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 THE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
KILIMANJARO REGIONAL COMMISSIONER’S OFFICE
FORM SIX MOCK EXAMINATION
032/2 CHEMISTRY 2
MARKING GUIDE

Time: 3:00 Hours Thursday, 28 Nov. 2024

Qn 1. a (i) Distribution law; the ratio of the concentration of the solute X distributed between two
immiscible liquids 1 and 2 at constant temperature is constant, if the molecular state of the two is the
same at both solvents. (01 mark)
(ii). Limitations for the distribution law; (3 points)
- Non-miscibility of solvents
- Equilibrium concentration
- Dilute solution
- Constant temperature. (@ 01 mark)
b. (i). This is because the ethoxyethane is immiscible to water hence can form layers. (02 marks)
ii. Consider;
data given;
For 100cm3 volume
Mass of A 5.0g (initially)
volume= 100cm3

Kd =

3= /

Mass of compound A extracted (x) is = 3.75g (03 marks)

For two extraction @ 50cm3
From the general formula

Wr = ( )n x Wo

\where Vb = vol. of aq. Layer =100cm3

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 Va = vol. of org layer =50cm3
Kd = distribution constant = 3
Wo = original wt = 5g

Wr = ( )2 x 5

Wr = 0.8g
Weight extracted (We) = Wo – Wr = (5-0.8)g

Therefore; the amount extracted = 4.2g. (02 marks)

Comment: more solute will be extracted if the solvent is divided into small several portions.
(02 marks)
c. (i) Dilution of water does not have any effect to the buffer solution because pH of the buffer
depends on the ratio of salt acid or salt base and dilution does not affect this ratio. (02 marks)
(ii) Given
[CH3COONa] = 0.5moldm-3
[CH3COOH] = 0.5moldm-3
[NaOH] =?
Volume of solution = 250cm3 = 0.25dm3
Ph = 4
Ka = 1.77 x 10-5
Mass of HCl =?
But

PH = -log(ka) + log (0.5 marks)

4 = -log (1.77 x10-5) + log

4 = 4.75 + log

4-4.75 = log = log-1(-0.75) = = 0.17783= (0.5 marks)

0.0889 + 0.17783x = 0.5 - x, x = 0.349moldm-3 (0.5 marks)

0.339mol 1dm3
x? 0.25dm-3 = 0.0873moldm-3 (0.5 marks)
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 [HCl] in 0.25dm3 = 0.0873moldm3
But Concentration = Molarity x M. mass (HCl)
0.0873moldm-3 x 36.5 gmol-1
= 3.18g/dm3
Therefore, mass of HCl added is 3.18g (01 marks)

iii. Copper sulfide (CuS) is soluble in concentrated acid, it reacts with acid such as
hydrochloric acid to form acidic solution of Hydrogen Sulphide(H 2S) and copper (ii) chloride
(CuCl2) (01 marks)
HCl(aq) + CuS H2S(aq) + CuCl2 (0.5 marks)
Silver chloride (AgCl) is not soluble in acid such hydrochloric acid because it is covered
with thin layer of Silver chloride. (01 marks)
AgCl(aq) + HCl(aq) no reaction (0.5 marks)

2. (a) Non-ideal solution is solution that is made from completely miscible liquids whose
intermolecular forces of attractions are difference from the intermolecular forces of liquid
components. (02 marks)
(b)
(i) The solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law has lower vapour pressure than
that of its pure components because the molecules of the solution has stronger
intermolecular forces compared to the intermolecular forces of its pure solvents.
(01 marks)
(ii) Will exhibit a positive deviation from Raoult’s law because carbon disulphide (CS 2) is a
non-polar and acetone is polar molecule (01 marks)
(iii) Long chain alcohol are immiscible with water because as the number of carbon atoms
increases alcohol become less soluble in water. (01 marks)
(iv) Steam distillation is suitable because it manages to evaporate the organic solvent at the
temperature below 100Oc so as to avoid the decomposition of the organic solvent if it is
boiled to its boiling point (01 marks)
c (i) Characteristics of compound suitable for steam distillation (3 points)
 The compound should be steam volatile and immiscible with water
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 The compound is mixed with water in order to lower the boiling point of the
compound, so that it can be distilled at the temperature below 100oC
 The compound should have higher boiling point than the boiling point of water
 The compound should contain non-volatile impurities (03 marks)

(ii) Data given

P(w) =720mmHg
P(org)= 760-720= 40mmHg (0.5 marks)
Mass(w) = 25.5g
M. mass(w)= 18g/mol
Mass (org)= 7.4g
M. mass(org)= ?

But

= = x (0.5 marks)

= x /

Morg = (01 marks)

= 94gmol-1
Therefore, the molecular mass or organic compound J is 94gmol-1 (01 marks)
(iii) Application of stem distillation
 Steam distillation is used to extract natural products from plant materials
 Steam distillation is used in purification of organic liquids which are thermally
unstable (03 marks)
(d) Given
Let A be CHCl3 and B be CH2Cl2
PoA = 200mmHg mA = 25.5g MrA= 119.5g/mol
PoB = 415mmHg mB = 40g MrB= 85g/mol
From

Ps = PA + PB but PA = PoA x , PB = PoB x (01 marks)

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 nA = = 0.213mol, nB = = 0.471mol (01 marks)

nT = nA+ nB = 0.213mol + 0.471mol = 0.684mol (01 marks)

Ps = (PoA x ) + (PoB x ) = 200mmHg x ) + 415mmHg x ) (01 marks)

Ps = 348mmHg

Therefore, the vapour pressure of solution is 348mmHg (01 marks)

3. a. (i) Given
T = 318
k = 5.1 x 10-4 s-1
From integrated equation of first order

Log ( )= where [Ao] = 0.25M (01 marks)

log = (01 marks)

At = 0,2267M
The concentration of dinitrogen pentoxide after 192sec is 0.2267M (01 marks)
(ii) From

log ( ) =( ) where Ao = 100% , At= 100% - 60% = 38% (01 mark)

log( )=( ) (01 marks)

T = 1897.57sec (01 mark)

(b) (i) Homogeneous catalyst is the catalyst which function in the same phase as the reactant.
(01 marks)

(ii) - )=+ = (01 marks)

(ii) From

In ( ) = ( ) (0.5 marks)

Where k1 = 4.7 x 10-3s-1 T1 = 298K

K2 = ? T2 = 348K

In( ) = ( ) ( 0.5 mark)

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 ( ) = ln-1 (2.122489)

K2 = 3.9 x 10-2
Thus, the rate constant at 73OC is 0.03925 sec-1 (0.5 marks)
The reaction is first order because of the unit of its rate constant (0.5 marks)

(c) (i) The reduction of Ni2+ by Zn is more feasible because Ni2+ can be reduced easily since it
has more positive electrode potential than that of Zn2+ which is negative. (02 marks)
(ii) Zn(s) Zn2+ + 2e- Eo = +0.76V
Ni2+(ag) + 2e- Ni Eo = -0.25V
Zn(s) + Ni2+(ag) Zn2+(ag) + Ni(s) Eo cell = 0.51 (02 marks)
(iii) Emf cell = Eo cathode – Eo anode (0.5 mark)
= E reduced – E oxidized
= 0.25V- -0.76V = 0.51V
Emf of cell = 0.25V (0.5 mark)
Its cell symbols
Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq)// Ni2+(aq)/Ni(s) (01 marks)
(d) Electric conductivity k = 1.22 x 10-4 sm-1
Molar conductivity at infinity dilution = 0.54 x 10-2 +0.652 x 10-2
= 0.01192sm-1mol-1
From

Molar conductivity at infinit dilution = = (01 marks)

0.1192 =

C= = 0.0102349 mol m-3 (01 marks)

Since 1m3 = 103dm3

C = (0.0102349 x103) mol dm-3
The solubility of AgCl is 1.023 x 10-1mol/dm3 (02 marks)

4. (a) Polarizing power is the ability of small cation to distort the valency shell of large anion
While Polarizability is the easiness of large anion to be distorted by small cation. (03 marks)
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 (b) (i) Ca2+ > K+ > Cl- > S2- > P3-
(ii) P3- > S2- > Cl- > K+ > Ca2+
(iii) P3- > S2- > Cl- > K+ > Ca2+
(vi) Ca2+ > K+ > Cl- > S2- > P3-
(v) P3- > S2- > Cl- > K+ > Ca2+ (05 marks)
(c) (i) Aluminium forms an oxide layer which protect the Aluminium containers against the
oxidizing property of nitric acid. (1.5 marks)
(ii) This is due to the large ionic size of K+ compared to Li+ ( 01 marks)
(iii) This is because Al has high nuclear charge leading to more contraction of the
valence shell compared to Na. (01 marks)
(iv) Since sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic compound it dissociate into ions in aqueous
solution, and hence can be electrolyzed while aluminiun chloride (AlCl 3) cannot be
electrolyzed because it is covalent in nature and hence cannot dissociate into ions in
aqueous solution. (1.5 marks)
(v) Due to small size of aluminium ion (Al3+), it has high polarizing power in which it tends
to distort the carbonate ion (CO32- ) by weakening C-O, hence Al2CO3 does not exist.
(1.5 marks)
(vi) Ionic bonding promotes the crystalline structure of PCl5 which exist in solid form as
oppositely charged ions, [PCl4]+ and [PCl6]- (1.5 marks)
(d) (i) Ammonia has the ability of forming Hydrogen bond between Nitrogen and Hydrogen
this account for the high boiling point of ammonia (NH3) compared to Phosphine (PH3)
which can not form hydrogen bond. (02 marks)
(ii) Ammonia has the ability of forming strong hydrogen bond with water that is why it
soluble in water than phosphine which cannot form hydrogen bond with water
molecule. (02 marks)

5. a (i) 4 -methylpropan-2-one
O
CH3-C-CH2-CH-CH3
CH3 (02 marks)

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(ii) Pent-3-en 2-one.
O
CH3-C-CH=CH2-CH3 (02 marks)

(b) (i) Acetone has high boiling point than propanal due to stronger intermolecular forces i.e
dipole-dipole interaction which is stronger than in propanal. Carbonyl group of the acetone
is more polarized as compared to propanal This cause intermolecular force in acetone to be
stronger, hence acetone has high boiling point than propanal (02 marks)
(ii) Ethanol is more reactive than propanone toward nucleophilic addition reaction due to
polar ity of carbonyl group. Propanone has partial positive charge at the end of carbon-
oxygen which is attacked by a nucleophile while the partial negative charge at the end
carbon-oxygen bond attack electrophile, this is why propanone is less reactive than ethanol
toward nucleophilic addition reaction. (02 marks)
(iii) Ethanal can react with solution of silver (1) nitrate in excess ammonia to give silver
atom (silver mirror) while but-2-one cannot. (02 marks)
(c) (i) H is Butanone I is Butanal
O O
CH3CH2-C-CH3 CH3CH2CH2-C- H (02 marks)
(ii) Reaction of compound H with Iodoform
O
CH3CH2-C-CH3 + 3I2 + 4OH- CHI3 + CH3CH2COO- +3I- + 3H2O
(02 marks)
(d) (i) Methanoic acid has larger value of Ka than ethanoic acid because the methyl group(-
CH3) in ethanoic acid destabilizes the carboxylate ion by positive inductive effect. Positive
inductive effect increases the electron density on the carboxylate ion making the hydrogen
atom tightly held, hence ethanoic acid is less acidic than Methanoic acid. (02 marks)

(ii) 4-Hydroxybenzene is less acidic than 4-nitrobenzoic acid because:

4-nitrobenzoic acid contain nitro group which destabilizes the molecule by withdrawing
electron by negative inductive effect, hence the molecule become readily release hydrogen
than 4- hydroxybenzene. (02 marks)
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 (iii) Acrylic acid is more acidic than propionic acid because:
Propionic acid contains methyl group(-CH3) which destabilizes the carboxylate ion by
positive inductive effect making hydrogen tightly held, hence the molecule become
less acidic (02 marks)

6 a. (i) Monomers of proteins;

NH2CH2COOH and NH2CH2COOH (02 marks)
ii. Monomers of nylon;
COOH(CH2)4COOH and NH2(CH2)6NH2 (02 marks)
iii. Monomers of polyesters;
HO-CH2-CH2-OH and COOH- -COOH (02 marks)

b. (i). Addition polymerization; is the type of polymerization where by monomers undergo addition
reaction to give polymer molecule as the only final product e.g polyethene (02 marks)
(ii) Condensation polymers: is a polymers which is formed when more than one molecule combine
together to form large molecule with a loss of simple molecules such as alcohols, water, carbon
dioxide and ammonia e.g nylon 6,6. (02 marks)
(iii). Homopolymers; are the polymers formed by joining two or more monomers of the same kind.
E.g proteins. (02 marks)
(iv). Monomers; are the smallest units which are formed together to form a giant molecules called
polymers. E.g amino acids joining to form proteins. (02 marks)
c. (i). Nylon -------Thermoplastic polymer (01 mark)
(ii). Bakelite-------Thermosetting polymer (01 mark)
(iii). Proteins--------Thermosetting polymers (01 mark)
d. Those which contains carbonyl group are more soluble because they tend to form hydrogen bond
with the functional group of orgnic solvent and hence increases solubility. (03 marks)

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