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Lecture 6 Proteins P 2

This lecture covers the structure, composition, and sources of proteins, highlighting the differences between plant-based and animal-based proteins. It discusses protein digestion, absorption, and the importance of protein in the human body, along with recommended intake levels and health concerns related to protein consumption. Additionally, it addresses vegetarian and vegan diets, their nutritional implications, and special concerns for children and pets.

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hayleypwilliams13
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8 views33 pages

Lecture 6 Proteins P 2

This lecture covers the structure, composition, and sources of proteins, highlighting the differences between plant-based and animal-based proteins. It discusses protein digestion, absorption, and the importance of protein in the human body, along with recommended intake levels and health concerns related to protein consumption. Additionally, it addresses vegetarian and vegan diets, their nutritional implications, and special concerns for children and pets.

Uploaded by

hayleypwilliams13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Human Nutrition

Lecture 6
Proteins
Learning Outcomes
• Differentiate general structure and composition of
protein
• Interpret how plant-based protein differs from
animal based
• Distinguish sources of protein and how its
measured
• Understand the flexibilities that come with the RDA
for protein
• Describe protein digestion and absorption in detail
• Understand the importance of protein in the human
body
0
Proteins

• Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
• Sometimes sulfur
Proteins

• Amino acids
• 9 essential
• 11 nonessential
Amino Acid Deamination

• Deamination
Amino Acid Composition
• Animal proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids
• Most plant proteins are incomplete
• Limiting amino acids
• Complementary proteins can compensate
Plant Based Protein
Product g/ser Low in

Quinoa 8 None

Buckwheat 6 Methionine*

Ezekiel bread 8 None

Seitan 21 Lysine

Nutritional 8 Methionine*
Yeast
Soy 12-18 None
Protein on Social Media ♀
Synthesis of Proteins

• Amino acids are linked by peptide


bonds to form proteins
• Dipeptides
• Tripeptides
• Oligopeptides
• Polypeptides
Sources of Protein

• Typical North American diet


• 70% of proteins come from animal products
• Worldwide
• 35% of protein comes from animal sources
Meat and Cancer
Sources of
Protein

• Entomophagy
• edibleinsects.com
Food Protein Quality
• Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
Eggs!

• Caged • Free-Range
• Small cages indoors • Indoors with a limited outdoor option
• Fed corn or soy • Fed corn or soy but also permitted to graze
• 90% of eggs in the US
• Pasture-Raised
• Cage-free • Outdoors dusk-dawn
• Indoors but without cages • Limited corn/soy but mostly graze
• Fed corn or soy • 2x Omega 3, 3x VitD, 4x VitE, 7x B-
carotene
Recommended Intake of Protein

• Adult RDA is 0.8g/kg of body weight


• Average man 56g/day
• Average woman 46g/day
• Under certain conditions, protein needs can range from 0.8 to
2.0g/kg.
RDA for Essential Amino Acids

0
RDA for Essential Amino Acids

Amino Acid RDA(m


g)

Tryptophan 350

Threonine 1400

Isoleucine 1260

Leucine 2940

Lysine 2660

Met+ Cys 1260

Phe+ Tyr 2310

Valine 1680

Histidine 980
Protein Digestion

• Cooking denatures proteins


• Stomach
• Hydrochloric acid
• Pepsinogen Pepsin
• Small intestine and pancreas
• CCK
• Proteases
• Trypsin
• Chymotrypsin
• Carboxypeptidase
Proteases
Protein Absorption

• Short peptides and amino acids are


absorbed passively or actively
• Many are Sodium-dependent amino
acid transporters
• PepT1
Functions of Proteins
• Produces vital body structures
• Maintains fluid balance
• Assists in pH balance
• Forms hormones, enzymes, and
neurotransmitters
• Contributes to immune function
• Transports nutrients
• Provides energy
Functions of Proteins
• Produces vital body structures
• Collagen, actin, myosin
• Contributes to immune function
Functions of Proteins
• Maintains fluid balance
• Albumin and globulin
• Blood fluid moves into interstitial
spaces
• Blood proteins stay in blood
• If protein consumption is inadequate
• Edema
Functions of Proteins
• Contributes to acid-base balance
• Forming hormones, enzymes, and
neurotransmitters
• Transports nutrients
Health Concerns

• Protein-energy malnutrition
• Marasmus
• Kwashiorkor
• High protein diets
• Food protein allergies
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
• Regularly consuming insufficient amounts of energy and protein
• Most devastating effects are seen in children
• Marasmus
• Nutrient deficiency
• Lack of lean tissue, greater risk of infection
• Kwashiorkor
• Protein deficiency
• Edema, weight loss, growth impairment
Super High Protein Diets

• Overburdens kidneys
• Dehydration
• Higher consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol
Food Protein Allergies
• Allergens in food cause hypersensitivity reactions and trigger an
immune response
• Symptoms of allergic reactions:
• Sneezing, Itchy skin, Hives, Digestive upset
• Anaphylaxis
• Decrease BP and respiratory distress

• Peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish,


shellfish, soy, wheat
• Food intolerances
Gluten-related Disorders
• Celiac Disease • Gluten
• Autoimmune • Wheat, barley, rye
• GI symptoms
• Non GI symptoms
• Fatigue, dermatitis herpetiformis

• Non-celiac gluten sensitivity


• Nocebo?
Vegetarian and Vegan Diets
• Increased intakes of
• Antioxidant nutrients
• Dietary fiber
• Phytochemicals
• Decreased intakes of
• Saturated fats
• Cholesterol
Vegetarian and Vegan Diets

• Plant based diets may be low in:


• Riboflavin
• Vitamin D
• Vitamin B-12
• Calcium
• Iron
• Zinc
Special Concerns for Children
and Pets
• Most common nutritional deficiencies in children
• Iron
• Vitamin B-12
• Vitamin D
• Zinc
• Cats are carnivores
Peanut Butter Grain Balls

• 2/3 cup peanut butter or • Mix all ingredients,


almond butter form into balls and
• ¼ cup semi-sweet store in fridge
chocolate chips
• 1 cup oats • Optional adds:
• ½ cup ground flax seeds • Protein powder
• 2 tablespoons chia • Nuts
seeds • Buckwheat
• 2 tablespoons honey or
maple syrup

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