Toprank Review

January 2024 CLE

Criminal Evidence
1. Antemortem statements or statements
in articulo mortis, statements or
utterances whether oral, written, or
conduct, made by a victim of violence,
after sustaining a mortal wound, under
the belief that death is imminent, stating
the facts concerning the cause and
circumstances of his mortal wound

a. Res Gestae
b. Admission by conspirator
c. Dying Declaration
d. Extrajudicial Confession
1. Antemortem statements or statements
in articulo mortis, statements or
utterances whether oral, written, or
conduct, made by a victim of violence,
after sustaining a mortal wound, under
the belief that death is imminent, stating
the facts concerning the cause and
circumstances of his mortal wound

a. Res Gestae
b. Admission by conspirator
c. Dying Declaration
d. Extrajudicial Confession
Dying Declaration

ante mortem statements made by a

dying person under a
consciousness of an impending
death

declaration must refer to the cause

and circumstances surrounding his
death
2. Evidence is admissible
when it is relevant to the
issue and not excluded by:

a. Constitution
b. Law
c. Rules of Court
d. All of the above
2. Evidence is admissible
when it is relevant to the
issue and not excluded by:

a. Constitution
b. Law
c. Rules of Court
d. All of the above
Evidence must not be
excluded by the
constitution, law and
rules of court
(Competency)
3. It is an additional evidence
of a different character to same
point. It tends to strengthen or
affirm the previous evidence

a. Cumulative evidence
b. Corroborative evidence
c. Primary evidence
d. Rebuttal evidence
3. It is an additional evidence
of a different character to same
point. It tends to strengthen or
affirm the previous evidence

a. Cumulative evidence
b. Corroborative evidence
c. Primary evidence
d. Rebuttal evidence
Additional Evidence

same kind/character, same

point- CUMULATIVE

different kind/character, same

point- CORROBORATIVE
4. It refers to the ultimate fact
to be proven

a. Factum Probandum
b. Factum Probans
c. Mens Rea
d. Actus Reus
4. It refers to the ultimate fact
to be proven

a. Factum Probandum
b. Factum Probans
c. Mens Rea
d. Actus Reus
Factum Probandum-
ultimate fact

Factum Probans-
evidentiary fact
5. Rules of evidence shall be
the same in all courts and in all
trials and hearings

a. Rule of Unity
b. Rule of Oneness
c. Rule of Uniformity
d. Rule of Solidarity
5. Rules of evidence shall be
the same in all courts and in all
trials and hearings

a. Rule of Unity
b. Rule of Oneness
c. Rule of Uniformity
d. Rule of Solidarity
Rule of Uniformity

Rules of evidence shall be the

same in all courts and in all
trials and hearings
6. If a document is offered to
prove its contents, the document
is what kind of evidence

a. Testimonial
b. Object
c. Documentary
d. Real
6. If a document is offered to
prove its contents, the document
is what kind of evidence

a. Testimonial
b. Object
c. Documentary
d. Real
If a document is offered to
prove its CONTENTS-
documentary

If offered to prove
existence/condition- object
7. It refers to a mute but
eloquent manifestation of truth
and rates highly in the hierarchy
of trustworthy evidence

a. Testimonial Evidence
b. Documentary Evidence
c. Object Evidence
d. Expert Evidence
7. It refers to a mute but
eloquent manifestation of truth
and rates highly in the hierarchy
of trustworthy evidence

a. Testimonial Evidence
b. Documentary Evidence
c. Object Evidence
d. Expert Evidence
Object Evidence

It refers to a mute but eloquent

manifestation of truth and rates
highly in the hierarchy of
trustworthy evidence
8. Re-examination by the party
calling him to explain or
supplement his answers given
during the cross-examination

a. Cross-examination
b. Direct examination
c. Redirect examination
d. Recross examination
8. Re-examination by the party
calling him to explain or
supplement his answers given
during the cross-examination

a. Cross-examination
b. Direct examination
c. Redirect examination
d. Recross examination
Redirect Examination

Re-examination by the party

calling him to explain or
supplement his answers given
during the cross-examination
9. What is required in proof
beyond reasonable doubt?

a. absolute certainty
b. perfect certainty
c. moral certainty
d. All of the above
9. What is required in proof
beyond reasonable doubt?

a. absolute certainty
b. perfect certainty
c. moral certainty
d. All of the above
Proof beyond reasonable doubt

-does not mean absolute certainty

excluding possibility of error

-only MORAL CERTAINTY or that

degree of proof which produces
conviction in an unprejudiced
mind
10. These are statement of
facts which does not involve
an acknowledgement of guilt

a. Admission
b. Confession
c. Admission by Silence
d. Extrajudicial confession
10. These are statement of
facts which does not involve
an acknowledgement of guilt

a. Admission
b. Confession
c. Admission by Silence
d. Extrajudicial confession
Admission- statement of facts which
does not involve an acknowledgement
of guilt

Confession- statement of facts which

involves an acknowledgement of guilt
11. In an attorney-client
relationship, a party may invoke
disqualification by reason of
privileged communication, this
privilege belongs to the

a. attorney
b. client
c. judge
d. all of the above
11. In an attorney-client
relationship, a party may invoke
disqualification by reason of
privileged communication, this
privilege belongs to the

a. attorney
b. client
c. judge
d. all of the above
In attorney-client privilege,
the privilege belongs to
the client
12. The examination of individual
witness shall be in the following order

a. Examination, Cross, Redirect and

Recross
b. Direct, Cross, Redirect and Recross
c. Cross, Re cross, Direct and
Redirect
d. Direct, Redirect, Cross and Recross
12. The examination of individual
witness shall be in the following order

a. Examination, Cross, Redirect and

Recross
b. Direct, Cross, Redirect and Recross
c. Cross, Re cross, Direct and
Redirect
d. Direct, Redirect, Cross and Recross
A witness shall be examined in the
following order:

1. Direct (proponent)

2. Cross (opponent)

3. Redirect (proponent)

4. Recross (opponent)
13. Evidence will be excluded if it
was gained through evidence
uncovered in an illegal arrest,
unreasonable search or coercive
interrogation. This is known as:

a. Miranda Doctrine
b. Doctrine of the Fruit of the
Poisonous Tree
c. Doctrine of Absorption
d. All of the above
13. Evidence will be excluded if it
was gained through evidence
uncovered in an illegal arrest,
unreasonable search or coercive
interrogation. This is known as:

a. Miranda Doctrine
b. Doctrine of the Fruit of the
Poisonous Tree
c. Doctrine of Absorption
d. All of the above
Doctrine of the Fruit of the
Poisonous Tree

Evidence will be excluded if it was

gained through evidence uncovered
in an illegal arrest, unreasonable
search or coercive interrogation
14. An ancient document is a
document that is

a. less than 30 years old

b. more than 30 years old
c. less than 20 years old
d. None of the above
14. An ancient document is a
document that is

a. less than 30 years old

b. more than 30 years old
c. less than 20 years old
d. None of the above
An ancient document is a
document that is more than
30 years old

authentication not required

15. The court can go to the place
where the object is located, when
the object evidence cannot be
brought to court because it is
immovable or inconvenient to
remove

a. Checkpoint
b. Ocular Inspection
c. Inquest Proceeding
d. Search and Seizure
15. The court can go to the place
where the object is located, when
the object evidence cannot be
brought to court because it is
immovable or inconvenient to
remove

a. Checkpoint
b. Ocular Inspection
c. Inquest Proceeding
d. Search and Seizure
Ocular Inspection

The court can go to the place

where the object is located,
when the object evidence
cannot be brought to court
because it is immovable or
inconvenient to remove
16. Accused was charge for homicide.
He interposes the justifying
circumstance of self defense. In such
case, the burden of proof__.

a. shifts to the accused

b. upon the discretion of the court
c. rests to whoever presents the
evidence
d. still belongs to the prosecution
16. Accused was charge for homicide.
He interposes the justifying
circumstance of self defense. In such
case, the burden of proof__.

a. shifts to the accused

b. upon the discretion of the court
c. rests to whoever presents the
evidence
d. still belongs to the prosecution
The burden of proof shifts to
the accused if he interposes
self-defense
17. Which of the following is not a
public document?

a. Documents acknowledged before a

notary public
b. Notarized last wills and testaments
c. Public records, kept in the
Philippines, of private documents
required by law
d. The written official acts, or records
of the official acts of the sovereign
authority
17. Which of the following is not a
public document?

a. Documents acknowledged before a

notary public
b. Notarized last wills and testaments
c. Public records, kept in the
Philippines, of private documents
required by law
d. The written official acts, or records
of the official acts of the sovereign
authority
Notarized last wills and
testaments are not public
documents
18. Time to offer object evidence

a. Before presentation the object in

court
b. After the presentation of
testimonial evidence
c. After trial
d. appeal
18. Time to offer object evidence

a. Before presentation the object in

court
b. After the presentation of
testimonial evidence
c. After trial
d. appeal
Time to offer:

Object evidence- after the

presentation of testimonial
evidence

Documentary evidence- after

the presentation of testimonial
evidence

Testimonial evidence- at the time

the witness is called to testify
19. When the witness affirms that
a fact did or did not exist or occur,
this is referred to as ____evidence

a. presumptive
b. negative
c. positive
d. conclusive
19. When the witness affirms that
a fact did or did not exist or occur,
this is referred to as ____evidence

a. presumptive
b. negative
c. positive
d. conclusive
Positive Evidence

When the witness affirms that

a fact did or did not exist or
occur
20. When is the testimony of the
witness being offered?

a. At the discretion of the counsel

at any time of the proceedings
b. At the time the witness is called
to testify
c. At the time the witness
Identifies the exhibits or evidence
d. After the presentation of the
testimonies of the witness
20. When is the testimony of the
witness being offered?

a. At the discretion of the counsel

at any time of the proceedings
b. At the time the witness is called
to testify
c. At the time the witness
Identifies the exhibits or evidence
d. After the presentation of the
testimonies of the witness
The testimony of the witness
is being offered at the time
the witness is called to
testify
21. It refers to the duly recorded
authorized movements and custody of
seized drugs or controlled chemicals or
plant sources of dangerous drugs of
each stage, from the time of
seizure/confiscation to receipt in the
forensic laboratory to safekeeping to
presentation in court

a. Chain of Command
b. Chain of Responsibility
c. Chain of Custody
d. All of the above
21. It refers to the duly recorded
authorized movements and custody of
seized drugs or controlled chemicals or
plant sources of dangerous drugs of
each stage, from the time of
seizure/confiscation to receipt in the
forensic laboratory to safekeeping to
presentation in court

a. Chain of Command
b. Chain of Responsibility
c. Chain of Custody
d. All of the above
Chain of Custody Stages:

1. From the time of

seizure/confiscation to

2. Receipt in the forensic laboratory

to

3. Safekeeping to

4. Presentation in court for

destruction
22. When the terms of an agreement
have been reduced to writing, it is
considered as containing all the terms
agreed upon and there can be, between
the parties and their successors-in-
interest, no evidence of such terms
other than the contents of the written
agreement. This refers to:

a. Original Document Rule

b. Secondary Evidence Rule
c. Parol Evidence Rule
d. Best Evidence Rule
22. When the terms of an agreement
have been reduced to writing, it is
considered as containing all the terms
agreed upon and there can be, between
the parties and their successors-in-
interest, no evidence of such terms
other than the contents of the written
agreement. This refers to:

a. Original Document Rule

b. Secondary Evidence Rule
c. Parol Evidence Rule
d. Best Evidence Rule
Parol Evidence Rule
prohibits the varying of
the terms of a written
agreement
23. Which of the following privileged
communication is applicable in civil
cases only?

a. Marital Privilege
b. Attorney-Client Privilege
c. Physician and Patient Privilege
d. Priest/Minister-Penitent Privilege
23. Which of the following privileged
communication is applicable in civil
cases only?

a. Marital Privilege
b. Attorney-Client Privilege
c. Physician and Patient Privilege
d. Priest/Minister-Penitent Privilege
Physician and Patient Privilege is
only applicable in CIVIL CASES

It cannot be claimed in a criminal

case because the interest of the
public in criminal prosecution
should be deemed important than
the secrecy of the communication
24. Evidence which is given to
explain, repel, counteract or
disprove facts given in evidence
by the adverse party

a. sur rebuttal evidence

b. rebuttal evidence
c. primary evidence
d. negative evidence
24. Evidence which is given to
explain, repel, counteract or
disprove facts given in
evidence by the adverse party

a. sur rebuttal evidence

b. rebuttal evidence
c. primary evidence
d. negative evidence
A REBUTTAL Evidence is
given to explain, repel,
counteract or disprove
facts given in evidence by
the adverse party

A sur-rebuttal evidence is
a reply to rebuttal
evidence
25. It is the examination-in-chief-
of a witness by the party
presenting him on the facts
relevant to the issue

a. Re-cross examination
b. Re-direct examination
c. Cross-examination
d. Direct examination
25. It is the examination-in-chief-
of a witness by the party
presenting him on the facts
relevant to the issue

a. Re-cross examination
b. Re-direct examination
c. Cross-examination
d. Direct examination
Direct Examination

examination-in-chief- of a
witness by the party
presenting him on the
facts relevant to the
issue
26. It refers to the examination
conducted by the court on the
competency of a witness whenever
there is an objection to the
competency of the witness and is
usually made before the witness
starts with his testimony

a. Voir Dire Examination

b. Vori Dire Examination
c. Voir Deri Examination
d. Vori Dire Examination
26. It refers to the examination
conducted by the court on the
competency of a witness whenever
there is an objection to the
competency of the witness and is
usually made before the witness
starts with his testimony

a. Voir Dire Examination

b. Vori Dire Examination
c. Voir Deri Examination
d. Vori Dire Examination
VOIR DIRE EXAMINATION

refers to the examination

conducted by the court on the
competency of a witness
whenever there is an objection
to the competency of the
witness and is usually made
before the witness starts with
his testimony
27. Every person who is physically
involved in a crime leaves some
minute trace of his or her presence in
the crime scene or in the victim and
often takes something away from the
crime scene or victim. This is known
as:

a. Principle of Exclusionary Evidence

b. Principle of Contact
c. Principle of Uniformity
d. None of the above
27. Every person who is physically
involved in a crime leaves some
minute trace of his or her presence in
the crime scene or in the victim and
often takes something away from the
crime scene or victim. This is known
as:

a. Principle of Exclusionary Evidence

b. Principle of Contact
c. Principle of Uniformity
d. None of the above
Principle of Contact

Every person who is physically

involved in a crime leaves some
minute trace of his or her
presence in the crime scene or
in the victim and often takes
something away from the crime
scene or victim
28. When objects as evidence may
be exhibited to, examined or
viewed by the court?

a. When an object is relevant to

the fact in issue
b. When object is offered in
evidence in court
c. When it contains facts
d. When it collaborates to the fact
in issue
28. When objects as evidence may
be exhibited to, examined or
viewed by the court?

a. When an object is relevant to

the fact in issue
b. When object is offered in
evidence in court
c. When it contains facts
d. When it collaborates to the fact
in issue
When an object is relevant to
the fact in issue, may be
exhibited to, examined or
viewed by the court
29. Opinion of ordinary witness
may be received in evidence
regarding the following except:

a. identity of a person about whom

he or she has adequate knowledge
b. handwriting with which he or
she has sufficient familiarity
c. mental sanity of a person with
whom he or she is sufficiently
acquainted
d. None of the above
29. Opinion of ordinary witness
may be received in evidence
regarding the following except:

a. identity of a person about whom

he or she has adequate knowledge
b. handwriting with which he or
she has sufficient familiarity
c. mental sanity of a person with
whom he or she is sufficiently
acquainted
d. None of the above
Opinion of ordinary witness may
be received in evidence:

1. identity of a person about whom

he or she has adequate knowledge

2. handwriting with which he or

she has sufficient familiarity

3. mental sanity of a person with

whom he or she is sufficiently
acquainted
30. A witness can testify only to
those facts which he knows of his
personal knowledge; that is, which
are derived from his own
perception, except as otherwise
provided in these rules

a. Fruit of the Poisonous Tree

Doctrine
b. Doctrine of Pro Reo
c. Hearsay Rule
d. Original Document Rule
30. A witness can testify only to
those facts which he knows of his
personal knowledge; that is, which
are derived from his own
perception, except as otherwise
provided in these rules

a. Fruit of the Poisonous Tree

Doctrine
b. Doctrine of Pro Reo
c. Hearsay Rule
d. Original Document Rule
HEARSAY RULE

A witness can testify only to

those facts which he knows of
his personal knowledge; that is,
which are derived from his own
perception, except as otherwise
provided in these rules
31. As a general rule, opinion of
an ordinary witness is

a. admissible
b. not admissible
c. maybe admissible
d. all of the above
31. As a general rule, opinion of
an ordinary witness is

a. admissible
b. not admissible
c. maybe admissible
d. all of the above
As a general rule, opinion
of an ordinary witness is
NOT ADMISSIBLE
32. Without a search warrant, Police
Officers Mark, Camel and Hope entered
the property of Tanduay. During the
search, said police officers found tens
sachets of marijuana allegedly owned by
Tanduay. They presented the ten sachets
of marijuana in court. Are the sachets of
marijuana admissible in evidence?

a. Yes, they are prohibited by law

b. Yes, they were confiscated by police
officers
c. No, there is violation of right against
unreasonable search and seizure
d. No, ten sachets of marijuana are not
relevant to the case
32. Without a search warrant, Police
Officers Mark, Camel and Hope entered
the property of Tanduay. During the
search, said police officers found tens
sachets of marijuana allegedly owned by
Tanduay. They presented the ten sachets
of marijuana in court. Are the sachets of
marijuana admissible in evidence?

a. Yes, they are prohibited by law

b. Yes, they were confiscated by police
officers
c. No, there is violation of right against
unreasonable search and seizure
d. No, ten sachets of marijuana are not
relevant to the case
If there is violation of right
against unreasonable
search and seizure, any
object confiscated is
inadmissible in evidence
33. It refers to the value given
to the material after it has been
admitted

a. Admissibility
b. Weight
c. Competency
d. Relevancy
33. It refers to the value given
to the material after it has been
admitted

a. Admissibility
b. Weight
c. Competency
d. Relevancy
Admissibility- whether the
evidence is relevant and
competent or not

Weight- it refers to the value

given to the material after it
has been admitted
34. Upon proof of its execution
and loss of the original
document, its contents may be
proved by:

a. copy of the original

b. recital of the contents of the
document in some authentic
document
c. by testimony of witnesses
d. All of the above
34. Upon proof of its execution
and loss of the original
document, its contents may be
proved by:

a. copy of the original

b. recital of the contents of the
document in some authentic
document
c. by testimony of witnesses
d. All of the above
Upon proof of its execution and
loss of the original document,
its contents may be proved by:

1. copy of the original

2. recital of the contents of the

document in some authentic
document

3. by testimony of witnesses
35. Evidence addressed to
the senses of the court

a. testimonial evidence
b. electronic evidence
c. documentary evidence
d. object evidence
35. Evidence addressed to
the senses of the court

a. testimonial evidence
b. electronic evidence
c. documentary evidence
d. object evidence
35. Evidence addressed to
the senses of the court

a. testimonial evidence
b. electronic evidence
c. documentary evidence
d. object evidence
Object (Real/Physical) Evidence

evidence addressed to the

senses of the court
36. It refers to a person who
testifies in a case or gives
evidence before a judicial
tribunal

a. Accused
b. Witness
c. Prosecutor
d. Judge
36. It refers to a person who
testifies in a case or gives
evidence before a judicial
tribunal

a. Accused
b. Witness
c. Prosecutor
d. Judge
WITNESS refers to a
person who testifies in a
case or gives evidence
before a judicial tribunal
37. It refers to the means
sanctioned by the rules of
ascertaining in a judicial
proceeding the truth
respecting a matter of fact

a. Presumption
b. Truth
c. Proof
d. Evidence
37. It refers to the means
sanctioned by the rules of
ascertaining in a judicial
proceeding the truth
respecting a matter of fact

a. Presumption
b. Truth
c. Proof
d. Evidence
EVIDENCE

It refers to the means

sanctioned by the rules of
ascertaining in a judicial
proceeding the truth respecting
a matter of fact
38. It refers to a situation where the
evidence of the parties are evenly
balanced or there is doubt on which
side the evidence weighs more
heavily, it must be resolved in favor
of the accused

a. Fruit of the Poisonous Tree

Doctrine
b. Equipoise Rule
c. Doctrine of Processual
Presumption
d. None of the above
38. It refers to a situation where the
evidence of the parties are evenly
balanced or there is doubt on which
side the evidence weighs more
heavily, it must be resolved in favor
of the accused

a. Fruit of the Poisonous Tree

Doctrine
b. Equipoise Rule
c. Doctrine of Processual
Presumption
d. None of the above
EQUIPOISE RULE

where the evidence of the

parties are evenly balanced or
there is doubt on which side the
evidence weighs more heavily, it
must be resolved in favor of the
accused
39. A question which suggests
to the witness the answer
which the examining party
desires

a. Leading question
b. Misleading question
c. Irrelevant question
d. Relevant question
39. A question which suggests
to the witness the answer
which the examining party
desires

a. Leading question
b. Misleading question
c. Irrelevant question
d. Relevant question
A LEADING QUESTION is
a question which
suggests to the witness
the answer which the
examining party desires
40. It refers to evidentiary fact
by which the ultimate fact is to
be established

a. Factum Probans
b. Mens Rea
c. Factum Probandum
d. Alevosia
40. It refers to evidentiary fact
by which the ultimate fact is to
be established

a. Factum Probans
b. Mens Rea
c. Factum Probandum
d. Alevosia
Factum Probans- evidentiary
fact

Factum Probandum-ultimate
fact
41. Cognizance of certain facts
which judges may properly take
and act upon without proof
because they are supposed to
be known to them

a. Judicial admission
b. Judicial confession
c. Judicial notice
d. Judicial proceeding
41. Cognizance of certain facts
which judges may properly take
and act upon without proof
because they are supposed to
be known to them

a. Judicial admission
b. Judicial confession
c. Judicial notice
d. Judicial proceeding
Judicial Notice dispenses the
presentation of evidence

It abbreviate litigation by
admission of matters that
needs no evidence
41. Testimony of one possessing
in regard to a particular subject
or department of human activity,
knowledge not usually acquired
by other person

a. Rebuttal evidence
b. Primary evidence
c. Expert evidence
d. Negative evidence
41. Testimony of one possessing
in regard to a particular subject
or department of human activity,
knowledge not usually acquired
by other person

a. Rebuttal evidence
b. Primary evidence
c. Expert evidence
d. Negative evidence
Expert evidence

Testimony of one possessing in

regard to a particular subject
or department of human
activity, knowledge not usually
acquired by other person
42. A denial is a form of what
kind of evidence

a. Positive
b. Corroborative
c. Direct
d. Negative
42. A denial is a form of what
kind of evidence

a. Positive
b. Corroborative
c. Direct
d. Negative
A denial is a negative
evidence.

It is considered by the court

to be very weak form of
defense and can never
overcome an affirmative or
positive testimony
43. Evidence which proves a
fact in dispute without the aid
of any inference or presumption

a. Primary Evidence
b. Secondary Evidence
c. Direct Evidence
d. Circumstantial Evidence
43. Evidence which proves a
fact in dispute without the aid
of any inference or presumption

a. Primary Evidence
b. Secondary Evidence
c. Direct Evidence
d. Circumstantial Evidence
Direct evidence proves a
fact without the need to
make inference from
another fact
44. Quantum of evidence
required to convict an accused

a. Substantial evidence
b. Clear and convincing
evidence
c. Preponderance of evidence
d. Proof beyond reasonable
doubt
44. Quantum of evidence
required to convict an accused

a. Substantial evidence
b. Clear and convincing
evidence
c. Preponderance of evidence
d. Proof beyond reasonable
doubt
Quantum of evidence refers to the
weight and sufficiency of evidence

Proof beyond reasonable doubt-

criminal cases

Preponderance of evidence-
civil cases

substantial evidence- administrative

cases
45. The examination of witness
presented in trial shall be done:

a. in open court
b. under oath or affirmation
c. answers given orally
d. all of the above
45. The examination of witness
presented in trial shall be done:

a. in open court
b. under oath or affirmation
c. answers given orally
d. all of the above
The examination of witness
presented in trial shall be done:

1. in open court

2. under oath or affirmation

3. answers given orally

46. The opinion of an expert
witness is:

a. Admissible
b. Not admissible
c. Maybe admissible
d. All of the above
46. The opinion of an expert
witness is:

a. Admissible
b. Not admissible
c. Maybe admissible
d. All of the above
The opinion of an EXPERT
WITNESS is ADMISSIBLE

The opinion of ORDINARY

WITNESS is NOT ADMISSIBLE
47. A priest may not be able to
testify on pertinent matters to
the case if said conversation or
facts relates to that told in the
confession made by the:

a. Penitent
b. Patient
c. Client
d. Secretary
47. A priest may not be able to
testify on pertinent matters to
the case if said conversation or
facts relates to that told in the
confession made by the:

a. Penitent
b. Patient
c. Client
d. Secretary
Priest/Minister-Penitent Privilege

1. Confession must have been

made to the priest in his
professional character

2. Communications made must

be confidential and penitential
48. Who shall cross examine a
witness?

a. Adverse party
b. His lawyer
c. Judge
d. Clerk of Court
48. Who shall cross examine a
witness?

a. Adverse party
b. His lawyer
c. Judge
d. Clerk of Court
Cross examination is
being conducted by the
opposing or ADVERSE
party.
49. Original Document Rule is
applicable in

a. Testimonial Evidence only

b. Documentary Evidence only
c. Object Evidence only
d. Applicable to testimonial,
documentary and object
evidence
49. Original Document Rule is
applicable in

a. Testimonial Evidence only

b. Documentary Evidence only
c. Object Evidence only
d. Applicable to testimonial,
documentary and object
evidence
Original Document Rule is
applicable in documentary
evidence only.

The subject matter must

involve a document and the
subject of the inquiry is the
CONTENTS of the document.
50. For documentary evidence
to be admissible, it must be

a. Relevant
b. authenticated
c. identified and marked
d. All of the above
50. For documentary evidence
to be admissible, it must be

a. Relevant
b. authenticated
c. identified and marked
d. All of the above
For documentary evidence to
be admissible, it must be

1. Relevant & Competent

2. Authenticated

3. Identified and Marked

51. If the document is offered
to prove its existence, the
document is considered

a. Object evidence
b. Documentary evidence
c. Testimonial evidence
d. None of the above
51. If the document is offered
to prove its existence, the
document is considered

a. Object evidence
b. Documentary evidence
c. Testimonial evidence
d. None of the above
If the document is offered to
prove its existence= Object
evidence

If offered to prove contents=

documentary evidence
52. Effect or result of evidence

a. Evidence
b. Presumption
c. Proof
d. Admission
52. Effect or result of evidence

a. Evidence
b. Presumption
c. Proof
d. Admission
Evidence- means or medium
to prove or disprove a fact

Proof- effect or result of

evidence
53. Through misrepresentation, Red was
able to defraud Pink and misappropriated
Pink’s One Million Pesos. In filing a case of
estafa, Pink wants to present as evidence
the acknowledgment receipt signed by Red
showing that she received the amount of
One Million Pesos. In believing that Red
possesses credit, Pink also wants to
present a falsified bank statement of Red.
The falsified bank statement is:

a. Corroborative Evidence
b. Cumulative Evidence
c. Circumstantial Evidence
d. Conclusive Evidence
53. Through misrepresentation, Red was
able to defraud Pink and misappropriated
Pink’s One Million Pesos. In filing a case of
estafa, Pink wants to present as evidence
the acknowledgment receipt signed by Red
showing that she received the amount of
One Million Pesos. In believing that Red
possesses credit, Pink also wants to
present a falsified bank statement of Red.
The falsified bank statement is:

a. Corroborative Evidence
b. Cumulative Evidence
c. Circumstantial Evidence
d. Conclusive Evidence
Cumulative evidence

evidence of the same kind

and character as that
already given and that
tends to prove the same
proposition
54. In the prosecution of the crime of
rape against Boy Sabog, the rape
victim Inday Leepong, a minor
testified on the manner on how Boy
Sabog used force in having sexual
intercourse with her. Inday Leepong ,
being an eye witness is a form of
what evidence

a. Circumstantial
b. Direct
c. Indirect
d. None of the above
54. In the prosecution of the crime of
rape against Boy Sabog, the rape
victim Inday Leepong, a minor
testified on the manner on how Boy
Sabog used force in having sexual
intercourse with her. Inday Leepong ,
being an eye witness is a form of
what evidence

a. Circumstantial
b. Direct
c. Indirect
d. None of the above
An eyewitness is a form of
direct evidence.

It can prove a fact without the

need to make inference from
another fact
55. What is the effect of a
judicial admission?

a. It requires proof
b. It does not require proof
c. It is not conclusive upon the
parties
d. all of the above
55. What is the effect of a
judicial admission?

a. It requires proof
b. It does not require proof
c. It is not conclusive upon the
parties
d. all of the above
Effect of Judicial Admission

1. They do not require proof

3. They cannot be
contradicted because they are
conclusive upon the parties
56. A carbon copy is an example
of

a. Primary evidence
b. Secondary evidence
c. Positive evidence
d. Negative evidence
56. A carbon copy is an example
of

a. Primary evidence
b. Secondary evidence
c. Positive evidence
d. Negative evidence
When a document is in two or
more copies executed at or about
the same time, with identical
contents, all such copies are
equally regarded as originals
57. If a person was killed with
treachery, a murder case arises.
You need to prove the presence
of treachery. Treachery is:

a. Factum Probandum
b. Factum Probans
c. Mens Rea
d. Actus Reus
57. If a person was killed with
treachery, a murder case arises.
You need to prove the presence
of treachery. Treachery is:

a. Factum Probandum
b. Factum Probans
c. Mens Rea
d. Actus Reus
Factum Probandum refers
to the proposition to be
established or the ultimate
fact.
58. Rodrigo made a narration of
what he had witnessed in the
killing of Santiago. Such
narration constitutes:

a. Testimonial Evidence
b. Documentary Evidence
c. Object Evidence
d. Real Evidence
58. Rodrigo made a narration of
what he had witnessed in the
killing of Santiago. Such
narration constitutes:

a. Testimonial Evidence
b. Documentary Evidence
c. Object Evidence
d. Real Evidence
Testimonial evidence

In this kind of evidence, a

person is called to the witness
stand, is asked questions and
answers the question asked of
him
59. In a buy bust operation, the
relevant object evidence that
must be presented is

a. Crime Lab Result

b. Testimony of the Poseur-
buyer
c. Dangerous drug
d. All of the above
59. In a buy bust operation, the
relevant object evidence that
must be presented is

a. Crime Lab Result

b. Testimony of the Poseur-
buyer
c. Dangerous drug
d. All of the above
The dangerous drug is an
object evidence, being
addressed to the senses of the
court.

It is relevant to prove that a

sale of dangerous drug
occurred.
60. Abra through torture admitted the
killing of Loonie. He signed a written
confession pointing Aklas and Anygma
as his accomplices. Is the written
confession admissible in evidence?

a. Yes, there is a crime committed

and the accused admitted the killing
b. Yes, provided Aklas and Anygma
will make the same confession
c. No, evidence was taken through
torture therefore inadmissible
d. No, the written confession must be
signed by Aklas and Anygma
60. Abra through torture admitted the
killing of Loonie. He signed a written
confession pointing Aklas and Anygma
as his accomplices. Is the written
confession admissible in evidence?

a. Yes, there is a crime committed

and the accused admitted the killing
b. Yes, provided Aklas and Anygma
will make the same confession
c. No, evidence was taken through
torture therefore inadmissible
d. No, the written confession must be
signed by Aklas and Anygma
If evidence was obtained from
illegal means/ways, such
evidence is INADMISSIBLE or
NOT ADMISSIBLE
61. One which assumes as true
a fact not yet testified to by the
witness, or contrary to that
which he has previously stated

a. Leading
b. Misleading
c. Confusing
d. Res gestae
61. One which assumes as true
a fact not yet testified to by the
witness, or contrary to that
which he has previously stated

a. Leading
b. Misleading
c. Confusing
d. Res gestae
Misleading Question

One which assumes as true a

fact not yet testified to by the
witness, or contrary to that
which he has previously stated
62. Relevant evidence a
reasonable mind might accept
as adequate to support a
conclusion

a. Proof beyond reasonable

doubt
b. Substantial evidence
c. Preponderance of evidence
d. Clear and convincing evidence
62. Relevant evidence a
reasonable mind might accept
as adequate to support a
conclusion

a. Proof beyond reasonable

doubt
b. Substantial evidence
c. Preponderance of evidence
d. Clear and convincing evidence
Substantial evidence- relevant
evidence a reasonable mind
might accept as adequate to
support a conclusion
63. Disqualification by reason of
mental incapacity or immaturity
is a

a. absolute disqualification to
become a witness
b. relative disqualification to
become a witness
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
63. Disqualification by reason of
mental incapacity or immaturity
is a

a. absolute disqualification to
become a witness
b. relative disqualification to
become a witness
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
Disqualification of Witness

1. Absolute Disqualification

a. Disqualification by reason of mental

incapacity or immaturity

b. Disqualification by reason of marriage

2. Relative Disqualification
a. Disqualification by reason of
privileged communication
64. This is performed during trial
to find out facts from the
witness or to test his memory,
truthfulness or credibility by
directing him to answer
appropriate questions

a. Direct Examination
b. Examination
c. Cross Examination
d. Questioning
64. This is performed during trial
to find out facts from the
witness or to test his memory,
truthfulness or credibility by
directing him to answer
appropriate questions

a. Direct Examination
b. Examination
c. Cross Examination
d. Questioning
Cross examination tests the
credibility of the testimony of
the witness
65. It is information stored in
electronic form that is relevant
to the issues in a particular
litigation

a. DNA evidence
b. Primary evidence
c. Electronic evidence
d. Negative evidence
65. It is information stored in
electronic form that is relevant
to the issues in a particular
litigation

a. DNA evidence
b. Primary evidence
c. Electronic evidence
d. Negative evidence
Electronic evidence may be
used in criminal, civil and
administrative cases
66. Which of the following
disqualifies a person from being
a witness?

a. Religious belief
b. Political belief
c. Conviction of crime
d. None of the above
66. Which of the following
disqualifies a person from being
a witness?

a. Religious belief
b. Political belief
c. Conviction of crime
d. None of the above
Qualification of a Witness

All persons who can perceive, is

perceiving and can make known
their perception to others may
be witnesses

Religious or political belief,

interest in the outcome of the
case or conviction of crime
unless provided by law shall not
be a ground for disqualification
67. Objects that have readily
identifiable marks

a. Unique objects
b. Objects made unique
c. Non unique objects
d. Competent objects
67. Objects that have readily
identifiable marks

a. Unique objects
b. Objects made unique
c. Non unique objects
d. Competent objects
Categories of Object evidence for
purposes of authentication

1. Unique objects- those that have

readily identifiable marks

2. Objects made unique- those that are

made readily identifiable (identified by
witness in court)

3. Non-unique objects- those that have

no identifying marks and cannot be
marked
68. The witness cannot be
compelled to testify against his
parents or direct ascendants

a. Parental Privilege
b. Filial Privilege
c. Privileged communication
d. Confidential communication
68. The witness cannot be
compelled to testify against his
parents or direct ascendants

a. Parental Privilege
b. Filial Privilege
c. Privileged communication
d. Confidential communication
Filial Privilege

The witness cannot be

compelled to testify against his
parents or direct ascendants
69. Admissions made out of
court

a. Admission
b. Judicial Admission
c. Admission by Silence
d. Extrajudicial admission
69. Admissions made out of
court

a. Admission
b. Judicial Admission
c. Admission by Silence
d. Extrajudicial admission
Judicial admission- admissions
made in the course of court
proceedings

Extrajudicial admission-
admissions made out of court
70. Leading questions is allowed
except in:

a. Direct examination
b. On cross-examination and on
preliminary matters;
c. When there is difficulty in getting
direct and intelligible answers from a
witness who is ignorant, a child of
tender years, is of feeble mind, or a
deaf-mute
d. Of an unwilling or hostile witness
70. Leading questions is allowed
except in:

a. Direct examination
b. On cross-examination and on
preliminary matters;
c. When there is difficulty in getting
direct and intelligible answers from a
witness who is ignorant, a child of
tender years, is of feeble mind, or a
deaf-mute
d. Of an unwilling or hostile witness
Leading questions allowed in:

1. On cross-examination and on
preliminary matters

2. When there is difficulty in getting

direct and intelligible answers from a
witness who is ignorant, a child of
tender years, is of feeble mind, or a
deaf-mute

3. Of an unwilling or hostile witness

71. In criminal cases, the Prosecution
needs to prove the following:

a. Each and every element of the crime

charged in the Information
b. Where there be two or more accused,
the prosecution must prove the
conspiracy and the participation of each
of the several accused in the
commission of the crime
c. All aggravating circumstances,
whether ordinary, special or qualifying,
as are alleged in the Information
d. All of the above
71. In criminal cases, the Prosecution
needs to prove the following:

a. Each and every element of the crime

charged in the Information
b. Where there be two or more accused,
the prosecution must prove the
conspiracy and the participation of each
of the several accused in the
commission of the crime
c. All aggravating circumstances,
whether ordinary, special or qualifying,
as are alleged in the Information
d. All of the above
In criminal cases, the Prosecution needs to
prove the following:

1. Each and every element of the crime

charged in the Information

2. Where there be two or more accused, the

prosecution must prove the conspiracy and
the participation of each of the several
accused in the commission of the crime

3.All aggravating circumstances, whether

ordinary, special or qualifying, as are alleged
in the Information
72. Evidence of this kind are
those which are capable of
perception

a. Testimonial
b. Corroborative
c. Real
d. Material
72. Evidence of this kind are
those which are capable of
perception

a. Testimonial
b. Corroborative
c. Real
d. Material
Object/Real/Physical evidence
are those addressed to the
senses of the court or capable
of perception
73. Marital disqualification may
apply, except:

a. Both spouses were legally

married
b. The husband is a party to the
case
c. The wife is a party to the case
d. It involves civil cases filed by
one against the other
73. Marital disqualification may
apply, except:

a. Both spouses were legally

married
b. The husband is a party to the
case
c. The wife is a party to the case
d. It involves civil cases filed by
one against the other
Exceptions to Marital
Disqualification (Marital Privilege
is not applicable)

1. In a civil case by one against

the other

2. In a criminal case for a crime

committed by one against the
other or the latter’s direct
descendants or ascendants
74. It is called viva voce
evidence or by word of mouth

a. relevant
b. testimonial
c. object
d. competent
74. It is called viva voce
evidence or by word of mouth

a. relevant
b. testimonial
c. object
d. competent
Testimonial evidence is
called viva voce evidence
or “living voice”
75. It refers to an inference or
assumption as to the existence
or non existence of a fact

a. Evidence
b. Proof
c. Presumption
d. None of the above
75. It refers to an inference or
assumption as to the existence
or non existence of a fact

a. Evidence
b. Proof
c. Presumption
d. None of the above
Presumption

It refers to an inference or
assumption as to the existence
or non existence of a fact
76. Evidence which is
necessarily inferior and shows
on its face that a better
evidence exists

a. Corroborative
b. Cumulative
c. Primary
d. Secondary
76. Evidence which is
necessarily inferior and shows
on its face that a better
evidence exists

a. Corroborative
b. Cumulative
c. Primary
d. Secondary
Secondary Evidence

Evidence which is necessarily

inferior and shows on its face
that a better evidence exists
77. Evidence which has some
relation to what is sought to be
proved

a. Relevant
b. Material
c. Competent
d. Admissible
77. Evidence which has some
relation to what is sought to be
proved

a. Relevant
b. Material
c. Competent
d. Admissible
Relevancy of Evidence

Evidence must have such a

relation to the fact in issue
78. One which sufficiently
establishes a particular fact
until contradicted or rebutted by
other evidence

a. Positive evidence
b. Negative evidence
c. Prima facie evidence
d. Conclusive evidence
78. One which sufficiently
establishes a particular fact
until contradicted or rebutted by
other evidence

a. Positive evidence
b. Negative evidence
c. Prima facie evidence
d. Conclusive evidence
PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE

One which sufficiently

establishes a particular fact
until contradicted or rebutted by
other evidence
79. What would overturn an alibi
and denial in a hearing?

a. Testimony
b. Evidence
c. Proof
d. Positive identification
79. What would overturn an alibi
and denial in a hearing?

a. Testimony
b. Evidence
c. Proof
d. Positive identification
Positive identification/evidence
prevails over negative
evidence/denial
80. Who among the following
are automatic disqualified to
take the witness stand?

a. Sick person
b. Children
c. Homosexuals and lesbians
d. Insane persons
80. Who among the following
are automatic disqualified to
take the witness stand?

a. Sick person
b. Children
c. Homosexuals and lesbians
d. Insane persons
Insane persons are disqualified
to become witnesses. It is an
absolute disqualification to be
a witness.
81. During the examination of a
witness, the court may ask questions
to the presented witness in any of the
following reasons, except;

a. To clarify itself on certain points

b. To call the attention of counsel to
points at issue that are overlooked
and
c. To direct counsel to questions on
matters to elicit facts and clarify
ambiguous answers
d. None of these
81. During the examination of a
witness, the court may ask questions
to the presented witness in any of the
following reasons, except;

a. To clarify itself on certain points

b. To call the attention of counsel to
points at issue that are overlooked
and
c. To direct counsel to questions on
matters to elicit facts and clarify
ambiguous answers
d. None of these
During the examination of a witness,
the court may ask questions to the
presented witness in any of the
following reasons:

1. To clarify itself on certain points

2. To call the attention of counsel to

points at issue that are overlooked

3. To direct counsel to questions on

matters to elicit facts and clarify
ambiguous answers
82. Rules on evidence are
applicable only in

a. All proceedings
b. Administrative proceedings
c. Quasi-judicial proceedings
d. Judicial proceedings
82. Rules on evidence are
applicable only in

a. All proceedings
b. Administrative proceedings
c. Quasi-judicial proceedings
d. Judicial proceedings
Rules on Evidence, being part
of the Rules of Court apply
only to judicial proceedings
83. Extrajudicial confession
independently made without
collusion which are identical
with ach other in their essential
details are admissible

a. Judicial admission
b. Extrajudicial admission
c. Interlocking confession
d. Judicial admission
83. Extrajudicial confession
independently made without
collusion which are identical
with ach other in their essential
details are admissible

a. Judicial admission
b. Extrajudicial admission
c. Interlocking confession
d. Judicial admission
84. It refers to the process of
proving the due execution and
genuineness of a document

a. Examination
b. Authentication
c. Execution
d. Verification
84. It refers to the process of
proving the due execution and
genuineness of a document

a. Examination
b. Authentication
c. Execution
d. Verification
Authentication is the process
of proving the due execution
and genuineness of a
document
85. The following is a requisite
for extrajudicial confession to
be admissible

a. Voluntary
b. Involuntary
c. With assistance of counsel
d. In writing
85. The following is a requisite
for extrajudicial confession to
be admissible

a. Voluntary
b. Involuntary
c. With assistance of counsel
d. In writing
An extrajudicial confession is
admissible if:

1. voluntary

2. with assistance of counsel

3. in writing

4. express
86. Exceptions to the hearsay
rule are

a. Not admissible
b. Admissible
c. Maybe admissible
d. None of the above
86. Exceptions to the hearsay
rule are

a. Not admissible
b. Admissible
c. Maybe admissible
d. None of the above
Exceptions to hearsay rule,
although hearsay are
admissible in evidence
87. Which of the following
relationship privileged
communication does not apply?

a. priest-penitent
b. lawyer-client
c. boyfriend-girlfriend
d. doctor-patient
87. Which of the following
relationship privileged
communication does not apply?

a. priest-penitent
b. lawyer-client
c. boyfriend-girlfriend
d. doctor-patient
Disqualification by reason of privileged
communication

1. Marital Privilege

2. Attorney-Client Privilege

3. Physician- Patient Privilege

4. Priest/Minister-Penitent Privilege

5. Public Officer as regards

Communications made in official
confidence
88. It is an additional evidence
of a different character to
same point. It tends to
strengthen or affirm the
previous evidence

a. Cumulative evidence
b. Corroborative evidence
c. Primary evidence
d. Rebuttal evidence
88. Evidence is relevant and
competent for two or more
purposes

a. Curative admissibility
b. Conditional admissibility
c. Multiple admissibility
d. No admissibility
88. Evidence is relevant and
competent for two or more
purposes

a. Curative admissibility
b. Conditional admissibility
c. Multiple admissibility
d. No admissibility
Multiple Admissibility

Evidence is relevant and

competent for two or more
purposes
89. A witness of the adverse party
may be impeached, except:

a. A contradictory evidence
b. By evidence of his general
reputation and integrity, and
conviction of a crime involving
moral turpitude
c. By evidence of other
statements made by the witness,
which are inconsistent
d. None of the above
89. A witness of the adverse party
may be impeached, except:

a. A contradictory evidence
b. By evidence of his general
reputation and integrity, and
conviction of a crime involving
moral turpitude
c. By evidence of other
statements made by the witness,
which are inconsistent
d. None of the above
A witness of the adverse party
may be impeached by:

1. A contradictory evidence

2. By evidence of his general

reputation and integrity, and
conviction of a crime involving
moral turpitude

3. By evidence of other statements

made by the witness, which are
inconsistent
90. It refers to a witness
whose testimony is
believable

a. Competency of witness
b. Credibility of witness
c. Disqualification of witness
d. Qualification of witness
90. It refers to a witness
whose testimony is
believable

a. Competency of witness
b. Credibility of witness
c. Disqualification of witness
d. Qualification of witness
Competency of a witness-
qualification of a witness

Credibility of a witness- a
witness whose testimony is
believable
91. This includes relationship,
family genealogy, birth,
marriage, death, the dates
when and the places where
these facts occurred, and the
names of the relatives.

a. Family tree
b. History
c. Pedigree
d. None of the above
91. This includes relationship,
family genealogy, birth,
marriage, death, the dates
when and the places where
these facts occurred, and the
names of the relatives.

a. Family tree
b. History
c. Pedigree
d. None of the above
Pedigree- this includes
relationship, family genealogy,
birth, marriage, death, the
dates when and the places
where these facts occurred,
and the names of the
relatives.
92. It is the duty of a party to
present evidence on the facts
in issue necessary to
establish his or her claim or
defense by the amount of
evidence required by law.

a. Burden of proof
b. Burden of evidence
c. Presumption
d. All of the above
92. It is the duty of a party to
present evidence on the facts
in issue necessary to
establish his or her claim or
defense by the amount of
evidence required by law.

a. Burden of proof
b. Burden of evidence
c. Presumption
d. All of the above
Burden of Proof

It is the duty of a party to

present evidence on the facts in
issue necessary to establish his
or her claim or defense by the
amount of evidence required by
law.
93. It is known before as Best
evidence Rule

a. Original Document Rule

b. Parole Evidence Rule
c. Hearsay Rule
d. Opinion Rule
93. It is known before as Best
evidence Rule

a. Original Document Rule

b. Parole Evidence Rule
c. Hearsay Rule
d. Opinion Rule
Original Document Rule is
known before as the Best
Evidence Rule
94. Which of the following
documentary is relevant in a
case of bigamy?

a. Death Certificate
b. Marriage Certificate
c. Birth Certificate
d. Baptismal Certificate
94. Which of the following
documentary is relevant in a
case of bigamy?

a. Death Certificate
b. Marriage Certificate
c. Birth Certificate
d. Baptismal Certificate
The presentation of
marriage certificate is
relevant to prove the fact
of marriage.
95. Nonoy Tampuyong punched Toto
Salakiton on his face causing latter’s
injury which required him five days
medication. Toto Salakiton filed a
case of Slight Physical Injury against
Nonoy Tampuyong. What object
evidence can be presented to prove
the crime charged?

a. medical certificate
b. testimony of Toto Salakiton
c. injury sustained by Toto Salakiton
d. testimony of Nonoy Tampuyong
95. Nonoy Tampuyong punched Toto
Salakiton on his face causing latter’s
injury which required him five days
medication. Toto Salakiton filed a
case of Slight Physical Injury against
Nonoy Tampuyong. What object
evidence can be presented to prove
the crime charged?

a. medical certificate
b. testimony of Toto Salakiton
c. injury sustained by Toto Salakiton
d. testimony of Nonoy Tampuyong
95. Nonoy Tampuyong punched Toto
Salakiton on his face causing latter’s
injury which required him five days
medication. Toto Salakiton filed a
case of Slight Physical Injury against
Nonoy Tampuyong. What object
evidence can be presented to prove
the crime charged?

a. medical certificate
b. testimony of Toto Salakiton
c. injury sustained by Toto Salakiton
d. testimony of Nonoy Tampuyong
95. Nonoy Tampuyong punched Toto
Salakiton on his face causing latter’s
injury which required him five days
medication. Toto Salakiton filed a
case of Slight Physical Injury against
Nonoy Tampuyong. What object
evidence can be presented to prove
the crime charged?

a. medical certificate
b. testimony of Toto Salakiton
c. injury sustained by Toto Salakiton
d. testimony of Nonoy Tampuyong
The body of the person or
the injury sustained is an
object evidence.
96. When may circumstantial
evidence be sufficient to obtain
conviction

a. There is more than one

circumstance
b. The facts from which the
inference are derived were proven
c. When combined proof beyond
reasonable doubt may be established
d. All of the foregoing
96. When may circumstantial
evidence be sufficient to obtain
conviction

a. There is more than one

circumstance
b. The facts from which the
inference are derived were proven
c. When combined proof beyond
reasonable doubt may be established
d. All of the foregoing
Circumstantial evidence be
sufficient to obtain conviction

1. There is more than one circumstance

2. The facts from which the inference

are derived were proven

3. When combined proof beyond

reasonable doubt may be established
97. Facts or matters which are
not in issue

a. Surrounding facts
b. Investigating facts
c. Facts of the case
d. Collateral matters
97. Facts or matters which are
not in issue

a. Surrounding facts
b. Investigating facts
c. Facts of the case
d. Collateral matters
98. In marital privilege
communications, the
application of the rule requires

a. A valid marriage
b. A common law relationship
c. A voidable marriage
d. A void marriage
98. In marital privilege
communications, the
application of the rule requires

a. A valid marriage
b. A common law relationship
c. A voidable marriage
d. A void marriage
99. Requisites for admissibility
of evidence

a. Relevant and incompetent

b. Irrelevant and competent
c. Irrelevant and incompetent
d. Relevant and competent
99. Requisites for admissibility
of evidence

a. Relevant and incompetent

b. Irrelevant and competent
c. Irrelevant and incompetent
d. Relevant and competent
100. It constitutes the totality
of DNA profiles, results and
other genetic information
directly generated from DNA
testing of biological samples

a. Electronic evidence
b. DNA evidence
c. Physical evidence
d. All of the above
100. It constitutes the totality
of DNA profiles, results and
other genetic information
directly generated from DNA
testing of biological samples

a. Electronic evidence
b. DNA evidence
c. Physical evidence
d. All of the above
Additional Questions
101. What is required in
proof beyond reasonable
doubt?

a. absolute certainty
b. perfect certainty
c. moral certainty
d. All of the above
101. What is required in
proof beyond reasonable
doubt?

a. absolute certainty
b. perfect certainty
c. moral certainty
d. All of the above
102. Which of the following is
the purpose of establishing
chain of custody?

a. To acquit the accused

b. To preserve the integrity of
physical evidence
c. To avoid court hearings
d. None of the above
102. Which of the following is
the purpose of establishing
chain of custody?

a. To acquit the accused

b. To preserve the integrity of
physical evidence
c. To avoid court hearings
d. None of the above
103. The act or omission of a
person who after hearing or
seeing something that requires
him or her to do comment if it is
not true and was given the
opportunity is

a. Confession
b. Admission by Silence
c. Admission
d. Extrajudicial admission
103. The act or omission of a
person who after hearing or
seeing something that requires
him or her to do comment if it is
not true and was given the
opportunity is

a. Confession
b. Admission by Silence
c. Admission
d. Extrajudicial admission
104. Evidence obtained in
violation of the constitutional
rights of a person is not
admissible because they are
proscribed by this rule

a. Constitution
b. Bill of attainder
c. Bill of Rights
d. Exclusionary Rule
104. Evidence obtained in
violation of the constitutional
rights of a person is not
admissible because they are
proscribed by this rule

a. Constitution
b. Bill of attainder
c. Bill of Rights
d. Exclusionary Rule
105. The extrajudicial confession of
an accused is sufficient to obtain
conviction

a. Provided it is freely, intelligently

and voluntarily given
b. When it is corroborated by
evidence of corpus delicti
c. When it is not corroborated by
evidence of corpus delicti
d. All of the above
105. The extrajudicial confession of
an accused is sufficient to obtain
conviction

a. Provided it is freely, intelligently

and voluntarily given
b. When it is corroborated by
evidence of corpus delicti
c. When it is not corroborated by
evidence of corpus delicti
d. All of the above
106. Which of the following
circumstance makes the evidence
incompetent?

a. Evidence obtained in accordance

with the Constitution
b. Evidence obtained through third
degree method of investigation
c. Evidence obtained in accordance
with law or statute
d. Evidence obtained in accordance
with the rules
106. Which of the following
circumstance makes the evidence
incompetent?

a. Evidence obtained in accordance

with the Constitution
b. Evidence obtained through third
degree method of investigation
c. Evidence obtained in accordance
with law or statute
d. Evidence obtained in accordance
with the rules
107. Exclusion of evidence simply
means:

a. Evidence obtained unlawfully shall

be excluded by the court and not
admitted
b. Evidence which are testimonial but
objectionable shall be excluded
c. Witnesses not subject for
examination should be excluded from
the court
d. None of these
107. Exclusion of evidence simply
means:

a. Evidence obtained unlawfully shall

be excluded by the court and not
admitted
b. Evidence which are testimonial but
objectionable shall be excluded
c. Witnesses not subject for
examination should be excluded from
the court
d. None of these
108. The following are the rights of a
witness except:

a. not to be detained longer than the

interests of justice require
b. to be detained longer than the
interests of justice require
c. to be protected from irrelevant and
improper questions
d. not to be examined except only as
to matters pertinent to issue
108. The following are the rights of a
witness except:

a. not to be detained longer than the

interests of justice require
b. to be detained longer than the
interests of justice require
c. to be protected from irrelevant and
improper questions
d. not to be examined except only as
to matters pertinent to issue
109. The conduct of tests,
examinations or experiments is
considered as ____ evidence

a. documentary
b. object
c. testimonial
d. all of the above
109. The conduct of tests,
examinations or experiments is
considered as ____ evidence

a. documentary
b. object
c. testimonial
d. all of the above
110. Boy Malakas, accused in a rape case
was required to place his foot over the
footprint found on the crime scene. Boy
Malakas made an objection and invoked his
right against self-incrimination. Is the
objection proper?

a. Yes, placing his foot over the footprint on

the crime scene would incriminate him
b. Yes, placing his foot would prove his
criminal liability
c. No, right against self-incrimination
applies to testimonial compulsion only
d. No, it requires the approval of the court
110. Boy Malakas, accused in a rape case
was required to place his foot over the
footprint found on the crime scene. Boy
Malakas made an objection and invoked his
right against self-incrimination. Is the
objection proper?

a. Yes, placing his foot over the footprint on

the crime scene would incriminate him
b. Yes, placing his foot would prove his
criminal liability
c. No, right against self-incrimination
applies to testimonial compulsion only
d. No, it requires the approval of the court
111. In which of the following
authentication is not required

a. writing is an ancient document

b. writing is a public document or
record
c. writing is a notarial document
acknowledged, proved or certified
d. all of the above
111. In which of the following
authentication is not required

a. writing is an ancient document

b. writing is a public document or
record
c. writing is a notarial document
acknowledged, proved or certified
d. all of the above
112. A person who possesses
special knowledge, skills,
experience or training as to
enable him to form a definite
opinion of his own

a. Eyewitness
b. Expert witness
c. Ordinary witness
d. All of the above
112. A person who possesses
special knowledge, skills,
experience or training as to
enable him to form a definite
opinion of his own

a. Eyewitness
b. Expert witness
c. Ordinary witness
d. All of the above
113. Police Officers Abra, Anygma and
Aklas, without a search warrant entered
the house of Sinio, conducted search of
the premises and confiscated two grams
of shabu. Is the shabu confiscated
admissible in evidence?

a. Yes, possession of shabu is a crime

b. No, the shabu was taken from an
illegal search
c. Yes, provided police officers will
testify
d. No, there is no confession from Sinio
113. Police Officers Abra, Anygma and
Aklas, without a search warrant entered
the house of Sinio, conducted search of
the premises and confiscated two grams
of shabu. Is the shabu confiscated
admissible in evidence?

a. Yes, possession of shabu is a crime

b. No, the shabu was taken from an
illegal search
c. Yes, provided police officers will
testify
d. No, there is no confession from Sinio
114. Which of the following an
original of a photograph?

a. Negative
b. any print from the negative
c. any printout of the data stores
in a computer
d. all of the above
114. Which of the following an
original of a photograph?

a. Negative
b. any print from the negative
c. any printout of the data stores
in a computer
d. all of the above
115. It is the duty of a party to
present evidence on the facts in
issue necessary to establish his
or her claim or defense by the
amount of evidence required by
law

a. Burden of proof
b. Burden of evidence
c. Presumption
d. All of the above
115. It is the duty of a party to
present evidence on the facts in
issue necessary to establish his
or her claim or defense by the
amount of evidence required by
law

a. Burden of proof
b. Burden of evidence
c. Presumption
d. All of the above
115. It is the duty of a party to
present evidence on the facts in
issue necessary to establish his
or her claim or defense by the
amount of evidence required by
law

a. Burden of proof
b. Burden of evidence
c. Presumption
d. All of the above
116. Who is a child witness?

a. a witness who is 18 years of age

at the time of the giving of
testimony
b. a witness who is below 18 years
of age at the time of the giving of
testimony
c. a witness who is above 18 years
of age at the time of the giving of
testimony
d. All of the above
116. Who is a child witness?

a. a witness who is 18 years of age

at the time of the giving of
testimony
b. a witness who is below 18 years
of age at the time of the giving of
testimony
c. a witness who is above 18 years
of age at the time of the giving of
testimony
d. All of the above
117. In an alleged robbery case, “A” who is deaf
and mute witnessed the commission of the crime.
He is the sole eyewitness to the crime. Is “A”,
under the rules on evidence eligible to testify in
court as a witness despite his incapacity to
relate verbally what he had seen?

a. No, because he cannot tell to the court what

he witnessed
b. Yes, because he can perceive and perceiving
and can make known his perception to others
under the rules on evidence.
c. No, because his disability to speak is
tantamount to inability to make known his
perception to others.
d. None of these
117. In an alleged robbery case, “A” who is deaf
and mute witnessed the commission of the crime.
He is the sole eyewitness to the crime. Is “A”,
under the rules on evidence eligible to testify in
court as a witness despite his incapacity to
relate verbally what he had seen?

a. No, because he cannot tell to the court what

he witnessed
b. Yes, because he can perceive and perceiving
and can make known his perception to others
under the rules on evidence.
c. No, because his disability to speak is
tantamount to inability to make known his
perception to others.
d. None of these
118. When objects as evidence may
be exhibited to, examined or viewed
by the court?

a. When an object is relevant to the

fact in issue
b. When object is offered in
evidence in court
c. When it contains facts
d. When it collaborates to the fact in
issue
118. When objects as evidence may
be exhibited to, examined or viewed
by the court?

a. When an object is relevant to the

fact in issue
b. When object is offered in
evidence in court
c. When it contains facts
d. When it collaborates to the fact in
issue
119. A reply to rebuttal
evidence

a. Corroborative evidence
b. Cumulative evidence
c. Sur-rebuttal evidence
d. Competent evidence
119. A reply to rebuttal
evidence

a. Corroborative evidence
b. Cumulative evidence
c. Sur-rebuttal evidence
d. Competent evidence
120. A statement of fact which
does not involve an
acknowledgment of guilt or
liability

a. Confession
b. Presumption
c. Admission
d. Testimony
120. A statement of fact which
does not involve an
acknowledgment of guilt or
liability

a. Confession
b. Presumption
c. Admission
d. Testimony
Situation:

Clarkson is an investigator. Curry is the suspect. Nance

is the victim with stab wounds. The identified witness
is Durant.

121. From the foregoing situation, supposed that Durant

has personal knowledge of the crime committed.
However, Durant has been previously convicted for the
crime of Robbery. Which of the following statements
best describes the qualification of Durant as witness?

a. He is not competent to testify because of the

previous conviction
b. He is not competent to testify because he has no
personal knowledge
c. He is qualified to testify subject to the approval of
the court
d. He is qualified to testify despite his conviction of the
crime of robbery
Situation:

Clarkson is an investigator. Curry is the suspect. Nance

is the victim with stab wounds. The identified witness
is Durant.

121. From the foregoing situation, supposed that Durant

has personal knowledge of the crime committed.
However, Durant has been previously convicted for the
crime of Robbery. Which of the following statements
best describes the qualification of Durant as witness?

a. He is not competent to testify because of the

previous conviction
b. He is not competent to testify because he has no
personal knowledge
c. He is qualified to testify subject to the approval of
the court
d. He is qualified to testify despite his conviction of the
crime of robbery
Situation:

Clarkson is an investigator. Curry is the suspect. Nance

is the victim with stab wounds. The identified witness
is Durant.

122. From the foregoing situation, supposed that Durant

is merely 6 years old. Which of the following
statements best describes the qualification of Durant
as witness?

a. He is qualified so long that he can express his

thought before the court
b. He is not qualified because a minor is susceptible of
being coached by lawyers
c. He is not qualified because he is still a minor
d. He is qualified because he can perceive and
perceiving and can convey his perception to another
Situation:

Clarkson is an investigator. Curry is the suspect. Nance

is the victim with stab wounds. The identified witness
is Durant.

122. From the foregoing situation, supposed that Durant

is merely 6 years old. Which of the following
statements best describes the qualification of Durant
as witness?

a. He is qualified so long that he can express his

thought before the court
b. He is not qualified because a minor is susceptible of
being coached by lawyers
c. He is not qualified because he is still a minor
d. He is qualified because he can perceive and
perceiving and can convey his perception to another
123. Because the burden of proof
rests with the prosecution, the duty
to convict the person belongs to

a. None of these
b. The strength of the prosecution’s
evidence
c. The court’s discretion based on
evidence
d. The weakness of the accused
evidence
123. Because the burden of proof
rests with the prosecution, the duty
to convict the person belongs to

a. None of these
b. The strength of the prosecution’s
evidence
c. The court’s discretion based on
evidence
d. The weakness of the accused
evidence
124. What is a form of evidence
consisting of letters, symbols,
numbers or any inscription?

a. Parol evidence
b. Best evidence
c. Original evidence
d. Documentary evidence
124. What is a form of evidence
consisting of letters, symbols,
numbers or any inscription?

a. Parol evidence
b. Best evidence
c. Original evidence
d. Documentary evidence
125. Which of the following is not
among the exception to the
Hearsay evidence?

a. Learned treatise
b. Dead Man’s Statute Rule
c. Commercial lists
d. Entries in official records
125. Which of the following is not
among the exception to the
Hearsay evidence?

a. Learned treatise
b. Dead Man’s Statute Rule
c. Commercial lists
d. Entries in official records
126. If a document is executed in
duplicate or multiplicate form,
which shall be considered as the
original?

a. the first one produced

b. the first to be signed
c. the first to be notarized
d. each is deemed as original
126. If a document is executed in
duplicate or multiplicate form,
which shall be considered as the
original?

a. the first one produced

b. the first to be signed
c. the first to be notarized
d. each is deemed as original
127. Conclusive presumption is
also known as presumption juris
et de jure; disputable
presumption is

a. Presumption of regularity
b. Presumption of innocence
c. Presumption juris tantum
d. Processual presumption
127. Conclusive presumption is
also known as presumption juris
et de jure; disputable
presumption is

a. Presumption of regularity
b. Presumption of innocence
c. Presumption juris tantum
d. Processual presumption
128. Which is not a qualification
of a witness?

a. That the person can perceive

b. That the person can recollect
such perception from memory
c. That the person can store in
his memory such perception
d. That he should not be
convicted of a crime
128. Which is not a qualification
of a witness?

a. That the person can perceive

b. That the person can recollect
such perception from memory
c. That the person can store in
his memory such perception
d. That he should not be
convicted of a crime
129. The qualifications and
disqualifications of witnesses
are determined as of

a. The time said witnesses are

produced for examination
b. After witnesses are produced
for examination
c. After trial
d. During appeal
129. The qualifications and
disqualifications of witnesses
are determined as of

a. The time said witnesses are

produced for examination
b. After witnesses are produced
for examination
c. After trial
d. During appeal
130. One which sufficiently
establishes a particular fact until
contradicted or rebutted by
other evidence

a. Positive evidence
b. Negative evidence
c. Prima facie evidence
d. Conclusive evidence
130. One which sufficiently
establishes a particular fact until
contradicted or rebutted by
other evidence

a. Positive evidence
b. Negative evidence
c. Prima facie evidence
d. Conclusive evidence
131. It refers to a mute but
eloquent manifestation of truth
and rates highly in the
hierarchy of trustworthy
evidence

a. Testimonial Evidence
b. Documentary Evidence
c. Object Evidence
d. Expert Evidence
131. Objections during trial
must be ruled/decided by

a. Defense Counsel
b. Prosecutor
c. Judge
d. Stenographer
131. Objections during trial
must be ruled/decided by

a. Defense Counsel
b. Prosecutor
c. Judge
d. Stenographer
132. The results of DNA evidence
can be disputed by showing
errors in any of the following
except:

a. How samples were collected

b. Possibility of contamination of
the samples
c. Qualification of analyst who
conducted the tests
d. None of the above
132. The results of DNA evidence
can be disputed by showing
errors in any of the following
except:

a. How samples were collected

b. Possibility of contamination of
the samples
c. Qualification of analyst who
conducted the tests
d. None of the above
133. Evidence which is of greater
weight or a superior weight of
evidence than that which is
offered in opposition to it

a. Substantial evidence
b. Preponderance of evidence
c. Proof beyond reasonable doubt
d. all of the above
133. Evidence which is of greater
weight or a superior weight of
evidence than that which is
offered in opposition to it

a. Substantial evidence
b. Preponderance of evidence
c. Proof beyond reasonable doubt
d. all of the above
134. Between positive and
negative evidence

a. Negative prevails
b. Positive prevails
c. Both prevails
d. None of the above
134. Between positive and
negative evidence

a. Negative prevails
b. Positive prevails
c. Both prevails
d. None of the above
135. Rules on evidence are
applicable only in

a. All proceedings
b. Administrative proceedings
c. Quasi-judicial proceedings
d. Judicial proceedings
135. During their marriage, the husband
or the wife cannot testify against the
other without the consent of the
affected spouse, EXCEPT

a. In a civil case by one against the

other
b. In a criminal case for a crime
committed by one against the other
c. In a criminal case for a crime
committed against their direct
descendants or ascendants.
d. All of the above
135. During their marriage, the husband
or the wife cannot testify against the
other without the consent of the
affected spouse, EXCEPT

a. In a civil case by one against the

other
b. In a criminal case for a crime
committed by one against the other
c. In a criminal case for a crime
committed against their direct
descendants or ascendants.
d. All of the above
136. The Prosecution shall offer in
evidence its documentary
evidence

a. Any time of the proceeding

b. After the presentation of
testimonies of witnesses have
been terminated
c. After the presentation of the
witnesses of the defense
d. Any of the above
136. The Prosecution shall offer in
evidence its documentary
evidence

a. Any time of the proceeding

b. After the presentation of
testimonies of witnesses have
been terminated
c. After the presentation of the
witnesses of the defense
d. Any of the above
137. During the conduct of investigation in
an alleged rape case, evidence consisting
of extra-judicial confessions made by the
suspect before a law enforcement officer,
the following are the instances that the
said confession will not be admitted in
court, except

a. When the confession was obtained

without the presence of counsel
b. When the confessant was properly
informed of his constitutional rights
c. When the confession was extracted by
means of coercion
d. None of the above
137. During the conduct of investigation in
an alleged rape case, evidence consisting
of extra-judicial confessions made by the
suspect before a law enforcement officer,
the following are the instances that the
said confession will not be admitted in
court, except

a. When the confession was obtained

without the presence of counsel
b. When the confessant was properly
informed of his constitutional rights
c. When the confession was extracted by
means of coercion
d. None of the above
138. For documentary evidence
to be admissible, it must be

a. Relevant
b. authenticated
c. identified and marked
d. All of the above
138. For documentary evidence
to be admissible, it must be

a. Relevant
b. authenticated
c. identified and marked
d. All of the above
139. Which of the following
disqualifies a person from being
a witness?

a. Religious belief
b. Political belief
c. Conviction of crime
d. None of the above
139. Which of the following
disqualifies a person from being
a witness?

a. Religious belief
b. Political belief
c. Conviction of crime
d. None of the above
140. During the examination of a
witness, this is done to explain
apparent contradictions, or
inconsistencies, and to
rehabilitate the testimony

a. Direct Examination
b. Cross Examination
c. Re-direct Examination
d. Re-cross Examination
140. During the examination of a
witness, this is done to explain
apparent contradictions, or
inconsistencies, and to
rehabilitate the testimony

a. Direct Examination
b. Cross Examination
c. Re-direct Examination
d. Re-cross Examination
141. It applies if the subject of
the inquiry is the contents of
the document

a. Secondary Evidence Rule

b. Primary Evidence Rule
c. Original Document Rule
d. Parol Evidence Rule
141. It applies if the subject of
the inquiry is the contents of
the document

a. Secondary Evidence Rule

b. Primary Evidence Rule
c. Original Document Rule
d. Parol Evidence Rule
141. It applies if the subject of
the inquiry is the contents of
the document

a. Secondary Evidence Rule

b. Primary Evidence Rule
c. Original Document Rule
d. Parol Evidence Rule
142. Evidence which indirectly
proves a fact in issue through an
inference which the fact finder
draws from the evidence
established

a. Direct evidence
b. Rebuttal evidence
c. Circumstantial evidence
d. Prima facie evidence
142. Evidence which indirectly
proves a fact in issue through an
inference which the fact finder
draws from the evidence
established

a. Direct evidence
b. Rebuttal evidence
c. Circumstantial evidence
d. Prima facie evidence
143. Evidence which the law
does not allow to be
contradicted

a. Prima facie
b. Cumulative
c. Conclusive
d. Corroborative
143. Evidence which the law
does not allow to be
contradicted

a. Prima facie
b. Cumulative
c. Conclusive
d. Corroborative
144. Aklas suffered injuries caused by
Makagago in a fighting incident which
transpired at Kastilyo ni Abra Resto
Bar. In this case, Aklas being the
offended party may present direct
physical evidence for the prosecution
of physical injury. He may present to
the court:

a. Testimony of witness
b. Medical report
c. Injury itself
d. All of the above
144. Aklas suffered injuries caused by
Makagago in a fighting incident which
transpired at Kastilyo ni Abra Resto
Bar. In this case, Aklas being the
offended party may present direct
physical evidence for the prosecution
of physical injury. He may present to
the court:

a. Testimony of witness
b. Medical report
c. Injury itself
d. All of the above
145. The court shall consider
evidence which has not been
formally offered. This statement
is

a. true
b. partly true
c. false
d. partly false
145. The court shall consider
evidence which has not been
formally offered. This statement
is

a. true
b. partly true
c. false
d. partly false
146. A witness can testify only
to those facts which he knows
or based on his

a. possible knowledge
b. probable cause
c. personal knowledge
d. any of the above
146. A witness can testify only
to those facts which he knows
or based on his

a. possible knowledge
b. probable cause
c. personal knowledge
d. any of the above
147. Which of the following is an exception to
the Original Document Rule?

a. When the original is lost or destroyed, or

cannot be produced in court, without bad
faith on the part of the offeror
b. When the original is in the custody or under
the control of the party against whom the
evidence is offered, and the latter fails to
produce it after reasonable
notice, or the original cannot be obtained by
local judicial processes or procedures
c. When the original is a public record in the
custody of a public officer or is recorded in a
public office
d. all of the above
147. Which of the following is an exception to
the Original Document Rule?

a. When the original is lost or destroyed, or

cannot be produced in court, without bad
faith on the part of the offeror
b. When the original is in the custody or under
the control of the party against whom the
evidence is offered, and the latter fails to
produce it after reasonable
notice, or the original cannot be obtained by
local judicial processes or procedures
c. When the original is a public record in the
custody of a public officer or is recorded in a
public office
d. all of the above
148. The narrative of the victim on
how she was raped in open court is
an example of

a. Documentary evidence
b. Testimonial evidence
c. Real evidence
d. Object evidence
148. The narrative of the victim on
how she was raped in open court is
an example of

a. Documentary evidence
b. Testimonial evidence
c. Real evidence
d. Object evidence
149. In a case of rape, the Prosecution will
present the victim who is a 5 year old girl
as a witness in court. Boy Bangag, the
accused objected on the ground that the
witness is not competent to testify. Is Boy
Bangag correct?

a. Yes, a 5 year old girl cannot perceive and

cannot make known her perception to
others
b. No, as long as the 5 year old girl can
perceive, is perceiving and can make
known her perception to others
c. No, there is a need of the approval of
parents
d. Yes, the 5 year old girl is too young to
testify
149. In a case of rape, the Prosecution will
present the victim who is a 5 year old girl
as a witness in court. Boy Bangag, the
accused objected on the ground that the
witness is not competent to testify. Is Boy
Bangag correct?

a. Yes, a 5 year old girl cannot perceive and

cannot make known her perception to
others
b. No, as long as the 5 year old girl can
perceive, is perceiving and can make
known her perception to others
c. No, there is a need of the approval of
parents
d. Yes, the 5 year old girl is too young to
testify
150. Which of the following does
not belong to the group?

a. object evidence
b. real evidence
c. testimonial evidence
d. physical evidence
150. Which of the following does
not belong to the group?

a. object evidence
b. real evidence
c. testimonial evidence
d. physical evidence
Thank you for listening! !