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Fundamentals SuperTAPP SG_Technical Manual

The SuperTAPP SG User Documentation provides technical reference for the voltage control and monitoring relay applicable to Basic, Advanced, and Ultimate relay types. It includes version information, hardware and software changes, and details on functions such as tap-changer control and transformer temperature monitoring. The document is part of a comprehensive user manual set and is published by Fundamentals Limited.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

31 views126 pages

Fundamentals SuperTAPP SG_Technical Manual

Uploaded by

gcb96xfy6n

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Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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SuperTAPP SG

Voltage Control & Monitoring Relay

User Documentation

Part 2 Technical Reference

Applicable to Basic, Advanced and Ultimate relays
User Documentation SuperTAPP SG
Part 2 Technical Reference

About this manual

This document contains proprietary information that is protected by copyright. All rights are
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or translated into any language
without the prior, written permission of Fundamentals Limited.

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this document, even when not specifically marked as
such, are protected by law.

This document is one part (highlighted in bold below) of the complete user documentation set, which
comprises three parts in total:

 Part 1 Installation, Operation and Maintenance Guide

 Part 2 Technical Reference
 Part 3 SCADA Communication Guide

Manufacturer and Publisher

SuperTAPP SG is manufactured by, and this manual is published by:

Fundamentals Limited
Unit 2, Hillmead Enterprise Park
Marshall Road
Swindon
SN5 5FZ
UK

Document Reference FP1034-U-11 v4.3

©2022 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-2

Scope
This document is applicable to SuperTAPP SG relay types with Basic, Advanced and Ultimate function
levels.
The relay type is printed in the form ‘FP1034-XXXXXXXXXX-Xnn-FX’, and the digit in the position ‘F’
represents the function level.

Version Information

Document Issue
Issue Issue Date Description of Main Changes Applicable relay version
Published as part of FP1034-U-2 User Manual
1.0 April 2016 First issue h/w 00, s/w v4.x
2.0 September 2016 Substantial changes to section 15. Subsections h/w 01
renumbered and subsections 15.6, 15.8 and 15.9 s/w v5.x
added to support new features. Improved
description in most other subsections with
function diagrams added.
Minor updates throughout.
2.1 January 2017 17 Settings lists updated to reflect new h/w 01,02
functionality s/w v5.x
18.1.3 ENA TS 48-6-5 reference added
18.2.1 Frequency response h/w version clarified
2.2 June 2017 Hardware and software version tables added h/w 03,04
15.1.1 Description of time delays extended and s/w v6.0, v6.1
consolidated from 15.3
15.4.3 Description expanded
15.4.8 New section on power calculations
15.10 New section added: general inputs and
outputs
17 New settings added (Tables 2-14, 2-16,
2-17, 2-18, 2-19, 2-20, 2-21, 2-25)
Converted to separate document FP1034-U-11 Technical Reference
3.0 May 2018 14.2 Table 2-2 clarifies VT/CTs at basic h/w 04,05
function level s/w v6.6 – v6.8, v7.3, v7.4
15.3.3 Added description of motor current sense
15.3.4 Added section for step-by-step function
15.8.2 Clarified reset and pickup times on
Voltage Offset B
15.10.3 Added description for setting group
selection
15.10.8 Added description for I/O timers
17 New settings added (Tables 2-15, 2-20,
2-21, 2-24)

©2022 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-3

Issue Issue Date Description of Main Changes Applicable relay version

3.1 July 2019 15.1.1 Added description of settings to modify h/w 04,05
bandwidth hysteresis s/w v8.1-8.2
15.4.7 Added description of extra tranformer to
list of current input functions
15.4.10 New section for Pseudo-VT
15.6 Added description of automatic busbar
topology detection
17 Updated settings list
3.2 November 2019 15.3.3 Changed table 2-3 to show VT fuse h/w 04,05
failure blocking raise and immediate s/w v8.3-8.3.1
alarm time
17 Updated settings list
3.3 November 2020 Updated logo on cover page h/w 04,05
15.3.1 Added new version of "Figure 2-59 s/w v8.3-8.5
Typical connection diagram for power
supply and scheme logic module" for 'B'
LV PSU stating positive and negative
power supply connections.
16.2.3 Created new version of "Figure 2‑59
Typical connection diagram for power
supply and scheme logic module" for 'B'
LV PSU stating positive and negative
power supply connections.
16.2.5 Updated “Figure 2-44 Inter-relay
connections” to reflect correct high and
low terminals
4.0 January 2021 15.10 Added Transformer temperature h/w 05
monitoring and control s/w v9.1
Figure 2-12 Connection arrangements for tap
position module edited
Table 2-2 updated with module L
Figure 2-42 Optional I/O module allocation to
terminal blocks edited
15.11 Analogue DC Input and Output Modules
Type K and L edited
Table 2-6 Analogue DC module I/O provision
added
Figure 2-45 Connection arrangements for type L
DC analogue I/O module added
15.11.5 mA Inputs edited
Table 2-8 mA Input Functions and Ranges
added
15.11.6 mA Outputs
15.11.7 RTD (Pt100) Inputs edited
Table 2-23 Thermal management added
Table 2-24 Binary inputs submenu edited
Table 2-25 Binary outputs submenu edited
Table 2-26 Milliamp and Pt100 inputs submenu
added
18.3.1 Energising and Output Quantities edited
Figure 2-67 Connection diagram for tap position
input module

©2022 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-4

Issue Issue Date Description of Main Changes Applicable relay version

4.1 June 2021 15.3.3 Tap position input customisation added h/w 05
15.3.4 Position indication added s/w v9.2
15.3.5 Tap changer monitoring customisation
added
Table 2-24 Tap changer settings edited
4.2 November 2021 20 Locations added h/w 05
Table 2-1 Network settings edited s/w v9.3
18.3.1 Updated electrical characteristics
4.3 May 2022 Terms and conditions h/w 05
Table 2-2 Alarms settings edited s/w v9.4
Table 2-3 Communications menu removed IED
name
18.5.2 Weight Unpackaged edited
20 Locations updated

Hardware Version
Version Release Date Description of Main Changes
00 April 2016 First release
01 September 2016 Module type P Tap position input connections changed
Module type S Orientation of Ethernet ports changed
Serial communication terminating resistor moved
02 January 2017 Module type D Frequency measurement response time reduced
03 May 2017 Module type G Ability to reject AC signals added (selectable in software)
04 June 2017 Case height marginally reduced to meet 4u cutout standard
SFP removal warning added
05 June 2018 Real time clock lithium backup battery replaced with capacitor
Module type A Voltage range of tapchanger interface extended

Note. The hardware version of the relay may be determined from the label in the bottom left-hand
corner of the front panel. The relay type is printed in the form ‘FP1034-XXXXXXXXXX-XHH’,
and the digits in the position ‘HH’ represent the hardware version.

Software Version
Version Release Date Description of Main Changes
v4.0 April 2016 First release
v5.0 December 2016 New features added:
 General voltage offset group B
 Load response
 Frequency response
 Tap stagger
 Frequency tripping

©2022 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-5

Version Release Date Description of Main Changes

v6.0 March 2017 Some features (load response, frequency response, frequency tripping) moved
to correct feature level (Ultimate)
v6.1 May 2017 New features added:
 3-phase and 2-wattmeter power measurements
 Tap change impact calculations

v6.6 September 2017 New features added:

 Input/output timers
 CT Trim added
Adjustments to behaviour of some features in non-availability or activation fail
conditions (load response, frequency response, tap stagger, frequency tripping)
v6.7 October 2017 Fixes to the following issues:
 handling of transfer taps in step-by-step mode
 handling of Auto command from SCADA
 possibility of relay reboot when current is zero.

v6.8 November 2017 New features added:

 Configurable deadbands for reporting of analogues over SCADA
communications
Fixes to the following issues:
 Internal driver error which causes loss of event and command handling

v7.3 February 2018 New features added:

 Addition of master-follower functionality
 Ability to upgrade SCADA communications software via Ethernet

v7.4 April 2018 Fixes to the following issues:

 A driver error which can cause lock up of the SD card which records
measurement and event data, and also prevent comms event reporting
v7.5 June 2018 New features added:
 "Automatic" option for inter-tap time delay setting
 Adjustable bandwidth hysteresis
Fixes to the following issues:
 Possible incorrect tap position displayed during tap changer lockout

v7.7 October 2018 New features added:

 Alarms information screen

v8.1 April 2019 New features added:

 Automatic busbar topology detection
 Measurement and control of voltages on either side of the transformer
 Pseudo-VT
 Real time clock monitoring
 Block SCADA control input
 Reset lockout by SCADA command

v8.2 July 2019 New features added:

Support for IEC 60870-5-103 SCADA communications
v8.3.1 September 2019 New features added:
 Nominal transformer voltage settings default to be the same as nominal
system voltages
 Inter tap time delay and tap pulse time settings now default to ‘automatic’
Fixes for the following issues:
 Feeder measurements were assigned to the wrong bus section when
busbar grouping was controlled by CB statuses or was automatic

©2022 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-6

Version Release Date Description of Main Changes

v9.1 January 2021 New Features added:
 Transformer thermal monitoring and control
v9.2 June 2021 New Features added:
 Tap position customisation
V9.3 November 2021 New feature added:
 Network circulating current factor setting can be set to “disabled”.
Fixes for the following issues:
 Issue accessing settings over USB on v9.2 Basic relays.

V9.4 March 2022 Updates to IEC 61850 implementation

Note. The software version of the relay may be determined from within the menu structure in
‘Instruments/Diagnostics/Relay Info (7/xx)’. The software version is the displayed on the first
line of the display.

Terms and Conditions

The warranties given at the time of supply shall not apply to the extent that the warranty claim
arises from any element of the SuperTAPP SG:
a) being used outside its normal environmental or operational parameters as set out in this
documentation; or
b) being subject to accidental damage; or
c) being modified other than by Fundamentals or under Fundamentals’ explicit written
instructions; or
d) being integrated with third party software or hardware without Fundamentals’ prior written
consent.

©2022 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-7

Table of Contents
Sections 1 to 12 can be found in part 1 of the user manual.
Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 2-3
Version Information .................................................................................................................. 2-3
Conventions and Definitions ...................................................................................................... 2-9
13 Introduction to SuperTAPP SG .......................................................................................... 2-12
13.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 2-12
13.2 Physical Overview .......................................................................................................... 2-12
14 Ordering Options and Configuration ................................................................................. 2-12
14.1 Function Levels .............................................................................................................. 2-13
14.2 Ordering Options and Product Codes ............................................................................ 2-13
15 Description of Functions ................................................................................................... 2-15
15.1 Voltage Control for 2-Winding Transformers ................................................................ 2-15
15.2 Integrated Control Panel ............................................................................................... 2-24
15.3 Tap-changer Control, Monitoring and Runaway Prevention......................................... 2-25
15.4 Measurement of AC Voltage and Current ..................................................................... 2-36
15.5 Distributed or Embedded Generation ........................................................................... 2-46
15.6 Busbar Configurations ................................................................................................... 2-48
15.7 AVC for 3-Winding Transformers (Double Secondary Winding) ................................... 2-50
15.8 Adjustments to Target Voltage ...................................................................................... 2-51
15.9 Functions Acting on Multiple Transformers .................................................................. 2-56
15.10 Transformer temperature monitoring and control ....................................................... 2-61
15.11 General Inputs and Outputs .......................................................................................... 2-67
15.12 Communications and Data Storage ............................................................................... 2-74
16 Application Guidance........................................................................................................ 2-78
16.1 Fundamentals Application Support ............................................................................... 2-78
16.2 Basic Control Scheme Design......................................................................................... 2-78
16.3 Determination of Settings ............................................................................................. 2-85
16.4 Feeder Current Measurements ..................................................................................... 2-88
17 Settings List .................................................................................................................... 2-100
18 Specifications ................................................................................................................. 2-118
18.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 2-118
18.2 Functional Characteristics............................................................................................ 2-118
18.3 Electrical Characteristics .............................................................................................. 2-119
18.4 Electromagnetic Characteristics .................................................................................. 2-120
18.5 Mechanical and Atmospheric Characteristics ............................................................. 2-120
19 Connection Diagrams...................................................................................................... 2-122
20 Locations........................................................................................................................ 2-126

©2022 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-8

Conventions and Definitions

Text Conventions
Important information in the text may be in the form of either Warnings or Notes:

A Warning contains information about situations that could result in personal

injury to yourself or other persons, or risk damaging the relay or associated
equipment.
WARNING

NOTE: A note gives significant additional information about the use of the product.

Glossary
Primary (VT, CT related) refers to the winding of a VT or CT which receives the
voltage or current to be measured
Pseudo-VT Feature which calculates the voltage and current on the opposite side of
the transformer from that on which it is measured.
Secondary (VT, CT related) refers to the winding of a VT or CT which produces the
transformed voltage or current

Abbreviations
AVC Automatic Voltage Control
AT Ampere-turns
CT Current Transformer
DSS Directional Sequence Switch – signals whenever a raise or lower operation
occurs at the tap changer
ESD Electrostatic Discharge
HV High Voltage (see Voltage Conventions)
IED Intelligent Electronic Device – a device that monitors components of
electrical power supplies and issues control commands based on the data
received
LSS Local Selector Switch – controls whether the tap changer is operated locally
(at the mechanism itself) by an operator, or remotely by the AVC system
RFI Radiofrequency Interference

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-9

SFP Small Form-factor Pluggable – refers to a communication transceiver

standard for pluggable Ethernet communications modules
VT Voltage Transformer

Voltage Conventions
There are a variety of phrases indicating particular voltage levels in use in different contexts, such as
low voltage (LV), medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV) and extra high voltage (EHV). Some of these
have IEC definitions attached to them and some are accepted as ‘industry standard’ for a particular
situation.
Since the SuperTAPP SG relay can be applied at many voltage levels and in different countries we have
avoided the use of any of these phrases to indicate an absolute level or a part of a transmission or
distribution network.
However, since SuperTAPP SG is primarily concerned with transformers, it is useful to identify different
voltage levels connected to the transformer and for this we use the following convention:
 HV (or high voltage) is used to indicate the higher (or highest) voltage level connected to a
transformer, or the winding itself.
 LV (or low voltage) is used to indicate the lower voltage level(s) connected to a transformer, or
the winding itself (ignoring any auxiliary windings). In a 3-winding transformer all the windings
(again ignoring auxiliary windings) may have different voltage levels in which case the phrase LV
will be applicable to all but the HV winding.

Power and Current Flow Conventions

In this manual and within the SuperTAPP SG relay the following conventions are used.

The flow of real and reactive power will usually be given context by directional arrows within a
diagram. If the arrow is pointing towards a resistive load the real power flow will be a positive number,
while if it is pointing towards a generator the real power flow will be a negative number. Similarly if
the arrow is pointing towards an inductor the imaginary (or reactive) power flow will be a positive
number, while if it is pointing towards a capacitor the imaginary (or reactive) power flow will be a
negative number.
In the absence of explicit directional arrows the implicit directional sense will be towards the busbar
on transformer incomers, and away from the busbar on all other feeders, as per Figure 2-1.

Power is defined as P + jQ = V.I* where V and I are complex numbers and * is the conjugation
operator.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-10

Figure 2-1 Sign Conventions for Power and Current Flow

Functional Diagram Conventions Setting Peer-peer Comms

Function SCADA indication

In this manual the following drawing conventions are used.
Instrument value SCADA command

Setting Peer-peer Comms Analogue signal flow (scalar)

Analogue signal flow (vector)
Function SCADA indication
Multiplexed signal
Instrument value SCADA command Signal tap from multiplex

Analogue signal flow (scalar) Control signal

Digital signal – sgl. or dbl. point (DP)
Analogue signal flow (vector)
Bitfield signal
Multiplexed signal Incoming / outgoing signal

Signal tap from multiplex

Control signal
Digital signal – sgl. or dbl. point (DP)
Bitfield signal
Incoming / outgoing signal

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-11

13 Introduction to SuperTAPP SG
The SuperTAPP SG is the fourth generation of AVC relay designed by Fundamentals, building on a rich
history and heritage gained from direct experience of working with the fundamentals of power system
operation. Previous relays in the line of succession include the original TAPP, SuperTAPP, MicroTAPP
and SuperTAPP n+.

13.1 Purpose
The SuperTAPP SG is designed for automatic voltage control of power systems via transformers with
on-load tap-changers. It can cater for all voltage control applications from the straightforward to the
complex and difficult to solve. Situations which it can handle include two-winding transformers, three-
winding transformers, distributed or embedded generation, fluctuating load power factors, differing
voltage sources, transformers and tap spacings, paralleling across networks, transfer taps and many
more.

13.2 Physical Overview

The SuperTAPP SG is designed for fitting in the front panel of a 19” rack-mounting system and occupies
¾ width of a 4U subrack, allowing a complete voltage control for one transformer and test blocks to
be fitted in a single subrack.
SuperTAPP SG is a modular relay. Ordering options allow the user to select the hardware functions
which are required for the particular scheme and these are easily built into the relay. Additional
hardware can be added later if required.
SuperTAPP SG is a withdrawable relay. Once the relay is wired into the panel the relay chassis can be
withdrawn from the case without disturbing the wiring.

14 Ordering Options and Configuration

An Option is a phrase we use to describe a choice which the user must make at time of ordering. Where
we use the word Configuration or Settings it refers to adjustments and setup which the user can carry
out.
SuperTAPP SG is designed and constructed in a modular format. This allows tailoring to each user’s
requirements and avoids provision of unnecessary and unused functionality. Before ordering the user
should ensure that the options are right for their needs. Fundamentals can provide selection advice if
required.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-12

14.1 Function Levels

Three levels of relay function are available: basic, advanced and ultimate which define the voltage and
current measuring and voltage control functionalities of the relay. A variety of I/O options are then
available to customise the relay to the scheme requirements.
The functions included at each level are defined in Table 2-4. Each of these functions is described within
this part of this user manual.

Table 2-4 Function level

Function Level Included Functions

Basic SG Measurement of three-phase VT and CT
AVC for 2-winding transformers with:
LDC
Paralleling using Enhanced TAPP (which incorporates negative reactance compounding
and true circulating current) with support for master-follower
Integrated control panel
Tap Position Indication
Tap-changer control, monitoring and runaway prevention
Advanced SG All Basic SG functions +
Measurement of 2 three-phase VTs and 3 CTs (total)
AVC for 3-winding transformers
Busbar configurations
Use of additional current inputs for generation feeder, generation, load correction, load
exclusion, load inclusion, interconnected substations
Ultimate SG All Advanced SG functions +
Autonomous algorithms for frequency- and load-based voltage offsets
Frequency-based tripping of parallel transformers
Tap stagger

14.2 Ordering Options and Product Codes

Ordering of a SuperTAPP SG is usually made up of 2 separate line items:
 the relay, including the plug-in comms modules, known as SFPs, and
 interposing CTs for connection of current inputs.
The product code for the relay is defined in Table 2-5, including the various I/O options which may be
selected. Each of these elements is described within section 15 of this user manual.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-13

Table 2-5 SuperTAPP SG product code

Product Code FP1034 - P D - vv -

Power Supply
110/230 V AC/DC A
24/48 V DC B
Digital I/O
Scheme I/O only (4I & 7O) 0 0 0 0
Scheme I/O + 5I & 4O (1 c/o) G 0 0 0
Scheme I/O + 10I & 8O (2 c/o) G G 0 0
Scheme I/O + 15I & 12O (3 c/o) G G G 0
Scheme I/O + 20I & 16O (4 c/o) G G G G
Analogue DC
None 0
mA 2I & 3O + PT100 input K
mA 1I & 1O + 3PT100 inputs L
AC Input Options
2 x 3ph. VTs & 3CTs * 0
2 x 3ph. VTs & 10CTs * F
SCADA Communications
None R 0
IEC 61850, IEC 60870, DNP3 S L
Function Level
Basic SG 1
Advanced SG 2
Ultimate SG 3
Ethernet
None 0
100base-T RJ45 A
100base-SX (850nm MM) LC B
100base-T RJ45 x2 C
100base-SX (850nm MM) LC x2 D
100base-FX (1300nm MM) LC E
100base-FX (1300nm MM) LC x2 F
100base-LX (1300nm SM) LC G
100base-LX (1300nm SM) LC x2 H
* If Basic SG function level is selected only 1 x 3ph VT and 1 CT will be usable.

Note. ‘v v’ in the product code is a 2-digit number indicating the hardware version. This issue of the
manual is applicable to the hardware versions indicated in the Version Information on page ii.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-14

15 Description of Functions

15.1 Voltage Control for 2-Winding Transformers

15.1.1 Basic Voltage Control

Applies to: all function levels and options
Basic relay operation can be described with reference to Figure 2-2 which shows a single tap changing
transformer supplying a busbar with two outgoing feeders. Normally, the tap changer is on the HV
winding of the transformer and the VT and CT are on the LV side between the transformer and the
circuit breaker.

Figure 2-2 Simplified AVC operation

The measured voltage (VVT) is compared with the target voltage of the relay (Vtgt). If the difference
exceeds the bandwidth setting, a tap changer operation is initiated to adjust the transformer voltage
to a satisfactory level.

Voltage target and deviation

The target voltage is a dynamic quantity and is affected by several bias quantities associated with the
voltage control system. The calculation of the effective target voltage, and its use for calculating the
voltage deviation is shown in Figure 2-3.

where
VT = transformer measured voltage of LV winding
Vbasic = relay basic target voltage setting
Vadj = voltage target adjustments (see section 15.8)
VLDC = load drop compensation bias voltage (see section 15.1.2)
Vgen = embedded generator bias voltage *
VNCB = network circulating bias voltage
VSCB = site circulating bias voltage

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-15

* available only with an advanced model

These quantities are all expressed in % values where 100% voltage is the nominal voltage of the
network which the transformer is supplying.

Figure 2-3 Function diagram for calculation of target voltage and voltage deviation

Calculations /
Wdg 1 volt biases Calculations /
VT Measured voltage
Wdg 1 volt biases

+ Deviation Vdev

Calculations / -
S SCADA point
Wdg 1 volt biases
Vbasic
Vadj
S Set target
S Calculations /
Wdg 1 volt biases
Effective target
VLDC
Effective voltage
target
Vgen

VNCB

VSCB

Deadband
The bandwidth or deadband setting, Vbw in
On SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels, the “Bandwidth 2” setting can be used to
temporarily reduce the bandwidth after the measured voltage has gone outside the deadband. This
has the effect of increasing the hysteresis (from the default of 0.1 %). The setting value must be less
than that of the “Bandwidth” setting and its function is controlled by the “Bandwidth 2 type” setting.
If the Bandwidth 2 type is set to “On”, when the deviation exceeds the bandwidth the relay will
continue tapping until the deviation returns inside the Bandwidth 2 value.
If the Bandwidth 2 type is set to “Target change only”, the bandwidth is reduced to the Bandwidth 2
value when the basic voltage target is changed. This is useful if a definite change in tap position is
required when the voltage target is changed. The bandwidth is reset when the measured voltage
returns within the deadband.
Figure 2-4, defines the sensitivity to voltage fluctuations. Reducing the bandwidth setting will maintain
the voltage closer to the target level (i.e. increase the voltage control accuracy), but will increase the
number of tap changer operations. It is represented by a ±% value based on the system nominal
voltage.
If the deviation of the measured voltage from the target voltage (Vdev) is less than the bandwidth (i.e.
within the deadband), no tap changes will occur.
On SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels, the “Bandwidth 2” setting can be used to
temporarily reduce the bandwidth after the measured voltage has gone outside the deadband. This
has the effect of increasing the hysteresis (from the default of 0.1 %). The setting value must be less
than that of the “Bandwidth” setting and its function is controlled by the “Bandwidth 2 type” setting.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-16

If the Bandwidth 2 type is set to “On”, when the deviation exceeds the bandwidth the relay will
continue tapping until the deviation returns inside the Bandwidth 2 value.
If the Bandwidth 2 type is set to “Target change only”, the bandwidth is reduced to the Bandwidth 2
value when the basic voltage target is changed. This is useful if a definite change in tap position is
required when the voltage target is changed. The bandwidth is reset when the measured voltage
returns within the deadband.

Figure 2-4 Function diagram for tap changer time delays

Voltage
deviation +Vbw+Vft

+Vbw
Vdev

-Vbw
Monitoring / Tap
Changer monitoring
-Vbw-Vft Status
Direction
AUTO_RAISE
Time to tap tinit
Tap Raise
Initial delay timer
tinter Status
AUTO_LOWER
Direction
Inter-tap timer
Time Tap Lower

Bandwidth (Vbw) Fast tap threshold

(Vft)
Initial tap time Fast tap delay (tft)
delay (tinit)
Inter tap time delay
Fast tap (tinter)
Tap operation time

Initial tap time delay

When the deviation exceeds the bandwidth, an initial time delay takes place before the relay issues
the raise/lower command. This initial time delay is included
 to ensure that unnecessary operations do not occur for transient voltage deviations,
 to prevent an excessive number of tap operations which increases tap-changer maintenance
costs,
 to allow grading of AVC relays ‘top to bottom’, i.e. allow tap changers at higher voltage levels to
operate first, correcting the voltage across a wide area, before a more localised operation at a
lower voltage level which may subsequently be reversed.
The delay is presented on the relay screen as ‘time to tap’, which counts down from the initial time
delay setting to zero, at which point a tap changer operation is initiated. During the timing cycle, if the
voltage returns to normal, the ‘time to tap’ count will increase at the same rate back to the initial time
delay setting (although this won’t be visible on the screen). If the voltage swings through the deadband
to the other side, the timer is reset and starts to count down again from the initial time delay setting.

Successive Tap Operations

Following a tap changer operation, if further corrections are required, an inter-tap time delay is used.
A tap-change operation usually requires a number of seconds to complete, and the inter-tap delay
allows for this before requesting further operations, see

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-17

On SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels, the “Bandwidth 2” setting can be used to
temporarily reduce the bandwidth after the measured voltage has gone outside the deadband. This
has the effect of increasing the hysteresis (from the default of 0.1 %). The setting value must be less
than that of the “Bandwidth” setting and its function is controlled by the “Bandwidth 2 type” setting.
If the Bandwidth 2 type is set to “On”, when the deviation exceeds the bandwidth the relay will
continue tapping until the deviation returns inside the Bandwidth 2 value.
If the Bandwidth 2 type is set to “Target change only”, the bandwidth is reduced to the Bandwidth 2
value when the basic voltage target is changed. This is useful if a definite change in tap position is
required when the voltage target is changed. The bandwidth is reset when the measured voltage
returns within the deadband.
Figure 2-4.
If the inter tap time delay is configured to be less than the tap operation time, successive taps are
delayed until the previous tap operation completes. As long as the measured voltage is still out of band
the SuperTAPP SG will display ‘Time to tap 0s’ until the tap occurs.

Fast Tap
Under some circumstances the normal initial time delay is bypassed and a corrective tap changer
operation is initiated after a fast tap time delay. The conditions under which fast tapping can take place
are as follows:
 High voltage above fast tap threshold
 Low voltage below fast tap threshold
 Following a change to the relay basic target voltage or application of the voltage target
adjustments (-3%, -6% etc.).
 When preparing for switch-out

The fast tap threshold is a configurable setting. It is specified as an addition to the bandwidth setting,
and is also selectable as applying to high voltages only, or high and low voltages, or off. If a bandwidth
of ±2% and a fast tap threshold of ±0.5% are set then the fast tap occurs at ±2.5%, see
On SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels, the “Bandwidth 2” setting can be used to
temporarily reduce the bandwidth after the measured voltage has gone outside the deadband. This
has the effect of increasing the hysteresis (from the default of 0.1 %). The setting value must be less
than that of the “Bandwidth” setting and its function is controlled by the “Bandwidth 2 type” setting.
If the Bandwidth 2 type is set to “On”, when the deviation exceeds the bandwidth the relay will
continue tapping until the deviation returns inside the Bandwidth 2 value.
If the Bandwidth 2 type is set to “Target change only”, the bandwidth is reduced to the Bandwidth 2
value when the basic voltage target is changed. This is useful if a definite change in tap position is
required when the voltage target is changed. The bandwidth is reset when the measured voltage
returns within the deadband.
Figure 2-4.
The delay used for fast tap is also configurable using the fast tap time delay setting.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-18

The settings relating to basic voltage control are listed in Table 2-22. Advice on the selection of
appropriate setting values is provided in the Applications section 16.

15.1.2 Load (or Line) Drop Compensation (LDC)

Applies to: all function levels and options
Load drop compensation (LDC) is used to offset voltage drops across a network caused by load current,
as shown in Figure 2-5.

Figure 2-5 Load drop compensation (LDC)

The voltage bias for LDC (VLDC) is applied in proportion to the load current (Iload in Figure 2-6) and is
expressed as a percentage boost at full load. For example, an LDC setting (KLDC) of 10% means that at
full load the voltage boost applied to the relay will be 10% of nominal. At half load, the boost will be
5%. Full load is defined by the LDC rating setting (ILR)

Figure 2-6 Function diagram for load drop compensation (LDC)

LDC load LDC calculation

VLDC Calculations /
LDC (KLDC)
Network power Wdg 1 volt biases
factor (fnet) Vbus VLDC
ILDC Winding n LDC KLDC LDC bias
fnet rating (ILR)
Iload ILDC
Iload ILDC ILDC
ILR

LDC is applied according to the assumed load power factor to minimise the effects of purely reactive
network components such as capacitor banks, heavy industrial loads etc. The effect of this is shown in
Figure 2-6. The applied LDC voltage bias is capped at the setting level; it cannot exceed the setting level
even if the LDC load is above the LDC rating.
The related settings can be found in Table 2-22.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-19

15.1.3 Parallel Transformers

Applies to: all function levels and options
The above description of voltage control is correct for simple substations with a single two-winding
transformer. Parallel transformers introduce two factors which require some modification to the
operating methods described above. Firstly a method is required to ensure that the transformers
“keep in step” appropriately, and secondly multiple transformers affect the load seen by one
transformer and hence the impact of LDC.
SuperTAPP SG employs the enhanced TAPP method to “keep in step” and apply LDC. Inherent in this
method is the ability to handle parallel transformers with
 Different transformer capacities, impedances and tap spacing,
 Different source voltages and source feeding arrangements, and
 Generation teed into the HV winding incoming feeder.
All of this is capable of operating without needing to know any circuit breaker positions or setting
master or slave transformers which makes a SuperTAPP SG scheme extremely easy to design,
implement, commission and operate.

15.1.3.1 Circulating Current Minimisation

If the open circuit terminal voltages of paralleled transformers are not identical, a circulating current
will flow between them (at a site or across the network). This current will be highly reactive since the
transformers are essentially inductive. Figure 2-7 shows two paralleled identical transformers at a site,
T1 and T2, on different tap positions with corresponding vector diagrams. T1, being on a higher tap
position, will attempt to produce a higher output voltage than T2 and therefore exports circulating
current into T2. The bus-bar voltage, Vbus, will be the average output voltage of the transformers.
Any voltage control relay must include a method to maintain the tap position to the point where
circulating current is minimised, otherwise the tap changers will drift apart and, while the voltage will
be the average of their terminal voltages, a high amount of circulating current will flow between them.
This will cause an unnecessary power loss within the transformers and the network, reducing their
useful capacity and their efficiency. In a worst case this may lead to transformers tripping on high
winding temperature or directional overcurrent, and a complete loss of voltage control.
The SuperTAPP SG employs the ‘enhanced TAPP’ method to calculate the circulating current and
convert it into a circulating current voltage bias, Vcirc. The voltage bias modifies the target voltage of
the relays in order to promote tap changer operations which will reduce the circulating current to a
minimum. An export of circulating current, as seen by T1 in Figure 2-7, results in a negative Vcirc which
decreases the effective target voltage, making the relay tend to tap down. An import of circulating
current, as seen by T2 in Figure 2-7, results in a positive Vcirc which increases the effective target
voltage, making the relay tend to tap up.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-20

Figure 2-7 Parallel transformers at a site

The circulating current voltage bias is made up of two components: a bias arising from site circulating
current, and a bias arising from network circulating current. The site circulating current is calculated
using the ‘true circulating current’ method, which is dependent on the individual transformer load and
the summed load of paralleled transformers, as exhibited in Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-8 shows a situation involving paralleling across the network and includes site circulating
current ISC and network circulating current INC. The network circulating current is calculated using the
‘TAPP’ method (Transformer Automatic Paralleling Package). This is the circulating current exported
from (or imported to) the site. Since it is not possible to measure an overall load setting across the
network, the network power factor setting is used as the basis for the calculation (typically around
0.96 lagging). The network circulating current is the circulating current of the site, with respect to the
network power factor, INC in Figure 2-8.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-21

Figure 2-8 Parallel transformers across a network

The logic diagram of Figure 2-9 includes the circulating current calculations. The related settings can
be found in Table 2-23 and Table 2-24.

Figure 2-9 Function diagram for circulating current calculation

Circulating current Corrective

calculation coupling bias Calculations /
IT Wdg 1 volt biases
INC INC Site circ cur bias VNCB
fnet Vbus ZS
Iload
INC
IT ZT
ISC ISC ISC Net circ cur bias VSCB
Network power Iload ISC INC
factor (fnet)

Wdg n impedance
(ZT)
Wdg n source
impedance (ZS)
Network circ curr.
factor (Kcirc)

15.1.3.2 LDC on Multi-transformer Busbars

On busbars fed by multiple transformers, as exhibited in Figure 2-7, the total load on the busbar is the
sum of the loads on all the transformers connected to the busbar. It is this summated load which is
applied as Iload in Figure 2-9 for the calculation of the LDC effect.
The loads of multiple transformers on a busbar are summated using inter-relay communications, which
can connect together multiple SuperTAPP SG relays on a site. The use of the inter-relay
communications is discussed in greater detail in section 15.12.1.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-22

15.1.3.3 Master-Follower
In a very few circumstances SuperTAPP SG may be applied to parallel transformers when it is not
possible to use the TAPP method to keep transformers in step, for example if there are no CTs which
are able to provide transformer current measurements. For these circumstances SuperTAPP SG is
equipped with master-follower mode.
Fundamentals do not recommend the use of master-follower mode except in situations where it is
unavoidable, because it is an inferior method of keeping transformers in step and the constraints it
imposes:
 Transformers (capacity, impedance, tap spacing) must be identical; and
 They must be fed from the same voltage source, with the same source impedance and no tees on
the incoming lines.
If master-follower must be used it is selected with the Voltage control mode setting (Table 2-22). A
setting is also available to define the delay for the follower after the master taps.
The master-follower behaves as follows:
 When a relay is set in master-follower mode, or is powered up in master-follower mode it looks to
see if there are any other relays in the same busbar group (and also in master-follower). If not, it
will become the master; if there are it will become a follower of the master.
 When a follower relay is switched from manual to auto, or is powered up in auto, it will tap to the
same tap position as the master.
 If a master relay taps, whether it is in auto or manual, all follower relays in the same busbar group
which are in auto will tap to maintain the same tap position, following a short delay as defined by
their ‘Follower delay’ settings.
 Whenever one of the follower relays has a different tap position to the master, the master and
the relevant follower will indicate out of step, and the master will inhibit further automatic
tapping until the follower relays have caught up.
 If, for any reason, a follower remains out of step for the defined Alarm time (Table 2-29), an alarm
will be generated (on SCADA comms and on binary outputs as defined by the ‘Out of step alarm’
setting - Table 2-32). When the situation is corrected further automatic taps will be allowed again.
The master relay can be selected locally or through SCADA as follows:
 When in This Panel mode by pressing and holding the ‘Auto’ button for 3 seconds on the relay
which is required to be the master;
 When in SCADA mode using SCADA communications; or
 In either mode using the ‘Select master’ binary input.
The currently selected master is indicated locally on the main screen and to SCADA by the SCADA
communications, and also a binary output as defined by the ‘Master’ setting (Table 2-32).

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-23

15.2 Integrated Control Panel

Applies to: all function levels and options

Figure 2-10 Front panel features

15.2.1 Control Points

The SuperTAPP SG accommodates three points of control for tap-changers:
 Local, i.e. local to the tap-changer
 This Panel, i.e. on the SuperTAPP SG integrated control panel or adjacent panel switches
 SCADA, via the relay by SCADA communications (DNP3, IEC 61850 etc)

15.2.2 Modes of Operation

There are two modes of operation for the relay as follows:
 Auto – SuperTAPP SG AVC algorithm controls the tap changer
 Manual – an operator controls the tap changer
These modes of operation can exist independently of the control point giving the following
combinations:
 This Panel-Auto – tap changer controlled by the relay
 This Panel-Manual – tap changer manually controlled by an operator at the control panel/relay
 SCADA-Auto – tap changer controlled by the relay but influenced by SCADA communications
(DNP3, IEC 61850 etc.)
 SCADA-Manual – tap changer controlled by an operator via remote raise and lower commands
over SCADA communications (DNP3, IEC 61850 etc.)
 Local to tapchanger (AVC disabled) – tap changer manually controlled by an operator at the tap
changer

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-24

15.2.3 Manual Mode

In this mode the relay maintains measurements and indications according to the operational state, but
does not issue tap changer operations or operational alarms. Normally this would represent situations
where the tap changer is operated by an operator.

15.3 Tap-changer Control, Monitoring and Runaway Prevention

Applies to: all function levels and options

15.3.1 Tapchanger Control

All connections to the tapchanger control circuits are made to the scheme logic module. A basic control
scheme is shown in Figure 2-11. This assumes a 3-phase tapchanger motor; single-phase motors are
as easily catered for.
Manual tap operations (described in section 15.2) are generated within this module, as are automatic
tap operations. They both feed through blocking contacts which are a check-balance to prevent
operation in the wrong direction when the voltage is high or low, and when an overcurrent situation
arises.
This module also allows monitoring of the tapchanger operation with the raise, lower and tap in
progress signals. There is also the ability to generate a ‘lockout’ output which is normally wired to trip
the tapchanger motor, and is described further below.
The positive and negative AVC supply connections for Module Type A can either be on terminals 2 and
3 or terminals 3 and 2. The positive and negative AVC supply connections for Module Type B are on
terminals 3 and 2, respectively.

Figure 2-11 Connection arrangements for the power supply and scheme logic module

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-25

15.3.2 Tap Position Inputs

The tap position input module (Figure 2-12, supplied as standard, comes with inputs for all tap position
sender units:
 Resistor chain
 Binary coded decimal (BCD), binary, Gray code
 mA loop
The SuperTAPP SG has a number of settings which tell it how to interpret the inputs, including tap
position indicator type, number of tap positions, the minimum and maximum tap position, whether
the taps are reversed (highest position corresponds to the lowest voltage, rather than the usual highest
voltage) and whether there are transfer taps. The settings can all be found in Table 2-27.
The resistor chain sender unit is the most challenging to work with since it is susceptible to
measurement errors with age. The SuperTAPP SG has a number of features within it designed to
overcome these errors and prevent poor operation while maintaining a high degree of confidence in
the tap position and good runaway prevention (see the following section).
 Additional top and bottom resistors – allow the detection of open circuit sender unit contacts
 Dead reckoning – provides a degree of intelligence that the measured tap position corresponds
with the expected tap position

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-26

Figure 2-12 Connection arrangements for tap position module

15.3.3 Tap Position Input (TPI) customisation

The default SG operation is configured to accept a one-to-one relationship between tap position
indication and transformer ratio. Therefore, for tap changer control and monitoring, only one discrete
change in tap position indication is expected per tap command. Due to the operation of some tap
changers one discrete change in tap position indication per tap command is not always the case, for
example where a tap changer has a transfer tap arrangement. A transfer tap performs additional tap
operations to increase the range of transformer ratios available using the same winding. During this
transfer tap operation, the tap position sender can indicate different discrete positions where no
change in transformation ratio exists between primary and secondary windings, assuming a two
winding transformer. Without tap position input customisation, the SG would interpret this as a tap
position indication failure under default behaviour.
Two solutions are supported by the SG, the first being to modify the tap position sender unit on the
tapchanger itself. If this is supported by the sender unit this is usually by use of electrical links but is
dependent on the manufacturer of the tapchanger on how to achieve this. The second solution would
be to use the tap position input customisation settings described below.
To describe how the TPI customisation settings are used, an extract from an example rating plate is
shown in Table 2-6. This example shows a 19 position tapchanger with discrete positions for each
transfer tap operation where two transfer tap positions exist in the indicated position range 9 to 11.
It can be seen that there are 17 distinct voltage ratios against a 19 position indicator with the
nominal voltage ratio at indicated positions 9, 10 and 11.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-27

Table 2-6 HV Rating plate example for customised TPI settings

Indicated HV LV
Position
Voltage(V) Current (A) Voltage(V) Current (A)

1 36776 358.9

2 36304 363.6

3 35832 368.4

4 35360 373.3

5 34888 378.4

6 34416 383.5

7 33944 388.9

8 33472 394.4

9 33000 400

10 33000 400 11000 1200

11 33000 400

12 32528 405.8

13 32056 411.8

14 31584 417.9

15 31112 424.3

16 30640 430.8

17 30168 437.5

18 29696 444.5

19 29224 451.7

In this example the tapchanger performs an automatic transfer tap when tapping up from indicated
positions 8 or 10 or when tapping down from indicated positions 12 or 10. Tapping from 9 to 10 or
from 11 to 10 does not result in a change in voltage ratio and positions 9 and 11 are transitory,
where the tapchanger, under normal operation, never remains in these positions. . The use of the
setting “number of consecutive transfer taps” (as seen in Table 2-7 and Table 2-9) defines the
number of additional transitory tap operations allowed which if exceeded will result in a runaway
being issued.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-28

Table 2-7 shows the relevant settings for TPI customisation for the example. The TPI customisation
menu lists the TPI inputs labelled as “TPI tap” against the expected winding ratio tap position. The
winding ratio tap setting describes the distinct transformer ratio step between the configured top
tap voltage and bottom tap voltage in the transformer settings. Each TPI tap input setting can be
configured with its corresponding ratio position. The number of tap positions setting determines the
number of tap positions expected on the TPI input. The minimum and maximum tap position setting
relates to the displayed tap position (see 15.3.4) and represents where tap blocking should be
applied.

Table 2-7 TPI customisation settings example

Setting Menu >Tapchanger Setting Name (Parameter) Value

Tap position indicator submenu

Number of tap positions 19
Minimum tap position 1
Maximum tap position 19
Number of conseccutive transfer 1
taps
Display Indicated TPI tap pos
TPI customisation submenu
Tpi tap 1 : wdg ratio tap 1
Tpi tap 2 : wdg ratio tap 2
Tpi tap 3 : wdg ratio tap 3
Tpi tap 4 : wdg ratio tap 4
Tpi tap 5 : wdg ratio tap 5
Tpi tap 6 : wdg ratio tap 6
Tpi tap 7 : wdg ratio tap 7
Tpi tap 8 : wdg ratio tap 8
Tpi tap 9 : wdg ratio tap 9
Tpi tap 10 : wdg ratio tap 9
Tpi tap 11 : wdg ratio tap 9
Tpi tap 12 : wdg ratio tap 10
Tpi tap 13 : wdg ratio tap 11
Tpi tap 14 : wdg ratio tap 12
Tpi tap 15 : wdg ratio tap 13
Tpi tap 16 : wdg ratio tap 14
Tpi tap 17 : wdg ratio tap 15
Tpi tap 18 : wdg ratio tap 16
Tpi tap 19 : wdg ratio tap 17

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-29

15.3.4 Position Indication

The internal tap position indication of the SG can be configured to use either the Tap Position Indication
input or the resulting Winding ratio tap position as the source. Without changing TPI customisation
from the default settings, the Tap Position Indication and Winding ratio tap position values would
remain the same and displayed as such. This means that the winding ratio would be indicated when
the default settings are applied. With TPI customisation, there would be a difference between the two.
With the setting tap position indication > display setting set to ‘Winding ratio tap position’, any
configured tap position indication output and consequently the tap position indication on the main
screen, would follow the Winding ratio tap position.

15.3.5 Tapchanger monitoring customisation

The tap position input customisation allows for better response to spurious tap operations and a more
refined issuing of tap change runaways when encountered with a transfer tap. This is achieved through
the “Xfer tap” setting attributed to a winding ratio position. Any spontaneous tap outside of the
defined Xfer tap position will be dealt with as a runaway condition. Within the defined Xfer tap position
any spontaneous tap operation after the number of operations (as defined by the “Number of
consecutive transfer taps”) has elapsed will be dealt with as a runaway condition.
This “Xfer tap” setting only applies when two or more transfer tap operations are indicated by the
same position from the tap position indicator. For the example settings in Table 2-7, the tap operations
resulting in the same transformer ratio (ratio tap 9) are indicated by tap positions 9 through to 11,
therefore this additional setting is not required. This is because the repetition of winding ratio tap 9
defines the location of the repeated transfer tap operation. Where more than one tap indicates the
same position, the Xfer tap setting is required. Table 2-8 shows an example of the type of transformer
name plate which is typical for this application. The transfer positions are signified by an ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’
definition as seen on tap 9 in the example. The resulting example settings can be seen in Table 2-9.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-30

Table 2-8 Typical (9a, 9b, 9c) HV Rating plate example for customised TPI settings

Indicated HV LV
Position
Voltage(V) Current (A) Voltage(V) Current (A)

1 36776 358.9

2 36304 363.6

3 35832 368.4

4 35360 373.3

5 34888 378.4

6 34416 383.5

7 33944 388.9

8 33472 394.4

9 a 33000 400

9 b 33000 400 11000 1200

9 c 33000 400

10 32528 405.8

11 32056 411.8

12 31584 417.9

13 31112 424.3

14 30640 430.8

15 30168 437.5

16 29696 444.5

17 29224 451.7

As seen in Table 2-8 position 9 will be indicated on nominal taps 9a, 9b and 9c. The transformer ratio
does not change over these positions and the sender will indicate no TPI position change even though
tapping has occurred. Table 2-9 then shows that by using the “transfer position” setting (Xfer pos) we
can signify that we accept additional taps as defined by “Number of consecutive transfer taps” entering
and leaving this position.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-31

Table 2-9 TPI customisation settings example

Setting Menu >Tapchanger Setting Name (Parameter) Value

Tap position indicator submenu

Number of tap positions 17
Minimum tap position 1
Maximum tap position 17
Number of conseccutive transfer taps 1
Display Winding ratio tap pos
TPI customisation submenu
Tpi tap 1 : wdg ratio tap 1
Tpi tap 2 : wdg ratio tap 2
Tpi tap 3 : wdg ratio tap 3
Tpi tap 4 : wdg ratio tap 4
Tpi tap 5 : wdg ratio tap 5
Tpi tap 6 : wdg ratio tap 6
Tpi tap 7 : wdg ratio tap 7
Tpi tap 8 : wdg ratio tap 8
Tpi tap 9 : wdg ratio tap 9 Xfer pos
Tpi tap 10 : wdg ratio tap 10
Tpi tap 11 : wdg ratio tap 11
Tpi tap 12 : wdg ratio tap 12
Tpi tap 13 : wdg ratio tap 13
Tpi tap 14 : wdg ratio tap 14
Tpi tap 15 : wdg ratio tap 15
Tpi tap 16 : wdg ratio tap 16
Tpi tap 17 : wdg ratio tap 17

Within the TPI customisation menu any tap position indication setting that is not configured with an
associated Xfer setting is expected to only take one tap operation. If the associated Xfer setting is
configured, then the maximum number of tap operations expected at the Xfer position is set by the
“Number of consecutive transfer taps” setting. This setting signifies the maximum taps allowed
through the discrete positions but if the setting is too high it will result in inefficient detection of
runaways throughout the transfer. Whereas fewer taps will not generate a runaway or tap incomplete
error and the setting may be increased to allow for correct functional in asymmetric tap changers.
Where no associated Xfer setting is configured against a winding ratio tap value then the number of
tap operations as set by the “Number of consecutive transfer taps” is expected anywhere within the

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-32

tapping range before a lockout due to runaway is issued. Where TPI failures occurs, a lack of tap
position indication causes tap customisation to be not applicable. The relay will then regress to the
“Number of consecutive transfer taps” expected anywhere within the tapping range.
The relay will detect if the transfer and tap customisation has been entered incorrectly. An error
message will be displayed on the relay LCD screen indicating “TPI Settings error”. This should be
observed through commissioning or setting changes and does not have any application to comms.

15.3.6 Voltage Control and Tapchanger Monitoring and Alarms

The most important function of the tapchanger monitoring is runaway prevention. The SuperTAPP SG
has a comprehensive runaway prevention function which has been developed from decades of
experience of our staff working with tapchangers of many makes and vintages.

Runaway prevention
The runaway prevention function includes within it monitoring of
 the control signals (raise, lower, in progress),
 the tap position, and
 tapchanger motor current.
These are combined with the expected characteristics of the tapchanger such as operating time to
detect if the tapchanger is running away (i.e. carrying out more than one tapping operation for a single
instruction). If a runaway, or an incomplete tapchange is detected a ‘lockout’ output can be generated
to trip the tapchanger, and settings are provided for this in Table 2-27.
The ‘motor current sense’ inputs on the Tap Position Inputs module type P allows the tap changer
motor current to be monitored using a standard SuperTAPP interposing CT (type FP1030). This is a
more robust method of determining if the tapchanger motor runs for an excessive period, and if it is
available it is used as the definitive indication of operation of the tapchanger.
If the voltage cannot be corrected (e.g. tap changer mechanism fault or end of range), the relay will
stop issuing raise/lower signals and may additionally trip the tapchanger motor MCB. Additionally after
a common alarm time the associated AVC alarm will be raised. A list and description of each monitored
condition is given in Table 2-10 and the associated settings can be found in Table 2-24,Table 2-28 and
Table 2-32.

Blocking and inhibiting tapping operations

The term ‘blocking’ refers to a physical prevention of tapping by opening blocking contacts which are
in series with the auto relay and the manual pushbuttons, affecting both auto and manual operation.
The term ‘inhibit’ refers to a temporary stopping of auto operation, until the condition is removed, but
allowing manual operation to be carried out.
SuperTAPP SG monitors for a number of conditions and blocks or inhibits tapping to prevent potential
damage to the tapchanger or incorrect voltages being applied to the network. These conditions are all
listed in Table 2-10 and some of them and their uses are further described below:
 Overcurrent limit – blocks tapping when the current exceeds the tapchanger rating. The limit level
is specified by setting (Table 2-24).

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-33

 Reverse current limit – blocks tapping when the current exceeds the tapchanger rating in the
reverse direction. Some tapchangers (particularly those with an asymmetrical pennant cycle) can
have a lower rating when current flow is in the reverse direction. The limit level is specified by
setting (Table 2-24).
 Voltage high limit – blocks tapping in the raise direction when the voltage is higher than the
setting less half the bandwidth (Table 2-28)
 Voltage low limit – blocks tapping in the lower direction when the voltage is lower than the
setting plus half the bandwidth (Table 2-28)
 Low volt inhibit level – inhibits automatic tapping when the voltage is lower than the setting level
since this indicates a dead bus (Table 2-28).
 External blocking – an external digital input can be used to manually block tap operations, or to
generate the block from another relay, as specified by the Tap block setting (Table 2-31).

Table 2-10 Monitored conditions and alarms

Condition Description Blocking Alarm SCADA point

VT fuse failure When a 3-phase VT is used excessive Raise Immediate VT Fuse
difference between phase measurements blocked Failure
are present.
End of tap When the tapchanger is on top or bottom In relevant Immediate Highest
range tap. direction (Lowest) Tap
Position
Reached
Target not A lower is requested when on bottom tap, or Immediate Tap Not
achievable a raise when on top tap. Achievable
CAN bus Communication failure between relays After alarm CAN Bus
failure using inter-relay communications. time Failure
Overload The transformer load is above the Both After alarm Overload
overcurrent limit. directions time Alarm
Reverse The transformer load is above the Both After alarm Reverse
current limit overcurrent limit in the reverse direction. directions time Current
exceeded Overload
Voltage high The measured voltage is above the voltage Raise After alarm Voltage High
high limit. blocked time Indication
Voltage low The measured voltage is below the voltage Lower After alarm Voltage Low
low limit. blocked time Indication
Phase No voltage is available to provide a phase Both After alarm Loss of Phase
reference reference. directions time Reference
alarm
Voltage out of The voltage deviation has been outside the After alarm Voltage out of
band alarm bandwidth for the alarm time. time Band Alarm
Tap changer Signals from the tap changer indicate the Tap changer Immediate Tap Changer
runaway tapchanger executes multiple tapping motor may Runaway
actions for a single command. be tripped
Tap incomplete Signals from the tap changer indicate the Tap changer Immediate Tap Change
tapchanger never completes the tapping motor may Incomplete
action. be tripped

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-34

Condition Description Blocking Alarm SCADA point

Out of step (Master-follower only) Indicates that a ** After alarm Out of step
follower is not on the same tap position as time alarm
the master

** No blocking, but further auto tapping of the master is inhibited until the out of step is corrected

15.3.7 Step-by-step Control

Figure 2-11 shows a basic tap change control scheme which works as follows:
When a raise or lower control signal is generated (terminals 8 or 9 respectively) the relevant contactor
is energised which operates the motor in the appropriate direction. The contactor also opens a series
contact on the opposite contactor to prevent both raise and lower being energised together. Once the
motor is running, the in-progress switch provides an in-progress signal to the SuperTAPP SG and
maintains the supply to the appropriate (raise or lower) contactor until the tapchange is complete.
This allows the scheme to operate with a pulse control signal from the SuperTAPP SG, which may have
been generated by the AVC function or from manual pushbutton or manual SCADA input.
If a raise or lower button is held in through the complete tapchange, when the tapchange is complete
a second tapchange will start and this will continue as long as the button is held (until the tapchanger
reaches its endstop). To prevent this, it is normal to employ the use of a step-by-step relay which, once
energised by the control signal and the motor is running, blocks further control signals from latching
the raise and lower contactors until the first signal is removed. This enforces the behaviour of one
tapchange for one button press.
SuperTAPP SG has the maintaining signal and step-by-step functionality built in, although this is not
enabled by default, since many installations already have this as part of the hardwired scheme.
The Tap changer scheme setting (Table 2-27) allows selection between Basic and Step-by-step. If basic
is chosen the hardwired scheme must provide all maintaining and step-by-step functionality. If Step-
by-step is chosen the SuperTAPP SG will provide step-by-step functionality and external step-by-step
relays are not required.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-35

15.4 Measurement of AC Voltage and Current

15.4.1 AC Input Module Type D

Applies to: all function levels and options
The AC Input module type D included in all relays provides
 4 voltage inputs, which between them are capable of measuring two 3-phase voltages
 3 current inputs
The Basic function level gives access to 2 voltage inputs and 1 current input. Purchase of the Advanced
or Ultimate function level is necessary to access the full functionality of the module.
The voltage and current inputs are very flexible in the way they can be connected. The VT & CT Settings
allow the connection arrangements to be specified.
The normal connection details for the type D module are shown in Figure 2-13. In a simple
configuration it is expected that VT1 and CT1 would be wired to measure the voltage and current on
the transformer LV winding. Different arrangements of the various VT and CT inputs are discussed in
greater detail in the Applications section of the manual (section 16).

Figure 2-13 Connection arrangements for type D AC input module

Voltage
Figure 2-13 assumes that a 3-phase VT is available. If this is not the case alternative connection
arrangements are possible with some reduction in functionality. The SuperTAPP SG provides complete
flexibility over which voltage inputs to use with which VT and which phases. The relevant settings are
provided in Table 2-25.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-36

Current
The current is measured with the use of an interposing CT. The primary CT should have a nominal 0.2A,
0.5A, 1A or 5A secondary winding. This is wired through an interposing CT which is supplied with the
SuperTAPP SG relay, ICTx as shown in Figure 2-13. It is the secondary windings of the interposing CT
which are wired to the relay terminals.
There are a number of advantages of using the interposing CT method of current measurement.
 Since the output and rating of the interposing CT is very low (mA) it removes the dangers
associated with open circuit CTs.
 No CT shorting is required if it is necessary to remove the SuperTAPP SG relay for any reason.
 The interposing CTs have low burden and can be installed around protection secondary cores of
existing CTs. This is useful when measuring currents in feeders which do not have spare CTs.

15.4.2 AC Input Module Type F

Applies to: SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
The AC Input module type F is available as an option and provides
 7 additional current inputs
As with the main analogue input module these can be used to measure the current on outgoing feeders
and applied in many different ways.
The use of this module gives a total of 10 current measurement inputs per transformer. If one of these
is used to measure the LDC CT then in a 2 transformer substation it is possible to measure the current
on 18 outgoing feeders.

Figure 2-14 Connection arrangements for type F AC input module

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-37

15.4.3 Voltage Measurements and Calculation

Applies to: all function levels and options
Figure 2-15 shows the signal flows for voltage measurement and calculation. The measured quantities
are associated with different VTs and phases according to the settings in the relevant Voltage Input
settings menu. Voltage measurements can be phase-phase (which is the norm) or sometimes phase-
neutral.
If a 3-phase VT is used the measurement inputs are normally set to measure two sets of phase-phase
voltages (e.g. A-B and B-C in Figure 2-13) and calculate the remaining phase-phase voltage (C-A) as per
the phasors of Figure 2-16.
The measured values are secondary voltages. The setting of VT Ratio is then used to calculate the
appropriate primary voltages which are propagated through the relay and used for SCADA values.

Figure 2-15 Function diagram for voltage measurement and calculation

Measurements / Voltage input

AC Card 1 secondaries
mapping Measurements /
VT1 (secy.)
Measurements /
VT1 (prmy. & %)
V.I.1 V1 VT1 Measured
* * * Voltage V&,VT1
3rd ph., PPS,
jp NPS, Line x
V.I.2
e VT2 (secy.) VT2 (prmy. & %)
V2 VT2 Measured
* * * V&,VT2
Voltage inputs

Voltage
VT and phase

3rd ph., PPS,

jp NPS, Line x
V.I.3
e VT3 (secy.) VT3 (prmy. & %)
V3 VT3 Measured
to

* * * Voltage V&,VT3
3rd
ph., PPS,
jp NPS, Line x
V.I.4
e VT4 (secy.) VT4 (prmy. & %)
V4 VT4 Measured
* * * Voltage V&,VT4
3rd
ph., PPS,
jp NPS, Line x
e
VTs & CTs / V& = Line volts V
VTs & CTs / VT1:
Voltage Input 1: Connected to * Vab, Vbc, Vca Ratio & Vab Vbc Vca
Phase PPS, NPS (Va Vb Vc)
Repeat for: Reversed connect. Line voltage Repeat for: Vpps Vnps
...

Voltage Input 2 VT2

Voltage Input 3 VT3
...

Voltage Input 4 VT4

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-38

Figure 2-16 Example of measured and calculated voltage phasors

A single ‘line voltage’ is also determined, which is used in all voltage control algorithms. The following
methodology is used to determine the line voltage:
 If two or three phase-phase voltages are measured, the line voltage is the average of the three
(after calculation of the third if necessary).
 If one phase-phase voltage is measured, it is used as the line voltage
 If two or three phase-earth voltages are measured the line voltage is the average multiplied by
root three.
 If one phase-earth voltage is measured it is assumed to be a single phase system and will be the
line voltage (no multiplication by root three)
The positive phase sequence angle is used as the reference for load angle calculations.

15.4.4 Current Measurements and Calculation

Applies to: all function levels and options
The current measurement can be taken from any phase selected by the user. The phase used is
identified by setting along with the CT Ratio and number of primary turns applied to the interposing
CT. In addition sometimes the primary or interposing CT can be installed in the reverse direction. In
this case it is possible to reverse the sense in software using the sense setting.
For correct calculation of real and reactive components, the phases of VT and CT inputs must be
configured correctly in the settings. The relay uses the phase configurations to make the appropriate
adjustments to measured angles between the voltage and current, Figure 2-17.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-39

Figure 2-17 Function diagram for current measurement and calculation

Measurements /
AC Card 1 secondaries Measurements /
C.I.1 AC Card 1 primaries CT1 Current Real
C1
F C1 CT1 Current Magnitude CT1 Current Reactive ICI1
select x ejq
C.I.2
ejp T
CT2 Current Real
C2
F C2 CT2 Current Magnitude CT2 Current Reactive ICI2
select x ejq
C.I.3
ejp T
CT3 Current Real
C3
F C3 CT3 Current Magnitude CT3 Current Reactive ICI3
select x ejq
ejp T
Measurements /
AC Card 2 secondaries Measurements /
C.I.4 AC Card 2 primaries CT4 Current Real
` C4
F C4 CT4 Current Magnitude CT4 Current Reactive ICI4
select x ejq
e jp T
...

...
...
C.I.10 CT10 Current Real
` C10 F C10 CT10 Current Magnitude CT10 Current Reactive ICI10
select x ejq
ejp T

C.I.1 Reversed connection C.I.1 / CT Ratio C.I.1 / Phase

C.I.2 Reversed connection C.I.1 / No. of interposer turns C.I.2 / Phase
C.I.3 Reversed connection C.I.2 / CT Ratio C.I.3 / Phase
C.I.4 Reversed connection C.I.2 / No. of interposer turns C.I.4 / Phase
C.I.3 / CT Ratio

...
...

C.I.3 / No. of interposer turns

C.I.10 Reversed connection C.I.10 / Phase
C.I.4 / CT Ratio
C.I.4 / No. of interposer turns
...

C.I.10 / CT Ratio
C.I.10/No. of interposer turns

Correct selection of the voltage/current phase relationship is critical for operation of the relay.
Comprehensive instrumentation is available to aid this including:
 Secondary values of all current measurements with magnitude and angle with respect to the
voltage reference
 Primary values of all current measurements with magnitude and power factor

15.4.5 Principle of Bus Sections and Bus Groups

Applies to: all function levels and options
SuperTAPP SG uses the concept of bus section as the common basis for their communication.
SuperTAPP SG can accommodate up to 15 separate bus sections, identified 1 to 15. When setting up a
system a common bus section numbering scheme should be used across all relays at a substation.
Other numbering (for instance winding number, and VT number) has the individual SuperTAPP SG as
the scope of relevance, and this is not shared across other relays.
This is discussed in greater detail in section 15.6.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-40

15.4.6 Use of Voltage Measurements

Applies to: all function levels and options
Voltage measurements are used principally for voltage control, but have other uses also:
 For power calculations (for instruments and SCADA),
 For angle references (for current angle and power factor), and
 For frequency measurement.
Because it is possible to measure up to 4 voltages, from up to 4 different primary VTs, it is important
for the SuperTAPP SG to know which VT is connected where.

Figure 2-18 Function diagram for voltage measurement mapping to transformer winding and bus
group

Calculations /
Trfrmr Wdg 1 Voltage (%)
VT,wdg1

Trfrmr Wdg 2 Voltage (%)

VT,wdg2

...
wdg1

wdg2

BS15
BS1

BS2

VVT1 VTs & CTs /

VT1 Connected to
VVT2
VT2
Connected to
VVT3
VT3
Connected to
VVT4
VT4
Connected to

... Transformer
Wdg1 bus section

Wdg2 bus section

... Calculations /
Busbar group A Voltage (%) VGpA
m
Busbar group B Voltage (%) VGpB
Bus m
Group
Map
...

...

Busbar group O Voltage (%) VGpO

m
...
Peer-peer comms

The ‘Connected to’ setting for each VT (Figure 2-18) has options of:
 ‘Transformer winding 1’ – the main option used for the transformer under control of this
SuperTAPP SG,
 ‘Transformer winding 2’ – used to specify a second secondary winding on 3-winding (double
secondary) transformers,
 ‘Bus section 1’ to ‘Bus section 15’ – for all other connections, using the relevant bus section
number to indicate where in the substation the VT is connected.
Separate settings (in the ‘Transformer’ menu) tell the SuperTAPP SG which bus section the transformer
windings are connected to.
Figure 2-19 gives an example, with the relevant settings for each SuperTAPP SG in Table 2-11.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-41

Figure 2-19 Example of VT allocations

Table 2-11 Example settings for VT allocations

Setting SuperTAPP SG 1 SuperTAPP SG 2

Winding 1 bus section 1 3
VT1 / Connected to Transformer winding 1 Transformer winding 1
VT2 / Connected to Bus section 3 Bus section 1

15.4.7 Use of Current Inputs

Applies to: all function levels and options
The current inputs can be assigned to different purposes. On a SuperTAPP SG with Basic level
functionality the purpose of the single CT will be fixed as ‘Transformer winding 1’, however the
Advanced level functionality, with multiple CTs, offers the ability to freely assign CTs to different
measurements, see Table 2-25. The options available are as follows:
 Transformer winding – measurement of the load through the transformer
 Generator – measurement of the output of a generator connected to the busbar (with no load on
the feeder), see section 15.5.1
 Generator feeder – measurement of the net load into a feeder which has a generator embedded
within it. The SuperTAPP SG will extract the generation element from the net measured load, see
section 15.5.1
 Included for load ratio, Corrected load and Excluded load – the use of these types are described
more in section 16.4
 Monitor – the measured load on this feeder is used for instrument purposes only
 Interconnector – this feeder is a tie-line to a parallel substation. The SuperTAPP SG acts to
maintain the power factor of this feeder at the same power factor as the substation load.
 Extra transformer – measurement of the load through another transformer, whose voltage
control relay is not connected to this SuperTAPP SG’s Inter-relay CAN bus. This enables accurate
calculation of site and network circulating currents and load drop compensation by the
SuperTAPP SGs which are connected to the Inter-relay CAN bus.
Referring to Figure 2-20 if the current input function is a transformer winding measurement it is set as
the transformer load for that winding, and also added as transformer load for the relevant bus section.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-42

If the current input is used for any other function it is allocated to a bus section but each function type
is kept separate for further calculation. The SuperTAPP SG allocates each bus section’s currents to the
appropriate bus group and carries out further calculations according to the current input functions,
indicated by the fn block in Figure 2-20.

Figure 2-20 Function diagram for current calculations and mapping to transformer winding and bus
group

Calculations /
Trfrmr Wdg 1 Load IT,wdg1

Trfrmr Wdg 2 Load IT,wdg2

...
wdg1

wdg2

BS15

VTs & CTs /

BS1

BS2

ICI1 Current input 1

Function Repeat for:
ICI2 Function rating
Current input 2

Function coefficient Current input 10

Load ratio
...

ICI10 Connected to bus

section

... Transformer * Group load

Summed tx load
Wdg1 bus section
Generator load
Wdg2 bus section Sum of tx ratings
Sum of generator ratings

Calculations /
Busbar group A * I&,GpA
fn I& =Transformer load Iload
Busbar group B * I&,GpB Generation Igen
Bus fn Total load Itotal
Group as vectors
Map
...

...

Busbar group O * I&,GpO

Advice on when and how to use and apply these options is given in the Application Guidance in section
16.4.

15.4.8 Power Calculations

Applies to: all function levels and options
SuperTAPP SG uses current for all its bias and adjustment calculations, with the exception of load
response offset (see section 15.8.3) which uses power. For this purpose and also for indication,
communication and data recording SuperTAPP SG calculates power associated with each transformer
winding and any measured feeder. The calculations are performed on the following basis:
 If all three phase-phase voltages and all three phase currents are measured the power is
1
calculated as: S = 3 [VAB . (IA − IB ) + VBC . (IB − IC ) + VCA . (IC − IA )].
 If two phase-phase voltages and two phase currents are measured the power is calculated using
the two wattmeter method: S = VAB . IA + VCB . IC . If the wrong phase-phase voltages are
measured the correct third voltage is calculated on the basis that VAB + VBC + VCA = 0.
 If all three phase voltages and all three phase currents are measured the power is calculated as:
S = VA . IA + VB . IB + VC . IC .
 If a single phase voltage and single phase current are measured, a single-phase system is assumed
and the power is calculated as: S = Vline . I
 Otherwise a three-phase system is assumed and the power is calculated as: S = √3. Vline . I.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-43

15.4.9 CT Trimming
Applies to: SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
Figure 2-13 and Figure 2-14 show the use of SuperTAPP SG with inputs of voltage from VTs, and inputs
of current from CTs employing the use of interposing CTs. In most instances the SuperTAPP SG makes
use of the ring-core CT Fundamentals type FP1030 delivered with the SuperTAPP SG relay. This CT has
an inherent phase shift which changes with current magnitude and the SuperTAPP SG is calibrated
assuming this.
On occasion an alternative interposing CT may be required to be used and, to maintain accuracy, the
measured current angle can be adjusted to accommodate different phase shifts using a 3-piece linear
curve. The settings related to measurement trimming can be found in Table 2-25. The defaults for
these settings are for the Fundamentals CT type FP1030 so in most cases no further adjustment will be
required, although they can be trimmed on site if required.
The piece-wise curve is defined using three points, specified in terms of an angle adjustment at a
particular Ampere-turn (AT) input to the interposing CT. The curve is linearly interpolated between the
specified points. The impact of this phase correction is shown in Figure 2-21 for the default setting
values.
The major impact on SuperTAPP SG of different CT characteristics is in angle measurement, but
another factor in measurement accuracy is the constancy of CT transformation ratio across the
measurement range. The SuperTAPP SG is tuned for the type FP1030 interposing CTs (with a
transformation ratio of 1000:1 when one primary turn is used) and a feature to adjust it for other CTs
is provided through settings of magnitude zero offset (Ioffset) and magnitude gradient (Ik,grad), with
effects as follows (referring to Figure 2-13 and Figure 2-14):

C.I.xcorrected = (1 + Ik,grad) x C.I.xraw + Ioffset

Figure 2-21 Effect of CT angle correction (using default setting values)

10, 1.5
0
2.5, 0.25
Angle Adjustment (°)

-2
0.5, -2

-4

-6

-8
0.06, -8

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Current Magnitude (AT)

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-44

15.4.10 Pseudo-VT
Applies to: SuperTAPP Ultimate SG function level
SuperTAPP SG is capable of calculating the voltage and current on the opposite side of the
transformer to the VT and CT, taking into account the tap position and voltage drop due to load
through the transformer.

If the configured controlled voltage location or busbar location is on one side of the transformer and
the VT and CT are on the other side then the Pseudo-VT function is activated. The voltage or current
on the opposite side of the transformer is calculated and used as if it was measured at that location.
The mimic on the main data screen is updated to show the new locations, with the VT and CT drawn
dotted to indicate that the values have been calculated using the Pseudo-VT function. The controlled
side of the transformer can be changed as necessary using setting groups.

When using Pseudo-VT it is critical that the tap position is measured accurately. If a problem is
detected with the tap position indicator, tapping is blocked and an alarm is raised.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-45

15.5 Distributed or Embedded Generation

Distributed generation (DG) can affect regulation of voltage in the network in the following ways:
 DG can cause voltage rise in the network as a result of power flowing from the network into the
substation (the reverse of the normal direction of flow).
 DG reduces the substation load, impacting on LDC.
Within the applications guidance section 16.4.2 describes this in greater detail. This section describes
some functions which exist specifically to support applications with distributed generation.

15.5.1 Generator Current

Applies to: SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
Section 15.4.7 described two feeder measurement types, Generator and Generator Feeder, which
contribute their measurements to a determination of generator current. Generator current is
determined for each bus section and then added together for the bus group.

Generator current IG is added to the transformer current IT to determine the total load current Iload for
the bus group, and it is this total load which is used for LDC bias in Figure 2-6.

15.5.2 Generator Bias

Applies to: SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
Generator bias is the generation equivalent to LDC with two important differences:
 It is applied to the total calculated generator current, and
 It acts negatively on the target voltage, i.e. as the generator current increases the effective target
voltage is reduced.
Generator bias is used to counteract the effects of voltage rise to allow more generation than would
otherwise be possible. The generator current for the bus group as calculated above is divided by the
total of the generator ratings for the bus group and multiplied by the Generator bias setting to reach
an overall Generator Bias.
It is important that an assessment of each network is carried out in order that voltage regulation on
non-generator feeders is not adversely affected.

15.5.3 Reverse LDC

Applies to: SuperTAPP Basic SG function level only
Figure 2-6 shows the profile of LDC boost as the current rises from zero. It is capped at the rating for
the winding and is zero for reverse current flow. However the setting Reverse LDC (Table 2-22) allows
LDC to be applied equivalently in the reverse direction (Figure 2-22).
This allows for the situation where, if a substation is exporting power into its HV network, it might be
generally required to depress the substation voltage to address voltage rise issues, even if no feeder
currents are being measured. Reverse LDC can be considered a cruder form of generator bias which
can be applied without additional feeder measurements.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-46

Figure 2-22 LDC boost profiles with Reverse LDC off and on

15.5.4 Advanced LDC

Applies to: SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
Reverse LDC assumes that the bias in the reverse direction is the same as that in the forward direction.
Advanced LDC allows an alternative bias characteristic to be applied, since it is likely that the buck
required for current in the reverse direction is somewhat less than the boost for forward current.

Figure 2-23 LDC boost profiles with Reverse LDC off and on

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-47

15.6 Busbar Configurations

Applies to: SuperTAPP Basic, Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
This section describes advanced busbar configuration handling. SuperTAPP SG is also capable of using
setting groups to handle simple alternative busbar configurations, and the application of this is
described in section 16.3.5.
SuperTAPP SG is capable of simple and effective voltage control, assuming that the busbar is operated
closed at all times. Even if the bus section is open, in most cases voltage regulation remains
satisfactory. However, there are occasions where recognition and handling of different bus
configurations is necessary to maintain adequate regulation, particularly if the bus arrangements are
complex, if the bus sections have quite different loadings, or with distributed generation.
SuperTAPP SG has a busbar configuration module capable of handling:
 2 secondary windings per transformer, with a circuit breaker for each;
 15 individual bus sections at each substation (numbered 1 to 15) which are arranged in upto 15
individual bus groups (identified A to O); and
 8 bus section circuit breakers monitored by each SuperTAPP SG, with each bus section circuit
breaker connecting any two bus sections.
The result of this is that substation bus arrangements of extreme complexity can be handled, with
SuperTAPP SG understanding which bus sections are grouped together and which transformer
windings are connected to which bus section group.
The allocation of bus sections to groups can be carried out through one of three methods:
 Manually, through the use of settings to allocate bus sections to groups (Figure 2-24).
 Automatically, by the SuperTAPP SG monitoring circuit breaker auxiliary contacts to allocate bus
sections to bus groups (Figure 2-25). All SuperTAPP SGs at a substation share their information on
which bus sections are joined by the circuit breakers which they monitor. Therefore, it is only
necessary to monitor each circuit breaker by one SuperTAPP SG and each SuperTAPP SG then
independently determines the bus groupings.
 Automatically, by the SuperTAPP SG monitoring changes in transformer voltage and current
during tap changes to allocate bus sections to bus groups (Advanced and Ultimate function levels
only). When a tap change occurs the SuperTAPP SG shares its observations of the change in
transformer voltage and current with all the other SuperTAPP SGs at the substation. The other
SuperTAPP SGs compare the shared observations with their own to determine whether they are
in parallel with the tapping transformer and therefore in the same bus group. When using this
method only one transformer may have 2 secondary windings.
If the allocation is done automatically, the bus group letter used for each grouping is determined by
SuperTAPP SG and will have no bearing on voltage control settings which are set for the transformer
winding. The group letter chosen is that corresponding to the lowest numbered bus section in each
group. So the group containing sections 2, 3 and 5 is allocated the letter B and the group for sections
4, 6 and 7 is allocated the letter D.
Whichever method is used, the resulting bus group map is used in Figure 2-18 and Figure 2-20 to
correctly aggregate the data from the correct bus sections to form the bus group data. It is important
to ensure that consistent bus group settings are applied to all the SuperTAPP SGs at a substation.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-48

Figure 2-24 Function diagram for manual allocation of bus sections to bus groups by setting

Busbar grouping
Busbar grouping
ctrled by = Settings Bus Group
Map
Bus section 1 is in
busbar group BS1
Bus section 2 is in
busbar group BS2

...

...
Bus section 15 is in
busbar group BS15

...

GpA

GpB

GpO
Figure 2-25 Function diagram for automatic allocation of bus groupings from circuit breakers

Binary Inputs Busbar grouping

Busbar grouping ctrled
BI 1 2 3 ... n Bus Group by = CB statuses
Map
CB1 Status
CB1 connects bus
Busbar CB 1 closed sections
CB2 Status
CB2 connects bus
Busbar CB 2 closed sections
...

...

...
CB8 Status
CB8 connects bus
Busbar CB 8 closed sections
...
GpA

GpB

GpO

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-49

15.7 AVC for 3-Winding Transformers (Double Secondary Winding)

Applies to: SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
Since the tap changer is normally located on the HV side of the transformer, regulation of transformers
with two secondary windings requires the calculation of an optimum taking into account the voltage
and load on each winding. Two VT inputs and two CT inputs are therefore required for control of
double-secondary winding transformers, as shown in Figure 2-26.

Figure 2-26 Double secondary winding transformer

In order to implement voltage averaging, each VT and current input must be configured as being
connected to the correct winding in the settings, see Table 2-25. The biases, targets and deviations for
each winding are calculated separately. The deviations are then averaged and compared against the
bandwidth.
Where the measured voltage on a VT input falls below 80% nominal voltage (for example in the event
of a fuse failure), the relay will automatically revert to using the remaining VT for voltage control.
Averaging will resume once the other VT input recovers back to above the 80% level.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-50

15.8 Adjustments to Target Voltage

Applies to: all function levels and options
Target adjustments within SuperTAPP SG are made relative to the basic target voltage and correspond
to the quantity Vadj in Figure 2-3. Adjustments to the voltage target can be positive (increases to the
basic target) or negative (decreases to the basic target).
Upto five different adjustments can be present in the SuperTAPP SG, depending on the function level
of the relay:
 General voltage offset A – applied manually, usually as a command from SCADA
 General voltage offset B – applied manually, usually as a command from SCADA
 Frequency response – a voltage offset applied automatically in response to system frequency
 Load response – a voltage offset applied automatically in response to substation load
 Incremental voltage adjustments – applied manually, usually as a command from SCADA
Each of these adjustments is added together to form an overall adjustment to the target voltage, Figure
2-27.

Figure 2-27 Function diagram for voltage adjustments

Vinc_adj

VVO_A
S
VVO_B Vadj

VVO_L

VVO_F

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-51

15.8.1 General Voltage Offset A

Applies to: all function levels and options
General voltage offset A provides four different offset levels (A1, A2, A3 and A4) of which only one is
active at a time. An offset level can be activated through digital inputs or through SCADA
communications. If the activation is through SCADA communications it remains active until it is
subsequently deactivated (although not through a restart). If the activation is through digital inputs it
remains active until the input is removed.
Only one level may be applied at a time as general voltage offset A. If multiple levels are selected the
priority order is A4, then A3, A2 and A1; activation of lower priority levels will be ignored until higher
priority levels have been deactivated. Each SuperTAPP SG ORs together the activated general voltage
offset A levels of all the relays in the bus group, before carrying out the priority logic, in order to ensure
that each applies the same offsets.

Figure 2-28 Function diagram for general voltage offset A

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-52

15.8.2 General Voltage Offset B

Applies to: SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
General voltage offset B provides four different offset levels (B1, B2, B3 and B4) of which only one is
active at a time. An offset level can be activated through digital inputs or through SCADA
communications. If the activation is through SCADA communications it remains active until it is
subsequently deactivated (although not through a restart) or until the Offset group B reset time has
expired. If the activation is through digital inputs it remains active until the input is removed or until
the Offset group B reset time has expired.
Only one level may be applied at a time as general voltage offset B. Offset group B, in contrast to offset
group A, uses the last instruction as the priority, hence if a digital input corresponding to B3 is
energised, and while it is energised an input corresponding to B2 is energised, the active level will
switch from B3 to B2. The active offset will be removed when B2 is de-energised, even if B3 remains
energised. Each SuperTAPP SG ORs together the activated general voltage offset B levels of all the
relays at the substation, before carrying out the priority logic, in order to ensure that each applies the
same offsets.
When a group B offset is applied the normal Initial tap time delay is bypassed and the Fast tap time
delay setting is instead used to determine the time delay. This allows a group B offset to take effect
more quickly.

Figure 2-29 Function diagram for general voltage offset B

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-53

15.8.3 Load Response Offset

Applies to: SuperTAPP Ultimate SG function level only
There is one load response element which provides a definite time lag (DTL) characteristic, with
settable pick-up and drop-off levels, a settable pick-up delay and instantaneous drop-off. The pick-up
and drop-off levels are for the bus group and are evaluated separately for each winding. If the response
is activated (i.e. on expiry of the pick-up delay) this is communicated to the other relays in the bus
group which will also act on it.
When a load response is activated the settable load response offset (L1) is applied to the voltage
adjustment.

Figure 2-30 Function diagram for load response

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-54

15.8.4 Frequency Response Offset

Applies to: SuperTAPP Ultimate SG function level only
There is one frequency response element which provides a definite time lag (DTL) characteristic, with
settable pick-up and drop-off levels, a settable pick-up delay and instantaneous drop-off. If the
response is activated (i.e. on expiry of the pick-up delay) this is communicated to the other relays in
the bus group which will also act on it.
When a frequency response is activated the settable frequency response offset (L1) is applied to the
voltage adjustment.

Figure 2-31 Function diagram for frequency response

15.8.5 Response Factors

In order that the operator can determine how much response should be called for the SuperTAPP SG
continuously calculates the effect of tap changes on real and reactive load. Two exponents are
calculated, which are unique for each bus grouping and will be re-initialised after a change to the bus
grouping.
The factors are displayed as calculated values for the bus group, and made available through SCADA
communications as
 Real power voltage exponent KP, and
 Reactive power voltage exponent KQ.

15.8.6 Common Busbar Group Target Adjustments

It is important that all SuperTAPP SG relays which are controlling transformers connected to the same
busbar group apply the same adjustment, otherwise unintended circulating current may result, along
with poor voltage control performance. Since SuperTAPP SG ensures that all relays at a substation
apply the same voltage offset levels, it is important when configuring the relays that the same offsets
are applied across all relays at the substation.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-55

15.9 Functions Acting on Multiple Transformers

These functions require at least two transformers connected to a bus group in order to operate.

15.9.1 Prepare for Switchout

Applies to: all function levels and options
If two or more transformers are feeding a common busbar and one transformer is switched out while
on load, the busbar will experience a step change in voltage due to the step increase in load, and hence
voltage drop of the transformer(s) that remain in service. To avoid this SuperTAPP SG provides a
‘Prepare for Switchout’ function which, when activated, will tap the transformer to unity power factor
and cause the other transformer(s) to provide all the reactive power. This will minimise the voltage
drop when this transformer is switched out of service.

Figure 2-32 Function diagram for prepare for switchout

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15.9.2 Tap Stagger

Applies to: SuperTAPP Ultimate SG function level only
Normally voltage control attempts to maintain parallel transformers on equivalent tap positions to
minimise circulating current between transformers. However, if transformers are deliberately driven
so that circulating current flows there is a side effect of the mismatch of transformer ratios (due to the
different tap positions) that results in the substation absorbing additional VArs from the network of
the HV winding. This can be used as an additional network control function by the network operator.

Figure 2-33 demonstrates the effect, where the ratio of the two transformers are n:1 and (n+s):1,
where s is the amount of the stagger. The total load Iload seen on the transformers’ LV windings is
reflected through to the HV windings, with the average of the two ratios. There is also an additional
term, reflecting a proportion of the circulating current ISC. Since circulating current is almost entirely
reactive this results in an additional reactive load on the network which is a function of the
transformers and the tap difference, and immune to load current.

Figure 2-33 Effect of applying tap stagger to parallel transformers

Four different tap stagger levels (S1, S2, S3 and S4) are provided of which only one can be active at a
time. A tap stagger level can be activated through digital inputs or through SCADA communications. If
the activation is through SCADA communications it remains active until it is subsequently deactivated
(although not through a restart). If the activation is through digital inputs it remains active until the
input is removed.
Only one tap stagger level may be applied at a time. If multiple levels are selected the priority order is
S4, then S3, S2 and S1; activation of lower priority levels will be ignored until higher priority levels have
been deactivated. SuperTAPP SG requires multiple transformers in parallel to operate, and if not tap
stagger will be unavailable. The SuperTAPP SG requested to provide the stagger will communicate with
the other SuperTAPP SGs in order to deliver the function and maintain voltage regulation.
The setpoint for the stagger level is in terms of no. of taps, and the SuperTAPP SG converts this into
equivalent offset which it adds to the site circulating bias used by the voltage control algorithm.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-57

If necessary (e.g. the end of the tapping range is reached) the requested tap stagger will be delivered
at the expense of maintaining the dead band, however the upper and lower alarm levels will never be
breached.
Tap stagger S4, the highest priority level, has an additional activation input from the fast frequency
response function, and this is described in section 15.9.3.

Figure 2-34 Function diagram for tap stagger

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15.9.3 Frequency Tripping

Applies to: SuperTAPP Ultimate SG function level only
Section 15.8.4 describes a function which aids system operation by applying voltage target offsets in
the event of low system frequency. The frequency tripping function takes this further by, in the event
of low system frequency, tripping one transformer where parallel transformers feed a busbar. This has
the effect of doubling the transformer voltage drop and immediately imposing a step voltage reduction
on the busbar, which in turn causes a step reduction in load.
A diagram of the function is shown in Figure 2-35 and has two main parts. The upper part of the
diagram shows the “pre-activation” functionality which consists of a number of checks to ensure it
would be appropriate to trip the circuit breaker. These include:
 That there is at least one other on-load transformer connected to the busbar(s),
 That the other transformer(s) can support the current load, and
 That the resultant voltage drop would not cause an excessive step voltage change.
When the Function is enabled on a SuperTAPP SG it is shared with all other SuperTAPP SG at the
substation and they together select a transformer which will be the “trip” transformer based on the
number of trips previously issued (the lowest is selected). The trip transformer will then activate tap
stagger element S4 and ensure that it staggers in the upward direction, in order to maximise the
voltage drop when it trips.
When the frequency is beneath the pickup setting level for the pickup delay the function is activated
and, if the above checks are positive a trip is issued. After a settable time period a close command is
then issued.
During the trip period the other SuperTAPP SGs refrain from operating in order that the voltage offset
is not reversed.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-59

Figure 2-35 Function diagram for frequency tripping

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-60

15.10 Transformer temperature monitoring and control

15.10.1 Transformer oil and winding temperature monitoring

Applies to: relays with optional module type K or L
Measurement of temperature is made using temperature sensors which produce analogue signals that
can be fed to the relay as displayed in Figure 2-36. These signals will be connected directly to the inputs
of the relay. In order to do this at least one module type K or L needs to be fitted in the relay. The
analogue input types used for temperature measurement are mA input and RTD input.
These inputs are defined as:
 Ambient temperature
 Transformer oil temperature
 Transformer winding temperature
 Tap changer temperature

Figure 2-36 Simplified transformer oil and winding temperature measurement

The winding “hot-spot” temperature can either be measured or be calculated from the oil temperature
and measured load current in accordance with IEC 60076-7:2018.

15.10.2 Oil pump and radiator fan monitoring

Applies to: Advanced and Ultimate relays with optional module type K or L
SuperTAPP SG can monitor the state of energisation of oil pumps and fans taking inputs from the
equipment contactor auxiliary contacts or scheme relays into the digital inputs. A simplified version of
transformer thermal management has been shown in Figure 2-37.The digital inputs must be allocated
for oil pump and radiator fan monitoring in the relay settings by the user. An alarm will be raised if the
SuperTAPP SG requests a pump or fan to run but none is sensed as running.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-61

Figure 2-37 Simplified transformer thermal management

15.10.3 Transformer Top Oil Temperature Estimation

Applies to: Advanced and Ultimate relays with optional module type K or L
SuperTAPP SG uses the IEC 60076-7 model, with ambient temperature, current and state of
pumps/fans to estimate the temperature of the oil in the transformer. The function is designed in a
way to switch between ONAN, ONAF and OF models as the state of pumps and fans changes, as shown
in Figure 2-38. The transformer parameters for each model are customizable to user needs, however
predefined transformer parameters according to Table 4 of IEC 60076-7:2018 are available in the relay
settings as default values.

Figure 2-38 Oil pump and radiator fan state matrix

Pumps Model
running parameters
x y k11 k21 k22 to tw ϴor ϴhr

ONAN ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Fans ONAF ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
running
OF ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

15.10.4 Hotspot Temperature Estimation

Applies to: Advance and Ultimate relays with optional module type K or L
SuperTAPP SG uses the IEC 60076-7 model, with top oil temperature, current and state of pumps/fans
to estimate the hot spot temperature of the transformer. The top oil temperature can be a measured
temperature, or the calculated temperature as described above.
In the event that a comprehensive set of temperature sensors are not available, the temperature
modelling function is capable of estimating internal oil and hotspot temperatures using IEC 60076-7
transformer thermal models with an ambient temperature sensor as shown in Figure 2-39.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-62

 If a measurement of winding hotspot is available, it is used directly for cooling and monitoring
 If a measurement of oil temperature is available, but no winding hotspot measurement, the
model will estimate winding hotspot temperature from transformer current.
 If neither oil nor winding measurements are available, the model will use ambient temperature
together with transformer current to estimate oil and hotspot temperatures.
The model can also forecast a short-term future temperature and the final temperature for the current
flowing using the ambient temperature.

Figure 2-39 Thermal model

Top oil temp qo,0

Winding
Temperature Model
now qw,meas *
meas Hotspot temp qh,0
select
calc Calculations /
IT
Temperature Thermal mgmnt

Forecast Model Hotspot final tmp qh,fin

Model now fcast
parameters
Top oil final temp qo,fin

Hotspot fcast tmp qh,st

Oil Temperature
Model Thermal mgmnt /
General thermal Top oil fcast temp qo,st
qa qo,meas *
now characteristics
meas
Ambient select Short term forecast
time
temp calc

* The measured value is

Thermal mgmnt / selected if it exists
otherwise, the
Model General thermal
calculated value is used
characteristics
parameters
Loss ratio (R) at
nominal tap

Bottom tap loss

ratio (Rmin)

Top tap loss ratio

(Rmax)

15.10.5 Transformer Temperature Management

Applies to: Advanced and Ultimate relays with optional module type K or L
Transformer temperature management is described with reference to Figure 2-40 and comprises three
separate cooling stages, each of which is configured to operate a different number of pumps and fans.
SuperTAPP SG compares measured or calculated and forecasted temperatures with setpoints to
activate each cooling stage, and also to raise alarms. SuperTAPP SG applies hysteresis to the
temperature settings for deactivation of cooling stages. The temperature setpoints and hysteresis
values can be adjusted by the user in the settings.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-63

Figure 2-40 Transformer thermal management function diagram

C1 minimum cooling stage

qa
q>
qo,0
q>
qh,0
q>
qo,st C1_ACT
q> &
qh,st
q>
qo,fin
q>
qh,fin
q>
Cx xxxxxxx cooling
stage C2_ACT

Ambient temp threshold

Oil temp threshold &
Winding temp threshold
Forecast oil temp threshold
Forecast wdg temp threshold
Final oil temp threshold
Final wdg temp threshold C3_ACT

C2 medium cooling stage

C3 maximum cooling stage

15.10.6 Cooling stages

Once a cooling stage is activated, the required quantity of configured outputs will be energised until
the temperature has dropped below the threshold temperature value and hysteresis when the cooling
stage will be deactivated. Figure 2-41 displays the operation of one cooling stage.
In case of further temperature increase, the next cooling stage will be activated, and this could mean
multiple equipment will be running at the same time, or/and different cooling device types will be
energised. This process continues until the temperature level drops below the set threshold and
hysteresis value. There are three cooling stages available and only once is activated at a time.
During each cooling stage, a number of pumps and fans can be running at the same time which is
configurable by the user in the cooling stage settings, this has been displayed in Figure 2-41. Forecast
and final temperature thresholds for oil and winding can also be configured in the cooling stage
settings.
As shown in Figure 2-40, a variety of temperature quantities can be considered, and these are
described in Table 2-12. Temperature thresholds can be disabled, if the user wishes to stop SuperTAPP
SG from reacting to one or more temperature quantities.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-64

Table 2-12 Temperature quantities

Item Description
Ambient temperature The measured ambient temperature currently
(qa)
Oil temperature (qo,0) The measured or calculated oil temperature currently
Winding temperature The measured or calculated winding temperature currently
(qh,0)
Forecast oil and winding The oil and winding temperature it is forecast the transformer will reach in
temperatures (qo,st) the number of minutes specified by the Short term forecast time setting
(assuming no change to the current or cooling stage) using the IEC
thermal model
Final oil and winding The oil and winding temperature it is forecast the transformer will stabilise
temperatures (qo,fin) at (assuming no change to the current or cooling stage) using the IEC
thermal model
Oil and winding Dependency on previous temperatures.
temperature hysteresis
(qh,fin)

Figure 2-41 Transformer cooling function diagram

BO 1 2 ... n
Digital outputs
Cx_ACT
Cooling fans
Sequencer
Cooling pumps

Cx xxxxxx
cooling stage

Number of pumps *
Number of fans

Yes VO_L1activate
select C2
No C3

Cx xxxxxx
cooling stage *
Repeat for:
Activate L1 voltage offset * C2 medium cooling
stage and C3
maximum cooling
stage

Within each cooling stage, there are sequences to ensure different pumps and fans are activated each
time. This is done automatically by the relay as described below:
 When a new cooling stage is activated, outputs which have not been selected during the previous
active cooling stage will be favoured by the sequencer.
 Similarly, the sequencer will de-energise the longest running devices when a decrease in cooling
devices is requested by exiting a cooling stage.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-65

 In the case of a long-lasting cooling stage; a max runtime timer for each pump and fan device type
will energise the next idle output(s) and de-energise the original one(s).
 The number of configured output(s) for each fan and pump in a cooling stage will always be
satisfied unless the number of digital outputs configured does not allow it. For instance, for a
given cooling stage requiring 4 pumps to run but only 2 digital outputs have been configured for
pumps, only 2 pumps would be selected by the sequencer.
The sequencing is suitable for sites with multiple fans or pumps and provides alternation in the
deployment of equipment.

15.10.7 Periodic running

If this function is activated, the relay will periodically energise the outputs to operate a fan and/or
pump for a certain amount of time. Periodic running for pumps and fans can be configured in the relay
settings. This is an optional feature and when activated it can be either a daily or weekly operation and
the user can decide the duration of these operations.
There are dedicated settable timers to manage the maximum running time of the pumps and fans. This
function would periodically schedule outputs to be energised as specified, however it would not trigger
in the event that both fans and pumps have run since the last periodic run was scheduled.

15.10.8 Thermal management Alarms

There are two levels of alarms (H1 and H2) that can be configured to trigger in different situations. The
alarm thresholds and time delays can be adjusted in H1 and H2 alarm settings. Once the
measured/calculated temperature reached the threshold, an alarm would be raised after a time delay
and with consideration of alarm temperature hysteresis.
The logic for each alarm stage is similar to the cooling stage logic for one stage as shown in Figure 2-40.
Digital outputs can be configured to send a signal in alarm conditions. The following output functions
can be configured for thermal management alarms:
 Cooling device faulty – for when an activation signal was sent to a pump/fan and no return signal
has been received;
 mA/PT100 faulty alarm – for when there is a problem with the input signal or the mA card; and
 Thermal alarm H1 and H2 – to indicate temperature higher than the set thresholds.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-66

15.11 General Inputs and Outputs

Applies to: all function levels and options
In addition to the base hardware SuperTAPP SG can accommodate up to 6 additional digital and
analogue I/O modules to provide interfacing to other substation plant and SCADA (terminal blocks B
to G, see Figure 2-13).

Figure 2-42 Optional I/O module allocation to terminal blocks

Terminal block A B C D E F G H I J

Base hardware Type A P D R

build:
PSU TPI 4V CAN
Basic 3I
I/O
I/O Options:
Type G G G G G G
5DI 5DI 5DI 5DI 5DI 5DI
Digital I/O
4DO 4DO 4DO 4DO 4DO 4DO

Type F

Additional AC 7I

Type K or L

DC analogue * AI
AO
RTD
Type S
SCADA CAN
communications +
comms

* Module type K has 2AI, 3AO and 1RTD; module type L has 1AI, 1AO and 3RTD.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-67

15.11.1 Digital Input and Output Module Type G

Applies to: relays with optional module type G
Each digital input and output module type G provides
 5 digital (status) inputs, with a commoned group of 4, and a separately isolated input
 4 digital outputs (relays), with a commoned group of 2 normally open and 1 changeover contact,
and a separately isolated normally open contact
The digital inputs and outputs are sequentially numbered from left-to-right looking at the back of the
relay (i.e. terminal block B, C, etc.) and from the top of the terminal block downwards. The terminal
blocks are normally populated with digital I/O in sequential order B, C etc. Then if new I/O is
subsequently added the I/O numbering will not be disrupted.
If this pattern is followed then the I/O numbering will be as per Figure 2-43. This diagram should be
used indicatively and reference made to the wiring diagram for the actual relay type for the correct
allocations.

Figure 2-43 Connection arrangements for type G digital I/O module

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-68

15.11.2 Analogue DC Input and Output Module Type K and L

Applies to: relays with optional modules type K or L
The DC analogue modules provide mA inputs and outputs and RTD inputs as indicated in Table 2-13.

Table 2-13 Analogue DC module I/O provision

Module type Type K Type L

DC analogue (mA loop) passive inputs 2 1

DC analogue (mA loop) active outputs 3 1

Three-wire RTD (PT100) inputs 1 3

The type K or L module would normally be expected to be located at terminal block F, as per Figure
2-44 and Figure 2-45. However, if terminal block F is required for digital I/O, then it could be located
in terminal block G. Therefore, this diagram should be used indicatively and reference made to the
wiring diagram for the actual relay type for the correct allocations.
The mA inputs are passive and require an external source to energise the loop. The mA outputs are
active, i.e. they provide the energisation for the loop, in addition to controlling the current flow.
Therefore no other sources should be added to the loop to avoid overvoltages and potential damage
to the relay and other equipment.
The RTD inputs is of the 3-wire type which provides compensation for lead length between the sensor
and the SuperTAPP SG.

Figure 2-44 Connection arrangements for type Figure 2-45 Connection arrangements for type
K DC analogue I/O module L DC analogue I/O module

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15.11.3 Digital (Status) Inputs

Applies to: relays with optional module type G
The digital inputs are general purpose inputs which can be mapped to a variety of purposes using a
matrix approach. Table 2-31 lists all the functions to which the inputs can be mapped. Multiple physical
inputs can be mapped to each function and, with the exception of circuit breaker status (see below),
this is on an ‘OR’ basis. For instance if digital input 1 and digital input 3 are both mapped to the ‘tap
block’ function, then the function is activated whenever digital input 1 or digital input 3 are energised.
It is possible to invert the sense of the digital inputs and the first setting in the list allows inverted
inputs to be identified. Most inputs are sensitive to DC or AC energisation, however it is possible to set
any inputs to reject AC and the second setting in the list allows AC rejection inputs to be identified.

SCADA inputs
Most of the input functions are ‘activation’ or ‘enable’ type which would typically be received from
SCADA using hardwiring from a substation RTU. As an alternative to this, all of these functions can also
be accessed using SCADA communications (see section 15.12.2).

Plant inputs
Most of the interface with substation plant is carried out via the dedicated scheme I/O card (see
section 15.3.1) which does not require any configuration. However additional plant input functions
may be allocated to the general purpose digital inputs. These are limited in number and listed below.
 T/C motor overload – an input typically driven from the tap change motor MCB to indicate that
the tap change motor has tripped
 Winding 1/2 CB closed – indicates the position of a transformer circuit breaker and is required for
some functions such as frequency tripping (ultimate function level only) which needs to be certain
about circuit breaker position.
 Busbar CB n closed – indicates the position of a bus section circuit breaker and is required for
some functions such as frequency tripping (ultimate function level only) which needs to be certain
about circuit breaker position.
For the input functions which relate to circuit breaker position it is possible to create a double point
input using two inputs, one wired to the circuit breaker ‘a’ or NO contact and one wired to the ‘b’ or
NC contact. The input wired to the ‘b’ contact should be inverted and all inputs indicating circuit
breaker position should be supplied from DC and their inputs set to reject AC. An example of how this
should be set up is given in Table 2-14.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-70

Table 2-14 Setting up CB inputs

Functions 1 2 3 4 5
Invert input x x
AC Rejection x x x x
Winding 1 CB closed x x
Busbar CB 1 closed x x

When the inputs are set in this way, if the two inputs are inconsistent then the input will be flagged as
invalid and any functions which make use of this signal will “fail safe”. The behaviour of individual
functions in the event of an invalid input is included in the description for that function.

Activating setting groups

An input function is provided for each of the 8 settings groups (‘Alt settings group n’). These functions
are ‘edge triggered’ rather than ‘level triggered’, so the relay will act on the last trigger, which may
also be via SCADA communications, even if a previous input is still active.

15.11.4 Digital (Relay) Outputs

The digital outputs are general purpose outputs which can be mapped to a variety of purposes using a
matrix approach. Table 2-32lists all the functions for which the outputs can be mapped. A function can
be mapped to energise multiple physical outputs and. For instance if digital output 1 and digital output
3 are both mapped to the ‘Relay healthy’ function, then digital output 1 and digital output 3 are
energised when the relay is healthy.
It is possible to invert the sense of the digital outputs and the first setting in the list allows inverted
outputs to be identified.

SCADA outputs
Most of the outputs are reporting the status of functions or alarms which would typically be received
by SCADA using hardwiring to a substation RTU. As an alternative to this, all of these functions can also
be accessed using SCADA communications (see section 15.12.2).

Plant outputs
Most of the interface with substation plant is carried out via the dedicated scheme I/O card (see
section 15.3.1) which does not require any configuration. The only additional plant output functions
which may need to be allocated to the general purpose digital outputs are:
 Winding 1/2 CB trip/close – trip and close commands to circuit breakers as part of the frequency
tripping function (ultimate function level only).

15.11.5 mA Inputs
Applies to: relays with optional module type K or L
Milliamp inputs are mainly used for transformer thermal monitoring and control functions and to
facilitate the connection of measured temperatures to the relay. SuperTAPP SG then uses this
information for display and calculation purposes. There is always at least one mA input (Input 1)

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-71

located on the TPI module (type P). If a type K DC Analogue module is fitted, three additional mA inputs
(2, 3 and 4) are available. Similarly, if a type L DC Analogue module is fitted, one additional mA input is
available.
For each one of the milliamp input three settings are presented:
 the function of the input,
 the real world value at the minimum and associated mA input (0 to 24 mA), and
 the real world value at the maximum and the associated mA input (0 to 24 mA).
Each one of the milliamp inputs can be assigned to any of the temperature measurements. Table 2-16
lists the functions which are available for milliamp input, and the real world values which can be
applied to the minimum and maximum value settings.

Table 2-15 mA Input Functions and Ranges

Input Function Maximum Range

Ambient temperature -100 ˚C to +300 ˚C
Oil temperature -100 ˚C to +300 ˚C
Winding temperature -100 ˚C to +300 ˚C
Tapchanger (oil) temperature -100 ˚C to +300 ˚C

15.11.6 mA Outputs
Applies to: all function levels and options
There is always at least one mA output (Output 1) located on the TPI module (type P). If a type K DC
Analogue module is fitted, three additional mA outputs (2, 3 and 4) are available. It is generally
assumed that output 1 (on the TPI module) will be used for tap position, but this isn’t fixed and the
user can choose otherwise.
For each output three settings are presented:
 the function of the output,
 the real world value at the minimum and associated mA output (0 to 24 mA), and
 the real world value at the maximum and the associated mA output (0 to 24 mA).
Table 2-16 lists the functions which are available for milliamp output, and the real world values which
can be applied to the minimum and maximum value settings.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-72

Table 2-16 mA Output Functions and Ranges

Output Function Maximum Range

Fixed output n/a
Tap position 0 to 39
Target voltage 0 to 140 %
Actual voltage 0 to 200 %
Transformer real power -300 to +300 MW
Transformer reactive power -300 to +300 MVAr
Transformer apparent power 0 to 300 MVA

15.11.7 RTD (PT100) Inputs

Applies to: relays with optional module type K or L
Similar to milliamp inputs, SuperTAPP SG is able to take RTD (Pt100) inputs for transformer thermal
monitoring and management. If a type K DC Analogue module is fitted, one Pt100 input will be
available, and if a type L DC Analogue module is fitted, three Pt100 inputs will be available.
RTD (Pt100) inputs can be assigned to the following:
 Ambient temperature
 Oil temperature
 Winding temperature
 Tapchanger (oil) temperature

15.11.8 Timers
Applies to: SuperTAPP Advanced and Ultimate SG function levels
Three general purpose pickup and dropoff timers are provided which can be mapped to digital inputs
and outputs. When a mapped input is activated for the pickup time then the timer output is activated,
which can be mapped to a digital output. After the digital input is deactivated for the dropoff time
then the timer output is deactivated.
The settings to map the digital inputs and outputs are shown in Table 2-31 and Table 2-32 respectively.
The time delay settings are shown in Table 2-35.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-73

15.12 Communications and Data Storage

15.12.1 Inter-relay Communications

Applies to: all function levels and options

SuperTAPP SG can accommodate parallel operation of up to eight units using the Inter-relay
Communications system. Units operating together should have the same software version to ensure
compatibility.
In order to aid understanding of relay operation, some terminology is introduced by reference to Figure
2-46which shows multiple SuperTAPP SG relays as a typical voltage control scheme with peer-to-peer
communications.
Advice on connection of Inter-relay Communications is provided in section 16.2.5.

Figure 2-46 Inter-relay communications

The inter-relay communications system is used to exchange a number of information types, for
example:
 Transformer and feeder currents for LDC and minimisation of circulating current
 Checking that voltage measurements and targets are consistent across the busbar group

 Sharing of target adjustments to ensure correct operation across the busbar group

 Cooperative functions such as prepare for switchout and tap stagger

 Identification of busbar groups and circuit breaker switch positions

Group load
Each relay reports measurement and status information which is received by all relays connected by
inter-relay communications. Each relay has a transformer ID and a busbar no. which are configured in
the settings. Relays connected to the same busbar will use measurement data to calculate the group
load as follows:

Igroup = ITL-1 + ITL-2 + ….ITL-n

where transformers 1 to n are in the same group*

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-74

The group load is important for operational calculations and is displayed with the individual
transformer measured current on the default screen of the relay.
Each unit on the CAN bus should have a unique transformer ID, otherwise there will be communication
errors which could result in load summation inaccuracy.

15.12.1.2 Monitoring Inter-relay Communications

Inter-relay communications (CAN communications) are continuously monitored by the SuperTAPP SG
and it is able to detect the following conditions:
 Multiple SuperTAPP SGs with the same address, resulting in communication conflict
 Unexpected loss of communication with another SuperTAPP SG
 Another SuperTAPP SG being powered down
The first two conditions are failure conditions which are alarmed and which cause SuperTAPP SG to
move to a safe mode of operation with the following actions.
 The use of site circulating bias is temporarily suspended as it can no longer be relied upon.
 Network circulating bias continues to be applied to parallel operation which ensures transformers
cannot run apart.
 Any functions which relay on multiple transformers or a known busbar group or circuit breaker
positions or feeder currents from the ‘lost’ SuperTAPP SG are suspended.
The error status remains until it is manually reset, ensuring that any problem has been rectified. The
error status is reset using the ‘Reset CAN data’ setting, Table 2-38.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-75

15.12.2 SCADA Communications

Applies to: relays with the SCADA communications option, with or without Ethernet
SCADA communications with SuperTAPP SG can be used to:
 Receive inputs to the SCADA system for indication of events such as tap change operations,
alarms, setting changes;
 Receive inputs to the SCADA system of status such as relevant circuit breaker positions, operation
modes (auto/manual etc.);
 Send outputs from the SCADA system for commands such as manual tap, mode change;
 Receive inputs to the SCADA system of any of the measured voltages or currents, and many
internally calculated values such as frequency, MW, MVAr, MVA;
 Receive inputs to the SCADA system of internal counters such as no. of taps;
 Receive inputs to the SCADA system of currently applied setpoint values
 Send outputs from the SCADA system to change the active settings group; and
 Send outputs from the SCADA system to change current setpoint values.
SuperTAPP SG provides the following commonly used substation communication protocols:
 IEC 60870-5-101 (serial), IEC 60870-5-103 (serial), IEC 60870-5-104 (Ethernet)
 DNP3 (serial or Ethernet)
 IEC 61850 (Ethernet)
Serial communications is to RS485 and the interface includes a terminating resistor for the end of the
chain which can be wired if required. Ethernet communications is provided through the use of Small
Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) modules which can provide Ethernet using a number of copper and fibre
standards, as listed in Table 2-5.
The settings associated with SCADA Communications are listed in Table 2-37. Unlike other settings in
the relay the communication settings are not immediately applied on a setting change, since this
requires an internal restart of the communications module. Rather the last item in the communication
settings list is an ‘APPLY’ option and when this is selected the communications module is restarted and
the settings applied.
Interoperability profiles with full data point lists for each of the protocols supported are provided
separately.

15.12.3 Event Logging

All command, event and status information which is provided through SCADA communications is also
stored internally and can be accessed through the front USB port and the PC software, described in
part 1 of the user manual.
The length of time the data is stored is a function of the frequency of event generation, but is measured
in months and is likely to be over 1 year.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-76

15.12.4 Analogue Data Storage

All measured, calculated and counter values which are provided through SCADA communications are
also stored and can be accessed through the front USB port and the PC software, described in part 1
of the user manual.
The length of time the data is stored is a function of the number of analogue inputs in operation and
the logging interval setting (see Table 2-38), but is measured in months and may be up to 1 year.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-77

16 Application Guidance

16.1 Fundamentals Application Support

When you buy a Fundamentals product you can expect to receive expert assistance to apply your relay.
Please contact your sales office or agent and we will do our best to advise you. We will gladly provide
you with advice on an ad hoc basis, or if you have an extensive requirement for support we can offer
services for scheme design, panel build, installation and commissioning.
Our global partners are carefully chosen to ensure that they have application support capabilities
which are backed up by Fundamentals voltage control experts.

16.2 Basic Control Scheme Design

16.2.1 Voltage and Current Inputs

Figure 2-47 Voltage and current connections

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-78

16.2.1.1 Voltage measurement inputs

Four low burden voltage inputs are provided and can be arranged to measure two sets of 3-phase
voltages, Figure 2-47. In most schemes only a single 3-phase voltage will be measured (and only one is
available with the SuperTAPP Basic SG function level).
The second 3-phase measurement becomes available with the Advanced and Ultimate function levels
and is used for applications involving 3-winding (double-secondary) transformers where voltage
averaging and load summation is required. It will also be used for applications where a ‘back-up’ phase
reference is required for feeder current measurements. These applications are described in more
detail in section 16.4.5.
However it is possible to use the four voltage inputs to make single-phase or phase-phase
measurements of four separate voltages, e.g. all four secondary windings of two 3-winding
transformers.
The settings for each voltage input (such as VT ratio and VT phase) need to be configured appropriately
in order that the relay can convert measurements into the correct primary values (see section 15.4.3).

16.2.1.2 Current measurement inputs

SuperTAPP SG is designed to measure feeder currents in addition to the transformer current. Normally,
feeder current measurements are only possible using protection CTs. In order that the protection
scheme is not compromised, low burden interposing CTs are used to interface with the relay. The use
of such interposing CTs gives the following additional advantages:
 Safety – no risk of high voltages for open-circuit (clamped at around 11 V)
 Flexibility – accuracy can be ‘tuned’ by additional interposer turns
The SuperTAPP SG is designed for use with low burden interposing CTs for all current measurements,
feeder and transformer. Interposing CTs are supplied with the SuperTAPP SG, and are described in
more detail in section 16.2.2.
The settings for each current input (such as CT ratio and CT phase) need to be configured appropriately
in order that the relay can convert measurements into the correct primary values (see section 0).

16.2.2 Interposing CT
The interposing CT designed for use with the SuperTAPP SG provides a high level of electrical isolation
between the source current circuitry and imposes virtually no burden upon the measurement current
transformer.
Figure 2-48gives an external view of the interposing unit, shown from each side. The enclosure is
mounted on a reversible universal foot that will allow fixing onto either a G-rail or top hat rail mounting
arrangement. Screwed terminal output connections are available from either side of the unit.
The primary conductor (S1 from the primary CT) is passed through a central hole in the casing as shown
in Figure 2-48 and Figure 2-49.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-79

Figure 2-48 Interposing CT

CT isolation unit
Type FP1030
Ratio 10 : 0.01
S2 Max Burden 30 mVA S2 S1 Ser. No. Ser. No. S1

Fundamentals Ltd
www.fundamentalsltd.co.uk

P2 P1

The interposing CT should be mounted in a convenient position such that the distance between the
unit and the SuperTAPP SG is at a practical minimum. If there is substantial distance between the unit
and the device, a twisted-pair cable should be used. This may be the case where a protection CT is
utilised. In this instance the interposing CT should be mounted as close as possible to the primary CT
secondary wiring and in any event in the same panel. The electrical specification for the interposing CT
is shown in Table 2-17.

Figure 2-49 Interposing CT connections

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-80

Table 2-17 Interposing CT specification

Parameter Specified value

Ratio 10A : 0.01 A
Maximum primary current 10 A
Burden 0.03 VA
Isolation > 3 kV
Material UV 94-V-0 polyamide 66/6

The maximum current that the device can measure with accuracy is 10 amps. Depending on the use of
the interposing unit, turns can be added to the primary side in order to increase the sensitivity of the
output. It is recommended that the number of turns should give ‘5 Amp turns’ at rated current as
shown in Table 2-18 and Figure 2-49.

Table 2-18 Interposing CT turns

CT Secondary Rating Recommended Turns on Interposing CT

5A 1
1A 5
0.5 A 10

In situations where the loading on the CT is low compared to the rating, accuracy can be compromised.
The number of turns on the interposer can be increased to improve the accuracy, but care is required
and in any case it is not recommended to increase the number of turns above 5 Amp-turns at the
normal maximum loading level. The maximum non-fault overload level should be less than 10 Amp-
turns.
For example, a feeder breaker CT (ratio 1000:5) would normally have a single interposer turn. If the
maximum loading of the feeder is 200 A, the number of turns could be increase to 5 to give more
accuracy.
The settings for each CT input need to be configured appropriately in order that the relay can convert
the measurements into the correct primary values (see CT settings in section 0).

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-81

16.2.3 Interfacing with the Tapchanger

The raise and lower outputs are used to initiate a tap change when the measured voltage is outside of
the ‘dead band’. Normally a raise will increase the tap position and the measured voltage, and a lower
vice-versa. However, tap changers can sometimes work in the opposite direction where an increase in
tap position will produce a lower voltage. The outputs should be wired such that raise produces a
higher voltage.
All the hardwired I/O required to interface with a tapchanger is provided on the Power Supply /
Scheme Interface module. A typical scheme arrangement for Module Types A and B are shown in
Figure 2-50. The positive and negative AVC supply connections for Module Type A can either be on
terminals 2 and 3 or terminals 3 and 2. The positive and negative AVC supply connections for Module
Type B are on terminals 3 and 2, respectively.

Figure 2-50 Tapchanger connections

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-82

16.2.4 Hardwired SCADA Interface

In addition to the interface with the tapchanger it is usual for further I/O to be used to interface with
other plant and with hardwired SCADA RTUs. Since this additional I/O is freely programmable it
provides for a flexible deployment.

16.2.4.1 Digital outputs (relay outputs)

The I/O modules can provide changeover relay contacts and normally-open contacts. Some of these
are commoned together so care should be taken that the functions are allocated appropriately where
different sources are used. For instance, 110V AC or DC may be used for plant interface while a 48 VDC
battery is used for SCADA.
At a minimum it is usual to use:
 a changeover contact for SuperTAPP SG healthy,
 a changeover contact for auto/manual status,
 normally open contacts for alarm indications such as tap changer failure and voltage control
alarm.
It is recommended to separate the alarms to indicate problems with the SuperTAPP SG, problems with
the tap changer and issues with controlling the voltage. This enables the control engineer to determine
the required response.

©2021 Fundamentals Ltd. Page 2-83

16.2.4.2 Digital inputs

The digital inputs on the I/O modules can be used to modify the operating parameters of the voltage
control system. The inputs are wired to the SCADA RTU and have wide operating voltage range.
The typical uses of these inputs in most schemes for are for
 remote auto/manual selection,
 remote manual tap raise and tap lower, and
 selection of voltage target adjustments as part of load management.

16.2.5 Inter-relay Communications

Inter-relay communications take place using a CAN bus (Controller Area Network) connected between
the SuperTAPP SGs as shown in Figure 2-51. The cable used should be twisted-pair with a characteristic
impedance of 120Ω and individually-screened pairs with drain wire.
If there are more than two SuperTAPPs they should be daisy-chained together directly on to the
SuperTAPP SG terminals (i.e. no stub tee). The SuperTAPP SGs at each end of the chain require a
terminating resistor, which is provided within the relay and simply requires a connection between
terminals J1 and J3 (Figure 2-46). The screen of the twisted pair cables, in addition to being terminated
onto terminal J4 of each SuperTAPP SG, must be earthed at one point only to avoid earth loops.
If there are only two SuperTAPP SGs then each one is treated as an ‘End’ device. If there is only one
SuperTAPP SG no communication connections are required, however it is advised to earth the CAN
Ground terminal (J4).

Figure 2-51 Inter-relay connections

The Inter-relay communications can accommodate a maximum of eight SuperTAPP SGs. Previous
relays MicroTAPP and SuperTAPP n+ also use CAN as a means of providing inter-relay communications,
however the implementations differ and a mix of relays cannot be used on a single CAN network.

Instrumentation is available to show the number of units communicating with corresponding

groupings to check correct configuration.
Inter-relay communications are very important for correct operation of the SuperTAPP SG system and
should therefore be set up correctly. Faults and errors with suggested fixes are shown in Table 2-19.

Table 2-19 Inter-relay communication errors

Relay display message Remedy

Communications error Check diagnostic instruments and CAN bus wiring
Comms ID clash Check transformer ID setting
Comms data missing Check diagnostic instruments and for errors or power fail on other relays
DAM error Check for errors on connected DAM units

16.3 Determination of Settings

16.3.1 Distribution Voltage Settings – Basic Voltage Target and LDC

The allowable range of permissible voltage at each point of connection determines to a large extent,
the operational voltages that can be applied at each voltage level on the network. Using typical voltage
ranges it will be useful here to examine the maximum typical design voltage drops that can occur across
a distribution system at extreme loading conditions.

Figure 2-52 Effect of load on system voltages

Figure 2-53 Effect of load with LDC on system voltages

Figure 2-52shows an example network of a primary transformer, secondary distribution network,

distribution transformers and LV distribution with one point of voltage control at the primary
substation. In this example the basic voltage setting is set at nominal voltage, 100% or “level bar”, and
the distribution transformers have their fixed taps set at +2.5% and +5% (the voltage graphs are scaled
in per units and assume a ±6% limit across all voltages). The additional boost on transformers remote
from the primary substation allows for the additional voltage drop at full load (shown by the dashed
lines on the voltage graph). It can be seen from the graphs that this approach accommodates all
connections within the voltage limits in all situations but it is not without its disadvantages:
 There is very little voltage legroom at full load to allow for any load increases or alternative
feeding arrangements
 There is very little voltage headroom at low load to allow for distributed generation
 There is no opportunity for additional connections or increased feeder lengths at the primary
substation
Improved voltage regulation with increased voltage headroom and legroom can be achieved by
reducing the basic voltage setting by 3% and applying a +6% LDC voltage boost (Figure 2-53). Using this
method the no-load / full-load voltage variation is minimised across the network.
Theoretically the use of LDC will improve the situation to the ideal point where the absolute voltage
variation is the same at both the source and remote ends of all feeders.
While abnormal network running and disparate feeder load profiles may cause the use of LDC to be
reduced from the ideal, advantage can still be gained by the use of these settings, including those
networks where voltage drops occur only on the LV system.

16.3.2 Bandwidth and Hunting

The permissible bandwidth setting is determined by the voltage step of the tap changer. To optimise
the number of tap changer operations it should be set to approximately one tap step (as shown in
Figure 2-3). Care should be taken not to set the bandwidth lower than half a tap step since this will
result in ‘hunting’, where one tap operation can cause the voltage to move across the full bandwidth
and result in a call for another tap operation in the opposite direction (see Figure 2-54).

Figure 2-54 Tapchanger ‘hunting’

16.3.3 Tap delays

The inter-tap time should be set to longer than the operation time of the tap changer (for safety at
least 25% longer than the tap changer operation time). This is to avoid attempted raise/lower
operations while the tap changer is already in operation.

16.3.4 Circulating Current

The calculations for circulating current described in section 15.1.3.1 depend on the busbar group load
which makes use of inter-relay communications. In the event that inter-relay communications are not
possible, either temporarily or by design, circulating current will be calculated using the TAPP mode. If
this is a permanent arrangement the Network Circ Current Factor (Table 2-23) should be set to 100%.
Alternatively, relays may directly measure the group load using a special CT type.

16.3.5 Settings Groups

Many of the settings in SuperTAPP SG are duplicated in 8 individual settings ‘groups’ (see section 17).
Digital inputs can be programmed to switch the SuperTAPP SG to use a different setting group as
defined in the ‘Set dig input terminals’ menu.
Alternative settings are intended to offer flexibility for abnormal operating conditions such as:
 Topology changes – where transformers which are normally operated in parallel are temporarily
switched apart by opening of a bus section for example. In this situation it will be necessary to
alter the group ID of at least one unit.
 Network changes – where the configuration of outgoing feeders is changed and require different
settings (e.g. LDC settings).

The alternative settings may be particularly useful for the more ‘advanced’ applications where extra
CT and VT measurements are in use and where ‘safe AVC’ can be applied in the event of abnormal
conditions.

16.4 Feeder Current Measurements

Conventional voltage control uses the measured transformer current, usually via the LDC CT, for load
drop compensation and/or circulating current control. These functions have been discussed in sections
16.3.1 and 16.3.4 respectively.
Modern networks have increasing levels of electrical plant connected which can compromise
conventional voltage control due to the injection of real and reactive power (for example embedded
generation, capacitor banks and other reactive support devices). Different types of highly reactive load
can also add to voltage control problems (for example heavy industrial loads which are on in the day
and off at night).
Normally, these items of ‘problem plant’ are confined to individual outgoing feeders, while other
feeders are unaffected. Despite this, the voltage control effect is experienced by all feeders. The
SuperTAPP SG has functions available to solve these problems, which rely on the implementation of
extra current measurements on the outgoing feeders which have connected ‘problem plant’.

16.4.1 Implementation
The feeder current measurements are facilitated by feeder protection CTs. In order that this does not
compromise the protection scheme, very low burden interposing CTs are used to interface with the
SuperTAPP SG relay. These CTs are 1000:1 ratio wedding ring type with burden < 0.05 VA. The CTs are
described in detail in section 16.2.2.
All relay measurements are transmitted on the CAN bus to make them available for peer units.
Functions which make use of these measurements must be applied in the same way to all relays in the
busbar group, otherwise the desired effects will not be realised and voltage errors can occur. Special
attention therefore needs to be given to relays which are configured for feeder current measurements
so that the data can be available even when the transformers to which they are connected are
switched out (e.g. for maintenance), namely:

Power supply
The relay must be powered to continue transmitting measurement data. Normally the auxiliary AC
supply for tap changer control is used to power the control relays and this may be disconnected if the
transformer is switched out, so an alternative is required. The best solution is to use the DC supply (if
available) to power the relay. The SuperTAPP SG has a flexible AC/DC power supply available with an
input range of 88 – 253 V AC/DC.

Voltage reference.
The relay uses the VT input as a reference for calculation of real and reactive components of current.
The second VT input of the relay can be configured to use a VT from another transformer in the group
as a voltage reference when the main VT input is lost due to a transformer switch out. This will be
considered in detail in section 16.3.5, ‘VT Switching’.

16.4.1.1 Definitions
The important relay definitions are as follows:
 Measured currents – transformers and feeders.
 Non-measured load – sum of the load on feeders which are not being measured.

These values can be understood by reference to Figure 2-55which shows an application with feeder
measurements on two of the six feeders.

Figure 2-55 Definition of non-measured load

In this case both relays would show the following values in the instruments screens (see section
11.3.1):
Summed transformers = 600 A
Summed feeder measurements * = 130 A
Non-measured load = 470 A

*this data will be presented according to how the CT inputs are configured (see below).
Each CT input used for feeder current measurement must be configured in the settings for a specific
use. There are many uses to choose from, but broadly they can be split into three types, relating to:
 Embedded Generation
 Reactive Sources / Loads
 Special Applications
Each of these types is described in detail in individual sections below.

16.4.2 Distributed Generation

Distributed or embedded generation is defined here as generation of any type connected to the
network which the transformer is supplying. The generation can be connected directly to the busbar
via one or more dedicated feeders, or remotely to one or more outgoing feeders. In either case the
embedded generation can cause the following voltage control issues:
 Reduction in the applied LDC due to reduced transformer current.
 Voltage rise along feeders to the point of connection when in reverse power flow (i.e. when the
generation exceeds the load on the feeder).
 Voltage error incurred by inaccurate network circulating current control due to power factor
variations on the transformer current.
In order to solve the above problems the relay has functions available which utilise feeder current
measurements:
1. Accurate LDC based on the ‘true’ group load.
With generation present the summed transformer currents do NOT represent the group load.
The relay can determine generation output(s) based on feeder current measurements and
use it to calculate the ‘true’ group load.
2. Generation compensation – Vgen in Figure 2-3.
This is a reduction in relay target voltage in proportion with calculated generation output
levels:

Vgen = [∑(IG)/Rating] x Genbias

where

∑(IG) is the measured/calculated generation output (Amps)

Rating is the maximum generator output rating (Amps)
Genbias is the %voltage reduction to target at full generator output.

3. Enhanced TAPP circulating current control using the ‘true’ group load.

All of the above-mentioned functions rely on the real-time calculation of the ‘true’ group load and the
generation output. There are two methods for this in respect of how the generation itself is connected
and how the corresponding feeder current measurement inputs are configured in the relay:
 Direct generator connection – CT input configured as ‘generator’.
 Indirect generator connection – CT input configured as ‘generator feeder’.

16.4.2.1 Direct generator connection

An example of this application is shown in Figure 2-56 where two transformers supply a network via 6
feeders and a generator connected directly to the busbar. There is one voltage control relay per
transformer, each of which uses one VT input for voltage measurement and one CT input for
transformer current measurement. One of the relays also uses a CT input for the generator
measurement. All measurement data is available to all relays connected on the CAN bus.

Figure 2-56 Direct generator connection

Relay 1 and Relay 2

Transformer current = 200 A
Summed transformer currents = 400 A
Summed feeder measurements = -200 A
Non-measured load = 600 A
Generator output = 200 A
Group Load = 600 A

If the bus section is open, the situation changes* as follows:

Relay 1 Relay 2
Transformer current = 320 A Transformer current = 80 A
Summed transformer currents = 320 A Summed transformer currents = 80 A
Summed feeder measurements = 0A Summed feeder measurements = -200 A
Non-measured load = 320 A Non-measured load = 280 A
Generator output = 0A Generator output = 200 A
Group Load = 320 A Group Load = 280 A

* the group ID of the relays must change to reflect the new configuration (see section 16.2.4.2 for
‘alternative settings’).

In order to accommodate all applications to include any number of transformers and generator
connections, the above calculations can be summarised as follows:
Summed transformer currents = ∑(ITn )
Generator output = ∑(IG )
Group Load = ∑(ITn ) + ∑(IG )

16.4.2.2 Indirect generator connection

An example of this application is shown in Figure 2-57which shows the same network as presented in
Figure 2-56 but with the generator connected remotely (e.g. several km’s away) to one of the feeders
(called the ‘generation feeder’).

Figure 2-57 Indirect generator connection

The generator feeder has connected load and generation but the feeder current measurement, IF,
cannot discern between them. The example network shows this where the measured feeder current
is -150 A, with 50 A of load and 200 A generation present.
The relay has a generation estimation function which can calculate load and generation present on the
network. The generator estimation function depends on the following:
 Current Measurements
- Summed Transformer
- Generator Feeders
 Load Ratio

The Load Ratio is a relay setting which is expressed as a percentage and defined as follows:
'true' load on generation feeders
Load Ratio =
load on 'non-measured' feeders
The load ratio of the example network shown in Figure 2-57 is 9% (50 A / 550 A).

The relevant calculations for the two relays shown in the example network are as follows (all data
presented in the relay instruments to aid troubleshooting):

Relay 1 and Relay 2

Transformer current = 200 A
Summed transformer currents = 400 A
Summed feeder measurements = -150 A
Non-measured load = 550 A
Estimated load = 50 A
Estimated generation = 200 A
Group Load = 600 A

If the bus section is open, the situation changes* as follows:

Relay 1 Relay 2
Transformer current = 320 A Transformer current = 80 A
Summed transformer currents = 320 A Summed transformer currents = 80 A
Summed feeder measurements = 0A Summed feeder measurements = -150 A
Non-measured load = 320 A Non-measured load = 230 A
Estimated load † = 0A Estimated load † = 50 A
Estimated generation = 0A Estimated generation = 200 A
Group Load = 320 A Group Load = 280 A

* the group ID of the relays must change to reflect the new configuration (see section 16.2.4.2 for
‘alternative settings’).
†
this is dependent on a new load ratio of 0% for T1 and 22% for T2 in the new settings group
In the event of a network configuration change or fault, it is possible to switch the relay to use
‘alternative settings’. This gives added flexibility so that the relay can be configured appropriately for
abnormal operating conditions. Some examples of how the relay could be configured for abnormal
situations are as follows:
 Revert to ‘safe’ operating mode where feeder current measurements and generator estimation
are ignored
 Adopt a new load ratio for a specific configuration

In order to accommodate all applications to include any number of transformers and generator
connections, the above calculations can be summarised as follows:
Estimated load = Non-measured load x Load Ratio
Estimated Generation = Estimated load – Generator feeder current
Group Load = Non-measured load x (1 + Load Ratio)

The load ratio can be determined from historical load data or from direct measurements. If historical
data is used, the load ratio should be taken as an average value from a period of time over which the
extent of seasonal variations can be observed. If direct measurement is used to determine the load
ratio it must be ensured that the generation is not running so that the measurement represents the
‘true’ load.
Once the load ratio has been calculated it is configured into the relay settings. It is clear that the actual
load ratio will vary over time due to seasonal variations and network events (outages, faults etc.). For
this reason, the relay settings should be regularly checked to ensure that errors associated with these
variations are kept to a minimum.
The accuracy of the generation estimation algorithm will vary throughout a year and across a network.
Each application will demand an extent of network analysis to optimise the system and minimise
errors.
Generation estimation can be adversely affected by ‘troublesome loads’ connected to the non-
generation feeders. The effect can be mitigated by the use of functions associated with reactive loads
and sources which are described in the next section.

16.4.3 Reactive Loads and Sources

The presence of a load which varies significantly in power factor from the ‘normal’ (target) system
power factor can cause the following issues:
 Voltage errors incurred by inaccurate LDC.
 Voltage errors incurred by inaccurate network circulating current control.
 Generator estimation errors.

Examples of such loads are capacitor banks, heavy industrial loads and embedded generators. Figure
2-58shows the power factor effect of a capacitor bank.

Figure 2-58 Power factor effect of a capacitor bank

In order to solve these problems the relay has functions available which utilise feeder current
measurements to calculate the ‘true’ load power factor as accurately as possible and thus minimise
errors. There are options for how these current measurements are configured and used in the relay:
 Excluded Load
 Corrected Load

16.4.3.1 Excluded load

The simplest solution to power factor problems is to exclude the ‘troublesome’ load completely from
the system as shown in Figure 2-59. The drawback of doing this is a reduced group load (c.f. the vectors
I2+I3 and I1+I2+I3), so care needs to be taken where LDC is applied that full boost is applied to the relay
at an amended site capacity.
If the relay is configured for generator estimation, the load ratio calculation must exclude feeders
configured as excluded loads.

Figure 2-59 Load exclusion

16.4.3.2 Corrected load

This type is similar to the excluded load type considered above, except that instead of excluding the
measured current, the measurement is ‘adjusted’ to the relay target power factor as shown in Figure
2-60.

Figure 2-60 Load correction

In this way, the voltage accuracy of the relay is not impaired by the troublesome load, and also the
load information (if any) is maintained for LDC purposes.
If the relay is configured for generator estimation, the load ratio calculation must exclude feeders
configured as corrected loads.

16.4.4 Special Applications

16.4.4.1 Interconnector
This type is used where it is not possible to calculate the summed loads using Inter-relay
Communications, for instance if there is a strongly interconnected, but remote, parallel transformer.
The ‘Interconnector’ measurement enables the summed load calculation as shown in Figure 2-61.

Figure 2-61 Interconnector Measurement

16.4.4.2 Included load

As presented earlier, the actual load on generator feeders can be calculated using the non-measured
load and the load ratio setting according to the following for the example network shown in Figure
2-57:
Estimated load = Non-measured load x Load Ratio

In some situations it may be that the non-measured load is not truly representative of the load on the
generator feeders. An alternative is to select the most representative feeder(s) to use to calculate the
load on generator feeders. This is shown in Figure 2-62for the same example network.

Figure 2-62 Load Inclusion

The actual load on the generator feeder is now as follows:

Estimated load (as part of IF) = Iinc x Load Ratio

This approach gives added flexibility to the application of generator estimation.

16.4.4.3 Monitor
This feeder measurement type is used for monitoring purposes only. The CT input measurements are
displayed in the instruments and are available as SCADA measurands but are not used for any
operational purposes.

16.4.5 VT Switching
Each current measurement requires a voltage reference for calculation of the real and reactive
components. Normally this comes from the VT on the transformer which the relay uses for regulation.
Relays which are configured for feeder current measurements require an alternative voltage source to
use as a reference for when the transformer to which it is connected is switched out (for maintenance
etc.) and the regulation VT input is lost. It is possible to use the VT from another transformer (if
available) for this use, where it is wired to the second VT input of the relay and configured as ‘Busbar
2’. If no back-up voltage source is available, the feeder current measurement information will be lost
during a transformer outage and a corresponding error message and alarm will result.
Figure 2-63 shows an example scheme where each relay uses the VT from the paralleled transformer
as a back-up voltage reference. Table 2-20 shows how the voltage inputs are configured on each relay.
Table 2-21 shows which voltage source is used on each relay according to the transformer status. The
voltage level at which the voltage source switches from one VT input to another is 80% nominal.

Figure 2-63 Extra VT input from paralleled transformer

Table 2-20 Voltage input configurations

SuperTAPP SG 1 SuperTAPP SG 2
Connected to Which is connected to Connected to Which is connected to
Voltage Input 1 & 2 VT1 (T1 VT) Transformer wdg 1 (T1) VT1 (T2 VT) Transformer wdg 1 (T2)
Voltage Input 3 & 4 VT2 (T2 VT) Busbar 2 VT2 (T1 VT) Busbar 1

Table 2-21 VT used for voltage reference

Active Transformers SuperTAPP SG 1 Voltage Ref SuperTAPP SG 2 Voltage Ref

T1 & T2 VT1 (T1 VT) VT1 (T2 VT)
T1 only VT1 (T1 VT) VT2 (T1 VT)
T2 only VT2 (T2 VT) VT1 (T2 VT)

17 Settings List

Table 2-22 Voltage target settings

Setting Range Default Section

Target voltage 90.0 – 110.0 % 100 % 15.1.1 (Vbasic)

Bandwidth ±0.5 – 10.0 % ±1.5 % 15.1.1 (Vbw)

Bandwidth 2 type * Off, Target change only, On Off 15.1.1

Bandwidth 2 * ±0.0 – 5.0 % ±0.0 % 15.1.1
Initial tap time delay 10 – 120 s 60 s 15.1.1 (tinit)

Fast tap Disabled, Down, Up/down Down 15.1.1

Fast tap threshold * ±0.5 – ±5.0 % ±2.0 % 15.1.1
Fast tap time delay * 3 – 120 s 5s 15.1.1, 15.8.2
Generator bias * 0.0 – 10.0 % 0.0 % 15.5.2
LDC 0.0 – 20.0 % 5.0 % 15.1.2 (KLDC)

Reverse LDC * Disabled, Enabled Disabled 15.5.3

Winding 1 LDC rating 50 – 10000 A 1575 A 15.1.2 (ILR)

Winding 2 LDC rating * 50 – 10000 A 1575 A 15.1.2 (ILR)

Reverse LDC level * Use fwd LDC, 0.0 – 20.0 % 0.0 % 15.5.4 (KVRC)

Wdg1 rev LDC rating * Wdg1 fwd rating, 50 – 10000 A Wdg1 fwd rating 15.1.2 (IRR)

Wdg2 rev LDC rating * Wdg2 fwd rating, 50 – 10000 A Wdg2 fwd rating 15.1.2 (IRR)

Voltage control mode Enhanced TAPP, Master-follower Enhanced TAPP 15.1.3.3

Follower delay * 3 – 60 s 5s 15.1.3.3

Setting Range Default Section

Exclusive tapping * Disabled, Enabled Disabled

* These settings will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-23 Network settings

Setting Range Default Section

Nominal system LV voltage 1.0 – 500.0 kV 11 kV
Nominal system HV voltage 3.0 – 500.0 kV 33 kV
Controlled voltage location * LV, HV LV
Busbar location * LV, HV LV
Network circ current factor Disabled, 10 – 100 % 10 % 15.1.3.1 (Kcirc)

Phase rotation Normal, Reverse Normal

Network power factor 0.50 lag – 1.00 – 0.90 lead 0.97 lag 15.1.3.1 (ϕnet)
Reverse power factor * Use Network PF, Use Network PF 15.5.4
0.50 lag – 1.00 – 0.90 lead

* These settings will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-24 Transformer settings

Setting Range Default Section

Transformer ID 1–8 1
Winding 1 rating 1.00 – 1000 MVA 30.0 MVA
Winding 2 rating * 1.00 – 1000 MVA 30.0 MVA
Winding 1 impedance 5.0 – 50.0 % 30.0 % 15.1.3.1 (ZT)
Winding 2 impedance * 5.0 – 50.0 % 30.0 % 15.1.3.1 (ZT2)
Winding 1 source impedance 0.0 – 20.0 % 0.0 % 15.1.3.1 (ZS)

Winding 2 source impedance * 0.0 – 20.0 % 0.0 % 15.1.3.1(ZS2)

Winding 1 bus section 1 – 15 1 15.4.6, 15.4.7

Winding 2 bus section * 1 – 15 1 15.4.6, 15.4.7
Overcurrent limit 50 – 200 % 130 % 15.3.6
Reverse current limit Disabled, 0 – -100 % Disabled 15.3.6
Tx nominal HV voltage Nom sys HV volt, 3.0 – 500.0 kV Nom sys HV volt
Tx nominal LV voltage Nom sys LV volt, 1.0 – 160.0 kV Nom sys LV volt
Top tap voltage 1000 - 599999 V 27337 V
Bottom tap voltage 1000 - 599999 V 34888 V
Tap changer location LV, HV HV

* These settings will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-25 VTs & CTs settings

Setting Range Default Section

Voltage input 1 submenu
Connected to Not used, VT1, VT2†, VT3†, VT4† VT1 15.4.3
Phase A-B, B-C, C-A, A-E, B-E, C-E A-B 15.4.3
Reversed connection No, Yes No 15.4.3
Voltage input 2 submenu
Connected to Not used, VT1, VT2†, VT3†, VT4† VT1 15.4.3
Phase A-B, B-C, C-A, A-E, B-E, C-E B-C 15.4.3
Reversed connection No, Yes No 15.4.3
Voltage input 3 and voltage input 4 submenus *
Connected to * Not used, VT1, VT2, VT3, VT4 Not used 15.4.3
Phase * A-B, B-C, C-A, A-E, B-E, C-E C-A 15.4.3
Reversed connection * No, Yes No 15.4.3
VT1 submenu
Ratio 1.0 – 500.0 kV : 11.0 kV : 15.4.3
50.0 – 130.0 V 110 V
Connected to * Not used, Transformer wdg 1, Transformer 15.4.6
Transformer wdg 2, Bus section 1 wdg 1
– 15
Location ‡ LV, HV LV
VT2, VT3 and VT4 submenus *
Ratio * 1.0 – 500.0 kV : 11.0 kV : 15.4.3
50.0 – 130.0 V 110 V
Connected to * Not used, Transformer wdg 1, Not used 15.4.6
Transformer wdg 2, Bus section 1
– 15
Location ‡ LV, HV LV
Current input 1 submenu
Function * Unused, Transformer winding 1, Transformer 15.4.7
Transformer winding 2, Generator, winding 1
Generator feeder, Included for
load ratio, Excluded load,
Corrected load, Interconnector,
Extra transformer, Monitor
Number of interposer turns 1 – 25 5 15.4.4
Ratio 50 – 6000 A : 1600 A : 1.0 A 15.4.4
0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 A
Phase A, B, C A 15.4.4
‡
Connected to bus section 1 – 15 1 15.4.7
Location ‡ LV, HV LV
Reversed connection No, Yes No 15.4.4

Setting Range Default Section

Function rating ‡ 50 – 5000 A 500 A 15.4.7
Function coefficient ‡ 0.0 – 100.0 % 10.0 % 15.4.7
‡
Load ratio 0 – 200 % 20 % 15.4.7
Current input 2 to current input 10 submenus *
Function Unused, Transformer winding 1, Unused 15.4.7
Transformer winding 2, Generator,
Generator feeder, Included for
load ratio, Excluded load,
Corrected load, Interconnector,
Extra transformer, Monitor
Number of interposer turns 1 – 25 5 15.4.4
Ratio 50 – 6000 A : 1600 A : 1 A 15.4.4
0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 A
Phase A, B, C A 15.4.4
‡
Connected to bus section 1 – 15 1 15.4.7
Location ‡ LV, HV LV
Reversed connection No, Yes No 15.4.4
Function rating ‡ 50 – 5000 A 500 A 15.4.7
Function coefficient ‡ 0.0 – 100.0 % 10.0 % 15.4.7
Load ratio ‡ 0 – 200 % 20 % 15.4.7
CT trim *
Magnitude zero offset -100 – +100 mAT +14 mAT 15.4.9
Magnitude gradient -5.00 – +5.00 % -0.75 % 15.4.9
Angle correction 1 0.000–10.000 AT, -30.00 – +30.0° 0.060AT, -8.00° 15.4.9
Angle correction 2 0.000–10.000 AT, -30.00 – +30.0° 0.500AT, -2.00° 15.4.9
Angle correction 3 0.000–10.000 AT, -30.00 – +30.0° 2.500AT, +0.25° 15.4.9
Angle correction 4 0.000–10.000 AT, -30.00 – +30.0° 10.000AT,+1.50° 15.4.9

* This setting or submenu will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration
†
These setting values will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration
‡
This setting will not always be visible, depending on the associated connection or function settings

Table 2-26 Voltage target adjustments settings

Setting Range Default Section

Offset A1 -10.0 – +10.0 % -3.0 % 15.8.1
Offset A2 -10.0 – +10.0 % -6.0 % 15.8.1
Offset A3 -10.0 – +10.0 % +3.0 % 15.8.1
Offset A4 -10.0 – +10.0 % +1.5 % 15.8.1
Offset B1 * -10.0 – +10.0 % -3.0 % 15.8.2

Setting Range Default Section

Offset B2 * -10.0 – +10.0 % -5.0 % 15.8.2
Offset B3 * -10.0 – +10.0 % +3.0 % 15.8.2
Offset B4 * -10.0 – +10.0 % +5.0 % 15.8.2
Offset group B reset time * Disabled, 1 – 3600 s 900 s 15.8.2
Target inc/dec step size * 0.5 – 3.0 % 1.0 % 15.8

* This setting or submenu will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-27 Tapchanger settings

Setting Range Default Section

Tap changer operation submenu
Inter tap time delay Automatic, 5 – 120 s Automatic 15.3.1
Tap pulse time * Automatic, 0.50 – 5.00 s Automatic 15.3
Tap operation time 2 – 120 s 5s 15.3.1
Tap changer scheme Basic, Step-by-step Basic 15.3.7
Disable lockout for tap No, Yes No 15.3.6
incomplete
Disable lockout for t/c runaway No, Yes No 15.3.6
Tap position indication submenu
Number of tap positions 5 – 39 17 15.3.2
Minimum tap position 1 – 39 1 15.3.2
Maximum tap position 1 – 39 17 15.3.2
Tap position indicator type Resistor, BCD, Gray code, Resistor 15.3.2
Binary, Milliamp
Number of consecutive transfer 0–3 0 15.3.2
taps
Extra bottom rstor equiv to * 0.00 – 4.00 taps 0.00 taps 15.3.2
Extra top resistor equiv to * 0.00 – 4.00 taps 0.00 taps 15.3.2
TPI mA input value 1 * Tap 0 - 39 : 0.0 - 25.0 mA Tap 0:0.0 15.3.2
mA
TPI mA input value 2 * Tap 0 - 39 : 0.0 - 25.0 mA Tap 15.3.2
17:20.0
mA
Display Winding ratio tap pos, Winding 15.3.3
Indicated TPI tap pos ratio tap
pos
TPI customisation submenu
TPI tap 1 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 1 15.3.3
TPI tap 2 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 2 15.3.3
TPI tap 3 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 3 15.3.3

Setting Range Default Section

TPI tap 4 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 4 15.3.3
TPI tap 5 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 5 15.3.3
TPI tap 6 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 6 15.3.3
TPI tap 7 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 7 15.3.3
TPI tap 8 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 8 15.3.3
TPI tap 9 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 9 15.3.3
TPI tap 10 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 10 15.3.3
TPI tap 11 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 11 15.3.3
TPI tap 12 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 12 15.3.3
TPI tap 13 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 13 15.3.3
TPI tap 14 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 14 15.3.3
TPI tap 15 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 15 15.3.3
TPI tap 16 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 16 15.3.3
TPI tap 17 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 17 15.3.3
TPI tap 18 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 18 15.3.3
TPI tap 19 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 19 15.3.3
TPI tap 20 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 20 15.3.3
TPI tap 21 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 21 15.3.3
TPI tap 22 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 22 15.3.3
TPI tap 23 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 23 15.3.3
TPI tap 24 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 24 15.3.3
TPI tap 25 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 25 15.3.3
TPI tap 26 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 26 15.3.3
TPI tap 27 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 27 15.3.3
TPI tap 28 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 28 15.3.3
TPI tap 29 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 29 15.3.3
TPI tap 30 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 30 15.3.3
TPI tap 31 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 31 15.3.3
TPI tap 32 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 32 15.3.3
TPI tap 33 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 33 15.3.3
TPI tap 34 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 34 15.3.3
TPI tap 35 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 35 15.3.3
TPI tap 36 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 36 15.3.3
TPI tap 37 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 37 15.3.3
TPI tap 38 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 38 15.3.3
TPI tap 39 : wdg ratio tap 1 – 39 , Xfer pos 39 15.3.3

* This setting or submenu will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-28 Alarms settings

Setting Range Default Section

Voltage high limit 90.0 – 125.0 % 110.0 % 15.3.6
Voltage low limit 75.0 – 110.0 % 90.0 % 15.3.6
Alarm time Disabled, 180 – 900 s 300 s 15.3.6
Low volt inhibit level 50 – 90 % 80 % 15.3.6

Table 2-29 Network services settings

This menu and these settings and submenus will not always be visible, depending on relay
configuration
Setting Range Default Section
Tap stagger submenu
Tap stagger controlled by Current, Voltage Current 15.9.2
Tap stagger 1 offset 0.0 – 50.0 % 5.0 % 15.9.2
Tap stagger 2 offset 0.0 – 50.0 % 10.0 % 15.9.2
Tap stagger 3 offset 0.0 – 50.0 % 15.0 % 15.9.2
Tap stagger 4 offset 0.0 – 50.0 % 20.0 % 15.9.2
Frequency based voltage offset submenu
Volt offset F1 pickup freq Disabled, 45.0 – 65.0 Hz Disabled 15.8.4
Volt offset F1 dropoff freq 45.0 – 65.0 Hz, Disabled 46.00 Hz 15.8.4
Volt offset F1 pickup delay 0 – 7200 s 60 s 15.8.4
Volt offset F1 reset time Disabled, 30 – 7200 s 60 s 15.8.4
Volt offset F1 offset -10.0 – +10.0 % -3.0 % 15.8.4
Load based voltage offset submenu
Load offset capacity 1.0 – 1000.0 MVA 30.0 MVA 15.8.3
Volt offset L1 pickup load 50.0 – 200.0 %, Disabled Disabled 15.8.3
Volt offset L1 dropoff load 50.0 – 200.0 % 90.0 % 15.8.3
Volt offset L1 reset time 0 – 3600 s 900 s 15.8.3
Volt offset L1 voltage offset -10.0 – +10.0 % -5.0 % 15.8.3
Frequency based tripping submenu
Pickup frequency 1 Disabled, 45.00 – 65.00 Hz Disabled 15.9.3
Pickup frequency 2 Disabled, 45.00 – 65.00 Hz Disabled 15.9.3
Pickup frequency 3 Disabled, 45.00 – 65.00 Hz Disabled 15.9.3
Pickup frequency 4 Disabled, 45.00 – 65.00 Hz Disabled 15.9.3
Activation delay 1 0.00 – 1800.00 s (step 0.25 s) 15.00 s 15.9.3
Activation delay 2 0.00 – 1800.00 s (step 0.25 s) 15.00 s 15.9.3
Activation delay 3 0.00 – 1800.00 s (step 0.25 s) 15.00 s 15.9.3

Setting Range Default Section

Activation delay 4 0.00 – 1800.00 s (step 0.25 s) 15.00 s 15.9.3
Activation reset time 2.00 - 1800.00 s 30 s 15.9.3

Table 2-30 Thermal management

Setting Range Default Section

General thermal characteristc submenu
Loss ratio R at nominal tap 1.00 – 20.00 Current
Buttm tap loss ratio Rmin use nom Use nom tap R, 1.00 – 20.00 5.0 %
Top tap loss ratio Rmax use nom Use nom tap R, 1.00 – 20.00 10.0 %
Short term forecast time 10 min – 180 min 15.0 % 15.10.6
Thermally upgraded paper No, Yes 20.0 %
insulation
ONAN thermal characteristic submenu
Oil exponent x 0.50 – 2.00 0.80
Winding exponent y 1.00 – 2.50 1.30
Constant k11 0.20 – 2.00 0.50
Constant k21 0.50 – 5.00 2.00
Constant k22 0.50 – 2.50 2.00
Oil time constant 𝛕o 30 min – 360 min 210 min
Winding time constant 𝛕w 1.00 min – 30.00 min 10.00 min
Oil temperature rise 0.0 K – 100.0 K 52.0 K
Winding temperature rise ∆ϴhr 0.0 K – 50.0 K 26.0 K
Thermal rating 50% of wdg rating 10 % of wdg rating set – 200 % of 50 % of wdg
wdg rating set rating set
ONAF thermal characteristic submenu
Oil exponent x 0.50 – 2.00 0.80
Winding exponent y 1.00 – 2.50 1.30
Constant k11 0.20 – 2.00 0.50
Constant k21 0.50 – 5.00 2.00
Constant k22 0.50 – 2.50 2.00
Oil time constant 𝛕o 30 min – 360 min 150 min
Winding time constant 𝛕w 1.00 min – 30.00 min 7.00 min
Oil temperature rise ∆ϴor 0.0 K – 100.0 K 52.0 K
Winding temperature rise ∆ϴhr 0.0 K – 50.0 K 26.0 K
Thermal rating 50% of wdg ratnig 10 % of wdg rating set – 200 % of 70 % of wdg
wdg rating set rating set
OF thermal characteristic submenu
Oil exponent x 0.50 – 2.00 1.00

Setting Range Default Section

Winding exponent y 1.00 – 2.50 1.30
Constant k11 0.20 – 2.00 1.00
Constant k21 0.50 – 5.00 1.30
Constant k22 0.50 – 2.50 1.00
Oil time constant 𝛕o 30 min – 360 min 90 min
Winding time constant 𝛕w 1.00 min – 30.00 min 7.00 min
Oil temperature rise ∆ϴor 0.0 K – 100.0 K 56.0 K
Winding temperature rise ∆ϴhr 0.0 K – 50.0 K 22.0 K
Thermal rating 50% of wdg rating 10 % of wdg rating set – 200 % of 100 % of wdg
wdg rating set rating set
General alarm submenu
Oil/tap chg temp hysteresis 1 ˚C - 20 ˚C 5 ˚C 15.10.6
Winding temp hysteresis 1 ˚C - 20 ˚C 5 ˚C 15.10.6
Cooling effectiveness limit Disabled, 10 ˚C - 50 ˚C Disabled
H1 alarm submenu
Oil temperature threshold Disabled, 70 ˚C - 180 ˚C Disabled 15.10.8
Winding temperature threshold Disabled, 70 ˚C - 180 ˚C Disabled 15.10.8
Tapchanger temperature Disabled, 70 ˚C - 120 ˚C Disabled 15.10.8
threshold
Oil temp delay 0 min – 30 min 0 min 15.10.8
Winding temp delay 0 min – 30 min 0 min 15.10.8
Tapchanger temp delay 0 min – 30 min 0 min 15.10.8
H2 alarm submenu
Oil temperature threshold Disabled, 70 ˚C - 180 ˚C Disabled 15.10.8
Winding temperature threshold Disabled, 70 ˚C - 180 ˚C Disabled 15.10.8
Tapchanger temperature Disabled, 70 ˚C - 120 ˚C Disabled 15.10.8
threshold
Oil temp delay 0 min – 30 min 0 min 15.10.8
Winding temp delay 0 min – 30 min 0 min 15.10.8
Tapchanger temp delay 0 min – 30 min 0 min 15.10.8
General cooling sequences submenu
Oil temp hysteresis 1 ˚C - 20 ˚C 5 ˚C 15.10.6
Winding temp hysteresis 1 ˚C - 20 ˚C 5 ˚C 15.10.6
Max pump runtime Disabled, 1 hr – 48 hr Disabled 15.10.6
Max fan runtime Disabled, 1 hr – 48 hr Disabled 15.10.6
Periodic day of the week Disabled, Sun, Mon, Tues, Wed, Disabled 15.10.7
Thur, Fri, Sat, Every day
Periodic time of the day 0 – 23:0 - 59 0:0 15.10.7

Setting Range Default Section

Periodic run number of pumps 0 - 12 0 15.10.7
Periodic run number of fans 0 - 12 0 15.10.7
Periodic run pump runtime 1 min – 120 min 30 min 15.10.7
Periodic run fan runtime 1 min – 120 min 30 min 15.10.7
C1 Cooling stage submenu
Number of pumps 0 - 12 0 15.10.6
Number of fans 0 - 12 0 15.10.6
Ambient temperature threshold Disabled, 20 ˚C - 70 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Oil temperature threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Winding temperature threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Forecast oil temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Forecast wdg temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Final oil temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Final wdg temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Active L1 voltage offset No, Yes No 15.10.6
C2 Cooling stage submenu
Number of pumps 0 - 12 0 15.10.6
Number of fans 0 - 12 0 15.10.6
Ambient temperature threshold Disabled, 20 ˚C - 70 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Oil temperature threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Winding temperature threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Forecast oil temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Forecast wdg temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Final oil temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Final wdg temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Active L1 voltage offset No, Yes No 15.10.6
C3 Cooling stage submenu
Number of pumps 0 - 12 0 15.10.6
Number of fans 0 - 12 0 15.10.6
Ambient temperature threshold Disabled, 20 ˚C - 70 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Oil temperature threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Winding temperature threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Forecast oil temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Forecast wdg temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Final oil temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Final wdg temp threshold Disabled, 50 ˚C - 200 ˚C Disabled 15.10.6
Active L1 voltage offset No, Yes No 15.10.6

Table 2-31 Binary inputs submenu

Setting Range Default Section

Invert input 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.11.3
Reject AC input 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.11.3
SCADA auto ctrl 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.2.2
SCADA manual ctrl 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.2.2
SCADA raise tap 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.2.2
SCADA lower tap 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.2.2
Wdg 1 prep sw/out set 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.1
Wdg 1 prep sw/out rst 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.1
Wdg 2 prep sw/out set * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.1
Wdg 2 prep sw/out rst * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.1
Tap block 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.3.6
Volt target offset A1 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.1
Volt target offset A2 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.1
Volt target offset A3 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.1
Volt target offset A4 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.1
Volt target offset B1 * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.2
Volt target offset B2 * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.2
Volt target offset B3 * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.2
Volt target offset B4 * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.2
Volt target increment 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8
Volt target decrement 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8
Target inc/dec reset 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8
Volt offset L1 enable * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.3
Volt offset F1 enable * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.8.4
Freq. trip enable * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.3
Freq. trip activate * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.3
Tap stagger S1 activate * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.2
Tap stagger S2 activate * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.2
Tap stagger S3 activate * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.2
Tap stagger S4 activate * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.9.2
Alt settings group 1 1 – no. of inputs fitted 6.2, 15.10.3
Alt settings group 2 1 – no. of inputs fitted 6.2, 15.10.3
Alt settings group 3 1 – no. of inputs fitted 6.2, 15.10.3
Alt settings group 4 1 – no. of inputs fitted 6.2, 15.10.3
Alt settings group 5 1 – no. of inputs fitted 6.2, 15.10.3

Setting Range Default Section

Alt settings group 6 1 – no. of inputs fitted 6.2, 15.10.3
Alt settings group 7 1 – no. of inputs fitted 6.2, 15.10.3
Alt settings group 8 1 – no. of inputs fitted 6.2, 15.10.3
Increment setting grp 1 – no. of inputs fitted
Decrement setting grp 1 – no. of inputs fitted
T/C motor overload 1 – no. of inputs fitted
Winding 1 CB closed 1 – no. of inputs fitted
Winding 2 CB closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted
Busbar CB 1 closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.6
Busbar CB 2 closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.6
Busbar CB 3 closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.6
Busbar CB 4 closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.6
Busbar CB 5 closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.6
Busbar CB 6 closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.6
Busbar CB 7 closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.6
Busbar CB 8 closed * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.6
Select master * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.1.3.3
Timer 1 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.11.8
Timer 2 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.11.8
Timer 3 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.11.8
Cooling pumps running * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.10
Cooling fans running * 1 – no. of inputs fitted 15.10

* This setting will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-32 Binary outputs submenu

Setting Range Default Section

Invert output 1 – no. of outputs fitted
Relay healthy 1 – no. of outputs fitted
Relay enabled 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.2.1
Relay in SCADA 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.2.2
Relay in auto 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.2.2
VT fuse failure 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Ready for switch out 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.9.1
Preparing for sw/out 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.9.1
End of tap range 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Tap not achievable 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2

Setting Range Default Section

TPI failure 1 – no. of outputs fitted
T/C motor overload 1 – no. of outputs fitted
CAN bus failure 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Data logging alarm 1 – no. of outputs fitted
Comms card failure 1 – no. of outputs fitted
Overload alarm 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Reverse current alarm 1 – no. of outputs fitted
Voltage high alarm 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Voltage low alarm 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Phase reference alarm 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Volt out of band alarm 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Tap changer runaway 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Tap incomplete 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.3.2
Invalid CB status signal * 1 – no. of outputs fitted
Load offset L1 active * 1 – no. of outputs fitted
Volt offset F1 active * 1 – no. of outputs fitted
Wdg 1 CB trip * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.9.3
Wdg 1 CB close * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.9.3
Wdg 2 CB trip * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.9.3
Wdg 2 CB close * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.9.3
Master * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.1.3.3
Out of step alarm * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.1.3.3
Timer 1 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.11.8
Timer 2 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.11.8
Timer 3 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.11.8
Cooling pumps * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.10
Cooling fans * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.10
Thermal alarm H1 * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.10
Thermal alarm H2 * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.10
mA/Pt100 faulty alarm * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.10
Cooling device fault * 1 – no. of outputs fitted 15.10

* This setting will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-33 Milliamp and Pt100 inputs submenu

Setting Range Default Section

Ambient temperature mA input 1, mA input 2, Pt100 1, Unused 15.11.5
Pt100 2, Pt100 3
Oil temperature mA input 1, mA input 2, Pt100 1, Unused 15.11.5
Pt100 2, Pt100 3
Winding temperature mA input 1, mA input 2, Pt100 1, Unused 15.11.5
Pt100 2, Pt100 3
Tapchanger temperature mA input 1, mA input 2, Pt100 1, Unused 15.11.5
Pt100 2, Pt100 3

Table 2-34 Milliamp outputs submenu

Setting Range Default Section

Output 1 function Unused, Fixed output, Tap position 15.10.6
Tap position, Effective
target V, Measured
voltage, Tx real power,
Tx reactive power, Tx
apparent power, mA
input 1 - 2†, Pt100†,
Basic target V, Wdg1 - 2
current
Output 2 function * Unused, Fixed output, Unused 15.10.6
Tap position, Effective
target V, Measured
voltage, Tx real power,
Tx reactive power, Tx
apparent power, mA
input 1 - 2†, Pt100†,
Basic target V, Wdg1 - 2
current
Output 3 function * Unused, Fixed output, Unused 15.10.6
Tap position, Effective
target V, Measured
voltage, Tx real power,
Tx reactive power, Tx
apparent power, mA
input 1 - 2†, Pt100†,
Basic target V, Wdg1 - 2
current
Output 4 function * Unused, Fixed output, Unused 15.10.6
Tap position, Effective
target V, Measured
voltage, Tx real power,
Tx reactive power, Tx
apparent power, mA
input 1 - 2†, Pt100†,
Basic target V, Wdg1 - 2
current
Fixed output ‡ 0.0 – 24.0 mA 10.0 mA 15.10.6

Setting Range Default Section

Tap position val 1 ‡ Tap 0 - 39 : 0.0 - 24.0 Tap 0 : 0.0 mA 15.10.6
mA
Tap position val 2 ‡ Tap 0 - 39 : 0.0 - 24.0 Tap 17 : 20.0mA 15.10.6
mA
Effctiv target voltage val 0.0 - 140.0 % : 0.0 - 24.0 80% : 0.0mA 15.10.6
1‡ mA
Effctiv target voltage val 0.0 - 140.0 % : 0.0 - 24.0 120% : 20.0mA 15.10.6
2‡ mA
Meas voltage val 1 ‡ 0.0 - 140.0 % : 0.0 - 24.0 80% : 0.0mA 15.10.6
mA
Meas voltage val 2 ‡ 0.0 - 140.0 % : 0.0 - 24.0 120% : 20.0mA 15.10.6
mA
Tx real pwr val 1 ‡ -320.00 - +320.00 MW : -30.00 MW : 15.10.6
0.0 - 24.0 mA 0.0 mA
Tx real pwr val 2 ‡ -320.00 - +320.00 MW : +30.00 MW : 20.0 mA 15.10.6
0.0 - 24.0 mA
Tx rctv pwr val 1 ‡ -320.00 - +320.00 Mvar : -30.00 Mvar : 0.0 mA 15.10.6
0.0 - 24.0 mA
Tx rctv pwr val 2 ‡ -320.00 - +320.00 Mvar : +30.00 Mvar : 20.0 mA 15.10.6
0.0 - 24.0 mA
Tx apnt pwr val 1 ‡ 0.00 - 320.00 MVA : 0.0 - 0.00 MVA : 15.10.6
24.0 mA 0.0 mA
Tx apnt pwr val 2 ‡ 0.00 - 320.00 MVA : 0.0 - 30.00 MVA : 20.0 mA 15.10.6
24.0 mA
mA Input 1 val 1 ‡ -25.0 - +25.0 mA : 0.0 - 0.0 mA : 0.0 mA
24.0 mA
mA Input 1 val 2 ‡ -25.0 - +25.0 mA : 0.0 - +20.0 mA :
24.0 mA 20.0 mA
mA Input 2 val 1 ‡ -25.0 - +25.0 mA : 0.0 - 0.0 mA : 0.0 mA
24.0 mA
mA Input 2 val 2 ‡ -25.0 - +25.0 mA : 0.0 - +20.0 mA :
24.0 mA 20.0 mA
Pt100 val 1 ‡ -50.0 - +200.0 °C : 0.0 - 0.0 °C : 0.0 mA
24.0 mA
Pt100 val 2 ‡ -50.0 - +200.0 °C : 0.0 - +100.0 °C :
24.0 mA 20.0 mA
Wdg current val 1 ‡ 0 - 6000 A : 0.0 - 24.0 0 A : 0.0 mA
mA
Wdg current val 2 ‡ 0 - 6000 A : 0.0 - 24.0 1600 A :
mA 20.0 mA

* This setting or submenu will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration
‡
This setting is only visible if the relevant output function is selected
†
These setting values will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-35 Timer delays submenu

This setting menu will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration
Setting Range Default Section
Timer1 pickup delay 0 – 240 s 60 s 15.11.8
Timer1 dropoff delay 0 – 240 s 60 s 15.11.8
Timer2 pickup delay 0 – 240 s 60 s 15.11.8
Timer2 dropoff delay 0 – 240 s 60 s 15.11.8
Timer3 pickup delay 0 – 240 s 60 s 15.11.8
Timer3 dropoff delay 0 – 240 s 60 s 15.11.8

Table 2-36 Busbar grouping menu

Setting Range Default Section

Busbar grouping ctrled by Settings *, CB statuses †, CB statuses 15.6
Automatic ⌂
Bus section 1 is in busbar group *‡ A–O A 15.6
Bus section 2 is in busbar group *‡ A–O B 15.6
…
Bus section 15 is in busbar group *‡ A–O O 15.6
CB 1 connects bus sections † 1 and 1 – 15 and 15 1 and 1 15.6
CB 2 connects bus sections † 1 and 1 – 15 and 15 2 and 2 15.6
…
CB 8 connects bus sections † 1 and 1 – 15 and 15 8 and 8 15.6

*,† The setting identified by the symbol is only visible if the setting value identified by the same symbol
is selected
‡
This setting is only visible if a transformer winding or feeder measurement is allocated to the bus
section
⌂
This setting value will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

Table 2-37 Communications menu

This setting menu will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration
Setting Range Default Section
1,
Enabled protocol IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-103 DNP3 15.12.2
DNP3 2
Station address 1,2 0 - 65519 0 15.12.2
Destination address 2 0 - 65519 1 15.12.2
Allow unsolicited msgs 2 No, Yes No
Comms medium 2 Serial †, Ethernet ‡ Ethernet 15.12.2

Baud rate † 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 9600 15.12.2

57600, 115200
Parity † None, Even, Odd None 15.12.2
PRP ‡ Disabled ⌂, Enabled Disabled 15.12.2
Ethernet 0 IP address ‡ 0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.228 15.12.2
‡
Ethernet 0 netmask 0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 15.12.2
Ethernet 0 gateway ‡ 0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.1 15.12.2
‡ ⌂
Ethernet 1 IP address 0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 192.168.2.229 15.12.2
Ethernet 1 netmask ‡ ⌂ 0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 15.12.2
Time source ‡ Master, SNTP Master 15.12.2
SNTP IP address ‡ 0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 192.168.10.2 15.12.2
Time sync interval Disabled, 60 - 7200 s 3600 s 15.12.2
Voltage dead band 0.1 – 2.0 % 0.5 %
Current dead band 0.2 – 5.0 % 1.0 %
Power dead band 0.2 – 5.0 % 1.0 %
Frequency dead band 3 – 100 mHz 10 mHz

† ‡ ⌂ 1 2
, , , , The setting identified by the symbol is only visible if the setting value identified by the same
symbol is selected

Note. The settings in this table are not applied until ‘APPLY’ is selected from the bottom of the
settings menu. At this point the settings will be applied and the communications card
restarted.

Table 2-38 Relay configuration menu

Setting Range Default Section

Enter password † A-Z, a-z. 0-9, _
Edit password † A-Z, a-z. 0-9, _
Log out † No, Yes No
†
Reset password code 00000000 – FFFFFFFF
Relay name * A-Z, a-z. 0-9, _ SuperTAPP
Time
Date
Time zone offset from GMT ‡ -15.00 – +15.00 hours 0.00 hours
Data logging interval 1 s, 2 s, 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, 20 s, 30 s, 1s
60 s
Advanced relay code 00000000 – FFFFFFFF 00000000
Communications watchdog ‡ Enabled, Disabled Enabled
Restart relay No, Yes No n/a
Reset CAN data No, Yes No n/a

Setting Range Default Section

Restore default settings No, Yes No n/a
Reconfigure HW and reset No, Yes No n/a
settings
Upgrade software No, Yes No n/a
Upgrade communications No, Yes No n/a
software ‡

* Only if no SCADA communications fitted

†
These settings are shown depending on whether a valid password has been set or entered.
‡
Only if SCADA communications fitted

Table 2-39 Commissioning menu

Setting Range Default Section

Wdg 1 start prepare for switchout No, Yes No n/a
Wdg 1 cancel prepare for No, Yes No n/a
switchout
Wdg 2 start prepare for switchout No, Yes No n/a
*
Wdg 2 cancel prepare for No, Yes No n/a
switchout *
Reset inc/dec offset * No, Yes No n/a

* This setting will not always be visible, depending on relay configuration

18 Specifications

18.1 General

18.1.1 Legal Requirements 18.1.3 Industry Standards

Standard Reference
European Union ENA Environmental test Technical
Conformity Reference requirements for protection and Specification 48-5
control equipment and systems (Issue 4 2015)
Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU
ENA Protection Assessment Technical
Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 2014/30/EU Functional Test Requirements – Specification 48-6-5
Batteries and Accumulators Directive 2013/56/EU Voltage and Frequency Protection (Issue 1 2005)
section 2.2
Restriction of Hazardous Substances 2011/65/EU
Directive

SuperTAPP SG is CE marked. 18.1.4 Reference Conditions

Specification Levels
Ambient temperature 20 °C
18.1.2 Product Standards
Energising quantities Nominal
Standard Reference (unless specified)
Measuring Electromagnetic BS EN 60255-26:2013 Frequency 50 Hz
relays and compatibility (IEC 60255-26:2013)
protection requirements
equipment
Product safety BS EN 60255-27:2014
requirements (IEC 60255-27:2013)
18.1.5 Operating Environment
Specification Levels
Environmental level Zone A, severe
electrical environment
Overvoltage category III
Pollution degree 2
Insulation class 1 (equipment must be
earthed)

18.2 Functional Characteristics

18.2.2 Communications
18.2.1 Functional Accuracy
Characteristic Specification
Characteristic Accuracy
Physical layer RS485 over serial twisted pair,
Timers ±250 ms options ethernet 100base-T, ethernet
Frequency ±0.05 Hz 100base-F
Frequency response 400 ms * Data link layer RS485, TCP/IP
options
* hardware version 02 onwards Application IEC 61850, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-103
layer options

18.3 Electrical Characteristics

18.3.1 Energising and Output Quantities

Port Nominal‡ Operating Range Withstand Burden Accuracy
Auxiliary (type A) Vx = 110/230 V ~ 87.5-260 V ~ 300 V ≂ < 30/50 VA *
supply 47-63 Hz ~
Vx = 110 V ⎓ 87.5-132 V ⎓ < 15/25 W * –

(type B) Vx = 24/48 V ⎓ 18 V-72 V ⎓ 75 V ≂ < 15/25 W *

† † †
Tapchanger interface 110/230 V ≂ 87.5-260 V ≂ 300 V ≂ – –
45-63 Hz ~
Voltage inputs Vn = 63.5/110 V ~ 0-145 V ~ 264 V ~ cont. < 1 VA ±0.5% (80%-120% Vn)
45-65 Hz ~ 300 V ~ 1 s (across
op. range)
Current inputs 5 mA ~ 0-10 mA ~ 10 mA ~ ≤ 30 mVA ±1% (20%-120% nom.)
45-65 Hz ~ (across
op. range)
with external CT type In = 0.5/1/5 A ~ 0-10 A ~ 40 A cont. ≤ 30 mVA ±1% (20%-120% In)
FP1030 45-65 Hz ~ 1000 A 1 s (across
(1 turn) op. range)
Digital inputs 24/48/110/220 V ⎓ 19.2-260 V ⎓ 300 V ≂ < 0.2 W ⎓ –
110/230 V ~ 87.5-260 V ~ < 0.5 VA ~
45-63 Hz ~
mA inputs (passive) 0-10 / 0-20 / 4-20 mA ⎓ −25 - +25 mA ⎓ 25 mA ⎓ 100 Ω ±1% (20%-100% nom.)
RTD inputs IEC 60751 100 Ω −80 - +327 ˚C 0-∞Ω – ±0.5 ˚C
(Pt100 temperature platinum resistor
sensor resistor)
Analogue tap – chain resistance 0-∞Ω – ±0.2 taps on 40
position input 50 Ω - 50 kΩ position tap changer
min. 5 Ω per res.
mA (passive) 0-10 / 0-20 / 4-20 mA ⎓ 0 - +25 mA ⎓ 50 mA ⎓ 270 Ω ±1% (20%-100% nom.)

Digital tap Dry / volt-free contacts – – – –

position inputs
mA outputs (active) 0-10 / 0-20 / 4-20 mA ⎓ 0 - 24 mA ⎓ – – ±1% (20%-100% nom.)
loop res. < 1 kΩ
†
Hardware version 04 has an upper operating limit of 132 V ≂ and withstand of 150 V ≂
‡
Nominal AC frequency 50/60 Hz
* Quiescent / Maximum burden

18.3.2 Output Relays

18.3.3 Electrical Withstand
Specification Levels
Specification Levels
No. of cycles >100,000
Rated insulation voltage 300 V ≂
Make and carry 10 A ≂
Dielectric test voltage 2.3 kV ~ for 1 min
Break 10 A ~
Impulse test voltage 5 kV
300 W ⎓

18.4 Electromagnetic Characteristics

18.4.1 Radiated Emissions 18.4.3 Electromagnetic Immunity

Specification Levels Specification Levels
CISPR 11 40 dB(μV/m) quasi peak at 10m IEC 61000-4-2 Electrostatic 6 kV contact
30 – 230 MHz 50 dB(μV/m) quasi peak at 3m discharge
CISPR 11 47 dB(μV/m) quasi peak at 10m IEC 61000-4-3 Radiated RFI 10 V/m rms
230 – 1000 MHz 57 dB(μV/m) quasi peak at 3m
IEC 61000-4-4 Fast transient 4 kV (2kV comms)
CISPR 22 56 dB(μV/m) average
IEC 61000-4-5 Surge 4 kV (2kV comms)
1 – 3 GHz 76 dB(μV/m) peak at 3m
IEC 61000-4-6 Conducted 10 V rms sweep
CISPR 22 60 dB(μV/m) average
radiofrequency interference
3 – 6 GHz 80 dB(μV/m) peak at 3m 10 V rms spot 27, 68 MHz
IEC 61000-4-8 Power 30 A/m continuous
frequency magnetic field
300 A/m 1 s – 3 s
18.4.2 Conducted Emissions
IEC 61000-4-16 Power Level 4, 300 V c.m.
Specification Levels frequency
CISPR 22 79 dB(μV) quasi peak IEC 61000-4-17 DC ripple Level 4 ,15%
0.15 – 0.5 MHz 66 dB(μV) average
IEC 61000-4-18 Slow damped 1 kV pk. diff. (not comms)
CISPR 22 73 dB(μV) quasi peak oscillatory wave 2.5 kV pk. c.m.
0.5 – 30 MHz 60 dB(μV) average
IEC 61000-4-29 Voltage dips, 100% 1s, 100% 5s,
interruptions and variations 60s ramp

18.5 Mechanical and Atmospheric Characteristics

18.5.4 Environmental Immunity

18.5.1 Fixings
Use Requirement
IP Rating
Case fixings 6off M4 screws (not supplied)
Specification Levels
Terminal fixings M4 x 8mm bright zinc plated pan head
From front of panel when mounted in IP54
pozidrive screws with captive spring
normal position of use
washer (supplied)
Wire fixings Right angle ring crimps max. 2 per
terminal, max. 1 wire per crimp Temperature
(not supplied)
Specification Levels
IEC 60255-1 operational 0 – +55 °C
dry heat and cold
18.5.2 Weight Unpackaged storage -20 – +55 °C
Specification Mass IEC 60255-1 operational +55 °C 95% r.h.
damp heat
Relay with no additional cards 7 kg
Relay with all additional cards 8 kg
Mechanical
Specification Levels
18.5.3 Dimensions IEC 60255-21-1 vibration Severity class 1
See Figure 2-64. IEC 60255-21-2 shock Severity class 1
IEC 60255-21-2 bump Severity class 1
IEC 60255-21-3 seismic Severity class 1

Figure 2-64 SuperTAPP SG dimensions

19 Connection Diagrams
The diagrams which follow show typical connection arrangements for the various modules which the
SuperTAPP SG can contain.
The input and output numbering shown in the diagrams is typical, with the exact allocation being
dependent on the number and location of other modules fitted. Please refer to the wiring drawing,
provided with each SuperTAPP SG, to determine the exact configuration for your unit and do not rely
on the numbering in these diagrams.
The user must refer to the relay code, printed on the front of the relay, to determine which module is
in each location, and hence connected to which terminal block.

Figure 2-65 Typical connection diagram for AC input modules

Note. Numbering of current and voltage inputs is typical only. Refer to the correct SuperTAPP SG wiring
diagram for complete allocation.

Figure 2-66 Typical connection diagram for power supply and scheme logic module

Figure 2-67 Connection diagram for tap position input module

Figure 2-68 Connection diagram for inter-relay communications

Figure 2-69 Connection diagrams for digital I/O modules

Note. Numbering of digital inputs and output relays is typical only. Refer to the correct SuperTAPP SG
wiring diagram for complete allocation.

Figure 2-70 Connection diagrams for analogue DC modules

United Kingdom and Europe

Fundamentals Ltd
Swindon Belfast
Unit 2, Hillmead Enterprise Park City East Business Centre
Marshall Road, Swindon 68-72 Newtownards Road
Wiltshire, SN5 5FZ Belfast, BT4 1GW
United Kingdom United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1793 847163
Fax: +44 (0)1793 847245
www.fundamentalsltd.co.uk
[email protected]

Australia

Fundamentals Australia Pty Ltd

Sydney
Unit 11, 25 Stoddart Road,
Prospect NSW 2148
Tel: +61 (0)2 9896 3221
www.fundamentalsltd.co.uk/australia

Value Added Resellers

Power Economy Middle East Co. LLC JET Engineering Solutions Sdn. Bhd.
U.A.E. Malaysia
Industrial City of Abu Dhabi (1284649-K) R-03A-22, Emporis,
P.O.Box 6072 Persiaran Surian, Kota Damansara,
Tel: +971-(0)2-5501077 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
Email: [email protected] [email protected]
www.powereconomy.net

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