A Project Report

On

Supply , delivery , Lowering , Laying , Jointing testing &

commissioning of 1000mm Dia RCC NP4 pipeline (Under ground
Drainage) UGD from manthani school colony to tellapur 100ft road
along radial road 30(Extn), RangaReddy.district

Submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University

Hyderabad
In partial full filament of the
Requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

A. SAI CHARAN (20W85A0104)

G. SAI KIRAN (20W85A0120)
K. DEEPTHI (20W85A0128)
V. JYOSHNA (20W85A0156)

Under the guidance of

Mr. J. Ganesh Kumar
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 ARJUN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES
BATASINGARAM (VILL), HAYATHNAGAR (MDL), RANGA REDDY DIST
APPROVED BY AICTE, GOVT. OF TELENGANA& AFFILIATED TO JNTUH
(T.S), INDIA
2022-23

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled “Supply , delivery , Lowering , Laying ,

Jointing testing & commissioning of 1000mm Dia RCC NP4 pipeline ” is
a bonafide work carried out by

A. SAI CHARAN (20W85A0104), G.SAI KIRAN (20W85A0120),

K.DEEPTHI (20W85A0128), V. JYOSHNA (20WA85A0156)

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology with the specialization in CIVIL ENGINEERING Hyderabad, affiliated to JNT
University, Hyderabad, during the academic years 2020-2021.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Mr. Ganesh Kumar MTech
Assistant Professor.

Head of the Department

Mr. B.J.CHIRANJEEVI MTech
Assistant professor
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this dissertation entitled,
“Supply,delivery,Lowering , Laying , Jointing testing & commissioning of 1000mm Dia RCC NP4
pipeline”, submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology, with specialization in CIVIL ENGINEERING at Arjun College of
Technology and Sciences is an authentic record of my own work carried out during 2020-2021 under
the guidance of Assistant Professor, Mr. Ganesh Kumar.

The matter embodied in this dissertation report has not been submitted by me for the award of any
other degree or diploma. Further, the technical details furnished in the various chapters in this thesis
are purely relevant to the above project.

A. SAICHARAN (20W85A0104)
G. SAI KIRAN (20W85A0120)
K. DEEPTHI (20W85A0128)
V. JYOSHNA (20W85A0156)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without
the mention of the people who made it possible and whose constant encouragement and guidance has
been a source of inspiration throughout the course of this project. We take this opportunity to express
our gratitude to all those who have helped us in this project.

Our sincere thanks to our guide, Mr. J. Ganesh Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Civil
Engineering for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the project & also for his support in completing the project.

I express my sincere and profound gratitude to Mr. B.J CHIRANJEEVI, HOD for his valuable
guidance, critical feedback and constant encouragement and providing facilities throughout the
period of investigation and preparation of the dissertation.

We are deeply indebted to, Mr. B.J CHIRANJEEVI Head the department for his ineffable
encouragement he provided.

Our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Principal Sir MD. YOUSF ALI and
Sri. P. PAPA RAO Garu, Secretary & Correspondent, ARJUN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCES for having provided the facilities to undertake and complete this project.

Last but not least I wish to avail myself of this opportunity, express gratitude and thanks to my friends
and my beloved parents for their manual support, strength and help.
ABSTRACT :
Underground drainage sewer systems play a crucial role in maintaining the cleanliness and hygiene
of urban areas. The design and construc on of efficient and durable pipelines are vital to ensure the
smooth flow of wastewater and prevent environmental contamina on. This abstract presents an
overview of the key considera ons involved in the design and construc on of reinforced concrete
(RCC) pipelines for underground drainage sewer systems.

The abstract begins by highligh ng the importance of proper drainage infrastructure and the
challenges associated with it. It emphasizes the need for robust pipeline materials, such as
reinforced concrete, due to their superior strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion.

Next, the abstract discusses the design aspects of RCC pipelines, including hydraulic calcula ons,
pipe diameter determina on, and alignment planning. It emphasizes the significance of adhering
to local building codes and regula ons to ensure compliance and safety.

The abstract further outlines the construc on process for RCC pipelines, including excava on, pipe
laying, join ng techniques, and backfilling. It emphasizes the importance of skilled labor, quality
control measures, and proper curing techniques to achieve a structurally sound and long-las ng
underground sewer system.

Furthermore, the abstract briefly discusses maintenance considera ons, including rou ne
inspec on, cleaning, and repair techniques, to ensure the con nued func onality and efficiency of
the drainage sewer system.

In conclusion, the abstract highlights the significance of reinforced concrete pipelines in

underground drainage sewer systems and emphasizes the need for me culous design,
construc on, and maintenance prac ces. By adhering to these principles, urban areas can achieve
effec ve wastewater management, reduce the risk of flooding, and safeguard public health and
the environment.
S.N0 DESCRIPITION PAGE NO
 1. INTRODUCTION

Reinforced Concrete (RCC) pipelines are widely used in various infrastructure projects, par cularly in the
construc on of underground drainage sewer systems. These pipelines are designed to efficiently transport
wastewater, stormwater, and other liquid waste from urban and industrial areas to treatment facili es or
discharge points. The use of RCC pipelines offers numerous advantages, including high structural strength,
durability, and resistance to corrosion, making them a preferred choice for long-las ng and reliable
underground drainage systems.

The construc on of RCC pipelines involves careful planning, design considera ons, and precise execu on to
ensure op mal performance and longevity. This introduc on provides an overview of the key aspects
involved in RCC pipeline work, highligh ng the significance of this construc on process in achieving effec ve
wastewater management and environmental sustainability.

Firstly, the introduc on emphasizes the importance of proper drainage systems in urban areas. Efficient
wastewater disposal is essen al to prevent waterborne diseases, reduce flooding risks, and maintain the
cleanliness and hygiene of ci es. RCC pipelines serve as cri cal components of these systems, facilita ng
the smooth flow of wastewater underground, away from populated areas.

Secondly, the introduc on emphasizes the benefits of using reinforced concrete as the primary material for
pipeline construc on. RCC offers excep onal strength and structural integrity, enabling it to withstand the
underground pressures, soil movement, and external loads that pipelines may encounter. Moreover, RCC
pipelines are highly resistant to corrosion, ensuring long-term durability and minimal maintenance
requirements.

The introduc on also highlights the significance of me culous planning and design in RCC pipeline work.
Proper hydraulic calcula ons, determina on of pipe diameter, and alignment planning are crucial to ensure
efficient flow rates, minimize energy losses, and prevent blockages or surcharge condi ons. Compliance
with local building codes, regula ons, and safety standards is essen al to guarantee the structural integrity
and opera onal safety of the underground drainage sewer system.

Furthermore, the introduc on men ons the construc on process involved in RCC pipeline work. It includes
excava on, trench prepara on, pipe laying, join ng techniques, and backfilling. Skilled labor, quality control
measures, and adherence to construc on guidelines are essen al for achieving a well-constructed and
reliable pipeline network.
Lastly, the introduc on highlights the long-term maintenance considera ons associated with RCC pipeline
work. Regular inspec on, cleaning, and mely repair and rehabilita on are necessary to ensure the
con nued func onality and efficiency of the underground drainage system. Effec ve maintenance prac ces
contribute to the overall sustainability of the infrastructure and mi gate the risk of system failures or
environmental hazards.

In conclusion, RCC pipeline work plays a pivotal role in the construc on of underground drainage sewer
systems. Through careful planning, precise design, and me culous execu on, these pipelines provide
efficient and reliable wastewater management solu ons for urban environments. The use of reinforced
concrete as the primary material ensures structural strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion,
contribu ng to the long-term viability of the infrastructure
 2. SURVEYING
Surveying is an essen al component of civil engineering that involves the measurement, mapping, and
analysis of land and its surrounding features. It provides accurate and precise data for various engineering
and construc on projects. Surveying plays a crucial role in mul ple stages of a project, including planning,
design, construc on, and maintenance. It encompasses a range of techniques and instruments to gather
data about the physical characteris cs and topography of the land.

The primary objec ves of surveying in civil engineering are:

1. Geospa al Data Collec on: Surveying involves the collec on of geospa al data through field
measurements. This data includes measurements of distances, angles, eleva ons, and coordinates.
Advanced surveying techniques, such as Global Posi oning System (GPS), Total Sta on, and LiDAR
(Light Detec on and Ranging), are u lized to accurately capture the spa al informa on required for
engineering projects.
2. Topographic Mapping: Surveying helps create detailed topographic maps, which illustrate the
natural and man-made features of a given area. These maps provide valuable informa on about the
contours, slopes, water bodies, vegeta on, buildings, and other structures present on the land.
Topographic maps are used for site selec on, feasibility studies, and designing infrastructure
projects.
3. Land Boundary Determina on: Surveying plays a crucial role in establishing and demarca ng land
boundaries. Land surveyors u lize legal documents, historical records, and field measurements to
precisely define the boundaries of proper es. This informa on is vital for property transac ons, land
development, and resolving boundary disputes.
4. Construc on Stakeout: Surveying is employed during the construc on phase to ensure that the
design plans are accurately implemented on-site. Construc on stakeout involves marking the
loca ons of structures, roads, u li es, and other elements according to the design specifica ons. It
helps contractors and engineers maintain alignment, eleva ons, and dimensions during the
construc on process.
5. Control Networks and Geode c Surveys: Surveying contributes to the establishment of control
networks, which are networks of precisely surveyed points used as references for various
measurements and mapping ac vi es. Geode c surveys involve large-scale measurements over vast
areas, enabling the determina on of accurate coordinates and eleva ons for mapping and
geospa al analysis.
 6. Monitoring and Deforma on Analysis: Surveying techniques are u lized for monitoring the stability
and movement of structures, slopes, and other geotechnical features. Surveyors regularly measure
and analyze data to detect any deforma ons, se lements, or shi s that may occur over me. This
informa on is crucial for ensuring the safety and integrity of engineered structures.

In summary, surveying is a fundamental discipline in civil engineering that provides crucial data for design,
construc on, and maintenance ac vi es. It facilitates accurate mapping, geospa al analysis, boundary
determina on, construc on stakeout, and monitoring of engineering projects. The use of advanced
surveying techniques and instruments enhances the precision and efficiency of data collec on, contribu ng
to the successful implementa on of infrastructure and development projects.
 We used Auto level Instrument for surveying the ground levels

Auto level :
An auto level instrument, also known as an automa c level or dumpy level, is a precise op cal instrument
used in surveying and construc on to measure height differences, establish level reference points, and
determine horizontal distances. It is a vital tool for obtaining accurate and reliable eleva on data for
various engineering and construc on projects.

Here are some key features and func ons of an auto level instrument:

1. Op cal Leveling: Auto levels use a built-in telescope and a compensator mechanism to
maintain a horizontal line of sight, regardless of the instrument's lt or inclina on. This
feature allows surveyors to obtain level measurements even on uneven terrain.

2. Magnifica on and Accuracy: Auto levels typically have a magnifica on range of 20x to 32x,
enabling surveyors to observe targets with precision. These instruments offer high accuracy,
typically within a few millimeters per kilometer, ensuring reliable eleva on measurements.

3. Automa c Compensator: The compensator mechanism within the auto level instrument
automa cally corrects for any l ng or misalignment of the telescope. It ensures that the
line of sight remains horizontal, elimina ng errors caused by instrument l ng.

4. Bubble Level: Auto levels have a built-in bubble level that assists in the ini al setup and
leveling of the instrument. The bubble level helps surveyors align the instrument accurately
and achieve a level reference point.

5. Stadia Lines and Stadia Constant: Auto levels o en feature stadia lines in the telescope
re cle. These lines, combined with a stadia constant specific to the instrument, allow
surveyors to measure horizontal distances to objects or points of interest.

6. Tripod Moun ng: Auto levels are typically mounted on sturdy tripods for stability during
measurements. The tripod provides a secure base and allows for fine adjustments and
precise posi oning of the instrument.

7. Environmental Protec on: Auto level instruments are designed to withstand various weather
condi ons and environmental factors. They are o en equipped with dust and water
resistance features, ensuring durability and reliability in challenging surveying environments.
Auto level instruments are commonly used for a range of surveying tasks, including establishing
benchmarks, determining the height of points, performing differen al leveling, and conduc ng
construc on site surveys. They are par cularly useful in projects such as road construc on, building
construc on, pipeline laying, and land development.

In summary, an auto level instrument is an essen al tool in surveying and construc on. Its automa c
compensator, precise leveling capabili es, and magnifica on ensure accurate and reliable eleva on
measurements. By providing precise height data and establishing level reference points, auto levels
contribute to the successful execu on of engineering projects.
 As per the site condi on
 Ground level at Outlet point = 98.8 RL
 Ground level at Inlet point = 111.94 RL
 Invert level at Inlet point = 111.43 RL
 Invert level at Outlet point = 96.3 RL

SLOPE DIFFERENCE OF GROUND LEVEL = 13.14 mts

 3. GRAVITY SLOPE

Gravity slope, also known as a gravity-driven slope, refers to a natural or man-made inclined surface that
allows objects or fluids to move or flow under the influence of gravity. It relies on the force of gravity to
drive the movement without the need for external energy or mechanical assistance.

In engineering and physics, gravity slopes are commonly encountered in various applica ons, including
transporta on systems, drainage systems, and natural phenomena. Here are a few examples:

1. Road and Rail Transporta on: Road and rail gradients or slopes are designed to enable
vehicles to travel along a desired path. The slope of the road or rail line is carefully calculated
to balance factors such as safety, vehicle performance, and the requirements of the terrain.
Gravity assists in propelling vehicles downhill, reducing the need for excessive energy
consump on.

2. Drainage Systems: Gravity slopes are u lized in drainage systems to ensure the smooth flow
of liquids, such as stormwater and wastewater. In sewer networks, gravity sewers are
designed with downward slopes to allow gravity to carry the wastewater from higher
eleva ons to lower eleva ons or treatment facili es. This eliminates the need for pumps and
reduces energy consump on.

3. Natural Water Flow: In natural landscapes, gravity-driven slopes determine the flow of water
in rivers, streams, and watercourses. The slope of the terrain influences the speed and
direc on of water flow, which is cri cal for the shaping of landscapes, erosion processes, and
the crea on of natural channels.

4. Avalanche and Landslide Control: Gravity slopes play a role in managing and mi ga ng the
risks associated with avalanches and landslides. In avalanche-prone areas, specialized
structures and barriers are installed on slopes to redirect or slow down the flow of snow
masses under the influence of gravity, reducing the poten al impact on infrastructure and
human se lements. Similarly, engineered slopes and stabiliza on measures are
implemented to prevent or control landslides.

5. Gravity Retaining Walls: Gravity retaining walls are structures built to resist the pressure
exerted by soil or other materials, allowing them to retain or stabilize the ground behind
 them. These walls u lize their own weight and the force of gravity to counteract the lateral
forces from the retained material, providing stability and preven ng slope failure.

In summary, gravity slopes are inclined surfaces that rely on the force of gravity to facilitate the movement
of objects or fluids. They are u lized in various engineering applica ons, including transporta on systems,
drainage networks, and stabiliza on structures. By harnessing the natural force of gravity, these slopes
enable efficient and cost-effec ve solu ons for managing flows, promo ng safety, and maintaining stability
in different environments.

In underground RCC (Reinforced Concrete) pipeline drainage systems, gravity slope plays a crucial role in
ensuring the proper flow of wastewater and sewage. The gravity slope is carefully designed and
incorporated into the pipeline system to allow the natural gravita onal force to move the liquid waste from
higher points to lower points, without the need for pumping systems.

Here are some key aspects of gravity slope in underground RCC pipeline drainage systems:

1. Slope Calcula on: The slope of the pipeline is determined during the design phase to achieve
a self-cleansing velocity and efficient flow of wastewater. The slope is typically expressed as
a percentage or a fall in eleva on per unit length (e.g., meters per meter or feet per foot).
The slope is calculated based on factors such as the an cipated flow rates, pipe diameter,
and the characteris cs of the liquid waste being transported.

2. Flow Velocity: The gravity slope ensures that the liquid waste within the pipeline maintains
a sufficient velocity to prevent the accumula on of solids and debris. The slope must be
designed to achieve a minimum flow velocity that allows for the self-cleansing of the pipe,
ensuring that sediments do not se le and impede the flow. Proper flow velocity helps
minimize the risk of clogging and ensures effec ve drainage.

3. Hydraulic Gradient: The hydraulic gradient, also known as the energy gradient, is related to
the slope of the pipeline. It represents the change in hydraulic head (eleva on of the liquid
surface) per unit length along the pipeline. The hydraulic gradient must be carefully designed
to provide adequate hydraulic energy for the wastewater to overcome fric onal losses and
maintain a con nuous flow.

4. Pipe Alignment and Slope Consistency: During construc on, it is essen al to ensure the
proper alignment and consistency of the slope along the en re length of the underground
 RCC pipeline. Accurate surveying and alignment techniques are employed to maintain a
consistent slope throughout the system, ensuring the op mal flow of wastewater without
the forma on of low points or areas of flow stagna on.

5. Inlet and Outlet Considera ons: Gravity slope must be considered not only within the
pipeline but also at the inlet and outlet points. The design should account for the eleva on
difference between the entry and exit points to establish the appropriate slope that allows
for a seamless flow of wastewater from the inlet to the outlet.

By incorpora ng a carefully calculated gravity slope in underground RCC pipeline drainage systems, the
reliance on pumping systems can be minimized or eliminated. This design approach offers several benefits,
including reduced energy consump on, lower maintenance costs, and a decreased risk of pump failures.
Addi onally, the self-cleansing nature of gravity flow helps prevent blockages and ensures the efficient
opera on of the drainage system.

Overall, the gravity slope in underground RCC pipeline drainage systems plays a cri cal role in maintaining
proper flow and preven ng the accumula on of solids, contribu ng to the effec ve management of
wastewater and sewage in urban and industrial environments.
 4. RCC pipes (np4)

RCC NP4 pipes, also known as Non-Pressure (NP) Class 4 pipes, are a type of reinforced concrete pipes used
in various underground applica ons, par cularly for sewerage and drainage systems. These pipes are
designed to withstand moderate external loads and are suitable for installa ons where there is no internal
pressure present.

Here are some key characteris cs and features of RCC NP4 pipes:

1. Material Composi on: RCC NP4 pipes are made of a combina on of concrete and reinforcing
steel. The concrete is typically a mix of cement, aggregates (such as sand and gravel), and
water. Reinforcing steel, in the form of steel bars or wire mesh, is embedded within the
concrete to provide addi onal strength and reinforcement.

2. Size Range: RCC NP4 pipes are available in a range of sizes, commonly ranging from 300 mm
(12 inches) to 2400 mm (96 inches) in diameter. The choice of pipe size depends on the specific
project requirements and the an cipated flow rates.

3. Class and Load Capacity: NP4 pipes are classified based on their load-carrying capacity. Class
4 indicates a moderate load capacity suitable for installa ons where there are rela vely low
external loads, such as light traffic loads or shallow burial depths. The load capacity of NP4
pipes allows them to withstand typical soil pressures and the weight of the backfill material.

4. Join ng System: RCC NP4 pipes typically use flexible joints to provide a water ght connec on
between individual pipe sec ons. The most common join ng systems for RCC pipes include
rubber ring joints and spigot and socket joints. These join ng systems allow for easy
installa on and ensure the integrity of the pipeline by preven ng leakage and infiltra on of
soil or groundwater.

5. Durability and Longevity: RCC NP4 pipes are designed to have a long service life and are
resistant to corrosion and degrada on. The combina on of reinforced concrete and proper
join ng systems helps protect the pipes from chemical reac ons, abrasion, and environmental
factors, ensuring durability and longevity.

6. Installa on and Handling: RCC NP4 pipes are typically installed using tradi onal open-cut
trenching methods. They are rela vely heavy due to the reinforced concrete construc on, so
 proper handling equipment and techniques are required during transporta on and
installa on.

7. Maintenance: Like any infrastructure, RCC NP4 pipes require regular inspec on and
maintenance to ensure their con nued func onality. Rou ne cleaning and maintenance
ac vi es, such as removing debris or sediment buildup, are essen al to maintain the flow
capacity and prevent blockages.

RCC NP4 pipes are commonly used in municipal sewerage and drainage systems, agricultural applica ons,
and industrial projects. They provide a cost-effec ve and durable solu on for conveying wastewater,
stormwater, and other non-pressurized fluids in underground environments.

It is important to consult local design codes, engineering standards, and project specifica ons for specific
requirements and recommenda ons regarding the use and installa on of RCC NP4 pipes in a given region
or project.

 We used 1000mm dia RCC np4 pipes for this project

An RCC (Reinforced Concrete) pipe with a diameter of 1000mm is a rela vely large-sized pipe used in various
underground applica ons, primarily in sewerage and drainage systems. Here are some key points about RCC
pipes with a diameter of 1000mm:

1. Size and Dimensions: RCC pipes with a 1000mm diameter are commonly available in standard
lengths, typically ranging from 2 to 3 meters (6.5 to 9.8 feet). The wall thickness of these
pipes may vary based on design requirements and local standards.

2. Reinforced Concrete Construc on: These pipes are made of reinforced concrete, which
consists of a mixture of cement, aggregates (such as sand and gravel), water, and
reinforcement in the form of steel bars or wire mesh. The concrete provides structural
strength, while the reinforcement enhances the pipe's ability to resist bending and external
loads.

3. Installa on and Join ng: RCC 1000mm pipes are typically installed using tradi onal open-cut
trenching methods. They are jointed together using various methods, such as rubber ring
joints, spigot and socket joints, or mechanical joints, depending on project specifica ons and
local prac ces. Proper join ng ensures a water ght connec on and prevents leakage.
 4. Load Capacity: RCC pipes with a diameter of 1000mm are designed to withstand substan al
external loads, such as soil pressures, traffic loads, and the weight of the backfill material.
The load-carrying capacity of the pipe is determined based on the specific design criteria,
including an cipated loads and burial depths.

5. Applica ons: These pipes are commonly used in large-scale sewerage and drainage systems,
including municipal infrastructure projects, industrial facili es, and wastewater treatment
plants. They are suitable for conveying significant volumes of wastewater, stormwater, and
other non-pressurized fluids.

6. Durability and Maintenance: RCC pipes are known for their durability and longevity. They are
resistant to corrosion, chemical reac ons, and degrada on, making them suitable for long-
term use in underground environments. Regular inspec on and maintenance are essen al
to ensure the pipes' performance and prevent any blockages or deteriora on over me.

It is important to consult local design standards, engineering specifica ons, and project requirements for
specific guidelines on the use, installa on, and maintenance of RCC 1000mm pipes. Local regula ons and
industry prac ces may vary, and it is crucial to adhere to these guidelines to ensure the proper func oning
and longevity of the pipeline system.
 5.Excava on (Earthwork)

Excava on is a fundamental process in civil engineering that involves the removal of earth, rock, or other
materials from the ground to create a cavity or space for various construc on ac vi es. It is a crucial step
in the construc on of founda ons, trenches, basements, tunnels, roads, and other infrastructure projects.
Here are some key aspects of excava on in civil engineering:

1. Purpose: Excava on is performed for a variety of purposes, including:

 Founda on Prepara on: Excava on is carried out to create a stable and level surface
for construc ng building founda ons or other structural elements.

 Trenching: Excava on is done to create trenches for u li es such as pipelines,

electrical cables, or drainage systems.

 Earthwork: Excava on is conducted for grading and reshaping the land, crea ng
slopes, or construc ng embankments for highways, railways, or dams.

 Underground Construc on: Excava on is crucial for the construc on of tunnels,

underground parking structures, or underground u li es.

2. Site Inves ga on and Planning: Before excava on begins, a thorough site inves ga on is
conducted to assess the soil condi ons, iden fy any poten al hazards, and determine the
appropriate excava on techniques and equipment. Excava on plans are developed,
considering factors such as safety, soil stability, and the intended use of the excavated space.

3. Equipment and Techniques: Excava on can be performed using various techniques and
equipment, depending on the nature of the project and the site condi ons. Common
excava on methods include:

 Mechanical Excava on: This involves the use of heavy machinery such as excavators,
backhoes, or bulldozers to remove soil or rock mechanically.

 Hand Digging: In some cases, excava on may require manual labor using shovels,
picks, or other handheld tools, especially in confined or sensi ve areas.
  Trenchless Methods: These methods, such as horizontal direc onal drilling or
microtunneling, minimize the need for open excava on and are used to install
underground u li es without disturbing the surface.

4. Safety Considera ons: Excava on work presents various safety risks, including cave-ins,
equipment accidents, and hazardous materials. Proper safety measures must be
implemented, such as installing shoring or retaining structures to prevent soil collapse,
providing proper training and personal protec ve equipment (PPE) for workers, and
conduc ng regular inspec ons of the excava on site.

5. Soil Management: Excavated soil or rock must be managed properly. Depending on the
project requirements and environmental regula ons, the material may be reused on-site,
transported to other loca ons, or disposed of in accordance with applicable guidelines.

6. Dewatering: In some cases, groundwater may need to be managed during excava on.
Dewatering techniques, such as using pumps or well points, can be employed to lower the
water table and keep the excava on dry.

7. Inspec on and Quality Control: Excava on work is typically subject to inspec on and quality
control measures to ensure compliance with project specifica ons and safety standards.
Inspec ons may include checking the stability of slopes or retaining walls, verifying the
quality of materials, and assessing the adequacy of safety measures.

Excava on is a cri cal process in civil engineering that lays the founda on for many construc on projects.
By following proper techniques, adhering to safety protocols, and considering environmental factors,
successful excava on can be achieved, providing a solid base for subsequent construc on ac vi es.
Excava on for RCC (Reinforced Concrete) pipelines involves the process of crea ng trenches or cavi es
in the ground to accommodate the installa on of underground concrete pipelines for various applica ons
such as water supply, sewerage, or drainage systems. Here are some key points to consider when
performing excava on for RCC pipelines:

1. Planning and Design: Before excava on begins, it is essen al to have a well-defined plan and
design for the pipeline layout. This includes determining the alignment, depth, and slope the
 pipeline, as well as considering factors such as the soil condi ons, pipe diameter, and
an cipated flow rates.

2. Trenching: Excava on for RCC pipelines typically involves crea ng trenches along the desired
pipeline route. The width and depth of the trench will depend on the pipe diameter, required
cover depth, and any specific design or engineering requirements. It is crucial to excavate
the trench to the specified dimensions and maintain the required slope for proper flow and
func onality of the pipeline.

3. Excava on Equipment: Excava on equipment such as excavators, backhoes, or trenchers are

commonly used for digging the trenches. The choice of equipment will depend on the scale
of the project, site condi ons, and the size and depth of the trench required.

4. Shoring and Slope Stability: Depending on the soil condi ons and trench depth, shoring
techniques may be necessary to ensure the stability of the trench walls and prevent collapse.
Shoring systems such as mber or steel shee ng, hydraulic shoring, or soil nails can be
employed to provide support and maintain the integrity of the excava on.

5. Dewatering: Groundwater management may be necessary during excava on to keep the

trench dry. Dewatering techniques such as well points, sump pumps, or gravity drainage
systems can be u lized to lower the water table and maintain a suitable working
environment.

6. Trench Backfilling: A er the pipeline installa on, proper backfilling of the trench is crucial to
provide support and stability to the pipeline. The backfill material should be compacted in
layers, following engineering specifica ons, to prevent se lement and ensure adequate
load-bearing capacity.

7. Quality Control and Inspec on: Regular inspec ons should be conducted during excava on
to ensure compliance with project specifica ons, design requirements, and safety standards.
This includes checking the dimensions of the trench, the alignment of the pipeline, the
quality of the backfill material, and the implementa on of necessary safety measures.

8. Environmental Considera ons: Excava on for RCC pipelines should take into account any
environmental factors, such as the protec on of exis ng u li es, tree preserva on, or any
 poten al impact on nearby water bodies or environmentally sensi ve areas. Appropriate
measures should be taken to mi gate any adverse effects on the environment.

It is important to consult local regula ons, engineering standards, and project specifica ons specific to
your loca on when performing excava on for RCC pipelines. Adhering to these guidelines ensures the
proper installa on, func onality, and longevity of the pipeline system while considering safety and
environmental considera ons.
Earthwork excava on calcula ons are essen al in civil engineering and construc on projects to es mate
the quan ty of soil, rock, or other materials that need to be excavated. These calcula ons help in
determining the cost, equipment requirements, and scheduling of excava on ac vi es. Here's a general
overview of the steps involved in earthwork excava on calcula ons:

1. Establish Survey Control: Begin by establishing accurate survey control points to reference
the excava on area. This involves conduc ng a topographic survey or using exis ng survey
data to establish the necessary benchmarks and coordinate system.

2. Determine the Cross-Sec onal Area: Divide the excava on area into sec ons or slices along
the desired alignment. Measure and record the width and depth of each sec on at regular
intervals, typically at 1-meter or 2-foot increments. This data will be used to calculate the
cross-sec onal area of each slice.

3. Calculate the Volume: Using the cross-sec onal area measurements, calculate the volume
of each slice by mul plying the area by the distance between slices. The volume calcula on
can be done using various methods, such as the average-end-area method, prismoidal
formula, or digital terrain modeling so ware.

4. Account for Slopes and Benches: If the excava on involves slopes or benches, calculate the
addi onal volumes associated with these features. This may require separate calcula ons
for each slope or bench sec on based on its unique dimensions.

5. Consider Shrinkage or Swell Factors: Soil can experience shrinkage or swell when excavated
and exposed to different moisture condi ons. Determine the shrinkage or swell factor based
on soil characteris cs and adjust the volume calcula ons accordingly to account for the
change in soil volume.

6. Summarize the Volumes: Sum up the volumes obtained from each sec on to obtain the total
excava on volume. This total volume represents the amount of material that needs to be
removed from the excava on area.

7. Check for Overlapping Areas: If there are overlapping areas or sec ons where excava on
and backfilling occur within the same project, adjust the calcula ons to account for the
overlap. This ensures accurate quan ty es ma on without double-coun ng or omi ng any
areas.
 8. Account for Spoil or Waste: If there is excess excavated material that needs to be disposed
of as waste or transported off-site, es mate the volume of spoil and account for it separately.
This allows for proper planning of hauling and disposal requirements.

9. Refine the Calcula ons: Regularly review and refine the excava on calcula ons as the
project progresses and as more accurate informa on becomes available. Adjustments may
be necessary due to changes in design, unforeseen ground condi ons, or modifica ons to
the excava on plan.

It's important to note that specific calcula on methods and so ware tools may vary depending on the
project requirements and available resources. Consul ng with a qualified engineer or using specialized
excava on es ma on so ware can help ensure accurate and efficient earthwork excava on calcula ons
for your specific project.
 6.Laying

The laying of RCC (Reinforced Concrete) pipelines involves the process of installing and posi oning the
precast concrete pipes in the desired alignment and gradient to create an efficient and reliable pipeline
system. Here are the general steps involved in the laying of RCC pipelines:

1. Site Prepara on: Prepare the site by clearing any obstruc ons and ensuring a clear
pathway for the pipeline installa on. This includes removing vegeta on, debris, and
leveling the ground.

2. Excava on: Excavate the trench according to the specified dimensions and alignment
determined in the pipeline design. The trench should be wide enough to accommodate the
pipe and provide space for workers to maneuver during installa on.

3. Bedding and Support: Prepare the trench bo om by placing a layer of suitable bedding
material, such as crushed stone or sand, to provide a stable and even support for the
pipeline. The bedding material should be properly compacted and leveled.

4. Alignment and Gradient: Set the alignment and gradient of the pipeline according to the
design specifica ons. This involves using surveying instruments or laser levels to ensure the
pipes are posi oned correctly and maintain the required slope for proper flow.

5. Join ng: Install the pipes by placing them sequen ally along the trench. Properly align the
spigot (male) end of one pipe with the socket (female) end of the adjacent pipe, ensuring a
ght and water ght connec on. Different join ng methods may be used, such as rubber
ring joints, spigot and socket joints, or mechanical joints, depending on the project
requirements and local standards.

6. Support and Backfilling: As each pipe is laid, provide temporary supports, such as mber
or adjustable braces, to hold the pipes in place un l backfilling is completed. Backfill the
trench with suitable material in layers, compac ng it carefully around the pipes to provide
stability and prevent voids.

7. Compac on: Proper compac on of the backfill material is crucial to ensure the long-term
stability and integrity of the pipeline. Use compac ng equipment, such as vibratory rollers
or plate compactors, to achieve the required compac on density and minimize se ling.
 8. Tes ng and Inspec on: Conduct necessary tests and inspec ons to ensure the quality and
integrity of the pipeline installa on. This may include pressure tes ng, visual inspec ons,
or leak detec on to verify the performance of the pipeline system.

9. Surface Restora on: Once the pipeline installa on is complete and successfully tested,
restore the surface by filling and compac ng the remaining backfill material, restoring any
disturbed surfaces, and reinsta ng landscaping or pavement as required.

It is important to follow local regula ons, engineering standards, and project specifica ons specific to
your loca on when laying RCC pipelines. Adhering to these guidelines ensures the proper installa on,

func onality, and longevity of the pipeline system while considering safety and environmental
considera ons.
 7.Car ng

In civil engineering, the term "car ng" refers to the transporta on or movement of construc on
materials, equipment, or debris from one loca on to another within a construc on site or between
different sites. It involves the use of carts, trucks, or other vehicles to transport materials efficiently
and effec vely. Here are some key points to consider regarding car ng in civil engineering:

1. Material Transport: Car ng is primarily used for the transport of construc on materials
such as aggregates, cement, bricks, steel, sand, or any other required materials for
construc on ac vi es. These materials are o en transported from storage areas or
supplier loca ons to the construc on site.

2. Equipment Movement: Car ng may also involve the movement of construc on

equipment, machinery, or tools to various loca ons within the construc on site. This
includes items such as excavators, cranes, concrete mixers, scaffolding, and other
equipment needed for construc on opera ons.

3. Debris Removal: Car ng is essen al for the removal of construc on debris, waste
materials, or excavated soil from the construc on site. This helps in maintaining a clean
and safe working environment and ensures efficient progress of construc on ac vi es.

4. Logis cs Planning: Effec ve car ng requires proper logis cs planning to ensure the mely
delivery of materials and equipment to the required loca ons. This involves coordina ng
transporta on schedules, op mizing routes, and managing the flow of materials based on
project requirements and construc on melines.

5. Vehicle Selec on: The selec on of appropriate vehicles for car ng depends on the type
and quan ty of materials or equipment being transported. It is important to choose
vehicles with appropriate load capaci es, sizes, and features suitable for the specific
construc on needs.

6. Safety Considera ons: Safety is of utmost importance during car ng opera ons. Proper
loading and securing of materials, adherence to weight limits, and safe driving prac ces are
crucial to prevent accidents and ensure the well-being of workers and the public.
 7. Environmental Considera ons: Environmental factors, such as emissions and fuel
consump on, should be considered during car ng opera ons. Implemen ng fuel-efficient
vehicles, op mizing transporta on routes, and considering alterna ve transporta on
methods, such as electric vehicles or material batching, can help reduce the environmental
impact.

8. Coordina on with Project Teams: Effec ve communica on and coordina on between

various project teams, including procurement, logis cs, and construc on teams, are
essen al to ensure a smooth car ng process. This helps avoid delays, op mize resource
u liza on, and maintain an efficient construc on workflow.

It is important to comply with local regula ons, traffic rules, and safety standards when conduc ng
car ng opera ons in civil engineering projects. Proper planning, coordina on, and adherence to
best prac ces contribute to the overall success and efficiency of construc on ac vi es.
 8.Manholes
Construc on of fly ash brick sewer manholes involves the use of fly ash bricks, which are made from
the byproduct of coal combus on, known as fly ash. These bricks are known for their environmental
benefits, as they u lize a waste material and have a lower carbon footprint compared to tradi onal
clay bricks. Here are the key steps involved in construc ng fly ash brick sewer manholes:

1. Design and Planning: Develop a design and plan for the sewer manhole system, considering
factors such as the required dimensions, depth, number of chambers, and connec on points
to the sewer network. Ensure compliance with local codes, regula ons, and engineering
standards.

2. Excava on: Excavate the area where the sewer manhole is to be constructed. The depth and
dimensions of the excava on should match the design specifica ons, allowing for adequate
space for the manhole chambers, access points, and connec ons.

3. Base Prepara on: Prepare a suitable base for the manhole by ensuring a level and stable
founda on. This may involve compac ng the soil, adding a layer of granular material, or
using a concrete base slab to provide a solid and stable pla orm.

4. Fly Ash Brick Construc on: Begin construc ng the manhole walls using fly ash bricks. These
bricks are typically laid in a staggered pa ern using mortar or adhesive. Reinforcement bars
(rebars) can be inserted at specific intervals to provide addi onal strength and stability.

5. Chamber Construc on: Construct the chambers within the manhole, allowing for the flow
and collec on of wastewater. Install precast concrete or PVC pipe segments as inlet and
outlet pipes, connec ng them to the sewer network.

6. Manhole Cover and Frame Installa on: Install a suitable manhole cover and frame on top
of the manhole structure to provide access for maintenance and inspec on. Ensure the cover
is secure, air ght, and able to bear the expected load.

7. Backfilling and Compac on: Backfill the excavated area around the manhole structure,
ensuring proper compac on of the soil or other fill material. This helps provide support and
stability to the manhole and prevents se ling or subsidence.
 8. Surface Restora on: Restore the surrounding surface area by filling and compac ng the
remaining backfill material. This may involve regrading the area, replacing any disturbed
pavement or landscaping, and ensuring proper drainage around the manhole.

9. Tes ng and Inspec on: Conduct necessary tests and inspec ons to ensure the quality and
func onality of the fly ash brick sewer manhole. This may include checks for water ghtness,
structural integrity, and compliance with design specifica ons and regulatory requirements.

It is important to follow best prac ces, industry standards, and local guidelines when construc ng
fly ash brick sewer manholes. Proper construc on techniques, quality control, and adherence to
safety protocols contribute to the longevity and efficiency of the sewer system.
 9.Manhole cover
A manhole cover is a removable plate or lid that is used to cover the opening of a manhole, providing
access to underground u lity infrastructure such as sewer lines, stormwater drains, or u lity
chambers. Manhole covers serve several important func ons:

1. Safety: Manhole covers prevent accidental falls into open manholes, protec ng pedestrians,
vehicles, and animals from poten al hazards. They are designed to withstand heavy loads
and provide a secure barrier to prevent access to the underground infrastructure.

2. Access and Maintenance: Manhole covers allow authorized personnel to access the
underground u lity systems for maintenance, repairs, inspec ons, or cleaning purposes.
They provide a convenient and safe entry point for workers to perform tasks inside the
manhole.

3. Security: Manhole covers help deter unauthorized entry or tampering with underground
infrastructure. The covers are designed to be heavy and difficult to remove without proper
tools, reducing the risk of vandalism, the , or unauthorized access.

4. Aesthe cs and Integra on: Manhole covers are o en designed to blend with the
surrounding environment, ensuring they do not disrupt the visual appearance of the street
or sidewalk. They can be customized with pa erns, logos, or textures to match the
surrounding architectural elements.

5. Durability and Load Capacity: Manhole covers are engineered to withstand heavy loads,
including vehicular traffic, without deforming or collapsing. They are typically made of
materials such as cast iron, duc le iron, or reinforced concrete, ensuring long-las ng
performance and durability.

6. Water ghtness: Manhole covers are designed to provide a water ght seal to prevent water
ingress into the underground infrastructure. This helps maintain the func onality and
integrity of the sewer or drainage system.

7. Locking Mechanisms: Some manhole covers may feature locking mechanisms to enhance
security and prevent unauthorized access. Locks or bolts can be used to secure the cover in
place and ensure it remains closed un l authorized personnel open it.
It is important to select manhole covers that meet local standards, regula ons, and load
requirements specific to the intended applica on. Proper installa on, regular maintenance, and
periodic inspec ons of manhole covers are crucial to ensure their effec veness, safety, and
longevity.
Manhole Depth(m)

MH1 2.4
MH2 2.6
MH3 2.8
MH4 2.8
MH5 3.5
MH6 3.5
MH7 4.2
MH8 3.7
MH9 3.7
MH10 3.7
MH11 3.9
MH12 3.9
MH13 4.3
MH14 4.6
MH15 4.6
MH16 5
MH17 4.9
MH18 4.9
MH19 4.4
MH20 4.4
MH21 4.1
MH22 4.2
MH23 3.9
MH24 3.5
MH25 3.3
MH26 3.2
MH27 3.2
MH28 3.1
MH29 2.9
MH30 3.1
MH31 3.3
MH32 3.2
MH33 3.5
MH34 3.3
MH35 3.4
MH36 3.4
MH37 3.3
MH38 3.1
MH39 2.9
MH40 2.7
MH41 2.7
MH42 2.9
MH43 3.3
MH44 3.4
MH45 3.7
MH46 3.9
MH47 4
MH48 4
MH49 4.1
MH50 4.2
MH51 4.6
MH52 4.8
MH53 3.8
MH54 3.5
 10.Calucula ons
Earth work Excava on NO'S LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH TOTAL UN
soil with hydraulic
excavator of 0.9cum
bucket capacity. up to
depth below GL where
depth is less than width
with Mechanical means
excluding bailing of water
Out let
MH1 1*1 68.25 2.25 2.075 318.64 cum
MH2 1*1 43.8 2.25 2.25 221.74 cum
MH3 1*1 66.5 2.25 2.4 359.10 cum
MH4 1*1 49.8 2.25 2.5 280.13 cum
MH5 1*1 56.9 2.25 2.85 364.87 cum
MH6 1*1 39.5 2.25 3.15 279.96 cum
MH7 1*1 34 2.75 3.75 350.63 cum
MH8 1*1 31.7 2.5 4.2 332.85 cum
MH9 1*1 31.7 2.5 3.95 313.04 cum
MH10 1*1 31 2.5 3.85 298.38 cum
MH11 1*1 31.7 2.75 3.95 344.34 cum
MH12 1*1 31.7 2.75 4.05 353.06 cum
MH13 1*1 34.3 2.75 4.25 400.88 cum
MH14 1*1 32 2.75 4.6 404.80 cum
MH15 1*1 32 2.75 4.75 418.00 cum
MH16 1*1 16.6 2.75 4.95 225.97 cum
MH17 1*1 31.8 2.75 4.65 406.64 cum
MH18 1*1 38.8 2.75 3.9 416.13 cum
MH19 1*1 35.3 2.75 3.65 354.32 cum
MH20 1*1 42 2.75 3.9 450.45 cum
MH21 1*1 29 2.75 4.2 334.95 cum
MH22 1*1 39.2 2.75 4.3 463.54 cum
MH23 1*1 34.1 2.5 4.2 358.05 cum
MH24 1*1 34.1 2.5 3.35 285.59 cum
MH25 1*1 31.5 2.25 2.45 173.64 cum
MH26 1*1 31.4 2.25 2.2 155.43 cum
MH27 1*1 21.5 2.25 2.75 133.03 cum
MH28 1*1 34 2.25 3.3 252.45 cum
MH29 1*1 29 2.25 3.15 205.54 cum
MH30 1*1 26.3 2.25 3 177.53 cum
MH31 1*1 31 2.25 2.95 205.76 cum
MH32 1*1 36.4 2.25 2.95 241.61 cum
MH33 1*1 34 2.25 3.05 233.33 cum
MH34 1*1 31.8 2.25 3.15 225.38 cum
MH35 1*1 32 2.25 3.15 226.80 cum
MH36 1*1 32 2.25 3.15 226.80 cum
MH37 1*1 24.4 2.25 3.15 172.94 cum
MH38 1*1 24 2.25 3.2 172.80 cum
MH39 1*1 34 2.25 3.15 240.98 cum
MH40 1*1 6.4 2.25 2.95 42.48 cum
MH41 1*1 31.7 2.25 2.85 203.28 cum
MH42 1*1 29.8 2.25 2.95 197.80 cum
MH43 1*1 31 2.25 3.25 226.69 cum
MH44 1*1 36.6 2.25 2.85 234.70 cum
MH45 1*1 31.5 2.5 2.4 189.00 cum
MH46 1*1 31.7 2.5 3.3 261.53 cum
MH47 1*1 32 2.75 3.4 299.20 cum
MH48 1*1 34.5 2.75 2.75 260.91 cum
MH49 1*1 32 2.75 2.75 242.00 cum
MH50 1*1 32 2.75 2.7 237.60 cum
MH51 1*1 31.7 2.75 2.9 252.81 cum
MH52 1*1 32 2.75 3.05 268.40 cum
MH53 1*1 50.5 2.75 3 416.63 cum
MH54 1*1 31.5 2.5 3.1 244.13
TOTAL 1843.95 14957.17 cu
= m
 Laying no of 1000mm dia RCC pipes. Chainage to chainage

Manufacture,
Supply and
Delivery of
various internal
dia R.C.C. NP 4
Spun / Vibrated
Cast
(Reinforced)
Socket and
Spigot pipes OF
1000MM DIA
out let to MH1 27 2.5 67.50 rmt
MH1 to MH2 17 2.5 42.50 rmt
MH2 to MH3 26 2.5 65.00 rmt
MH3 to MH4 19 2.5 47.50 rmt
MH4 to MH5 22 2.5 55.00 rmt
MH5 to MH6 15 2.5 37.50 rmt
MH6 to MH7 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH7 to MH8 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH8 to MH9 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH9 to MH10 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH10 to MH11 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH11 to MH12 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH12 to MH13 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH13 to MH14 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH14 to MH15 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH15 to MH16 6 2.5 15.00 rmt
MH16 to MH17 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH17 to MH18 15 2.5 37.50 rmt
MH18 to MH19 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH19 to MH20 16 2.5 40.00 rmt
MH20 to MH21 11 2.5 27.50 rmt
MH21 to MH22 15 2.5 37.50 rmt
MH22 to MH23 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH23 to MH24 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH24 to MH25 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH25 to MH26 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH26 to MH27 8 2.5 20.00 rmt
MH27 to MH28 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH28 to MH29 11 2.5 27.50 rmt
MH29 to MH30 10 2.5 25.00 rmt
MH30 to MH31 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH31 to MH32 14 2.5 35.00 rmt
MH32 to MH33 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH33 to MH34 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH34 to MH35 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH35 to MH36 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH36 to MH37 9 2.5 22.50 rmt
MH37 to MH38 9 2.5 22.50 rmt
MH38 to MH39 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH39 to MH40 2 2.5 5.00 rmt
MH40 to MH41 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH41 to MH42 11 2.5 27.50 rmt
MH42 to MH43 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH43 to MH44 14 2.5 35.00 rmt
MH44 to MH45 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH45 to MH46 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH46 to MH47 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH47 to MH48 13 2.5 32.50 rmt
MH48 to MH49 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH49 to MH50 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH50 to MH51 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH51 to MH52 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
MH52 to MH53 19 2.5 47.50 rmt
MH53 TO MH54 12 2.5 30.00 rmt
TOTAL
TOTAL = 701 No's = 1752.50 rmt
 Car ng quan ty

Carting away unuseful excavated rock

at site and pipe line trench earth
including transportation of 2 km(in
addition to initial 1Km) away from the
work spot
1000mm diaPIPE VOLUME
1*1 1752.50 1981.03 cum
3.14x(1.2^2/4)x L

 Refilling Earthwork

Refilling with usefull available

excavated earth / soils in trenches
,sides of foundations & basement and
the pipeline trenches after laid,
jointed,

total earthwork + rock qty= 15829.81

pipe volume 1981.03
total refilling 13848.79 cum