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A Managerial Perspective 4th Edition Sharda Test

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Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100

8) Google Maps has set new standards for data visualization with its intuitive Web mapping
software.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103

9) There are basic chart types and specialized chart types. A Gantt chart is a specialized chart
type.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107

2
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
10) Visualization differs from traditional charts and graphs in complexity of data sets and use of
multiple dimensions and measures.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110

11) When telling a story during a presentation, it is best to avoid describing hurdles that your
character must overcome, to avoid souring the mood.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113

12) Visual analytics is aimed at answering, "What is it happening?" and is usually associated
with business analytics.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 112

13) Dashboards provide visual displays of important information that is consolidated and
arranged across several screens to maintain data order.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117

14) In the Dallas Cowboys case study, the focus was on using data analytics to decide which
players would play every week.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 118

15) Data source reliability means that data are correct and are a good match for the analytics
problem.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59

16) Data accessibility means that the data are easily and readily obtainable.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 59

17) Structured data is what data mining algorithms use and can be classified as categorical or
numeric.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61

18) Interval data are variables that can be measured on interval scales.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 62

19) Nominal data represent the labels of multiple classes used to divide a variable into specific
groups.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61

2
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
20) Descriptive statistics is all about describing the sample data on hand.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75

21) Which characteristic of data means that all the required data elements are included in the data
set?
A) data source reliability
B) data accessibility
C) data richness
D) data granularity
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59-60

22) Key performance indicators (KPIs) are metrics typically used to measure
A) database responsiveness.
B) qualitative feedback.
C) external results.
D) internal results.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99

23) Kaplan and Norton developed a report that presents an integrated view of success in the
organization called
A) metric management reports.
B) balanced scorecard-type reports.
C) dashboard-type reports.
D) visual reports.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99

24) Which characteristic of data requires that the variables and data values be defined at the
lowest (or as low as required) level of detail for the intended use of the data?
A) data source reliability
B) data accessibility
C) data richness
D) data granularity
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59-60

25) Which of the following is LEAST related to data/information visualization?

A) information graphics
B) scientific visualization
C) statistical graphics
D) graphic artwork
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101

3
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
26) The Internet emerged as a new medium for visualization and brought all the following
EXCEPT
A) worldwide digital distribution of visualization.
B) immersive environments for consuming data.
C) new forms of computation of business logic.
D) new graphics displays through PC displays.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101-103

27) Which kind of chart is described as an enhanced version of a scatter plot?

A) heat map
B) bullet
C) pie chart
D) bubble chart
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 107

28) Which type of visualization tool can be very helpful when the intention is to show relative
proportions of dollars per department allocated by a university administration?
A) heat map
B) bullet
C) pie chart
D) bubble chart
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 106

29) Which type of visualization tool can be very helpful when a data set contains location data?
A) bar chart
B) geographic map
C) highlight table
D) tree map
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107

30) Which type of question does visual analytics seeks to answer?

A) Why is it happening?
B) What happened yesterday?
C) What is happening today?
D) When did it happen?
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112

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31) When you tell a story in a presentation, all of the following are true EXCEPT
A) a story should make sense and order out of a lot of background noise.
B) a well-told story should have no need for subsequent discussion.
C) stories and their lessons should be easy to remember.
D) the outcome and reasons for it should be clear at the end of your story.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113

32) Benefits of the latest visual analytics tools, such as SAS Visual Analytics, include all of the
following EXCEPT
A) mobile platforms such as the iPhone are supported by these products.
B) it is easier to spot useful patterns and trends in the data.
C) they explore massive amounts of data in hours, not days.
D) there is less demand on IT departments for reports.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115

33) What is the management feature of a dashboard?

A) operational data that identify what actions to take to resolve a problem
B) summarized dimensional data to analyze the root cause of problems
C) summarized dimensional data to monitor key performance metrics
D) graphical, abstracted data to monitor key performance metrics
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 119

34) What is the fundamental challenge of dashboard design?

A) ensuring that users across the organization have access to it
B) ensuring that the organization has the appropriate hardware onsite to support it
C) ensuring that the organization has access to the latest Web browsers
D) ensuring that the required information is shown clearly on a single screen
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 119

35) Contextual metadata for a dashboard includes all the following EXCEPT
A) whether any high-value transactions that would skew the overall trends were rejected as a part
of the loading process.
B) which operating system is running the dashboard server software.
C) whether the dashboard is presenting "fresh" or "stale" information.
D) when the data warehouse was last refreshed.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 121

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36) Dashboards can be presented at all the following levels EXCEPT
A) the visual dashboard level.
B) the static report level.
C) the visual cube level.
D) the self-service cube level.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 122

37) This measure of central tendency is the sum of all the values/observations divided by the
number of observations in the data set.
A) dispersion
B) mode
C) median
D) arithmetic mean
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 76

38) This measure of dispersion is calculated by simply taking the square root of the variations.
A) standard deviation
B) range
C) variance
D) arithmetic mean
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78

39) This plot is a graphical illustration of several descriptive statistics about a given data set.
A) pie chart
B) bar graph
C) box-and-whiskers plot
D) kurtosis
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79

40) This technique makes no a priori assumption of whether one variable is dependent on the
other(s) and is not concerned with the relationship between variables; instead it gives an estimate
on the degree of association between the variables.
A) regression
B) correlation
C) means test
D) multiple regression
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 86

41) A(n) is a communication artifact, concerning business matters, prepared with the
specific intention of relaying information in a presentable form.
Answer: report
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
42) statistics is about drawing conclusions about the characteristics of the population.
Answer: Inferential
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75

43) Due to the expansion of information technology coupled with the need for
improved competitiveness in business, there has been an increase in the use of computing power
to produce unified reports that join different views of the enterprise in one place.
Answer: rapid
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 98

44) management reports are used to manage business performance through outcome-
oriented metrics in many organizations.
Answer: Metric
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99

45) When validating the assumptions of a regression, assumes that the relationship
between the response variable and the explanatory variables are linear.
Answer: linearity
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89

46) regression is a very popular, statistically sound, probability-based classification

algorithm that employs supervised learning.
Answer: Logistic
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90

47) charts are useful in displaying nominal data or numerical data that splits nicely
into different categories so you can quickly see comparative results and trends.
Answer: Bar
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106

48) charts or network diagrams show precedence relationships among the project
activities/tasks.
Answer: PERT
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107

49) are typically used together with other charts and graphs, as opposed to by
themselves, and show postal codes, country names, etc.
Answer: Maps
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107

50) Typical charts, graphs, and other visual elements used in visualization-based applications
usually involve _ dimensions.
Answer: two
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110

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51) Visual analytics is widely regarded as the combination of visualization and
analytics.
Answer: predictive
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112

52) Dashboards present visual displays of important information that are consolidated and
arranged on a single .
Answer: screen
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 117

53) With dashboards, the layer of information that uses graphical, abstracted data to keep tabs on
key performance metrics is the layer.
Answer: monitoring
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119

54) series forecasting is the use of mathematical modeling to predict future values of
the variable of interest based on previously observed values.
Answer: Time
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 97

55) Information dashboards enable operations that allow the users to view underlying
data sources and obtain more detail.
Answer: drill-down/drill-through
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 121

56) With a dashboard, information on sources of the data being presented, the quality and
currency of underlying data provide contextual for users.
Answer: metadata
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 121

57) When validating the assumptions of a regression, assumes that the errors of the
response variable are normally distributed.
Answer: normality
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89-90

58) charts are effective when you have nominal data or numerical data that splits
nicely into different categories so you can quickly see comparative results and trends within your
data.
Answer: Bar
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106

59) plots are often used to explore the relationship between two or three variables (in
2-D or 2-D visuals).
Answer: Scatter
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 106

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60) charts are a special case of horizontal bar charts that are used to portray project
timelines, project tasks/activity durations, and overlap among the tasks/activities.
Answer: Gantt
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107

61) List and describe the three major categories of business reports.
Answer:
• Metric management reports. Many organizations manage business performance through
outcome-oriented metrics. For external groups, these are service-level agreements (SLAs). For
internal management, they are key performance indicators (KPIs).
• Dashboard-type reports. This report presents a range of different performance indicators on
one page, like a dashboard in a car. Typically, there is a set of predefined reports with static
elements and fixed structure, but customization of the dashboard is allowed through widgets,
views, and set targets for various metrics.
• Balanced scorecard–type reports. This is a method developed by Kaplan and Norton that
attempts to present an integrated view of success in an organization. In addition to financial
performance, balanced scorecard–type reports also include customer, business process, and
learning and growth perspectives.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99

62) List five types of specialized charts and graphs.

Answer:
• Histograms
• Gantt charts
• PERT charts
• Geographic maps
• Bullets
• Heat maps
• Highlight tables
• Tree maps
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107-108

63) According to Eckerson (2006), a well-known expert on BI dashboards, what are the three
layers of information of a dashboard?
Answer:
1. Monitoring. Graphical, abstracted data to monitor key performance metrics.
2. Analysis. Summarized dimensional data to analyze the root cause of problems.
3. Management. Detailed operational data that identify what actions to take to resolve a
problem.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119

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64) List the five most common functions of business reports.
Answer:
• To ensure that all departments are functioning properly
• To provide information
• To provide the results of an analysis
• To persuade others to act
• To create an organizational memory (as part of a knowledge management system)
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98

65) What are the most important assumptions in linear regression?

Answer:
1. Linearity. This assumption states that the relationship between the response variable and the
explanatory variables is linear. That is, the expected value of the response variable is a straight-
line function of each explanatory variable, while holding all other explanatory variables fixed.
Also, the slope of the line does not depend on the values of the other variables. It also implies
that the effects of different explanatory variables on the expected value of the response variable
are additive in nature.
2. Independence (of errors). This assumption states that the errors of the response variable are
uncorrelated with each other. This independence of the errors is weaker than actual statistical
independence, which is a stronger condition and is often not needed for linear regression
analysis.
3. Normality (of errors). This assumption states that the errors of the response variable are
normally distributed. That is, they are supposed to be totally random and should not represent
any nonrandom patterns.
4. Constant variance (of errors). This assumption, also called homoscedasticity, states that the
response variables have the same variance in their error, regardless of the values of the
explanatory variables. In practice this assumption is invalid if the response variable varies over a
wide enough range/scale.
5. Multicollinearity. This assumption states that the explanatory variables are not correlated (i.e.,
do not replicate the same but provide a different perspective of the information needed for the
model). Multicollinearity can be triggered by having two or more perfectly correlated
explanatory variables presented to the model (e.g., if the same explanatory variable is mistakenly
included in the model twice, one with a slight transformation of the same variable). A
correlation-based data assessment usually catches this error.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89-90

66) Describe the difference between simple and multiple regression.

Answer: If the regression equation is built between one response variable and one explanatory
variable, then it is called simple regression. Multiple regression is the extension of simple
regression where the explanatory variables are more than one.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87

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67) Describe the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.
Answer: The main difference between descriptive and inferential statistics is the data used in
these methods—whereas descriptive statistics is all about describing the sample data on hand,
and inferential statistics is about drawing inferences or conclusions about the characteristics of
the population.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75

68) Describe categorical and nominal data.

Answer: Categorical data represent the labels of multiple classes used to divide a variable into
specific groups. Examples of categorical variables include race, sex, age group, and educational
level. Nominal data contain measurements of simple codes assigned to objects as labels, which
are not measurements. For example, the variable marital status can be generally categorized as
(1) single, (2) married, and (3) divorced.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61

11
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 No. 73.
ELIZABETH BYNG, SECOND MARCHIONESS OF
BATH, WITH THREE CHILDREN.
By Sir Thomas Lawrence.

DIED 1830.

Unfinished. Red gown. Gold-coloured scarf. Girls in white frocks and

blue sashes. Boy in jacket and trousers.

DAUGHTER of George, fourth Viscount Torrington, by

Lady Lucy Boyle. Married in 1794 Thomas, second
Marquis of Bath, by whom she had ten children. The
three portraits in this group are Elizabeth, afterwards
the Countess of Cawdor, Lord John Thynne, afterwards
in Holy Orders, and Lady Louisa, afterwards Countess of Harewood.
The other children were Viscount Weymouth, who died v.p., Henry,
who succeeded to the Marquisate, but only survived his father three
months, William, Francis, Edward, George, Charlotte Duchess of
Buccleuch, and Charles.
 No. 74.

GEORGE I., KING OF ENGLAND.

BORN 1680, SUCCEEDED TO THE ENGLISH THRONE 1714,
DIED 1727.

In royal robes.

ON of the Elector of Hanover, by Sophia, daughter of

Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia. Succeeded his father in
the Electorate in 1698, and Queen Anne on the Throne
of England in 1714. Married Sophia of Zell, his cousin,
whom he divorced and imprisoned. By her he had an
only son, who succeeded as George II.
H O U S E K E E P E R ’ S R O O M.
HOUSEKEEPER’S ROOM.
 No. 75.

ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF ALBEMARLE.

By Sir Peter Lely.

DIED CIRCA 1734.

Seated. Brocaded dress, short sleeves, deep lace. Blue mantle.

Jewels.
Ringlets.

HE was daughter and co-heir of Henry Cavendish, second

Duke of Newcastle, by Frances Pierrepoint, daughter of
the Earl of Kingston. Her large possessions made her a
most desirable match in the eyes of General Monck,
Duke of Albemarle, for his son Christopher. Feeling his
end approaching, the anxious father hurried on the negotiations for
the marriage, which were pending with Elizabeth’s family, and went
so far as to insist that the nuptials should be celebrated in his own
bedchamber, a few days previous to his death in 1670.
We have at this time no means of gaining much information
respecting the married life of Christopher, second Duke of Albemarle,
and his wife; but in 1687 he went out as Governor-General to
Jamaica, and died there the following year. Neither are we in a
position to ascertain the circumstances attending the insanity of his
widow, as we have no trace of her life until the mention of her
second marriage with Ralph, Lord (afterwards Duke of) Montagu.
This eccentric man, after losing his beautiful and accomplished wife
(Elizabeth Wriothesley, widow of Josceline Percy, Earl of
Northumberland) in 1690, thought to console himself with the
wealth of the Duchess of Albemarle, whose madness was then well
known. This trifling impediment was not considered by any means
insurmountable, and the unfortunate woman, or rather her large
fortune, had many suitors.
One of the disappointed band, Lord Ross, gave vent to his spite,
on hearing of Lord Montagu’s success, in the following lines:—
‘Insulting rival, never boast
Thy conquest lately won,
No wonder if her heart was lost,
Her senses first were gone.

From one that’s under Bedlam’s laws

What glory can be had?
For love, indeed, was not the cause,—
It proves that she was mad.’

Finding that the poor maniac had announced her determination of

marrying no one but a Sovereign, Montagu caused himself to be
presented to her as the Emperor of China, and doubtless the
mumming and masquerading which ensued suited his volatile and
eccentric humour. But if he looked forward to enjoying his wife’s
wealth without her society, he was disappointed, as she survived him
twenty-six years. Happy in her royal illusions, served to her dying
day on bended knee, addressed always as Majesty, while even after
death, her wishes were obeyed by the sumptuous funeral which was
given to her remains in the lofty pile of Westminster Abbey
compatible with her imperial dignity.
 No. 76.
POPE INNOCENT XI.
After Rubens.

BORN 1611, ELECTED 1676, DIED 1689.

ENEDETTO, of the noble House of Odescalchi, of Como,

went to Rome, and on to Naples, when about twenty-
five years of age, with no possessions save the weapons
which he required for the military profession he had
chosen. But a Cardinal, with whom he became
acquainted, dissuaded him from becoming a soldier, and on his
return to Rome Odescalchi entered on the career of the ‘Curia,’
where he was soon distinguished for zeal and ability, and gradually
rose to elevation in several public offices. In 1645 he obtained the
Cardinal’s Hat, and the Bishopric of Novara, a step which his
enemies unjustly attributed to the influence of the celebrated Donna
Olympia, for Odescalchi was ever remarkable for the morality, and
even austerity, of his life.
He became so popular in Rome, that when the Conclave was
sitting, a large concourse assembled under the portico of St. Peter’s,
and shouted out his name; and the election of Innocent XI. to the
Papal Chair gave very general satisfaction.
The new Pontiff, upright and conscientious by nature, first turned
his thoughts to financial reform. He reduced the annual expenditure,
inquired into all the abuses of Government sinecures, and though he
had a worthy kinsman to whom he was much attached, he
eschewed nepotism; he also watched over the state of the money
market, and after the lapse of a few years, his efforts were rewarded
by a great increase of the public revenue. Innocent showed himself
a firm opponent of Louis XIV., when that King encroached, as His
Holiness deemed, on spiritual privileges. He embraced the cause of
the Jansenist priests who had fallen under the displeasure of the
‘Grand Monarque’ for withstanding some of the decrees they
considered arbitrary, more especially on the long-vexed question of
the ‘Regale.’ They appealed to the Pope, who wrote once, and yet
twice, to the King on the subject, admonishing him not to listen to
flatterers, and not to lay hands on the immunities of the Church, lest
by so doing, he should ‘dry up the fountains of divine grace from his
kingdom.’
Finding his homilies of no avail, Innocent spoke out more boldly
still, assuring Louis that he ‘would suffer no storm nor danger to
appal him, but would use every resource of that power he held at
the hands of God’ to resist his injustice. But so completely were the
mass of the French clergy enslaved by His Majesty that the Prince de
Condé was used to say that if Louis chose to go over to the
Protestant faith, the priests would be the first to follow him.
Therefore they feared to stand by the Pope, who had defended their
rights so zealously, and the ‘Declarations’ that were published from
year to year increased and strengthened the royal authority in
spiritual concerns.
This was especially manifest in the Articles of the Convocation of
1682; but the Pope was not easily disheartened. To those members
of the Declaration whom Louis had preferred before all other
candidates for Episcopal offices, Innocent denied spiritual institution.
They might indeed receive the revenues of the sees, but ordination
was refused them, neither could they exercise one spiritual act of
their office.
About this time, the King, it was said, thought to ingratiate himself
with the Holy See by his cruel persecutions of the Huguenots, but
such measures were not calculated to please a man of Odescalchi’s
character, and fresh disputes arose. One of the abuses which the
Pope had endeavoured to abolish in Rome was the ‘right of asylum,’
as it was called, hitherto claimed by foreign Ambassadors. Not only
on their arrival in the imperial city had they a palace assigned them,
but quarters for innumerable hangers-on, in several adjacent streets.
The Emperor, the King of Spain, and others, had listened to the
remonstrances of His Holiness, and waived their claim to these
unreasonable privileges; but Louis was glad of a fresh opportunity to
oppose the Pope, boasting that he was not in the habit of following
the example of others.
Accordingly, he sent his Ambassador, with a considerable armed
force, to demand the rights of ‘asylum’ in the name of his royal
master. The formidable array brought no fear to the brave heart of
Benedetto Odescalchi. ‘They come with horses and chariots,’ he said,
‘but we will walk in the name of the Lord.’ The French emissary was
excommunicated, and the Church of St. Louis (the patron saint of
France), where he attended mass, was placed under interdict.
Reprisals were now the order of the day. The Papal Nuncio was
detained a prisoner in Paris, many French bishops deprived of their
canonical institutions, a territory of the Holy See occupied by France;
in fact, daggers drawn! But other Powers besides Rome were jealous
of the encroachments and arrogance of the French monarch, and
Innocent allied himself with them from political motives. He made a
friend of Austria, by assisting her with subsidies in the war with
Turkey, and he incurred blame from some of the Catholic bystanders
by an alliance with the Protestant Prince William of Orange. The plea
was, that William had undertaken the command of the Rhine, and
would defend not only the rights of the Empire, but also those of the
Church, against Louis XIV. Be this as it may, it seems strange that the
Pope should perhaps unwittingly have assisted in the elevation of the
enemy of James II., to whose son he had stood godfather. But if the
head of the Roman Catholic Church proved indirectly instrumental in
furthering the Protestant cause in England, the Protestants, on their
side, by maintaining the balance of power in Europe, did His
Holiness a good turn. Innocent died soon after these events, leaving
behind him a character for courage and steadfastness, combined
with great humility and gentleness of manners. As we have already
said, he was remarkable for the purity of his morals, and made
himself very unpopular with the women of all classes by denouncing,
in no measured terms, the indecency of dress and laxity of manners,
which were (he considered) unusually prevalent in his reign. He was
much opposed to the sect of the Quietists, and confirmed the
sentence of the Inquisition against their unfortunate founder
Molinos, who was imprisoned, and eventually died in the cells of that
dread institution. He was but a poor scholar, and his secretaries were
obliged to translate or turn into Italian, all Latin documents with
which he had to deal.
Innocent XI. was charitable to the poor, and much beloved,
especially by his dependants, of whose wellbeing he was most
careful. He died in the month of August 1689, and the Roman
people flocked round his tomb, invoking him as a saint, and
disputing with each other any available relic of their favourite Pontiff.
G R E A T S T A I R C A S E.
GREAT STAIRCASE.
 No. 77.

GEORGE VILLIERS, SECOND DUKE OF

BUCKINGHAM.
By Sir Peter Lely.

BORN 1627, DIED 1688.

Steel cuirass. Buff leather coat. Black and white sleeves. One hand
resting on a helmet. Red plume.

E was the second son of the first Duke of Buckingham,

(of the Villiers family,) by Catherine, daughter and sole
heir of Francis Manners, sixth Earl of Rutland. No sooner
did Charles I. learn the news of the murder of his friend
(the first Duke) than he hastened to the residence of the
sorrowing widow, to pay her a visit of condolence; the little Duke
being then but an infant, and his mother expecting her confinement.
The King, much touched by her sad position, said all he could to
comfort her, and promised to be a father to her children; nor did he
forget to fulfil the self-imposed trust. At the proper age, George
Villiers was sent to Cambridge, and afterwards to travel abroad,
accompanied by his brother Francis, under the care of a tutor
provided for them by their royal guardian. On the breaking out of
the civil war the two youths returned to England, and hastened to
proffer their services to their Sovereign, a proceeding which brought
down upon them the vengeance of the Parliament. Their property
was confiscated, but in consideration of their youth the estates and
revenues were soon restored to them. Poverty was ill suited to the
splendid tastes, and profuse style of living, which characterised the
Duke, on his second trip abroad, or indeed wherever he went, and in
later life he was in constant pecuniary difficulties.
The war broke out afresh between Charles and his subjects; he
was a prisoner in the Isle of Wight, when the loyal brothers returned
home, and joined the Royalist army, under the Earl of Holland, who
had unfurled his standard in the county of Surrey. Lord Holland was
quartered at Kingston-on-Thames, and it was on the 11th of July
1648 that Lord Francis Villiers, ‘after performing prodigies of valour,’
was killed in a skirmish with the Parliamentarians near Nonsuch, to
the sincere regret of his comrades and the inexpressible grief of his
brother. ‘He was a youth,’ says Clarendon, ‘of rare beauty and
comeliness of person.’
The expedition proved most disastrous; Lord Holland himself was
taken prisoner shortly after, near St. Neot’s, and beheaded, the Duke
of Buckingham narrowly escaping the same fate. He contrived to
conceal himself, but one morning, finding the house in which he lay,
surrounded by a troop of the enemy’s cavalry (with the dashing
bravery which always characterised him), he leaped on his horse,
and followed by one faithful servant, cut his way through the
troopers, killing the officer in command, and gained the sea-shore,
where he joined the Prince of Wales, who was on board a vessel
lying in the Downs. A proclamation was issued by the Parliament, to
the effect that if the Duke did not return in forty days, his property
would a second time be forfeited.
Buckingham stood the test, and remained faithful to his
allegiance. He lived for some time on the proceeds of a sale of
magnificent pictures bequeathed to him by the Duke, his father (the
chief part once the property of Rubens), which he disposed of at
Antwerp. He remained abroad for some time, but accompanied his
King on the expedition to Scotland, and after the battle of Worcester
had another of his ‘hair-breadth ‘scapes,’ almost as miraculous as
that of his royal master.
After leaving the King concealed in Boscobel House, the Duke,
with other Royalist nobles, rode northward, and were intercepted by
a body of Roundheads (who took many of them prisoners).
Buckingham, according to his wont, escaped, by the aid of some
friendly labourers and workmen, with one of whom he changed
habits, and was concealed in a wood. He afterwards went from one
house in the neighbourhood to another, and again made his way to
the Continent in safety, first to Holland, and then to France, where
he gained fresh laurels by his conduct at the sieges of Arras and
Valenciennes.
Buckingham now resolved on a bold and daring step. The
Parliament had awarded the chief part of his estates and revenues to
General Lord Fairfax, but this noble-minded man had already set
apart a considerable portion for the service of the widowed Duchess;
and the Duke (although an outlaw) deemed it politic to return to
England and appeal to the further generosity of ‘my Lord Fairfax.’ He
repaired, then, forthwith to the home of his ancestors, ingratiated
himself not only into the favourable feelings of the father, but still
more into those of the daughter.
The handsome and irresistible George Villiers was not likely to sue
long in vain; he proposed, was accepted, and became the son-in-law
of the man who was in possession of his rent-roll. Cromwell, on
hearing of the marriage, was exasperated beyond measure, and the
Duke was again forced to go into hiding. Most likely this was not
difficult, surrounded by his own tenantry, with the assistance of a
loving bride; but he was rash, and doubtless trusted to his own
talent for evading danger; and so one day, riding to visit his sister in
the neighbourhood, he was waylaid, taken prisoner, and carried off
to the Tower.
Fairfax, already disgusted with many of Cromwell’s proceedings,
was furious, and expressed himself boldly. But the Protector was not
one to listen patiently to any strictures on his own conduct, and
laughed the General to scorn. Fortunately for the captive, Cromwell
did not survive much longer, and on the abdication of Richard
Cromwell the Duke regained his liberty. At the Restoration he was
marked out for favour by the King, to whose fortunes he had been
so faithful; he was made Lord-in-Waiting, Lord-Lieutenant of York,
Master of the Horse, etc. etc. But his restless and intriguing spirit led
him into many dangerous plots, so much so that in 1666 he was
deprived of all his offices, and summoned to take his trial. The King
came to the rescue, and caused him to be reinstated in many of his
posts. Buckingham joined Lord Shaftesbury against Clarendon,
became President of the Council, and his initial, as is well known,
stood for the third letter of ‘Cabal.’
In 1670 he was sent Ambassador to the King of France, ostensibly
to condole with him on the death of the Duchess of Orleans, but in
reality with the project of breaking ‘The Triple Alliance.’ About this
time there was an attempt on the life of the Duke of Ormonde by
one Blood, and Lord Ossory (Ormonde’s son) accused the Duke of
Buckingham of being an accomplice of the villain. His plea was that
his father was a friend of Lord Clarendon’s, to whom Buckingham
had vowed deadly enmity, but the charge soon fell to the ground.
Buckingham was one of the Plenipotentiaries (with the Earl of
Arlington and others) to Holland, but the negotiations with which
they were intrusted, failed. The Cabal breaking up, the Duke once
more found himself accused of many heavy charges,—of treasonable
correspondence with the King’s enemies, and the like.
He also made himself obnoxious to his royal master by the part he
took respecting the Test Bill, and above all, by maintaining that the
King had exceeded his royal prerogative in proroguing the
Parliament for a longer time than was legal. He was sent to the
Tower, and when once more liberated, mixed himself up (with a
restlessness he doubtless called patriotism) in fresh plots and cabals.
On the death of Charles II., the Duke of Buckingham, well aware that
he could not expect the same indulgence from King James as from
his predecessor, retired to the country (being in failing health at the
time), and gave himself up to literary occupations and the sports of
the field. One day, while intent on unearthing a fox, he was
imprudent enough to sit for some time on the damp ground, in
consequence of which he caught a chill that proved fatal in three
days. His wife, who long survived him, was a most exemplary
woman, who loved him in spite of his numerous and flagrant
infidelities. They had no children, and the title became extinct.
The witty, handsome, profligate Duke of Buckingham is a well-
known acquaintance to all readers, both of history and fiction. His
manners were genial, even captivating; his anger or revenge
generally vented itself in pointed satires or pungent bon-mots.
Dryden immortalised him as Zimri in ‘Absalom and Achitophel.’ Pope
drew his portrait in the Moral Essays (Epist. iii.); his love for
astrology and alchemy helped him to squander his living, but all his
tastes were extravagant. His comedy of ‘The Rehearsal’ (in which,
however, he is supposed to have been much assisted by friends)
made a great noise, and his delineation of Dryden under the
character of Bayes was much admired.
 No. 78.
CATHERINE CAREY, COUNTESS OF
NOTTINGHAM.
DIED IN 1603.

Black dress. White lace cap. Ruff and cuffs. Black veil.
Holding a glove.

HE daughter of Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon, who was

first cousin to Queen Elizabeth his mother being Mary
Boleyn. Nor did ‘her Grace disdain to call him cousin,’
and her visit to Hunsdon House is immortalised in a
painting (engraved) by Mark Gerrard, where she is
carried in procession. The picture contains many portraits, including
Lord and Lady Hunsdon, and Catherine, their daughter, the subject
of this notice.
Grainger, speaking of Lord Hunsdon in his usually quaint manner,
tells us ‘he was of a soldierly disposition, and a great seller of
bargains to the maids of honour,’ and the Queen esteemed him
much, and offered to create him an Earl on his deathbed, which
somewhat tardy dignity he refused.
Catherine married the gallant Charles Howard, Lord High Admiral
of England, whose name is invariably connected with the glorious
defeat of the Spanish Armada. He was first created Baron of
Effingham, and afterwards Earl of Nottingham; and it was to his wife
that the unfortunate Essex intrusted the ring which Elizabeth had
given him in the height of his favour, with the promise that whatever
crime he should commit, she would pardon, provided he returned
the pledge.
 The story connected with this ring has been so often and so
variously told, so many times asserted and disbelieved, that we
might be tempted to let the subject pass in silence were it not for
the fact that the actual relic is in the possession of Lord John
Thynne, uncle of the present Marquis of Bath, (1879,) and therefore
claims a comment in these pages. We subjoin what appears to us
the most authentic account:—
Not very long before the death of Queen Elizabeth, she being then
in failing health, and much depressed in mind, after the execution of
her favourite, Her Majesty received a message from the Countess of
Nottingham (one of the ladies of her household, and a connection of
her own), to say that she lay a-dying, but that she had something on
her mind which she would fain impart to the Queen before her
death. Elizabeth lost no time in repairing to the house of the Earl of
Nottingham, and taking her place by the sufferer’s bedside, listened
to the following confession. When Lord Essex lay under sentence of
death, he bethought himself of the Queen’s present, and the
promise which accompanied it, and he began to devise means how
to send it to his royal mistress. He dared not trust any one near him,
but watching from the window, he perceived a boy, whose
appearance inspired him with confidence. He contrived to get speech
of him, and induced him, by means of money and promises, to be
the bearer of the ring, which he drew from his finger and intrusted
to him. The Earl’s injunctions were that it should be carried to his
friend Lady Scrope, (one of the royal household, and sister to the
Lady Nottingham,) with the earnest request that she would present
it to the Queen.
The boy, by some unfortunate mistake, carried the ring to the
Countess of Nottingham, who immediately consulted her husband on
the subject. It is further said (although it may appear inconsistent
with the character of the gallant sailor for generosity) that he
peremptorily forbade his wife to undertake the mission, or to
interfere in the matter. Yet we are also told that on the downfall of
Essex, Lord Nottingham evinced the greatest friendship for the man
with whom he had once been at enmity, visiting him in prison, and
the like. Certain it is that the lady whose conscience was so ill at
rest, screened herself under the prohibition of her husband, who,
she added, insisted on her keeping the ring, and returning no
answer to the unfortunate captive. The secret being divulged, the
dying woman entreated the Queen to pardon her. The answer she
gave is well known: ‘God may forgive you, but I never can;’ and she
left the room in a fury.
Strange, if she believed that Lord Nottingham was in fault, that
Her Majesty should not only forgive him, but keep him constantly in
her presence, in her last days, (for she did not survive this scene
above a fortnight,) talking with him on matters of the greatest
importance, and sometimes accepting nourishment and medicine
from his hand, which she would refuse from that of others.
Lady Nottingham died soon after the stormy interview with the
Queen, having borne two sons and three daughters to her husband.
It would appear that the cause of the doubt and perplexity which
have been thrown over the romantic story of the Essex ring, can be
accounted for in this manner: The fact is there were two historical
rings, and the Carey family were connected with both, as also, to
make the confusion more complete, the name of Lady Scrope, born
Carey, is mixed up with both.
When Queen Elizabeth was dying, Robert Carey, Earl of
Monmouth, was stationed on horseback under the window, and no
sooner was the Queen’s last breath expended, than a lady (said to
be Lady Scrope) threw a ring from the window, with which
Monmouth rode post-haste to Scotland, it being a pledge agreed
upon between King James and a member of Elizabeth’s Court, to
inform him, betimes, of the death of the English Queen. This ring is
a sapphire, and in the possession of the Earl of Cork and Orrery, to
whom it descended by inheritance.
Two rings, both secret pledges, and with both of which the names
of Queen Elizabeth and Lady Scrope are connected, it no longer
appears strange that confusion and perplexity should have arisen on
the subject. The ring in the possession of Lord John Thynne has a
gold hoop of delicate workmanship engraved, and relieved with blue
enamel. The centre is an onyx, with a cameo head of Queen
Elizabeth, a perfect likeness, in relief, and is surmised to have been
the work of Valerio Vincentino, an Italian artist of great merit, who
executed several works of the kind, for the Queen, Lord Burghley,
and others. There is no record to inform us how this ring returned
into the possession of the Devereux family. But it seems more than
likely that Lady Nottingham, or her husband, may have bequeathed
or restored it to the rightful owners. It descended to the present
possessor in unbroken succession from the Duchess of Somerset,
Frances Devereux, Essex’s daughter, who was grandmother to the
first Lady Weymouth.
 No. 79.

SIR HENRY SIDNEY.

Full length. Black dress. White ruff. High hat on table.

E was the son of Sir William Sidney, Chamberlain to

Henry VIII., and was born at Penshurst, a royal grant
from Edward VI. to the family.
Henry became the bosom friend of the young King,
who knighted him, and sent him as Ambassador to France when only
twenty-one. Sir Henry was much admired and esteemed at the
Courts of France and England. His friend, King Edward, expired in his
arms. He also found favour in the eyes of Queen Mary, after whose
husband he named his son Philip. She made him Vice-Treasurer and
general governor of the royal revenues in Ireland, also Lord Deputy
of that country, where his administration was more than commonly
popular, considering the state of the times. In the reign of Elizabeth
he was appointed Lord President of Wales, and he placed his son
Philip at school at Shrewsbury, so as to be near him. The boy was
delicate in health, and extant letters prove his father’s tender
solicitude for the bodily and mental education of his first-born. Sir
Henry Sidney married Lady Mary Dudley, the daughter of the Duke
of Northumberland—a woman of ‘rare merit.’ Later on in years, when
leading ‘a quiet and contented life at home,’ a proposal was made to
him to resume the government of Ireland, on which subject he
consulted his son Philip: would he accompany him with the hope of
succeeding to the post when he should vacate it? etc. etc., but he
made so many stipulations and conditions to the Queen, dependent
on his acceptance, that the matter fell through, probably from the
fact of Elizabeth declining to be dictated to, though here we speak
without book. Sir Henry Sidney shone in domestic as in public life,
and his wife was worthy of her husband. They both died in 1586,
within a few months of each other, Sir Henry being buried at
Penshurst, though his heart was lodged at Ludlow.
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