UNIT FOUR

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO COLONIALISM AND THE STRAGEL AGAIN

COLONIAL RULE

4.1 Africans peoples’ Resistances against Colonial Expansion from the 1870s to 1914

The straggle against colonialism had

 began early in the course of European colonial expansion,

 Passed through d/t stages,
 d/t methods in the d/t parts of Africa,

The three phases of Africans‘ resistance were

1. early African resistance phase

 before the outbreak of the first world war (around 1870s-1914)
 no more success
2. inter- war period
 b/n the two world war (1914-1918)
 no success or little success.
3. Post second world war
 after second world war( after 1918 to their independence)
 b/c of more coordination, d/t organized liberation movement, parties,
PanAfricanism, national independent movement etc were established against
colonizers.

Early African Resistance Phase

Samori Touré of Mandinka

 was one of the leader in west Africa.

 had a vision of unity for the Malinké people, and thus started
Organizing his empire by using Jihads.
 He emerged as a leader in 1870s in present day Guinea.
 His army was powerful, disciplined, professional, and trained in modern day warfare.

He was known as “the Napoleon of west Africa” b/c of

 his admirable military skill and

 his leadership qualities

From 1882 to 1885, Samori fought the French and had sign infamous treaties in 1886 and then
1887. He acquired weapon through;
  his trade with coastal town to get European guns.
 Mandinka metal workers manufactured rifles and muskets for him.

Samoris‘ territories gradually conquered by France b/n 1891 and 1894 and He defeated the force
of France several times. Finally he was captured on September 29, 1898, and he was exiled to
Gabon where he died two years later on June 2, 1900 at 70years old.

The Ashanti Empire/ Asante’s kingdom

 emerged as a nation in late of 17th c around the present day Ghana, wet Africa.
 able to build a large and strong empire in the 19th c.

The empire of Ashanti governed by king used the title Asantehene.

Between 1823 and 1873, the Ashanti Empires‘ well organized army resisted British
encroachment on around strip land of Ghana. By 1874, however, British forces successfully
invaded hinterlands, briefly captured Kumasi and British named ‗British Gold coast colony‘.

To control all empire British took military campaign twice;

o the first campaign in the 1896 occupied the empire

o the second campaign in 1900 the resistance completely crushed by British after bitter
wars and Gold coast (Ghana) fail under the British rule.

The Urabi pashas Rebellion in Egypt (1881-1882)

 Following the opening of Suez Canal British determined to get safe passage for her ships
sailing to and from India.
 Egyptians finances came under the control of British and France to collect loan that they
gave for Egypt. As a result the
 Egyptian government faced finances constraints.
 To solve the problem the gov‘t took d/t measurement to save expenditure by cuts in
pay of officers of Egyptians army.

Urabi pasha was colonel in Egyptian army and revolt against;

 British and France imperialists dominations,

 puppet Egyptian rulers

He had slogan of ―Egypt for the Egyptians‖. He carried out a strong war of resistance against the
imperialists. But in 1881 the army of Urabi pasha defeated by force of British at the battle of Tel
El-kabir. The British was defeated and captured him on September 13, 1882. Britain dominated
Egypt from 1882 to 1952. As a result French felt cheated.
 Mahdists movement in the Sudan 

Egyptians was defeated the Funj kingdom of Sudan since 1820 and established their govt. After
the removal in 1877 of Ismail, who had appointed him to the post, Charles George Gordon
resigned as governor general of Sudan in 1880.

Mahdists movement was founded by Mahdi, was Mohammed Ahmed Ibn Abdullah (1881-
1885). Mahdi means the one that shows the correct way of practicing Islam. Mahdists movement
began as

 a religious revivalist and

 anti-colonial resistance movement against Egyptian in 1881. The Mahdists had
defeated the force of Gordon who had been assigned as a colonial governor in the Sudan.
Gordon was killed and beheaded. And some Egyptian army in the east was trapped. As a
result Hewett Treaty signed in 1884 with emperor Yohannis IV.

The Anglo-Egyptian led by General Kitchener defeated the Mahdists force under General
Khalifa Abdullahi (successor of Mahdi) at the battle of Omdurman in 1898. Since then Sudan
fell under joint British and Egypt control and established Anglo-Egyptian Condominium rule.

Maji Maji Rebellion (1905-07)

Zanzibar

In 1885 the sultanate of Zanzibar leased the coast to the German East Africa Company for 50
years. Then the German began to set up trading station along the coast

The local people of Zanzibar led by Bushiri Ibn Salim (an Arab sugar planter) resisted right fro
the start. But German used 600 Sudanese mercenaries recruited from Egypt to defeat and later
Bushiri was killed in the battle in 1889. As a result German advanced to interior of Tanganyika.

Tanganyika

It was controlled by German after death of Bushiri, b/c they were political disorganized
community. In February 1885 German declared a protector over Tanganyika mainland. But wide
speared revolts soon broke out in 1905.

 It was reaction to the oppressive colonial policy of the Germans that forced them in to
growing cotton for export. It known as Maji Maji revolt. Maji means water in Swahili
language. They believed that the German bullet could be made ineffective when warrior
sprinkle their bodies with Majic water. So the Maji Maji revolt continued up to 1907 but
suppressed and the German established their harsh colonial rule.
 The First World War

Causes of the First World War

 The Rivalry Among imperialist Powers

 Industrials revolution was the major cause for rivalry on the colonial competition.
 Nationalism created tension between France and Germany. France wanted to avenge its
defeat in Franco-Prussia war 1870-1871 to regain its lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
 Crisis Preceding the War
 The Moroccan crisis of 1905 and 1911
 In 1904. British and France concluded anti-German cordiale in which France got a free
hand in Morocco and England in Egyptian and Sudan. German opposed the agreement
and sided with Morocco against French penetration in to that land. But solved by an
international conference.
 In 1911 again German challenged French claim over Morocco. It solved by agreement
when
o France allowed Germany to control some parts of Congo( former belongs to
France) and
o German gave free hand for France and France established protectorate over
Morocco1912.
 The Balkan crisis
The Bosnia crisis

Although the Congress of Berlin (1878) had given Austria-Hungary the right to occupy and
administer Bosnia-Herzegovina temporarily, the provinces officially remained possession of the
Ottoman Empire. But Austria-Hungary was annexed it in 1908. Serbia opposed this annexation
b/c of they wanted Bosnia to become part of a 'Greater Serbia' as there were a lot
of Slavic people living in Bosnia.

Following this the subject people of Balkan rose up against the religious and nationalist
oppression imposed by Ottoman Turkeys and led to the Balkan war of 1912 1nd 1913. It was
ousted almost from the Balkan Peninsula.

3. Military Alliances
It added the tension on the eve of WWI.
1. Triple Alliance
 Formed in 1882, Germany –Austria / Hungary –Italy.
 Later named as central powers, w/h included Germany –Austria / Hungary –Italy and
 Ottoman Turkey in 1914
 Bulgaria joined in 1915
2. Triple Entente
 First France and England formed the entente cordial in 1904
 It Transfer in to Triple Entente when Russia joined in1907.
Russia, which also feared the growth in the German Army and concerned about the possibility of
Austria-Hungary increasing the size of its empire, joined Britain and France.

And the union of South Africa, Armenia, Belgium, Poland, Serb, and Czechoslovakia
and etc joined in the course of the war.
4. Owing to the mutual suspicions
 Arms Race. Competition in terms of quality and quantity of weapons.
German built her
 industrial and military power in 1871
 Naval power b/n 1898 and 1914.
Mutual suspicions and fear of one another created b/n European nations.
5. Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand of Austro-Hung
The Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand of Austro-Hung the immediate cause war.
While Franz Ferdinand visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, to make an
inspection of the Austro-Hungarian troops there, assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian
nationalists on June 28, 1914. Austro-Hungary;
1. asked for Serbia stop anti-Austrian propaganda
2. investigate the plot in Serbia
but Serbia refused the investigation. Then Austro- Hungary declared war on Serbia

The Course of the War

WWI was fought on different fronts.
West Front
Schlieffen plan
German followed schlieffen plan, to attack France through Belgium with 6 weeks in a ―swinging
Door‖ operation and to turn east against the Russia. But contrary to German expect, Russia made
rapid mobilization and attached Germany. so German was forced to divided its armies in to east
front.
The German army crossed the Belgian border on August 3rd 1914. Britain and France declared
war on Germany on August 4th. The Germans pushed through Belgium and entered France.

The British, French and Belgium armies marched to stop the German advance near Paris. The
Battle of Marne 4th - 10th September stopped the Germans from marching on Paris. Germen
couldn‘t advance b/c of its force divided to the east.
East front
In august 1914 Russia invaded East Germany. German was stopped the Russian force at the
battle of Tannenburge and advanced to Russia territories.

Trench warfare
When both opposing armies came to stalemate they construct trench protected by barbed wire.
This space b/n opposing trench came to be known as ―No man’s land‖. Until 1917 the war in the
west front remains a deadlock. But the allied conquered most of German‘s Africa, Asia, and
pacific colonies in this period.

The balance changed when USA entered. USA entered b/c of

 German sunk many ships harmed American‘s interest.

 In May 1915 over 100 Americans lives were lost when German‘s U-boat sank a
merchant ship called Lusitanian.
 In janaru1917 when German started an all out campaign of sinking ships trading with
entered, USA joined on April 6, 1917.
The allied reinforced by fresh, well trained, well equipped 2 million American men under
Marshal Ferdinand Foch to German in 1918. They were able to drove out German force form
France soil. With the defeat of German other member central power left the group.
For example

 Bulgaria invaded by allied and appealed for peace in oct. 1918

 Turkey controlled by British and signed armistice on Nov. 30 1918.
 Austrian- Hungary surrendered by Italy and signed armistice in Nov. 1918.
The late of 1918 the German high command under general von Hindenburg and Ludendorff sued
for peace and November 11, 1918 Germen ended hostility by accepting armistice.
Consequences of WWI
Social
 almost 10 millions soldiers were killed and ovary 20 million were wounded.
 millions of civilians were died as a result of hostilities, famine and disease.
Economy
a. total cost estimated $300 billion result heavy taxation and lower live standard in Europe
b. distraction of industrial plants, bridges and infrastructure.
Politically
a. the USA and soviet union became the leading world power.
b. the three major European dynasties were dethroned;
1. Hohenzollern of Germany
2. Hapsburg of Austrian-Hungary
3. Romanovs of Russia
c. Formation of new nations. Ottoman Turkish empire disintegrated in to independent
Turkey and Arab
d. Formation of League of Nation in 1919 to solve international problem and advance
world peace.
Series of peace treaty agreement concluded at the end of war. The majors
Versailles treaty
On 28 June 1919 signed at Versailles (near Paris). W. Wilson forwarded 14n points. Among
them the right of self-determination for nation was basic.
German‘s territories of

 Alsace and Lorraine to France

 Rhineland to League of Nation
Colonies

 German east Africa to British

 Rwanda and Burundi –to Belgium
 South-West Africa-to union of Africa of south Africa
 Cameron and Togoland divided b/n British and France.
 Samoan Island- to new Zealand
 Guinea –to Australia
 Marsha Island and pacific island north of equator –to Japan.
Disarmament

 German army limited to 100,000

 Rhineland delimitated ,
 Fabrication of submarines, military aircraft, and war industry prohibited.
Reparation of war

 German accepted sole responsibility for causing the war and agreed to pay reparation for all
damage.
 Unfair treaty of Brest-Litovsk which German signed with Russia in 1918 was cancelled and
German was obligated to withdraw from Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.
 German accepted the covenant (charter ) of league of Nation
 Also treaty with Austro-Hungary in which Austria and Hungary separated
 WWI had significant impact on anti-colonial straggle in African b/c of many Africans
were participating on the war in Europe.

Russian revolution
Since 1613 members of the Romanov dynasty had been ruling Russia as absolute monarch
headed by Czar (Emperor). Because of this
 Peasants
 did not own land until 1861.
 had been living as serfs.
But it improved in 1861aftre Alexander II, by his edict of emancipation; to freed
all serfs and some peasants to owned land in Russia.
However their life was not improved b/c of high taxation, primitive agriculture‘s method,
shortage of land, oppressed etc. so they can join any revolutionary group.

 In1900 there were only few industries. Workers were living around Moscow and Petrograd
had leaded their life under difficult working condition.
 Some discontented also from different sectors in Russia. For instant;
 military had no peace because
 political organization were formed ,
 in 1898 the radical Marxist groups formed the Russia social democratic labor
party (RSDLP). They propagate their program by news paper called Iskra (the
spark).
 In 1903 the RSDLP spilt in to two
Bolsheviks = majorities Mensheviks = minorities
-Want to have a party with -Want to included all who supporters of
small number of selected and Marxist ideas.
dedicated members only
-More radical than Mensheviks. -Mensheviks were reformist.
The first Russian revolution (1905)
Why the 1905 revolution broke out
 Russo-Japanese war of1904-05, fought for control of a place called Manchuria. The Russian
army was destroyed, humiliated and Russia lost lots of land. The war made conditions worse
in Russia. It disrupted food supplies which caused prices to rise.
 On Sunday21 January 1905, peaceful demonstration of led by preast Father Gapon led a
crowd of 200,000 workers through the streets of St Petersburg to the Tsar‘s Winter Palace.
They intended to deliver a petition listing their grievances .The Tsar was not in his palace.
The troops panicked and opened fire on the crowd Close to 1000 people died. This day
known as Bloody Sunday
The violation continued from 1905 -07 discount people that are determined to bring about
change. As a result of this popular pressure, Nicholas agree to have a Duma (parliament)
established. Election to Duma allowed freely, but later only from land lords and rich.
Nicholas put down all opposition and restricted the power of the Duma.
After long period the power of Nicholas II, partially left in the hand his wife, Czarina
Alexandra, the Germany. She was advised by holy man called Rasputin (1872-1916) was
important including on appointing and dismissal of officials. This resulted
 for incompetent and corrupter ministers.
 Rasputin was unpopular and killed in December 1916.
The road of the 1917 revolution
The March Revolution (2nd revolution)
Cause;
 WWI, the Russia lost battle after on ongoing WWI.
 Shortage of food and inflation, worker strike and riots became common.
 Soldiers, joined to people in Petrograd, b/c of continue war.
On 3rd march 1917 czar Nicholas II was deposed to give up his throne, Romanov dynasty
came to an end.
Influential members of the Duma organized a provisional government. But it was failed to meet
the demand of people b/c it was unable to solve the problem of people like;
 shortage of food,
 bring the war to an end.
 to answer the questions of peasants, so lost popular support.
In mean time soldiers, workers and peasants in Petrograd came together formed Soviet (council
or co-coordinating bodies). Bolsheviks under Lenin, who returned from exile, demand change.
The Bolsheviks had popular slogan of the day;
1. “All power to the soviet ”
2. “Peace, land and Bread!”
Within this slogan and their organizing skills, the Bolsheviks won popular support. In September
1917 a military take-over was attempted by General Kornilov, the commander-in –chief of the
Russian Army.
The October 1917 Revolution
 Bolsheviks of the Petrograd soviets led a popular insurrection beginning from 25 October,
1917. The headquarters of provisional government fell under Bolsheviks within ten days.
 Bolshevik seized the power, led by Premier Lenin and war minister Leo Trotsky.
Bolsheviks took the following measurements;

Bolsheviks took the following measurements;

 Organized the workers to takeover factories and nationalized industry.
 8hours work time per day
 By decree passed on land in October 1917,
o peasants seized Nobel‘s land
o landlord land given for peasants, solve age old agrarian problem.
 Decree on peace (oct.1917) relieved soldier from the war that they were not willing to
fight.
Russia was formal withdrew from the WWI, after signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
Germany in 1918.

By its all measurement Bolsheviks tried to meet the demands of people for ―peace, Land and
Bread”.
Ex-czarist officer‘s organized military operation (whites Armies) against the revolutionary
government (Red Armies). Civil war was broke out until 1922 and revolutionary gov‘t crush it.
Bolsheviks introduced the New economic policy (NEP) in 1921
 restored smaller enterprises to their owners,
 Peasants would pay a small fixed amount of grain in tax each year and
 surplus grain could be sold
 Small factories were allowed to make a profit
 traders could make and sell goods at a profit and revived commerce.
Bolshevik party was renamed Communist Party as the Union of Soviet socialist Republic
(USSR) in July 1918. A secret police called cheka was organized.
From 1922 Lenin‘s health began to fail. In 1924 Lenin was died and Joseph Stalin comes to
power after duel Leo Trotsky with. In 1929 Leo Trotsky was exiled and assassinated in Mexico
in 1940.
Five Year economic Plans

Stalin‘s The Five Year Plans were a series of nationalized plans for the economic
development of the Soviet Union. One of Stalin‘s main goals was to increase the output
of industrial goods, and he placed emphasis on electrical power, capital goods (ex. coal,
iron, and machinery), and agriculture. Stalin wanted to make the Soviet Union‘s
economically self-sufficient.

First five year economic Plan (1928-1933)

 all foreign influence in Russian industries abolished

 rapid industrialization and initiated the collectivization of agriculture
 but collectivization of agriculture faced serious challenge from rich farmers (kulaks) in
1934.

Second five year economic Plan (1933-1937)

 to expanded previous plan and placed an emphasis on heavy industry.

 It failed to reach the level of success of the previous plan.

Third five year economic Plan (1938-1941)

 lasted for only three years, as it was interrupted by Germany‘s declaration of war on the
Soviet Union during World War II.

Five Year Plans continued after WWII, in an attempt keep his promise in 1945 to make the
Soviet Union the leading industrial power by 1960.

These economic plan;

 helped transform the Soviet Union from an untrained society of peasants to an advanced
industrial economy.
 made the Soviet Union the leading industrial, changed the balance of powers
 enables to gain victory over Nazi Germany in WWII.

The Russian revolution became an inspiration of;

 against colonial powers of Africa and Asia

 USSR support nation libration in Africa.

Anti-colonial straggle between the World wars

Emerge of new form of straggle like;

 Self-help or warfare associations
  Political parties

Among the African resistance were;

A. Young kikuyu Association in Kenya
 was formed in Kenya on 10 June 1921,as a break away organization from the Kikuyu
Association (KA).
 In July 1921 it was renamed the East Africa Association (EAA).
 Formed by Harry Thuku, telephone worker.
The main causes for the formation of KA were
1. White settlement and farming on Kenya highland after displacement the Kenya
farmers.
2. Africans employed on this farmland s suffered from British exploitations.
3. In 1921 the white farmers cut dawn the amount of payment for African workers by
1/3rd.
 So, organized for
 Protect right of African and Straggle against British exploitations,
 The major was to return of land expropriated by white settlers.
 But British suppressed the association and imprison Harry Thuku .

B. Bataka Association
o ‗Bataka‘ was drew from the ancient history of the people of Buganda, the title head
(ruler) of clan used before Buganda k/dom ruled by kabakas.
o Europeans missionaries were successful on converting court officials (kabakas=king), but
faced great opposition from people in 1882. It was direct against;
1. Kabakas
2. Missionaries
o In 1900 British and Uganda chiefs (kabakas) were made agreement, and established
representative of people in colonial assembly known as Lukiko.
o A group of young and educated opposed the
 Lukiko
 The government of protectorate of Uganda(kabaka)
Bataka association was the party of common people most prominent special in 1947-8.

The emergence of political parties and straggle against colonial powers

Anti-colonial Africa began to be led by political parties.
In south Africa capitalist economic sector developed earlier than in the rest of Africa.
 African National congress(ANC)
 It was significant concessions from big business owners.
 Straggle for both democratic right and independent from colonial rule
 Influence the migrant workers from d/t African countries.
 National congress of British West Africa (NCBWA)
 founded by a Gold coast Lawyer J.E casely Hayford
 it movement which spread to Nigeria in 1920.
 Wafd party of Egypt
 The word wofd means delegation (in Arabic, wafd ).
  In 1919 the wafdist party led by Saʿd Zaghlul pasha led a delegation to the
Versailles peace conference and demanded Egyptian independent.
 British was deported Saʿd Zaghlul to Malta but British recognized their
independent in 1922. But it troops did not evacuated from Egypt. Until 1956.
 Neo Datsur party
 was successor of Datsur party (means party of constitution),
 It founded 1934 under leadership of Habib Bourguiba( the 1st president of Tunisia
in 1956)
 Its major goal was winning the independence of Tunisia from France colonies.
 Riff communities of Morocco
 against French and Spanish colonial rule.
 It exceptional b/c of it was the armed straggle carried out without political party.
 Led by Abd el kerim in 1920s.
 But crushed by the combination of France and span force.

UNIT FIVE
ITALO-ETHIOPIAN WAR (1935-41) AND AFTERMATH
5.1 Italo- Ethiopia Relation 1906-35
 After the battle of Adwa, Italy signed A.A treaty of 1896 and Italy gov‘t adopted a policy of
―friendly‖ relationship with Ethiopia. But her colonial ambitions did not totally die out.
 Behind the official harmonious Italo- Ethiopia relation, there were signs of revival of Italian
colonial interest on Ethiopia. They are
1. In 1906 Tripartite treat, Italy planned to build rail way to connect her colonies Eritrea and
Somali land.
2. In 1915 ital entered WWI on side of Allied and make clear intension to take territories
3. In 1922 when came to power, fascist leader Bento Mussolini plan to expanded territories
and to revenge Adwa, Ethiopia b/c of
 to get mass support from people of Italy by restoring the glory of Rome,
 to divert the attention of people b/c of great financial difficulty after WWI.
4. In 1925 Anglo- Italian Agreement, Italy was supports British plan of building a Dam on
Lake Tana.
To hide her colonial designs, Italy‘s friendly r/sh supported by
5. In 1923 Italy gave diplomatic support to Ethiopian‘s membership of league of nation.
6. In 1924 Ras Tafari‘s European tours including official visiting to Italy and got warm
welcome from Italy. Why?
7. In august 1928 signed a treaty of peace and friendship was signed b/n Ethiopia and Italy.
 To change her plan to reality Italy used her two colonies of Eretria and Somali land as base
for
 military preparation and
 subversive activities
 Italy used internal division in Ethiopia on the cases of;
1. Class ,religious, ethnics, and dynasties conflict
2. d/t groups opposing Hail Sellassie ruling system.
The walwal incident and the reaction of league of Nation
 Walwal is a place located in Ethiopia territories of Ogden.
 But in 1930 s Italy had established illegal control over it.
  On 5 December 1934 Italian military opened fire on an Anglo-Ethiopian bounder
commission passing around the water well of Walwal with 600 Ethiopian‘s troops. It is
known as walwal incident. So
 Italian lost 30 militaries,
 Ethiopia lost 3folds
However Italy demanded
1. Ethiopia should apologize
2. Reparations
But Ethiopia took the matter to league of nation seeking arbitration and justice.
Why LN failed to give justice solution? Because of
1. League of nation dominated by imperialist powers (British France, Italy etc) and delayed
the agenda.
2. they themselves were encourage colonialism
3. British and France were trying their best not to disappointment Italy for fearing that Italy
might get an alliance with Germany.
After long delayed, LN imposed economic sanction on both.
LN was unable to take military action against aggressor b/c

4. it had no its own militaries.

5. LN had no its own finances.
So Italy invaded Ethiopia by using the
 Support of British and France.
 Weakness of LN
Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935-36
Italy invaded Ethiopia through two directions (fronts)
1. North –from her colony Eretria, her military bases
 On 3 October 1935 Italy crossed Merb river
 her military operation was led by marshal Emilio De Bono, soon replaced by Pietro
Badoglio.
 her troops were ruthless and rapidly into Tigray
 Used 300 airplanes and poison gas that violet the international law.
On the side of Ethiopia there was massive response to mobilization order to the state but
counteroffensive came to very late. B/c of
1. Ethiopia trusts the League of nation and international community to hope for justice.
2. Ethiopians wanted to stretch-out Italian line of supplies by allowing them to proceed deep
in to the interior.
Southern – from her colony and her military bases of Somaliland

 Led under commander of General Rudolfo Grazzian.

 Used 100 airplanes and poison gas.
In the north Ethiopian army were under the overall command of Ras Kassa Hailu fought in three
directions;
1. Under mister of war Ras Mulgeta Yigazu on the east direction.
He was defeated at the battle of Amba Aradom and Endarta by force of Badoglio in
1936.
2. In the center the force of Ras Kassa Hailu and Ras Seyum Mengesha.
 February 27, to 29, 1936 both defeated at Tembien.
3. Under Ras Emiru Hail Sellassie commanded force of Gojjam and Begemidir in the west.
His force attacked by poison gas and defeated at the battle of Shire.
There was minor victor only at the battle of shire in the west front. But almost all fronts were
defeated by Italians.
Emperor Haile Sellassie took command of Ethiopia by taking the trained army, the imperil
bodyguard and gathering the troops of North and fought at Maichew on 31 March, 1936.
Although Ethiopians were fought hardly and bravely they were defeated and humiliated by
Italian force.
Emperor arrived in Addis Ababa on April 301936.
 The council of ministers under emperor chairmanship decided to continue diplomatic
camping at LN.
 On 2may, 1936 Emperor Haile Sellassie, royal families and some notable official left AA
for Europe via Djibouti.
 On 5 may 1936 AA under the control of Italian army led by Marsha Badoglio before
Grazzian entered Harar.
In Southern
The Ethiopian force under command of
 Dej. Nassibu Zeamanual governor of Harar and defeated on May 8th 1936.
 Dej. Desta Damtew governor of Sidamo and defeated at sidamo.
 Dej. Balcha safo
 Dej. Mekonnen Endalkachew
The force of Ethiopia through south
 effective and united leadership than the north
 fought with determination but could not stopped Italian advance
General Ethiopian defeated by Italy in all direction. Why?
Some factors were
1. Italy‘s military superiority, latest technology, and experienced commanders.
2. Italy‘s quantity and quality of its arms, ammunitions, excellent logistic
3. The neighboring European colonial powers blocked the import of arms to Ethiopia.
4. Lack of proper co-ordination.
5. Internally autocratic state had antagonized some regional rulers by its policy of
centralization.
5.3. Fascist rule and patriotic resistance 1936-41
Italian control over AA on 5may 1936 marked the beginning of fascist occupation of Ethiopia.
On may 9 1936 Italian declared the establishment of Italia east Africa (Africa Orientale Italian
AOI) by merge the three territories
1. Eretria
2. Ethiopia
3. Somaliland
The three fascist governor administered the IEA within five years were

1. Badoglio up to may 1936

2. Grazzian from may 1936
3. Amadeo Umberto D‘Aosta
Italy pursued a policy of divided and rule IEA Empire had 6 administrative divisions, named

1. Eretria and Tigrai with it administrative city of Asmara.

2. Amhara with it administrative city of Gondar.
3. Shoa with it administrative city of Addis Ababa.
4. Oromo and sidamo with it administrative city of Jimma.
5. Harar and Diredewa with it administrative city of Harar.
6. Ogaden and Somalia with it administrative city of Mogadishu.

Fascist government
 was a military rule, racist, violent and highly centralized
 was highly corruption, most of them inefficient and irresponsible
Italy control was limited to town due to a national-wide patriotic resistance.
Consequence
 causes great human and material destruction on Ethiopia.
 hundreds of thousands of Ethiopia lost their life.
 Young educated were executed, deported to d/t parties of their empire and neighbor
countries.
 many families broken up and children became orphaned.

But
Italy was established
 Few factories like food, textile, cement and construction materials.
 Road constriction by huge money
 d/t companies after expelled other foreign companies,
 expansion of hotel and prostitution
 garages and d/t technical service
 linguistic influence

Italic words meaning

1. Asquala school
2. opedala hospital
3. bandira flage
4. pena Pen
5. makina car
 Unit 6
Post Second Word War Global Development

The formation of the united Nation Organization

 In Augest1942 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt held conference on Atlantic coast of Canada and declared Atlantic Charter. This
charter;
1. expressed their commitment to create an international organization
2. laid the foundation for UNO.
 In January 1942, 26 nations met in Washington and agreed to accept Atlantic Charter.
 In October 1943 in Moscow meting; china, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and united state
set up international organization to replace league of nation.
 In August -September 1944 the representatives met at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington
(near washing ton D.C) to implement Moscow declaration.
 In June 1945, representatives of 51original Member States met in San Francisco to approve
the United Nations Charter.

The United Nations officially came into existence on 25 April 1945, with head quarter at New
York.

The goals of the UN are;

1. to maintain international peace and security;

2. to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal
rights and self-determination of peoples;
3. to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian
problems
4. promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms;
5. take effective cooperation measurement.
The Structure of UN

The Charter establishes six principal organs of the United Nations:

1. the General Assembly
 It is composed of representatives of all member states, each of them has one vote
 electing the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of
others Council.
 approves the UN budget—its most concrete role.
 appoints the secretary-general
 regular session each year
2. the Security Council,
 leading organ of the United Nations.
 It has 15 members:
 - five permanent members (China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and
the United States), has veto power and
- 10 members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. Each member has one
vote.
Responsibility and authority of the Security Council are
 regulate armaments, investigating any dispute or situation that might lead to
international friction,
 recommending methods of adjustment or terms of settlement;
 imposed economic sanctions
 control the election of secretary General
 control admission of new members
3. the Economic and Social Council,
 to coordinate the economic, social and related work of the United Nations
 The 54 members of the Council serve for three-year terms
 coordinating the activities of the specialized agencies through consultations with and
recommendations. FAO, ILO, WHO, UNESCO, UNDP, UNEP, UNFPA, UN-
HABITAT and UNICEF
4. The Secretariat
 is made up of an international staff working at UN Headquarters in New York,
 with a total staff of around 15,000, drawn from some 175 countries
 is headed by the Secretary-General. He is appointed by the General Assembly
 their responsibility are;
o implementing the decision of the assembly and councils,
o bringing issue of major concern to the attention of the general Assembly,
o drew up annual report of the organization,
o coordinate the activities and direct funds for the many specialized agencies,
5. The Secretary-General
 appointed by general assembly on the recommendation of security council.
 Lead for 5yrs
There have been only eight Secretaries-General since the founding of the UN:

1. Trygive Lie (Norway), 1946-1952

2. Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden), 1953-1961
3. U Thant (Burma, now Myanmar), 1961-1971, 2term
4. Kurt Waldheim (Austria), 1972-1981
5. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru), 1982-1991
6. Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt), 1992-1996
7. Kofi Annan (Ghana), 1997-2006, 2term
8. Ban Ki-moon (Republic of Korea), since 2007.

6. the International Court of Justice

 is the UN‘s main judicial organ,
 are 15 judges, each from a different nation, elected by the General Assembly and
Security Council, Hague in the Netherlands.
7. the Trusteeship Council,
  was assigned to supervise the administration of Trust Territories — former colonies
or dependent territories, towards self-government or independence
 in 1994, the Council decided formally to suspend its operation and to meet as and
when occasion might require.
Successes of UN
 Since 1945, the UN has achieved impressive successes. They are
 it stopped the civil war in Greece, and the Korean War (1950-53).
 halted the religion bloodshed b/n India and Pakistan
 Arab-Israel conflict.
 mediate the Suez Canal crisis of 1956 among the British, France, Egypt and Israel.
 adopted the declaration of human right since 1948,
 approved the genocide convention to protect and ethnic group from extinctions.
Limitations of UN
 Veto power enjoyed by some members affects the UN
 Unable to established a permanent international armed force
 Political groups (America bloc, soviet bloc and Afro-Asia bloc) were formed.

6.2 The Emergence of Rival Super power and the Cold war
The beginning of the Cold War
o the term ‗Cold War‘ refers to the period of struggle and conflict between the USA
and USSR with their allies
o from mid 1840s until the end of 1980s.
o in the form of an armed race and propaganda campaign each other rather than open
military clashes or wars.
The basic causes were
1. Political conflict, while USA followed capitalist political system, USSR followed
communism (socialism).
2. Economic conflict, while USA followed capitalist economic system, USSR followed
communism (socialism).
Both began to expand their idea over the over.
 Russia established her satellites during the cold war.
- Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Poland and East Germany.
- In china, a communist party took power in 1949.
- Communist in Midlist east, Latin America, southeast Asia and Africa
- Yugoslavia under marshal Tito, broke away from these assemblage of satellite states
The western reaction
- Was the straggle of USA against the expansion of soviet bloc, took three forms.
1. Containment
In 1947 the American president Henry Truman called an end of communist expansion.
 Truman doctrine
 made ready Military and Financial aids to any nation under the influence
(pressure) of communist. It was practically implemented in Greece, Turkey,
Korea and indo-china.
 USA established the series of defensive military alliance designed to contain community
expansion.
1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)
- Was formed on April 4, 1949, with the initiatives of USA.
- Its head quarter was Paris than Brussels.
- It members were Belgium, Canada Denmark, France Iceland, Italy Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, united kingdom, USA, Greece, Turkey, west Germany, etc.
2. South East Treat Organization ( SETO)
- Included New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, France, England, and
USA.
3. The middle east treaty organization(METO)
- was organized by British and financed by USA.
- It included Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and England.
2. Strengthening the European‘s economic defence
On 5 June 1947, George C. Marshal US secretary of state, announced Marshal Plan.
USA provided assistance (loan) for Europeans.
 Marshal plan b/n 1948-52 launched a program of rebuilding European economy.
To get aid they the organization for European economic cooperation (OEEC). In 1948 5.3
billion dollars, in 1952 13 billion dollars was donated by USA.
3. Strengthening the Non-European‘s economic defence
- Under Truman doctrine of Four points
 Technical assistance to improve the natural resource and agriculture.
 Billion of dollar and pounds donated for southeast Asian and Africa through
American export-import bank and development bank.

The Chinese Revolution

 Geographically, China is one of the largest countries in the world. Several dynasties in
succession had ruled over china before 1644.
 Between 1644 and 1911 the Manchu, (Ching) Dynasty consolidated its feudal rule.
There were the gradual development of trade, crafts and capitalist from Chinese
commodities. Under the despotic rule of the Manchu rulers, china gradually became weak.
 The European nations used force to impose their will upon china; Manchu government could
not define the interest of china which came under foreign domination.
 In the 19th and early 20th centuries, they wanted to change the exploitative feudal economic
system in both the economic and political systems of their country.

The emerging new forces sought to bring about democratic reforms.

 The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist party, was founded by, Dr. Sun yat-sen the party
gained supporters. on his death in 1925, sun yat-sen was succeeded by chiang kai-shek
o In 1911-12 the nationalists set out a Revolution, put an end to the Manchu
rule and established a republican government.
o The 1911 revolution was an anti-imperialist revolution, but the new
republican government soon faced opposition from Chinese warlords.
 The Chinese communist party (CCP) was formed in 1921. Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) had
already assumed the leadership of the communist party.
The Kuomintang and the Chinese communist became the major forces on the Chinese
political scene in the 1920s and 1930s

While Japan wanted to establish her colonial control over china, the two forces made alliance in
their struggle against warlords and common enemies, but this alliance was a short-lived.

In 1927 Chiang Kai-shek attacked communists and the alliance came to an end. By 1928, the
power of the war lords had already been destroyed Chiang Kai-Shek proclaimed himself the sole
ruler of China.

Mao Tse-tung and his followers moved to a newly established communist base in the Kiangsi
region. Chiang Kai-shek was determined to destroy this communist base.

In 1931 Japan invaded and controls Chinese industrialized (Manchuria), but Chiang Kai-shek
preferred to try to destroy the communists. His army encircled the communist base of Kiangsi.

To escape from this encirclement, Mao and his communist followers set out on an epic retreat
known as the long march in October 1934.

o The March took more than a year and

o covered a distance of over 9000 kilometers.
o The Red Army of the communist party lost over three-quarters of its active force
originally estimated about 100,000.
o With the remaining survivors, Mao set up the Yenan Soviet in north-western china. At the
end of the long March Mao became the undisputed and sole leader of the Chinese
communists.
o The Chinese communist secured crucial peasants support and backings as the result of the
land reform adopted in communist held territories.
In1937, Japan made an all out invasion of Chinese territories. Then, began the Sino-Japanese
War (1937-45) both nationalism and communist forces attempted to resist Japanese invasion on
their own, as they could not trust each.

Between 1945 and 1949 a bloody civil war was fought between the Kuomintang and the
Communist Red Army. In 1949 Chiang Kai-shek‘s army was defeated. He was forced to leave
mainland china and fled to Taiwan (Formosa) where he established a nationalist government
with the support of U.S.A.

 Mao declared in Beijing the establishment of the people Republic of China on 1 October,
1949. The revolutionary communist government soon started introducing various reforms.
1. Agrarian reforms were carried out land was distributed to the peasantry.
2. Industry and business enterprises (commune) were put under state control.
3. Campaigns we remand against old practices of corruption.
4. The First Five Year plan (1953-1957) was introduced.
5. Agricultural producers‘‘ cooperatives (commune) were established.
The Chinese communist revolution was a rural revolution to engulf the cities only
later in its course.
6. Mao creatively applied Marxist-Leninist theory to the Chinese situation.

The Great proletarian Cultural Revolution began in china in 1966.This campaign intended

 to fight against reactionary ideas,

 to transform china' culture
 to fight against corrupt party and state authorities.
 It was attempted to avoid Mao‘s opponent and to struggle again, ―revisionists‖.
Revisionism was meant going back to capitalist trends.
 The Cultural Revolution did not completely achieve its objectives.
 China and Soviet Russia compete for the leadership of the communist world. as the result
Relations between U.S.S.R and china was embittered. However, communist china gradually
emerged as a world power. It replaced Taiwan as a permanent member of the security council
of the UN in 1971.
 China became a strong ally to Asian countries fighting against imperialism. The Chinese had
also set the example for those fighting for their freedom and independence in the region.

The Korean War

Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 and continued under Japanese rule since then.

 November 1943 Allies officials met in Cairo in, to discuss the fate of Japanese
colonies like Manchuria, Korea etc. The partisans were;
1. president Roosevelt of America,
2. Winston Churchill of England and
 3. the Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek.

They agreed on

o the restoration of that had been the territories taken from china by Japan, to the
Chinese Republic.
o Korea was to become a free and independent state.

After the surrender of Japan in August 1945 Korea was occupied by

 Russian facilitated the troops (in the north) and US troops (in the south).
 The 38th parallel was made a dividing line between the forces of the two powers. In
1948,
 Russia facilitated the establishment of the communist Korean peoples
Republic in her zone of occupation.
 The Americans then set up the Republic of Korea in the south.

After the Russia and the USA withdrew their forces helped the formation of series of border
clashes followed. In 1948, the UN tried to organize national elections for the entire country. But
the Russians refused to cooperate. In June 1950 North Koran troops crossed the 38th parallel and
invaded South Korea.

The USA persuaded the Security Council to condemn the North Korean aggression. UN force
was mainly American but armies from 15 nations including Ethiopia also took part in the
fighting. At the beginning the UN force was defeated but late the UN forces drove the North
Korean force back across 38th parallel. Following this UN forces advanced closer to Chinese
border. China warned that it would join the war.

On 27 July 1953 an armistice was signed by which the 38th parallel remained a dividing line.
Finally, the demilitarized zone separated the two halves of Korea.

The Korean War seriously affected

 the relationship between the USA and the nations of the far East.
 The cold war thus spread into Asia.
 To check the expansion of communism into the Far East, The South East Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO) was set up in 1954.

The Vietnam War

Indo-China was under the French, colonial rule sine 1880s until the outbreak of WWII. French
ruled Indo-China was made up of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

After the end of WWII, France wanted to regain her ex-colonies of Indo-China. But the people of
Vietnam determined to fight for their freedom against the colonizers.
A Vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi Minh peasant based resistance movement in 1941.

o Ho Chi Minh declared the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the 17th
parallel or 17 North Latitude.
o This state was recognized by the U.S.S.R and the People‘s Republic of China in 1950.
o The Vietnamese fought against the French colonizers form 1946-1954, finally the French
were defeated at the battle of Dine Bien Phu in 1954.
o The Geneva Agreement was signed in the same year and ended French involvement in
Indo-China. It was also agreed to divide Vietnam temporarily, on condition for later
reunification. The reunification did not take place and Vietnam remind divided into a
communist North Vietnam and a capitalist south Vietnam (until its reunification in 1976)
This opened the door for American intervention in Vietnam, in support of south Vietnam.

In 1955 a capitalist republic was set up in South Vietnam with Nag Dinah Diem as president.
The opposing communist force formed the National Liberation front (NLF) in 1960 the NLF
aimed at the unification of Vietnam, and the evacuation of foreign troops. Their struggle was
supported by North Vietnam the military wing of the NLF was called Viet Cong.

Ngo Dinah Diem was killed in 1963 the U.S fought on the side of the South Vietnamese
government were deeply involved in the war. They raised a large army for the war in Vietnam.
from 1964 on it started bombing North Vietnam territories.

 Under president Johnson USA intensified the bombing and greatly increased the number
of ground troops in 1965 With U.S support, Nguyen Van Thief came to power in South
Vietnam.

The United States used its vast military resources for indiscriminate bombing of North
Vietnamese towns; all these had U.S.A introduced policy of vietnamization. This was a plan
intended to enable the South Vietnamese to defend their state without much external help.
American troops were reduced by half following intensified Vietnamese attacks and mounting
public pressure in the U.S.A However, Nixon continued the bombing of North Vietnam. Ho Chi
Minh died in 1969 but the Vietnamese continued their struggle. The Viet congs used Cambodia
as there base for their guerrilla warfare.

Finally, the Vietnam War came to a close in 1974. The Vietnamese emerged victorious. The two
Vietnams were united under a communist state in 1976.

The Arab- Israeli Wars

 Palestine had been part of the Ottoman Empire up to the end of World War I. Following the
victory of the Entente powers, Countries of the Middle East were divided up between Britain
and France as mandate territories. Accordingly
- Syria and Lebanon were given to France while
 - Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq and others were became the British mandate territories.
 After World War I Jews immigrate in large numbers from different parts of the world to
Palestine.
 In 1917 the British had issued what was called the Balfour Declaration.
This declaration paved the way for the establishment of a national homeland for the Jews in
Palestine. But back in 1915, the British had support in the war against for the Arabs. They
had done that in order to get Arab support in the war against ottoman Turkey. The Arabs
protested against the increasing Jewish immigration in the 1920s and1930s
Zionism provided an ideology and leadership for the international Jewish movement aimed
at establishing a Jewish state in Palestine.
 The first Zionist Congress was organized in 1897, in Switzerland
 by a Jewish leader named Theodore Herzl.
Zionism became a political Movement as a result of the growth of Jewish
nationalist feelings and as a reaction to anti-Semitism in Europe.

At the end of world war II. The British government presented the case of Palestine to the United
Nations. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly decided

1. the partition of Palestine into two independent Arab and Jewish states.
2. Jerusalem was recognized as an international city.

This plan did not satisfy both Arabs and Jews. As the British troops were preparing for a final
evacuation from Palestine, fighting between Arabs and Jaws broke out. The state of Israel was
proclaimed on 14 May, 1948 with David Ben Guroin as its first prime Minister. The British
departed from Palestine on 15 May, 1948.

Then Egyptian, Syrian, Iraqi and Trans-Jordanian armies attacked the newly created Jewish
state of Israeli War of 1948-49 began, the first Arab-Israel war.

o The attacking Arab armies were pushed back on all fronts.

o Israel controlled much more territory than what she been given under the UN partition
plan. Among Israel‘s territorial gains were
 half of Jerusalem and
 the northwest coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea. Part of the
territory designated for the Arab state by the plan was taken by Trans-
Jordan,
 Arab refugees from Israeli-Controlled areas fled to neighboring Arab
states and became refugees.

Second 2nd Arab-Israel war

Cause;

 In Egypt king Farouk was overthrown in 1952 by an organization called the society of
officers led by colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser. Egypt was proclaimed aimed a Republic since
then Egypt became center of Arab nationalism. British troops had been allowed to stay in
Egypt ever since Egypt gained its independence from British rule in 1922 in 1956, these
British troops left Egypt. The government of president Gamal Abdel Nasser Nationalized
the Suez Canal.
 Threatened by the closure of the canal Israel attacked Egypt and war started on 29 October
1956 as the war stared Britain and France intervened on the side of Israel. Britain and
France to stop the war and saved Egypt from total defeat. This war is known as the Suez
Canal crisis or the second Arab Israeli War.

The Third Arab- Israeli war or the ―six-Day War‖

 was fought between 5-10 June 1967. Between Israel on one hand and Syria Iraq
and Jordan, Egypt on the other in this war, the U.S.S.R supplied weapons to the
Arabs. The U.S.A Britain and the federal Republic of Germany assisted Israel.
Ultimately Israel emerged victorious. At the end the war, Israel occupied Golan
Heights of Syria, the Sinai and the Gaze strip of Egypt, and the west Bank of
Jordan. In the years ahead these newly occupied territories have been used as
buffer Zones by Israel. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O) was
founded in 1964, and began guerilla warfare against Israel.

The Fourth Arab-Israeli war, also Known as the Yom Kippur war,

- on 6 October, 1973, when Egypt, Syria and other Arab states opened war against Israel.
- took place when leader of Egypt was Anwarae Sadat (since the death of Nasser in 1970).
- The war came to be Yom Kippur war because it started on the Jewish religious celebration
day called Yom Kippur Egyptian troops crossed into the Sinai and scored some initial
success, but were driven back by Israeli forces. Following the Yom Kippur war of 1973,
Palestinians intensified their struggle through the Fedayeen (guerrilla Fighters).
 The PLO and the popular Front for the liberation of Palestine, and
 later the ―Black September‖ Continued series of attacks on Israeli targets.

The underlying reason behind all the above mentioned wars were

1. the Arab-versus – Jewish nationalism.

2. The strategic prostitution of the Middle East makes the issue more complicated.
3. The participation of USA and USSR on middle east for competition on cold war
 In September 1978 a framework for peace in the Middle East was signed at Camp David, in
Washington D.C by
o the USA president Jimmy Carter,
 o Egyptian president Anwar al-Sadat and
o Israeli Prime Minister Menaaihem Begin.
- This agreement known as Camp David Agreement.
- Egypt, alone among all other Arab states, gave recognition to Israeli state. However, he
was soon assassinated by Arab extremists. Recognition to the state of Israel by all Arab
states, and the future of territories occupied by Israel during the Arab- Israeli wars are
issues that have not been resolved yet.

The Non –Aligned Movement

Non Alignment

- is also referred to as neutralism in international relations.

- was the peacetime policy of trying to avoid political or ideological affiliations (blocs)
- this policy had been endorsed by India, Egypt, Indonesia, Yugoslavia and other states of
Africa and Asia during the cold war. the leading personalities of the Non-Aligned
Movement were
 President Joseph Broz Tito of Yugoslavia
 Jawaharlal Nehru of India,
 presidents Sukarno of Indonesia and
 Gamely Abdel Nasser of Egypt

It first conference was

- at Bandung, Indonesia in 1955.

- 29 countries attend this conference

But later above 100 countries joint from d/t corner of world.

The member of state of Non Aligned movement

- feared close relation with one of the two major blocs threatened their sovereignty.
- they assumed that their neutrality enable them to get economic and technical assistance
from both.

They had shared anti-colonialism ideas in common. After 1960s they have come to constitute a
sizable group in the UN.

Though they claimed to be neutralist, in practice they were not always neutral b/c of d/t
difficulty. They were

- difficulty in formulating uniform policy on several issue in international affairs

- b/c they had undeveloped economy , they depend on the developed countries.
Gradually with relaxation of tension b/n the two blocs since the late of 1980s Neutralism has lost
much of it influence.