Experiment 1

AIM: To configure networks setting and learn few networking commands

1. ARP: Used to display and modify the ARP cache, which translates IP addresses to MAC
addresses and vice versa.

2. Hostname: Displays the name of the current host or sets the hostname for the computer.
3. Ipconfig: Displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values, including IP address,
subnet mask, and default gateway.

4. ipconfig /renew: Renews the IP address configuration for all network adapters, typically
used to request a new IP address from a DHCP server
5. ipconfig/all: Displays detailed information about all network interfaces, including
physical and virtual adapters, along with DNS and DHCP settings.
6. ipconfig/release: Releases the IP address configuration for all network adapters,
effectively disconnecting the computer from the network.

7. Ipconfig /flushdns: Clears and resets the DNS resolver cache, which stores DNS query
results for faster access.

8. Nslookup: A command-line tool used to query DNS servers to obtain domain name or IP
address mapping, as well as other DNS information.
9. Netdiag: A command-line tool used to diagnose network problems by performing a series
of tests on the network configuration and components.

10. Netstat: Displays network statistics and active connections, including ports and routing
tables.

11. Pathping: Combines the functionality of traceroute and ping, providing detailed
information about the path packets take to a destination and any packet loss or latency along
the way.
12. Ping: Sends ICMP echo requests to a specified network host to test connectivity and
measure round-trip time.
13. Route: reach their destination.
 Experiment 2

AIM: To learn about the colour coding of Straight through, crossover and rollover
cables

To understand the color coding of Straight-through, Crossover, and Rollover Ethernet cables,
it's important to know that they use twisted pair wiring (typically with 8 wires) and follow
either the TIA/EIA-568A or TIA/EIA-568B standards.

568A Color Order:

1.​ White/Green
2.​ Green
3.​ White/Orange
4.​ Blue
5.​ White/Blue
6.​ Orange
7.​ White/Brown
8.​ Brown

568B Color Order (Most Common):

1.​ White/Orange
2.​ Orange
3.​ White/Green
4.​ Blue
5.​ White/Blue
6.​ Green
7.​ White/Brown
8.​ Brown
i. Straight-through Cable

Purpose: Connects different devices (e.g., PC to switch, switch to router)​

Wiring: Same standard on both ends (either both 568A or both 568B)​

ii. Crossover Cable

Purpose: Connects similar devices (e.g., PC to PC, switch to switch)​

Wiring: One end 568A, other end 568B
iii. Rollover Cable (Console Cable)

Purpose: Connects a PC to a router or switch console port for configuration​

Wiring: All pins are reversed (pin 1 to pin 8, 2 to 7, ..., 8 to 1)
 Experiment 3

AIM: To connect two computers using hub, switch, and crossover cable.

Theory:

1.​Hub:
●​ A basic networking device that broadcasts incoming data to all ports.
●​ It works on OSI Layer 1 (Physical Layer).
●​ No intelligence; just sends signals across all lines.

2.​Switch:
●​ More advanced than a hub.
●​ Works on OSI Layer 2 (Data Link Layer).
●​ Learns MAC addresses and sends data only to the intended recipient.
●​ Faster and more secure than hubs.

3.​Crossover Cable:
●​ Used to connect two similar devices directly (e.g., PC to PC).
●​ Internally crosses the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) lines.
●​ No intermediary device like a switch or hub is needed.

4.​Straight-through Cable:
●​ Used to connect different types of devices (e.g., PC to Switch).
●​ Transmit and receive lines are aligned straight.
Procedure:

A.​Using a Hub with Straight-Through Cables:

1.​ Open Cisco Packet Tracer and place 2 PCs and 1 Hub.
2.​ Connect PC1 and PC2 to the Hub using straight-through cables.
3.​ Assign IP addresses:
o PC1: 192.168.10.1 / 255.255.255.0
o PC2: 192.168.10.2 / 255.255.255.0
4.​ Open the Command Prompt in each PC and run the command: ping <other PC IP>.

B.​Using a Switch with Straight-Through Cables:

1.​ Replace the Hub with a Switch.
2.​ Keep the IP configuration same.
3.​ Connect both PCs to the switch using straight-through cables.
4.​ Again, test connectivity using the ping command.
C.​Direct PC to PC Connection Using a Crossover Cable:
1.​ Connect PC1 directly to PC2 using a crossover cable.
2.​ Retain the IP configuration.
3.​ Use ping to check connectivity.

​
 Experiment 4

AIM: To create and configure various types of network topologies using Cisco Packet
Tracer
●​ Bus Topology
●​ Ring Topology
●​ Star Topology
●​ Mesh Topology

Procedure (in Cisco Packet Tracer):

1​ Bus Topology (Simulated using a switch or linear arrangement):

●​ Drag 3–5 PCs and a switch.
●​ Connect all PCs to the same switch linearly to simulate a bus.
●​ Assign IP addresses from the same subnet (e.g., 192.168.0.x).
●​ Use straight-through cables.
●​ Test communication using ping.

2​ Ring Topology:
●​ Drag 3–5 switches.
●​ Connect them in a circular manner
using straight cables.
●​ Attach one PC to each switch.
●​ Assign IPs from the same subnet
●​ Ping from one PC to another to test continuity.
3 Star Topology:
●​ Drag one switch to the center.
●​ Connect 3–5 PCs directly to the switch using straight-through cables.
●​ Assign IPs like:
o PC1: 192.168.1.1
o PC2: 192.168.1.2
●​ Test connectivity using ping.

4 Mesh Topology:
●​ Use 3–4 PCs.
●​ Connect each PC to every other PC using crossover cables.
●​ Assign IP addresses from the same subnet.
●​ Ensure every PC can ping every other PC.
 Experiment 5

AIM: To connect and configure the switch and create a Vlan

Vlan Theory:
VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a logical grouping of devices in the same broadcast domain,
regardless of their physical location. VLANs allow network administrators to partition a
single switch into multiple logical networks. Devices within the same VLAN can
communicate directly, but devices in different VLANs need a router or Layer 3 switch to
communicate.
Why VLANs?
●​ Improves security by isolating traffic
●​ Reduces broadcast traffic
●​ Enables flexible network design
●​ Supports logical grouping of users by function (e.g., HR, Sales, Admin)
Each VLAN is identified by a VLAN ID (1–4094), and ports on a switch are assigned to
VLANs.

Procedure:
1.​Hardware Setup in Packet Tracer:
●​ Place 1 switch and 4 PCs in the workspace.
●​ Use straight-through cables to connect each PC to the switch (e.g., Fa0/1 through
Fa0/4).
●​ Assign IP addresses in the same subnet:
o PC1: 192.168.1.2
o PC2: 192.168.1.3
o PC3: 192.168.1.4
o PC4: 192.168.1.5
o Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
2.​Access the Switch CLI:
Click the switch → CLI tab → Enter configuration mode.
3.Create VLANs:

4. Assign Ports to VLANs:

5. Verify VLAN Configuration:

Observation:
●​ Ping Test:
o​ PC1 ↔ PC2: Success (same VLAN)
o​ PC3 ↔ PC4: Success (same VLAN)
o​ PC1 ↔ PC3 or PC2 ↔ PC4: Fail (different VLANs)
 Experiment 6
AIM: To connect and configure router and connect to network using 1 route

Theory:
A router is a networking device that connects different networks and forwards data packets
between them based on IP addressing. In small or large networks, routers act as a gateway
that enables communication between hosts in different subnets or networks.
A basic router configuration includes:
●​ Assigning IP addresses to router interfaces.
●​ Activating the interfaces.
●​ Connecting PCs to switches, and switches to the router.
●​ Verifying connectivity using commands like ping.

Procedure:
1.​ Physical Setup in Packet Tracer:
●​ Drag and drop the router, two switches, and two PCs.
●​ Connect:
o​ PC1 to Switch 1 using a straight-through cable
o​ PC2 to Switch 2 using a straight-through cable
o​ Switch 1 to Router FastEthernet0/0
o​ Switch 2 to Router FastEthernet0/1
2.​ Assign IP Addresses:
On PC1:
●​ IP: 192.168.1.2
●​ Subnet: 255.255.255.0
●​ Gateway: 192.168.1.1
On PC2:
●​ IP: 192.168.2.2
●​ Subnet: 255.255.255.0
●​ Gateway: 192.168.2.
3.​ Configure the Router:
Step 1: Access CLI
Click on the router → CLI tab.
Step 2: Enter Configuration Mode

Step 3: Configure Interface FastEthernet0/0

Step 4: Configure Interface FastEthernet0/1

Step 5: Exit Configuration Mode

Observation:
●​ PC1 can successfully ping PC2 through the router.
●​ Router interfaces show up status.
●​ IP settings and gateways must be correctly configured on PCs.
 Experiment 7

AIM: To connect 2 network and implement static routing

Theory:
Static routing is a type of network routing technique in which a network administrator
manually adds routes into the routing table. Unlike dynamic routing, static routes do not
change unless the administrator updates them.
Key concepts:
●​ Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network.
●​ Routers connect different networks and direct packets to their destination based on
the routing table.
●​ Static routes are best used in small, simple networks where changes are rare.
●​ They are more secure and efficient, but not scalable for large or changing networks.
Procedure:
Step 1: Create Topology in Cisco Packet Tracer
●​ Place two routers, two PCs, and required serial and copper cross cables.
●​ Connect as per the topology diagram.
Step 2: Assign IP Addresses
PC0 Configuration:
●​ IP: 192.168.1.2
●​ Subnet: 255.255.255.0
●​ Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1
PC1 Configuration:
●​ IP: 192.168.2.2
●​ Subnet: 255.255.255.0
●​ Default Gateway: 192.168.2.1
Router0 Configuration:

Router1 Configuration:

Step 3: Add Static Routes

On Router0 (to reach Router1's LAN):

On Router1 (to reach Router0's LAN):

Verification Commands:
Ping test:
●​ From PC0 → ping 192.168.2.2
●​ From PC1 → ping 192.168.1.2
 Experiment 8
AIM: To implement routing information protocol

Theory:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing protocol used in small
networks. It determines the best route to a destination based on the hop count (i.e., the
number of routers the packet must pass through). RIP updates routing tables by broadcasting
the entire table to all neighbors every 30 seconds.

Key Features of RIP:

●​ Uses hop count as metric (maximum allowed: 15).
●​ Periodic updates (every 30 seconds).
●​ Classful routing protocol (original RIP v1 does not support subnet masks; RIP
v2 does).
●​ Suitable for small networks due to limited scalability.
Procedure:
Step 1: Setup in Packet Tracer
1.​ Place 2 routers (R1 and R2), 2 PCs (PC1 and PC2), and 2 switches.
2.​ Connect:
o​ PC1 ↔ Switch1 ↔ R1 (Gig0/0)
o​ PC2 ↔ Switch2 ↔ R2 (Gig0/0)
o​ R1 (Gig0/1) ↔ R2 (Gig0/1) with crossover cable

Step 2: Assign IP Addresses

Step 3: Configure PCs

On PC1 and PC2, go to Desktop > IP Configuration:
●​ Assign respective IPs and set default gateway as the IP of connected router interface.
Step 4: Configure Routers
Go to CLI and enter the following commands:
R1 Configuration

R2 Configuration
Step 5: Verify Configuration
On both routers:

You should see R (RIP) entries in the routing table showing learned routes.
From PC1, open Command Prompt and:

Observation:
●​ RIP dynamically shares routing information between R1 and R2.
●​ PC1 and PC2, which belong to different networks, are now able to communicate.
●​ The routing table in each router contains entries for the remote network marked with
R (for RIP).
 Experiment 9

AIM: To implement open shortest path first protocol

Theory:

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a dynamic routing protocol used for interior gateway
routing within an Autonomous System (AS). It is a link-state routing protocol that:
●​ Uses Dijkstra’s Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm.
●​ Sends LSAs (Link-State Advertisements) to all routers in the area.
●​ Converges faster and is more scalable than RIP.
●​ Supports hierarchical routing using areas (e.g., area 0 is the backbone area).

Procedure:

1.​ Start Cisco Packet Tracer

o​ Add 2 routers (R1, R2)
o​ Add 2 PCs (PC1 connected to R1, PC2 connected to R2)
o​ Connect using Serial and FastEthernet links
2.​ Assign IP Addresses:
Configure R1:

Configure R2:

3.​ Enable OSPF on both routers:

Configure R1:

Configure R2:

4.​ Configure PCs with appropriate IPs:

 ●​ PC1: IP – 192.168.1.2, Gateway – 192.168.1.1
●​ PC2: IP – 192.168.2.2, Gateway – 192.168.2.1

Observation:
●​ OSPF routes are dynamically learned.
●​ The routers establish adjacency using OSPF.
●​ The PCs can communicate across routers.
 Experiment 10

AIM: To implement border gateway protocol

Theory:
What is BGP?
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is a path-vector routing protocol used to exchange routing
information between Autonomous Systems (ASes) on the internet. It is the only EGP
(Exterior Gateway Protocol) used today and is defined in RFC 4271.

Key Features:
●​ Inter-domain routing (used between ISPs or large enterprises)
●​ AS-based routing: Each AS is uniquely identified by a number (e.g., AS100, AS200)
●​ Uses TCP (port 179) for reliable delivery
●​ Policy-based routing: You can set filters and preferences
●​ Maintains a routing table with multiple paths and uses attributes like AS-PATH,
NEXT- HOP, etc.
Procedure:
Step 1: IP Configuration
Assign IP addresses on both routers:
Router1

Router2

Step 2: Configure BGP

Router1 (AS100)

Router2 (AS200)
Step 3: Test the Configuration
●​ From PC1, ping PC2 (192.168.2.2)
●​ From PC2, ping PC1 (192.168.1.2)

Step 4: Verify BGP

Use the following commands on both routers:

Observation:
●​ After BGP is configured and established, the routers exchange network information.
●​ The BGP neighbor relationship is formed.
●​ PC1 and PC2 can now communicate across autonomous systems.
●​ The routing table should display the BGP learned routes.