent sign, %.
 For the average functions, H1 line is:
H1 Line
% AVERAGE Mean of vector elements.
 This is the first line of the text that appears when a user types help
function_name at the MATLAB prompt.
 it is necessary to make it as descriptive as possible.
  Help Text:
 We can create online help for our M-files by entering help text on
one or more consecutive comment lines at the start of our M-file
programs.
 MATLAB examines the first group of consecutive lines
immediately following the H1 line that begins with % to be the
Help text online help text for the function.
 The help text for the average functions are:

 % AVERAGE(X), where X is the vector, is the mean of vector items.

 % Nonvector input results in an error.
  The function body includes all the MATLAB code that performs
calculations and assign values to output arguments.
 The statements in function body can subsist of the function call,
programming methods like flow control statement and interactive
input and output, evaluations, assignment, comments, and blank-
lines.
 For example, the body of the average functions includes a number
of simple programming statements:
Function or  Comments: It start with a percent sign (%).
Script Body  we can append comments to the end of a line of code.

[m,n] = size(x);
if (~((m == 1) | (n == 1)) | (m == 1 & n == 1))
% Flow control error('Input must be a vector')
% Error message displays
end
y = sum(x) / length(x); % Calculation and assignment
Difference
between
scripts and
functions
Input to a
script file
Input to a
script file
Example
  MATLAB automatically generates a display when commands are
executed. In addition to this automatic display, MATLAB has
several commands that can be used to generate displays or
outputs.
 Two commands that are frequently used to generate output are:
disp and fprintf.
Output  The main differences between these two commands can be
Commands summarized as follows:
Saving output
to a file
  Syntax:
imread('filename')
 Example:
f = imread('chestxray.jpg');
OR
Reading image f = imread('D:\myimages\chestxray.jpg');
 It will show you value of pixels.
 To display the image
imshow(f);
 Note:- imread() will read the image from current directory in
matlab.
  Image Processing Toolbox provides a comprehensive set of
reference-standard algorithms and workflow apps for image
processing, analysis, visualization, and algorithm development.
 You can perform image segmentation, image enhancement, noise
reduction, geometric transformations, and image registration
using deep learning and traditional image processing techniques.
Image The toolbox supports processing of 2D, 3D, and arbitrarily large
images.
Processing  Image Processing Toolbox apps let you automate common image
Toolbox processing workflows. You can interactively segment image data,
compare image registration techniques, and batch-process large
datasets. Visualization functions and apps let you explore images,
3D volumes, and videos; adjust contrast; create histograms; and
manipulate regions of interest (ROIs).
 You can accelerate your algorithms by running them on multicore
processors and GPUs.
  The basic data structure in MATLAB is the array, an ordered set of
real or complex elements. This object is naturally suited to the
representation of images, real-valued ordered sets of color or
intensity data.
 MATLAB stores most images as two-dimensional matrices, in
which each element of the matrix corresponds to a single discrete
pixel in the displayed image.
Images in
 For example, an image composed of 200 rows and 300 columns of
MATLAB different colored dots would be stored in MATLAB as a 200-by-300
matrix.
 Some images, such as truecolor images, represent images using a
three-dimensional array. In truecolor images, the first plane in the
third dimension represents the red pixel intensities, the second
plane represents the green pixel intensities, and the third plane
represents the blue pixel intensities.
  This example shows how to read an image into the workspace,
adjust the contrast in the image, and then write the adjusted
image to a file.
 Step 1: Read and Display an Image:
 Read an image into the workspace, using imread command., and
stores into array named I.
Basic Image I = imread(‘pout.tif’);
 Display the image using imshow function. You can also view
Import, image in the image viewer app by imtool function.
Processing, imshow(I);
and Export
  Step 2: Check How the Image Appears in the Workspace:
 Check how the imread function stores image data in the
workspace, using whos command.
 imread function returns the image data in the variable I, which is
291x240 element array of uint8 data.

Basic Image
Import,
Processing,
and Export  Step 3: Improve Image Contrast:
 View the distribution of an image pixel intensities. The image pout.tif
is a somewhat low contrast image. To see the distribution of
intensities in the image, create a histogram by calling the imhist
function.
 Conclusion: Histogram indicates that the range of intensity of image
is narrow. Range does not cover the potential range of [0, 255].
Basic Image
Import,
Processing,
and Export

 Improve the contrast in an image using histeq function. Histogram

equalization spread the intensity values over the full range of image.
Basic Image
Import,
Processing,
and Export
  Step 4: Write the Adjusted Image to a Disk File:
 Write a newly adjusted image I2 to disk file, using imwrite
Basic Image function.
imwrite(I2, ‘pout2.png’);
Import,
 Step 5: Check the Contents of the Newly Written File:
Processing,  To check the content of image, use imfinfo function. The imfinfo
and Export function returns information about image, like format, size, width,
height etc.
imfinfo(‘pout2.png’);
  Binary Image: In a binary image, each pixel has one of only two
discrete values: 1 or 0. Most functions in the toolbox interpret
pixels with value 1 as belonging to a region of interest, and pixels
with value 0 as the background.

Image Types in
the Toolbox:
Binary images
  Indexed Images: An indexed image consists of an image matrix
and a color map. A color map is an mx3 matrix of class double
containing value in the range [0, 1]. Each row of color map
specifies the red, green and blue components of a single color.
 The figure illustrate an indexed image, the image matrix, and the
Image Types in color map.
the Toolbox:
Indexed
images
  Grayscale Images: A grayscale image is a data matrix whose
values represent intensities of one image pixel.
 The figure shows a grayscale image of class double whose pixel
values are in the range [0, 1]

Image Types in
the Toolbox:
Grayscale
Images
  Truecolor Images: A truecolor image is an image in which each
pixel has a color specified by three values. Graphics file formats
store truecolor images as 24-bit images, where three color
channels are 8 bits each.
 RGB images are the most common type of truecolor images. In
RGB images, the three color channels are red, green, and blue.
Image Types in
 The color of each pixel is determined by the combination of the
the Toolbox: intensities stored in each color channel at the pixel's location.
Truecolor
Images
 function Description
bwdist Compute the distance transform of a binary image.
bwlabel Calculate label connected components on a 2-D binary image.
bwmorph Apply morphological operations on a binary image.
edge Find edges in an intensity image.
Image imhist Calculate the histogram of an image.
Processing histeq Enhance contrast using histogram equalization.

Toolbox imadjust Adjust image intensity values or colormap.

imbothat Perform morphological bottom-hat filtering.
functions imopen Perform morphological opening on an image.
imclose Perform morphological closing on an image.
imfill Fill image regions and holes.
imfilter Filter multidimensional images.
imnoise Add noise to an image.
 function Description
imresize Resize an image.
imrotate Rotate an image.
imshow Display an image.
mat2gray Convert a matrix to a grayscale image.
Image rgb2gray Convert an RGB image or colormap to grayscale.
Processing medfilt2 Perform 2-D median filtering.

Toolbox mean2 Compute the average or mean of matrix elements.

imabsdiff Compute the absolute difference of two images.
functions im2double Convert image to double precision.
im2single Convert image to single precision.
im2uint8 Convert image to 8-bit unsigned integers.
im2uint16 Convert image to 16-bit unsigned integers.
imcomplement Compute the complement of an image.
Thank you