INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI.

O2
-AREVIEW

um+lPfqqqE

PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
JANPATH, NEW DELHI
2008
 F rorrt

trtr
l'icture-l

Front Cover. l, [Jdayagiri- 2: excavated chaitya-griha and stupa

Back Cover: 2 n 4, Udayagiri-2: Buddha head and images of Buddhist deilies

o
2008
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Price: Rs.600.00

Printed at : M/s VEERENDRA PRINTERS, 2216, Hardhian Singh Road, Karol Bagh, New Ddhi-tlm5,
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 PREFACE
I arn happy to present befbre you this issue of Indian Archaeologlt
2001-02 - A Review.l also take this
opportunity to inforrrr the readers that the 2002-03 issue is already
in the press and the 2003-04issue will
soon tbllow' I thank the State Governments and their respective
Departments of Archaeology and
Museunls, universities, research institutions and museums,
the Birbal Sahni Institute of palaeobotany,
Lucknow, and the different branches and circles of the
Archaeological Survey of India who have
contributed to this issue of the Review.

The rnaterial incorporated in this issue covers a wide range

of subjects. It includes explorations and
excavations, epigraphical and other important discoveries,
palaeobotanical studies and pollen analysis,
architectural survey, structural/chernical conser"'ation, archaeological
gardens, and brief account of the
publications brought out during the period under review.

As the reports on explorations and excavations are a very

important part of the Review,l feel the need to
highlight the explorations and excavations conducted by the
chandigarh circle in the remote areas of
Hinrachal Pradesh such as Lahaul and Spiti, chamba, Kangra
and Kullu during the period under review.
Besides'the excavation at Dholavira further revealed
the remains of a rock-cut reservoir, the western gate
of the castle area, stadiunr and residential structures of
the Harappan period. In orissa, the excavations at
Udayagiri-2, and in Karnataka, the excavations at Rajaghatta
revealed Buddhist establishments. The
report on Udayagiri-2 contains detailed information on
every aspect. other noteworthy excavations
reported upon in this issue are the ones at Pakhanna and
Sravasti in west Bengal and U.p. simultaneously,
and at Hathab and Bagasra in Gujarat.

I regret to say that despite requests rnade by my predecessors in the

earlier issues of the IAR, most
contributors of the Archaeological Survey of India failed
to send their rnaterial before the scheduled
date' Many did not conform to the established format
and style. once again I request all the contributors
to send their material well in time and in the prescribed format. I hope my colleagues in the Survey in
particulaq will bear in mind that timely submission
in the required fbrnrat is as irnportant as quality of
content' ifASI is to clear the backlog of this very important publication.
I arn sure we can achievc this
with the cooperation of our contributors.

Finally, I thank the editorial team comprising rrry colleagues

Dr. B.R. Mani, Director (publication), Dr.
Arundhati Banerji, Superintending Archaeologist (Publication),
and Dr. piyush Bhatt, Assistant
Archaeologist (Publication), who are responsible for compiling,
editing and making the material ready
for printing' I also thank Sh. Hoshiar Singh, Production
officer, Sh. cunjan Kumar Srivastava and Ms.
TajinderKaur,AssistantArchaeologists in the Publication
Section of the Survey tbrthe hard work they
have put into bringing out this issue.

New Delhi
Anshu Vaish
Dated: 22101/2008
Director General
 CONTENTS

L Explorations and Excavations

Andhra Pradesh, 1 ; Arunachal Pradesh, l2; Assam, 14;' Brhar,2.l;

Chhattisgarh,26; Goa, 30; Gujarat, 34;Haryana,57; Himachal Pradesh, 66;
Jammu and Kashmir, 9l ; Karnataka, 9l ; Kerala, 1 04; Madhya Pradesh , 107;
Maharashtra, I l0; orissa, 133; Punjab, 195; Rajasthan, 215; Tamilnadu, 230;
Tripura, 234;lJttar Pradesh, 236; West Bengal,286

II. Epigraphy .... 301

Sanskritic and Dravidic Inscriptions, 301

Andhra Pradesh, 301 ; Haryana, 307 ; Karnataka, 307;
Madhya Pradesh, 309; Orissa,309; Tamil Nadu, 311

Arabic and Persian Inscriptions, 315

Andhra Pradesh, 3 15; Delhi, 3 l6; Gujarat, 316;Maharashtra, 316;
Tamilnadu, 317; Uttar Pradesh, 318; West Bengal, 318

III. Numismatics and Treasure Trove ..'. 321

Andhra Pradesh, 3 2 I ; Madhya Pradesh, 321 ; Maharashtra, 321 ;

Manipur, 321 ; Tamilnadu, 321

IV. Other Important Discoveries .... 3:3

Andhra Pradesh, 323; Assam,326; Gujarat, 328; Jarnmu and Kashmir, 328;
Karnataka, 334; Madhya Pradesh, 335; Maharashtra,33T; Manipur, 337;
Orissa, 338; Rajasthan, 338;Tamilnadu, 338

V. Palaeobotanical and Pollen Analytical Investigations .." 339

Vl. Museums .... 341

VII. Architectural Survey .... 357

Temple Survey, Northern Region, 357;

Building Survey Project (North), 359
Vlll. Preservation of Monuments .... 367

Monuments of National Importan ce, 367

Agra Circle ,367; Aurangabad Circle, 371; Bangalore Circle, 374;
Bhopal Circle, 387; Chandigarh Circle,393; Chennai Circle, 428;
Dharwad Circle, 437, Guwahati Circle, 449,Hyderabad Circle,452;
Jaipur Circle, 464; Kolkata Circle,466; Lucknow Circle, 477;
Mini Circle, Coa,483; Patna Circle,488; Srinagar Circle,490;
Thrissur Circle, 505; Vadodara Circle, 289

IX. Archaeological Chemistry .... 53r

Treatment of Monuments and Paintings, 531

Andhra Pradesh, 53 I ; Assarn, 532; Bihar, 532; Daman, 533 ;
Goa, 535;Gujarat, 535; Haryana, 536; HimachalPradesh, 306;
Karnataka, 537; Kerala,54l; Madhya Pradesh, 541;
Maharashtra,544: Orissa, 547; Punjab, 548; Rajasthan, 548;
Tamilnadu,549; Uttar Pradesh, 553; West Bengal, 355

Treatment of Excavated Objects and Museum Exhibits, 556;

Morritorirrg of Air Pollution, 557; Research and Analysis, 559

X. Archaeological Garderls .... 560

Delhi, 560; Karnataka, 560; Tamilnadu, 561;

Uttar Pradesh,326;

XL Publications .... 563

Publications of the Survey, 563

Other Publications, 563

 EXP L ORAT'I ON S A N D EXC A LVTI ONS

TI{DIANT ARCTIAEOLOGY 2OOI.O2

- A REVIEW

[. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

ANDHRA PRADESH

Janabandhu, T.B. Thapa and Ashok

Gadekar ex_
plored the Boath tehsil of the district
Jhe Prehiston Branch, NagpLrr. ofthe Archaeo_ to assess the
logical Surlc;, of Incliar, uncler the direction archaeological potential. The results
of limited survey
of is very encouraging. The sites discovered
Shivananda \,'. assistecl lry, K.M. Girhe. p.L. are listed as
under:
Site Nature of remains
Garkanpeth Middle Palaeolithic
( l90 35'N; 780 30'E)
GavaliGudem Lower and Middle palaeolithic
( lO" ,n" N: 780 23'E)
Gubha Middle Palaeolithic
( 190 29' N; 78,)30' E)
Narayan Pura
Lower and Middle palaeolithic
(lqo I2'N:78" 22'F.)
Neredikonda
Middle Palaeolithic
( l90 i ti' N; 7fl1' 26' E)
tr/akadi
Middle Palaeolithic
( I90 l4' N; 72" 24' E\
lA--.L^^-r
Arunaer)rogrcar s.n'e\ o| rrrdia is refbrred to in the folrowing pages
as the Survey only.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

2. Erc.+.rrroN AT Dlsrntcr ANANTAPUR hill there are rock-cut caves scooped out ofthe vertical
face ofthe rock and each cave is connected by a
The village Sasenikota in Pargi mandal of
flight ofsteps. In all there are ten caves, roughly square
Anantapur district is located at a distance of 120 km
in plan with pillared porch and windows and each
a
from the District headquarters and 10 km from one has been provided with a moonstone at the
Hindupurtown.
entrance. Hewn out ofkhondalite rock, they range in
of
Excavation at the mound, by the Department size between 4.5 x 4 to 14 x 8 m. On stylistic grounds

Archaeology and Museums, the Government of all these caves are datable to the first-second century
Andhra Pradesh, brought to light brick structures and BC toAD.
early historical material such as pottery beads, bangles, The main objectives ofthe excavation were to
iron objects, coins, terracottas, Satavahana coins etc. unveil the antiquity and chronology ofthe site, and to
The pottery include dull red ware, chocolate ware, establish its relationship with other contemporary Bud-
red ware, glazedred ware and Russet coated painted dhist establishments like Salihundam, Bojiannakonda,
ware. The shapes include pots, bowls, deep bowls, Adumr and Kodavali along the coastal Andhra and
kujas, storage-jars etc. On the basis of the above also to throw light on the contemporary Buddhist
cultural evidence, the site may be dated to post- Sanghas and their sects as well as their influence on
Satavahana period in the time bracket ofthird century the architecture during the early historical times. It is
AD. pertinent to mention here that the site lies on the route

Vlllacn connecting the north and south costal Andhra which

3. ExclvnrroN AT P,qxo,q,vulaKoNDAr
Klp.AvA nA,N{, D lsrRlcr E,qsr Gon,\rAnl forms the hinter land for a number of ancient port
towns like Motupalli, Machlipatnam, Korangi,
The Hyderabad Circle, ofthe Survey, underthe Bhimunipatnam and Kal ingapatnam through which
directions of K. Veerabhadra Rao, assisted by W.V.S. maritime trade fl ourished.
Narasimham, M.Nambirajan, N.C.H. Peddintlu,
To begin with, the scrub jungle overgrown on
T. C. Ratnam, I.V. Madhusudhana Sarma, A. Suresh
hill was cleared
the eastern portion on the top of the
and N. Subbarao, conducted excavation of the
in about 5 acres of area and trenches were laid.
mounds on Pandavulakonda hill situated at Kapavaram
The indications on the surface showed two mounds
village (Lat.170 09' 08" N; Long 810 49' 28" E) in
- one lying at the south-east corner of the hill and
Korukonda mandal of East Godavari district of
another at the centre of the hill on a large but dis-
Andhra Pradesh. The hill Pandavulakonda,
turbed platform. Initially these two mounds have
surrounded by a vast expanse ofrice fields, is situated
been taken up for excavation. At the former mound
about 2 km west ofthe village and lies onthenorthem
eleven quadrants of trenches D3, D4, E3, &84
side of Kapavaram-Sitanagaram metal road. The
and at latter A I / 1, 81 I 1 -2, and Z Al I l -2, and Z Al I
River Godavari flows at a distance of i0 to 12 km
2-3 & ZBll2-3 were taken up for digging
south-west of this place. The hill is covered with scrub
jungle. On the top ofthe hill, there are a few low lying
(fig. l,pl. l).
mounds full ofbrickbats almost occupying the level The mound at the south-east corner was
ground on top ofthe hill. On the southern face ofthe covered with a large number of brickbats over the

2
EXP LO RATI O N S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW'

Plate 1

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Fig.2

EXCAVATI ONS AT PAN DAVU LAKON DA

KAPAVARAM (v) KORUKONDA(M) (@
EAST GODAVART D|STR|CT., A.p. (2001 _ 02)
110123
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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

EXCAVATIONS AT PAN DAVU LAKON DA

KAPAVARAM(v) KORUKONDA(M)
EAST GODAVART DTSTRICT., A.P. (2001 - 02)

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EXP LO RATI ONS AND EXCAVATI O N S

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI.O2 - A REVIEW

surface. Careful digging here has brought to light a Though no signiticant antiquities were fbund,
long disturbed brick wall (about 10.5 m in length) sonre beads, iron nail pieces, and a fragmentary
running in north-south direction. The top four courses terracotta human face are noteworthy. A stone slab
ofbricks have collapsed which were carefully removed with railing design and a fragmentary stone with a
and the plinth level was reached. Different sizes o1' depression, which rnight belong to the lower part
bricks were used lor construction e.g. 30 x26 x 6 of a relic casket were found on the surface.
cm; 36 x 28 x 8 cm etc.
4. ExcnvnrloN AT EnR.a,saLEi\, DISlnl{:T GuNTun
At the northern end of the brick wall, part ol'
drainage was exposed at a depth of 70 cm. This is a The village Errabalem is situated about 3 km north

concealed drain, ofwhich some ofthe covering slabs of Mangalagiri town in Gunturdistrict. The Buddhist
are missing running below the brick alignment men- site dotted with mounds is enclosed by a stone wall,
tioned above in east-west orientation to a length of rectangular in shape measuring 260 x 200 m in east-
about 300 m. [t was meant to drain off storm water west and north-south directions respectivelywith a
from the stupa-complex. thickness of 5.5 m. It rises to a height of about one
meter from the ground level There are two entrances
On the eastem side ofthe mound a semicircular
towards north and southern sides.
brick alignment was exposed at a depth of 65 cm.
The utility and the extent ofthese alignments will be Mound is situtated in the north-east corner of
known after its full exposition and probing o1' the enclosure wall. Excavation at the mound conducted
adjoining areas (fig. 2). by the State Archaeology Department, Government
ofAndhra Pradesh, brought to light brick-built circles.
At the central mound remnants of two badly
Each circle is filled with rubble and earth.
damaged votive stupas were exposed. One of the
votive stupas has a single course of disturbed stone Another mound measwing about 25m in dia rises
casing around its core containing rubble and brick, to a height of about 3 m is located at the centre ofthe
with 3.4 m dia. The second votive stupa, is exposed habitation site. Excavation revealed traces ofbrickbats
to the west of the above, shows a single course of at the top ofthe mound.
dressed khondalite stones forming a circular base
(fig.3, pl.2). There are also mounds littered with brick bats,
dressed khondolite stone blocks, dressed moonstone
The pottery found here are of red ware and
steps. It appears that the site is thoroughly dug out by
limited amount ofblack and red ware, black-slipped
the treasure hunters.
ware and grey ware. Very few decorated sherds found
here have incised horizontal and oblique lines, lenticular Outside the enclosure wall are rock-cut cistems
impressions on either side ofahorizontal line, triangular l2 in number located at the sloppy summits of the
notches and a row of finger tip pattem in applique. In hillock. Ofthese some are provided with steps inside
one quadrant fragmentary tile pieces with finger marks to descend to draw water. These cistems resemble in
and a single perforation were found neatly stacked. plan and size with those found at Pavuralakonda,
indicating that there must be some structure around Bavikonda and Thotlakonda, Buddhist sites in
withtiledroof. M sakhapatnam di stri ct.

(r
I
EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

Associated with brick structures are found two brought to light portion of a brick structure running
a
stone cylindrical beads ofbanded agate and chert, parallel to the ayakaplatform. It appears that the stupa
black-and-red ware, red ware, black ware and other might have been built over a brick platform. On the
early historic material datable between first century southwestem corner of the platform are found lead
BC and secondcenturyAD. coins of Mahatalavarasa. The bricks used in
On the southern slopes ofthe hill were noticed construction measures 50 x25 x 7 cm. Further south
the remains of about five megalithic cist burials with to the maha-stupa was exposed a stone-pillared con-

traces of cap-stones, potsherds etc. gregation hall with an entrance on the northem side.
Stumps were also unearthed. From this hall
5. ExclvauoN Ar PuaNtcrnr (Trnuuauclru (M),
several broken sculptured panels were recovered,
Dtsrnrcr NnI,coNul.
some of these are inscribed with the first-third
Phanigiri,Buddhist settlement, about 35 km
a
century Brahmi characters.
from Suryapet on Hyderabad-Vijayawada National
Altogether three viharas are exposed in three
Highway, is about 45 km from Jangoan, the nearest
localities. Each vihara consists of nine cells. In third
railway station. The monastic-complex is located on
locality partial excavation brought to light five cell s each
hill-top towards north-east ofthe village. As the south-
em portion ofthe hillock resembles the hood ofa snake
measuring 2 .7 0 x2.7 0 m. In each cell, a good number of
Satavahana and Ikshavaku coins were found. The fiag-
the site is locally known as Phanigiri (hillock looks
mentary label inscriptions on lime-stone panels read as
like a snake-hood).
'Jttmbudvipa mile vagu ' and 'Siri Chamtamula ' - the
At the foot ofthe hillock on the northeastem side,
founder ofthe Ikshvaku dynasty (third centuryAD) etc.
overlooking a tank locally known as 'Nadimi cheruvu'
Based on the above cultural material the site is dated
a cluster of megalithic burials of cairn circle variety
back to first-third centuryAD.
are noticed.
6. Exc*,lrroN ar A unlN xr, DlsrRlcr PnAx.qsFrA,Nr
Excavations conducted by the Department of
Archaeology and Museums, Goverment ofAndhra The village situated at a distance of46 km from
Pradesh brought tp light a maha-stupa, stone-pillared Ongole where early historic habitation site pertaining
congregation hall, viharas and other brick structures to Satavahana and Ikshvaku times datable to second
besides a good number of antiquities datable to the century BC to third senturyAD was found. Some
first-thirdcenturyAD. megalithic burials were also noticed near the
The stupa (18 m dia) which was partially exca- Government college ground. Excavation was
vated shows the plan of a wheel with snakes. It has conducted by the Department ofArchaeology and

four ayakaplatforms on fourcardinal directions. Each

Museums, Govemment ofAndhra Pradesh, mainly at
the burial site.
ayakn platforrn measures 4 m x | .25 m. The westem
ayaknplatf ormretainedfi velimestoneayakapillars. CistBurial I is oriented in north-south direction.
The drum and ayaka platforms are plastered with There is no cap-stone butthe orthostats were crushed
lime and luted with sculptured limestone panels. Pres- and broken. The skeletal remains consisting of two
ently, only the lower portions ofthe panels are visible. skulls, long bones, ribs and pelvic girdle are found on
Further excavation in front of the ayakaplatforms the floorlevel.

ffie$
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REYIEW

Cist Burial II is also a disturbed burial situated 8. ExcnvmloN AT LrNc,q.N,tpA,I-Ly, DtstRIcr R,q.NcA,
at a distance of 50 m towards the south-west ofthe Rsoov
Burial l, the cap-stone ofthe cist is broken. The cist
This megalithic site was first reported in 1935
yielded ablackpolishedbowl, redware long stand, a
by D.G Machenzi which is presently located in the
red ware storage-pot, a black-and-red ware fumbler.
prernises ofthe University ofHyderabad, Gachibowli.
7. Excar'.rrroN AT H,q.sN.IarHprt, Dlstttlct R,q,NGn Excavation conducted by the Department of
Rnnuv Archaeology and Museums, the Govemment of
Andhra Pradesh, at a Menhir, resulted in the discovery
It is a small village lies at a distance of6 km from
of a pit covered by rectangular capstones. At a depth
Secunderabad in Rangareddy district. Three burials
of 1.80 m were noticed gmve goods. Afterremoval
have been taken-up for excavation by the Departrnatt
offilling material from the pit, a primary skeleton very
ofArchaeolory and Museums, Government ofAndhra
much oushed, extended in norttr-south direction, three
Pradesh, to study the cultural aspects ofthe site.
red ware stands on north-west corner, another three
Megalith I is a caim circle wittr eighteen undressed on south-west corner and a ring-stand were found
boulders encompassing the cist chamber. At the floor placed around the skeleton. Interestingly, two pyriform
of the cist are the skeletal remains, a tubular bead shaped red-ware ums on the western side and another
made ofbone recovered from inside the crushedred urn on the eastern side near the pelvic region of the
ware pot kept near the northem orthostat. skeleton were noticed. These urns are decorated with
nail pinched design in applique technique. Such
Megalith II is a cist covered by two long cap-
omamental designs on um-pots were reported in
stones. At a depth of 2.30 m near the northern
neolithic-chalcolithic context at Palakonda, Hullikal
orthostat inside the cist, a few bone pieces were
and Belum caves which are dated back to around
noticed along with red-ware potsherds.
r 500 BC.
Megalith-Ill is also a cairn circle with a cist at
the centre is encircled by twelve undressed boulders' 9. ExcavlrroN AT DaNrapuRanr (SanlsHtr,tALA
The cist is filled with rubble, boulders and loose earth. I-M), Drsrnrcr Snlxlxur,nnt
Here in the cist collected a black-and-red ware deep
bowl, red-ware pot, and a black-ware lid with a Dantapuram, the ancient capital city of
prominentknob in crushed state. Kalinga, lies on the left bank of the River
Vamsadhara,6 km away fromAmudalavalasa in
All burials are of secondary nature in which trvo Srikakulam district. The mud fort covers an area
different modes ofpractices were observed in disposal of500 acres ofland.
ofthe dead, i.e., collection ofonlybones andcollection
Excavation conducted by the Department of
ofcremated material including ashes. The occulrence
Archaeology and Museums, Govemment ofAndhra
ofminiature iron objects such as a sickle andarazor
Pradesh, at the Mound-I located on the northeastem
which me ofnon-finctional value or symbolic offerings
border ofthe habitation brought to light foundation of
which obviously suggests the degeneration in burial
a brick structure over dressed-stone foundalion. The
practices. These burials can be tentatively dated to
walls were plastered with lime and decorated with
fourth century BC to third century BC.

*ffir0ffi
 EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

stucco work as attested by the occurrence of staircase is provided on the western side ofthe stone
fragments offloral designs made on lime. The width barricade wall to enter into the monastic-complex.
ofthe wall measures 75 cm. Fine mud was used as The number ofcells in viharas vary in theirnumber.
mortar. 'Ihe first vihara has two cells, the second
and the
third ones contain four big cells and the fourth has
Excavation atMound II revealed twophases of
six cells. Each vihara has a common verandah. Each
cultural activity, at a depth of 0.50 m foundation ofa
cell measures 2.45 x 2.50 m. The floor of the
medieval stone temple along with remnants of
verandah and the cells ofthe viharas were treated
broken omalaka, idol of Ganesa and a number of
with lime-concrete and smoothenedwith fine lime
architectural pieces ofthe temple were found. On the
paste.
northern side of the habitation disturbed brick
structures along with early historic cultural material Opposite to the fust vihara, unearthed an apsidal
such as beads, terracotta objects, pottery such as red chaitya (10.50 x 5.90 m) with stone stupa near the
ware, dull red ware, black and red ware and tan ware apse. At the entrance there are two stone balustrades
etc were exposed at a depth of 1.50 m. Based on the depicted with the figures ofMuchilindaNaga and lotus
available evidences, the site could be assignable to medallion.
the second centuryBC and fourth centuryAD.
At the centre of the habitation, adjacent to the
10. ExclvarroN AT PnvuulaxoNDA, Drsrnrcr apsidal chaitya, was exposed foundations of a
V;snxHaparN,cN.{ stone pillared congregation hall (30 x l5 m). The
arrangement of pillar posts eight in a row in four
The Buddhist site onthe hill top ofNarasimha
columns suggests that the montapa was planned
Swamy Konda in Bheemli, familiarly known as
to be raised on sixty-four pillars. Similar hall was
Pavuralakonda, Iies 30 km north ofVisakhapatnam,
also reported from Thotlakonda, a nearby Buddhist
was taken up for excavation by the Department of
site.
Archaeology and Museums, the Govemment of
Andhra Pradesh. The River Gosthani, the main water The evidence ofdisturbed structural alignment
source for the inhabitants, on the northem periphery suggests thatthere were two distinct structural phases.
merges with the sea and forms a vast lagoon/ Besides structures, early historic pottery such as
confluence which in furn forms an estuarypoint for black-and-red ware, red polished ware, black ware,
inter and intra trade activity in the early centuries of dull red ware and moulded bricks, stone chhatra
Christian era. pieces, stucco fragments, tiles, beads and bangles,
Satavahana coins were also recovered, datable to the
Excavations brought to light an apsidal second-third century AD.
chaitya-griha, a sqtare cell, four viharas, votive
stupas, a stone pillared congregation hall, early ll. ExclvATroN ar GrrsuKoNDA! I)lsrnlcr
historic pottery and Satavahana coins. WaRANcar,
Geesukonda, Iocated at a distance of l5 km
The viharas were raised on peripheral area of from Warangal, could be approached by bus whr:re
the summit running from north to south. A stone the excavation conducted by the StateArchaeol

ffirr I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 _ A REVIEW

ogy Department, Government ofAndhra Pradesh,

ARUNACHAL PRADESH
yielded a good number of stone tools, potsherds,
brickbats and terracotta figurines. The stone tools 12. ExclvarroN AT WosrrRN Garr, Dtsrnlcr
include celts and sling balls ofNeolithic period and Iu,llaclR
the black-and-red ware, buff ware, terracotta beads Excavation and conservation were undertaken
and figurines dated back to Satavahana period. at Western Gate, Itafort, by the Directorate ofAr-
chaeology, Government of Arunachal pradesh,
TrenchI : Measuring 3 x 3m yielded a crystal Itanagar (pl. 3). The fort is situated in the heart of
bead at a depth of 30 cm. It is barrel shaped with capitaltown at ltanagar (930-36' and 930-44' E;270-
fluted surface. Agood numberofred ware potsherds 0' and 270-15' N). Itanagar is named after this brick
both plain and decorated and terracotta beads were fort, the authorship ofwhich is attributed to the local
recovered in the excavation. At a depth of 45 cm a king Ramchandra,who ruled sometimes in the four-
lead Satavahana coin with Ujjain symbol was also teenth-fifteenth century AD. The fort is partly
collected. manmade and partly natural. The manmade parts were
constructed with stones, bricks and levitgated soil as
adhesive. The main gate portion was excavated and
Trench II : This trench (3 x 4m) revealed a
conserved intemally by strengthening the base with
good number of pottery piecs which include rims
cement-concrete to arrest its further srinkage due to
of storage-jars, bowls, lids, lid-cum-bowls. At a
water logging. The excavation revealed that the original
depth of 7 5 cm, a circular brick structure is noticed
foundation was very weak. There was foundation ditch
towards the southwestern side of the trench with
but no work for strengthening the same was done,
1.90 m dia. The bricks measure 50x25 x 7 cm.At
due to which it sank upto 9 to 10 courses of bricks.
a depth of 1.20 m northern end of the trench
The excavation brought to light trvo door-jambs, seven
collected a head of male figurine made of kaolin.
door-sills, out of which five were in situ andwere
The figurine though small, is verybeautifulwithhalf
made of stone blocks, large numberofbricks, iron-
closed eyes, thick nose, lips and prominent chin
nail, dowels, potsherds, charcoal etc. The brick gate
withUshnisha. The oval face is, comparablewith
is gradually sinking towards west, due to vibration of
those discovered at Kondapur.
loose soil because of constant vehicular traffic move-
ment. To stop further sinking the base ofthe gate was
Trench III : The excavation yielded four strengthened along with side apron ofthe gate and
terracotta beads and figurine, an iron nail and a coin some portions of ramparts.
of the Vishnukundin dynasty. 13. ExcavarroN AT Mar-rNrrH,qn, Dlsrntcr Wosr
SrnNc

Based on the cultural material such as pottery The site at Malinithan (94' 4-25" W; 280 28' 34"
beads bangles, coins, terracottas and brick structures, E) is situated at the foot hill of Likabali, in West Siang
the site could be dated between first and second district, having an elevation of 150 m above msl. The
centuryAD.

ffi t2 ffij+i
 E XP L O RATI O N S AN D EXCAVATI O NS

l
I

t 3

*lil'lI'
4
Itafort: 3, general view of excavation and 4, Malinithan: broken pieces of stone sculpture

f13 I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEW

ruins belonged to the early medieval period ranging alluvial plains with trees, shrubs and grass may be
from c. tenth to thirteenth century AD and the around 3 kathas in area approximately. As the
authorship may be attributed to the Pala rulers of owner ofthe plot, Kanchan Nag, agreed to preserve
Kamarupa. the excavated evidence and allowed, the Directorate
to conserve the evidence in situ. The Directorate
D.K. Bora, Director of Research, the protected the site and planned to conduct excavation
Government of Arunachal Pradesh, ltanagar, following horizontal method of digging.
at the site
conducted ex.cavation atthe site.
Duringthe firstphase ofsalvage digging, BDR1
The earlier archaeological investigation revealed
with indication ofremains ofbricks, was selected for
three temple bases at Malinithan. To the north of the
excavation. Four trenches measuring 7x7m were laid.
main temple plan, a ruinous heap was taken up for
Systematic digging exposed brick walls of a ground
salvage excavation and two trenches 10 x 10 m were
plan of a brick temple squarish in plan (pl. 5). The
laid. The excavation revealed two small temple bases of
exposed evidence ofbrickwalls ofthe groundplan
and a good number ofdamaged sculptures, including
the temple revealed a pradakshina-patha, and an
broken bhujas (hands) of Durga along with bow and
inner chamber measuring 3.80m in length in north-
arrow in granite stone (pl. 4), decorated pedestal, a
south direction. The outer face was 4.65m in length.
piece of door-jamb, a rectangular pillar base, two
The total height ofthe eastem wall ofthe inner chamber
round ceiling slabs, a lotus bearing stone lampstand
found was to be 0.70m with fourteen courses ofbricks
along with a good number ofbroken pieces of stone
in it. This squarish inner chamber surrounds a squarish
icons.
garbha-griho rntts centre which is squarish in plan
and elevation and is 40cm in height. It is 1.04m in
ASSAM width in upper part. I .08 m in the middle and I .16m
at the bottom. The bottom part is finished with two

14.Exc*auoN AT Duelnlxt rN Bonpl,rsln, Dts- squarish mouldings. Of these, the upper moulding is
TRrcr Golacnar 6cm in height and the lower moulding is 14cm in height.
The garbha-griha has a squarish brick floor
Dubarani (930 3'N; 2604' E), on the bank of
measuring 3.3m upon which the central square
River Dhansiri is located in Borpathar in Golaghat
structure stands. The structure has also an outer wall
district of Assam was undertaken for exploration
0.70m in width, 0.25m in height, and 4m in length. It
under H.N.Dutta, D.R.Kauli, C.K. Nath along with a
has four courses ofbricks. The most commonly used
few other staff members of the Directorate of
bricks sizes are 33x21x5cm,21x13x5 cm.
Archaeology, Government of Assam. During the
exploration, a group ofbrick mounds with a single A layer of mortar of 0.01 m thickness was used
cultural deposit was noticed at the tea garden to lay bricks. The measurement of the partially ex-
belonging to Kanchan Nag ofno. 1 Dubarani village, posed ground plan of the temple is 6.5m in north-
Borpathar. The site is located on a swampy ditch of south direction. Stylistically and structurally and on
an old channel, duly connected to an old river system. the basis ofthe evidence exposed during excavation,
The area found with these brick mounds is one of the temple groundplan is datable to c. AD 700.

ffit+ffi
EXP L O RATI O N S AND EXCAVATI ON S

Plates 5-6

'' ,-,t ,...

!
-:

-l " l-

tffi
MF

' "-:r,.tr;;iili,'r
.,,1

EFF'nrr"" '| ',,,,,'. ""

Dubctrani: 5, plinth of brick temple and 6, brick.floor

l5
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 _ A REVIEW

The antiquiti.es found during excavation com- Most ofthe bricks measure 33x2lx5 cm. The floor
prise a stone pranala (50x 1 5cm) of temple exposed has a post-hole measuring 54 cm in diameter and 61cm
during excavation at the southwestern corner ofthe in depth. The evidence indicated the existence of
garbha-griha. Fragmented pieces ofa large terracotta square brick building at this site datable to c. AD 700,
pitcherexposed atthe floorlevel in the innerchamber contemporary to the temple plan already exists nearby.
to the east of the place where the stonepranala of
The site has four other brick mounds. The one
the temple was found. This pitcher must have been
used to carry or store waterused inthe garbha-griha.
in the north at a distance of 12.80 m from the
excavated brick temple plan, is 1.80m in height. Four
The thickness ofthe broken sherds measures 2 cm,
trenches measuring 7x7 meach were laid to follow
2.3 cm.,2.5 cm.
up systematic diggingofthis mound. Partial exposition
A large Number ofbrickbats ofthe broken wall of the mound BDR III exposed part of a brick wall in
were found during excavation, fallen in southern east-west alignment. The wall measures 4.90m in
direction. This may lead to indicate that the brick walls length and 1.20m in width.
of the temple collapsed probably owing to some
earthquake. At Dubarani, the Directorate has also
15. ExpronauoN Ar CnapaNar.ao DnrnrcrNAGAoN
excavated a brick mound in the year 1997 -98, which
H.N. Dutta, ofthe Directorate ofArchaeology,
revealed the existence of a ground plan ofbrick temple
Government of Assam, Guwahati, conducted
provided with a pradakshina-patha and exploration in Jiajuri tea estate, in Chapanala, Hatbar
garbha-griha. ASiva-linga was also found in the in Nagaon district. It revealed location of stone relics
g ar b h a- gri h a of the temple.
of a temple covering an area of 20x25m, near the
The present excavated ground plan ofbrick office bungalow ofthe head manager ofthe Jiajuri tea
temple provided with a pradakshina-patha and a estate. The remains ofarchitectural members consist
garbha-griha bear close similarities with the of doorpanel of stone temple, columns, amalaka,
structural features exposed in 1997-98. It seems that stone slabs and other remains of the temple. The
the region ofDubarani witnessed the growth of such evidence lying in situ prove that a stone temple of
squarish brick-built temple architecture provided
with Indo-Aryan feature, considerably large in size and
a centrally laid pradakshina-patha and garbha- stylistically datable to c. AD I 100 existed at the site.
griha. The figure of Ganesa found engraved on the
lalatabimba of the stone temple door-frame
Another brick mound, BDR II which was dug
belong to this site and now preserved in the bungalow
up earlier, exists near the above brick temple site at a
of Head Manager ofJiajuri tea estate who confirmed
distance of 9.5 m in west. Systematic exposition of that the temple was dedicated to Lord Siva.
the moundbrought to the existence ofabrick floorof
some squarish brick structure (pl. 6). The size ofthe The temple relics (now preserved in the
brick fl oor i s 3 .7 5x3 .7 5 m. The thickness of the brick bungalow of Head Manager) consist of a stone door
floor to the north is 15 cm and 3 cm in south. In total frame ofa temple measuring 2.30x1.87x0.48 m. The
there are three courses ofbricks so far found. The door-jamb have five inouldings. A chaturbhuja
flooris foundtobe loweredtowards the southem side. Ganesa adorns the lalatabimba in the centre. The

ffir0ffiffi
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

bottom of both the door-jambs have the help of mud-mortar. A few marks of the post-
dvarapalas, a dwarfish figure, a devotee. There is a holes were noticed on the floor.
(1.20x19x0.36 m) with stylistically carved
-eargoyle In the second phase, two semicircular burnt
lion at its mouth besides anamalaka (100x30 m), a
brick remains were found near the eastern arm in
kalasa (0.18x0.10 cm) and a fragmentary piece of
the 'A'area. While the structures of second phase
amalaka (0.1 8x0. I 8 m). Some ofthe stone fragments
in the 'D' area, comprised brick paved platform,
found in situ have iron dowels. Two human figures
lime-surkhi concrete pathway leading to the west
measuring 33x33 cm and 32x34 cm and decorative
and the remains of two rooms are exposed. Out of
base of a pillar capital from the temple site are
the two rooms, the northern arm of the large
preserved byAnurajan Lakhuna in no. 2 line village
rectangular room exposed upto 8.80m long while
ofJiajuri tea estate.
the southern arrn upto 6.75m. The complete plan
16. Exc,ryarroN Ar K.q,nnNcHan (TllaralcHan) of this structure could be taken up for digging in
( o\rPLEx, Drsrnrcr Strasa.cnR the subsequent season. A brick paved platform of
1.35 m width is found near the eastern arm while
In continuation of the previous year's work another brick-paved platform of 1.20m width is
(2000-01, p.7), Syed Jamal Hasan, assisted by K. attached to the northern arm of this room. Further
Lourduswamy, B. Sinha, T.K. Srivastava, A.K. north to this room, a brick-built cell of square plan
Gupt4 D.K. Majumder, Jitumani Das, ofthe Guwahati with brick-paved floor was exposed. The cell
Circle, of the Survey, resumed excavation at measures (6.1x6.1m) internally. There are eight
Karenghar-complex and yielded remnants of three extant brick courses on the exposed walls. Another
successive struchralphases. The areas of operations wall, furthernorth ofthis square cell running on the
undertaken are in the four sides in view of the western side, is exposed upto sixteen courses of
standing edifice ofthe Karengharpalace ofAhom king burnt-bricks. The exposed length of the wall
Rajeswar Singha (AD I 75 l -69). isl0.50m.

Structures of phase-I in the north-west area The structural remains ofphase III in the ',{ area

of the Karengharpalace (AreaA) comprised small comprised brick-paved platform, raised over the
rectangular cells, staircases and brick-paved structure after filling with mud over the
platform. The most noteworthy structure is the rectangular hall ofthe phase II. The structure is mostly

remains of a brick-paved floor, may be a part of a damaged but documented with photographic records.

large rectangular hall measured (34.30x8.70m) The bricks do not vary in sizes from that ofthe earlier
phases.
externally. The sizes of the burnt-bricks vary
(23xl9x25cm), (26xl9xlcm) etc. Bricks are The third structural phase in oD' area consists of
robbed from several places of the walls. There are the remains of a rectangular cell which measures
two offsets on either side, which run parallel to the 9x5.50m intemally. Structural features ofthis phase
long side walls. The exposed structures ofthe earlier are remarkable. There are remnants of fourpillarlike
phase in the 'D' area comprised brick rammed brick structures at four comers ofthe cell (pl. 7). Some
platform and terracotta pipes and walls joined with pebbles were provided at the bases of these pillar-

I t7f
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

,ft

fi
I

Karenghar: 7, remains of four pillar like structures and 8, exposed pothv'a1t

ffi 18ffi
E-YP L O RAT I O N S AND EXCAVATI ON S

l0
Charaideo: 9, maidam no. 2 showing cut hole and 10, maidant showing domical roof

19
t-
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

like structures. The structures are locatedjust below K. Lourdusamy, B. Sinha, T.K. Srivastava,A.Kumar,
the octagonal temple ofthe Karengharpalace form J.M.Das, R.K.Thakuria, G Baishya of the Guwahati
where a few sherds of Chinese ware were also Circle, of the Survey, resumed excavation at Maidam
collected. No.2 at Charaideo.

The north-east area ofthe Karenghar, i.e., .B, Digging operation was concentrated in the
area were partly excavated in the last season, where central portion ofthe Maidam mound in this season.
digging operation was continued in this season too. After removal of large earth column of 6.30 m from
The notable findings in this area are a brick-paved the central region of a trench measuring ( 12x10 m),
large platform measured externally 24x9.50m. which helped to get the top portion ofthe Maidam. A
Besides, there are two structural offsets of 10m long hole onthe top ofthe Maidamroofwas perhaps made
exposed along the longer sides of the platform. during the Britishperiod (pl. 9). Further digging upto
Remains of terracotta pipes are visible near the a vertical earth column upto 13.70 m on the westem
eastern offset of the structures. Abrick-rammed side of the Maidam enabled to expose one quarter
pathway, cordoned by the bricks on edges, is found areaofthe Maidam. The domical roofofthe Maidam
running in the northern side (pl. 8). The width of appears to rest overthe brick and stone
masonrywall
the pathway is 2.90m and is exposed upto 9.70m (pl. 10). The wall is exposed upto one meter
during the season. The pathway is connected with approximately in this season.
the large brick paved platform by three flight of
steps. Digging operation in the east central area of Digging in the northwestemareaare taken at
the Karenghar palace, i.e., 'C' area leads to the mound in orderto trace the door ofthe Maidam.
expose burnt wooden logs, post-holes and ceramic Further excavation, might unearth detail structural
assemblages mainlyredwares along with thick layer features of buried Maidam. No antiquity was found
of burnt ashes. The remnants seem to be earlier during the course of excavation.
than the present edifice.
18. Expr,onATroN lx DrsrRlcr SoNrrpun
The shapes of the ceramic assemblages are
vases, goblets, dishes, bowls etc. including a few Exploration conducted by the Directorate of
sherds of Chinese wares. Some of the structures Archaeology, Guwahati, at Biswanath Chariali in
appear to be earlier to that of the present edifice Sonitpur district revealed the existence of a brick
erected by Rajeswar Singha (AD l75l -69) in the mound within the compound of Mshnu mandir at
Rangpur capital complex oftheAhoms while the rest Bamgaon. The mound now partly exposed, covers

belong to the laterphases. anarea of 23x23m. brick fragments are exposed

at the site. A number of intact bricks exposed at
17. Exr',*,\no\ ,r.r M.qlo,{Nr N<1. 2, Dls.rnlcr this site measures 28x18x2cm, 27x24x3cm,
Slr.rs r<; tn 33x20x5cm and 27 x23x4.5 cm. Considering the
larger size of the bricks, the mound could be dated
In continuation of the previous year's work to c.AD 700-800. Further excavation ofthe mound
(2000-01 ,pp. 7-8), Syed Jamal Hasan, assisted by may expose the foundation of a brick temple.

20
EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

Other antiquities include terracotta objects such as

BIHAR
tablet, wheel and beads. A copper coin of Islamic
period was also recovered in course of the digging.
19. ExclvArroN lr B,q.rRaun (BooH Glvl),
The pottery from the deposit comprise mainly the
Drsrnrcr G,qvl
degenerated red ware.
Patna Circle, ofthe Survey, underthe dirction 20. Exc.tarION AT PAr..DA. Dtsrnlcr Sa,lt,r.srrpuR
of Ram Sharan, assisted by T.J.Alone, D.P.Sinha,
K.C.Srivastava, D.N.Sinha, Manoj Dwivedi, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute,
B.Gartia, M.P.Singh, Avinash Kumar, Rajnish Kumar Patna, carried out further excavtion at Panda,
Raj and Baleshwar Prasad conducted excavations under the direction of Bijoy Kumar Choudhary
at Sujatagarh mound with a view to expose the stupa assisted by Shubh Narayan Jha, Aditya Chatterjee,

encountered during the earlier excavations (pl. 11). Arun Kumar, Shanker Sharma and Rajesh Kumar
Sixteen trenches were taken up in the current year to ascertain the cultural sequence of the site apart
which revealed a circular terraced brick stupa, from the nature of the structures. The present
constructed in three phases (pls. 12-13). [n its earliest season's work has confirmed the sequence earlier
form datable to Gupta perio{ the diameter ofthe stupa noticed. However, due to heavy pre-monsoon
was 55 mwith apradalahina-pathaof 2mandan showers, the virgin soil could not be reached on
enclosure wall (pl. 14). Subsequently the stupa was the main mound.
enlarged and two terraces with rammed lime-floor Four trenches were laid out at two different
were added. Two terraces as well as the lower localities of the site. One trench (5m x 5m) was
pr adalr^s h ina-p otha hav e similar mouldings and lime- taken behind the middle school at Pandavasthan,
plaster over it. The size of the bricks are36-38x27- atop the main mound, and rest three trenches were
28 x 5.5-6 cm. lt seems that thete was one more situated in chaur area (Lake area), one andhalf km
terrace as there are traces offloor and plaster contents north-west to the main mound.
in the debris above the second terrace. The
The trench on the main mound was cut-down to
pradakshina-patha of second phase is 5 m wide
the depth of4.05 m comprising eight layers, belonging
which covers underneath itthe earlier pradal<shina-
to three different cultural periods.
patha.In the third phase an enclosure wall, 75 cm
thick, was raised and plastered apron was laid outside Period-I (NBPW) is characterized by the
it. It is conjectured that this enclosure wall might occurrence ofpunch marked coppercoins where the
comprise dwarfwooden railing over it. On the east
a 160 cm deposit is full ofNBPW. Different varieties
side two door spaces with a small brick wall in- ofNBPW including silver, golden, steel blue, jet black
between were unearthed along with a small drain. In and chocolate could be noticed. Dish and bowl are
front ofit a plastered rectangular verandah probably the commonest froms in the NBP Ware. Black-and-
ayaka w x encountered A stone (granit€) finial of small red, black-slipped, plain grey and red ware are the
votive stupa and a broken hand (palm portion) of associated ceramics. A few sherds exhibit graffiti
miniature stone (granite) sculpture were found. The marks and svastika symbol. Among the terracotta
open palm bears a chalcra symbol on it and perhaps objects, vase-shaped beads, naga figtirnes, earstuds,
indicates that the actual figure was rn abhaya-mudra- barrel-shaped beads are worth mentioning. A variety

f ztf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

F} k r&-

f*

ffi
t2
Bakrauf Sujatagarh mound: ll, general view and 12, excavated brick structures

ffizz ffi
EXP L O RATI ON S AND EXCAVATI ON S

Plates 13-14

13

,i,P l
,.
'-,& ".":

t4
Bakraun Sujatagarh mound: 13, excavated brick structures and 14, upper pradoluhina-potho

23
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 _A REVIEW

t;-
o
t

n .L
ffi*
E
&an p tl. _ _

a o o

l5

t6
Pqnda: 15, beads of semiprecious stones and 16, inscribed sealings of Kushan period

24
L-
EXP L O RATI O N S A ND EXC AVATI O NS

r
tg

.l
p'r W
\\

:ru \
r.
q)
q,
S

d
N

,d.l U
,}-l L
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"tQ
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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

of beads made of semiprecious stones (pl. 15) Period-III is characterized by structure made
were also discovered. Coppeq iron and bone of fragmentary bricks. These bricks were robbed
objects were also found. from the early Kushan structures. The period shows
two structural phases of broken burnt brick walls
Period-Il is marked by Kushan copper coins
(pl. 17). In this phase were found knife-edged
and terracotta inscribed sealigns (pl. 16). It re-
bowls in red ware, typical of Gupta times.
vealed two structural phases (A and B) of burnt-
bricks. Phase-A has bricks measuring 42 cmx24
cm x 5 cm and phase-B has bricks measuring 38
CHHATTISGARH
cmx22cm x 5 cm. In phase-B there are five courses
of burnt bricks in a wall running in east-west di-
rection. In this phase there are ceramics of the early 21. ExplonArloN m Dtsrrucr Bl,smR
Christian centuries including bowls having
incurved rims and dishes with vertical sides and The Prehistory Branch, Nagpur, of the Sur-
flat base, inkpot shaped lids, Red Polished ware vey, under the direction of P.K. Mishra, assisted
and red ware. by Shivananda V., Nandini Bhattacharya-Sahu,
Indira Tiwari, P.L. Janabandhu and T.B.Thapa in
The othernotable antiquities are terracotta ob-
the course of exploration in Kondagaon tehsil dis-
jects includingbeads, crude animal andhuman figu-
covered the following sites of archaeological sig-
rines, skin rubbers, beads of semiprecious stones
nificance.
and saddle-querns of stone.

Site Nature of remains

Bailgaon Early historical

(l90 5l'N;810 35'E)

Bhadra Seated Narasimha sculpture

(l9o 42'N; 810 46'E)

Bhandar Seoni Early historical

(190 41'N; 810 46'E)

Bolira Rock-shelter
(l90 36'N; 810 45'E)

Bunagaon Historical
(190 38'N; 8lo 35'E)
Butipadar Historical
(l90 36'N; 810 46'E)

Dev Dongar Rock-shelters and historical

(190 53'N; 810 44'E)

26
EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI O NS

Sile

Dongriguda Historical
(l9o 37'N; 8lo 42'E)

Gubba Historical
(190 36'N; 8lo 43'E)
Hakidihi Early historical
(1go 54 N, glo 54'E)

Jamkot Masura Early historical

(l90 38'N; 8lo 38'E)

Kankabeda Remains of Gupta-Vakataka structure

(190 36'N; 8lo 47'E)
Lingabhata Menhirs
(190 50'N;8lo 33'E)

Ling Darha Painted rock-shelters

(l9o 04'N; 8lo 29'E)

Pasanga Historical
(l9o 52'N; 8lo 41'E)

Patla Boulders with cup marks

(l90 55'N; 8lo 32'E)

Pila Dongar Loose sculptures and hero-stone

(l90 48'N; 8lo 33'E)

Ranbir Dongar Neolithic celt from a rock-shelter

(l9o 49'N; 8lo 32'E)

Satgaon Early historical brick temple

(l9o $' N; 8lo 40'E)

Soingarmetta Painted rock-shelters

(200 02'N; 8lo 28'E)

Sonabeda Historical
(190 53'N; 8lo 44'E)

f ztJ
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Site Nuture of remains

Uppar Bedi Menhirs

(l90 02'N; 810 28'E)

22. Expt.onATtoN tx Dtslnlc:t KnNxen by K.M.Girhe, N.K.Nimje and P.S.Pashine, during

The Prehistory Branch, Nagpur, of the Sur- the explorations in District Kankar, reported the
vey, under the direction of P.K.Mishra, assisted following archaeological sites.

Site Nuture of rernains

Badwar Early medieval sculptures

(200 0'N; 810 29'E)

Bewarti Early medieval sculptures

(200 17'N; 810 33'E)

Bhanupratappur Lithic site

(200 04'N; 810 03'E)

Chichgaon Lower Palaeolithic and microlithic

(200 20'N; 810 07'E)

Chinchmara Mesolithic and early historical

(200 l0'N; 8lo 06'E)

Deourpara Early historical

(200 15'N; 810 45'E)

Dheklawan Early historical

(200 20'N; 8lo 45'E)

Gottitola Rock-shelters and paintings

(20o 22'N; 8lo 22'E)

Hindubinapal Menhirs
(200 04'N; 8lo 07'E)

Juna Gauregaon Menhirs

(200 02'N; 810 03'E)

Kamta Jaina temple remains

(200 04'N; 8lo 13'E)

28
EXP L O RATI ON S AND EXCAVATI ON S

Site Nature of remains

Kankar Mesolithic
(200 16'N; 810 29'E)

Kolibeda Menhirs
(l90 58'N; 8lo 02'E)

Kotela Early historical

(200 27'N; 8lo 29'E)

Kulgaon Rock-shelters and paintings

(200 16'N; 8lo 29'E)

Kuma Medieval sculpture

(200 22'N; 8lo 22'E)

Nagarmari Lower Palaeolithic

(200 07'N; 8lo 20'E)

Paleva Megalithic
(200 25'N; 8lo 24'E)

Rajaraopathar Rock-shelters
(200 l l' N; 8lo 3l'E)

Sarona Early medieval sculptures

(200 17'N; 8lo 39'E)

Sidhesar Megalithic burials and habitation

(200 I l'N; 8lo 3l'E)

Sihawa Lower Palaeolithic, mesolithic and rock-shelters

(200 19'N; 810 56'E)

Silibhar Rock-shelters and early historical

(200 l0'N; 8lo l2'E)
Tonamarka Lower Palaeolithic
(20o 09'N; 8lo 25'E)

29
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEW

structional activity was encountered at lower lev-

GOA
els (which was already noticed in the last season
and once againconfirmed during this season also)
23. ExcluuoN AT Cu.LNuon, DrsrRrcr Souut
below the ancient working level.
Goa
The trench adjoining the retaining wall (p1'
In continuation of the last season's (2000-01' 19) of the Chapel yielded good evidence in the
pp.19-29) work, the Mini Circle, Goa, of the form of tiles, bricks and pottery as encountered in
Survey, under the direction of J.V.P'Rao, assisted the Temple site dating back to the seventh century
by Shriguru Bagi, M.Kasturi Bai, Giridhari AD. The tiles used during the phase II of the Tem-
Gaekwad, R.Raghu, G'K.Korgaonkar, Sravan ple site were found abundantly in this trench dat-
kumar, Parushuram Kadam, Bharath D, Sitaram, ing back the evidences as in the Temple site' This
Prakash Mahale, Pundalik and Raju, resumed the indicates that the ruins below the present Chapel
excavation at Chandor, the ancient Chandrapura' were connected to the religious activity as atTem-
The previous season's work revealed three ple site. It is presumed that there existed brick tem-
structural phases at the temple site (pl. 18)' Since ples at this locality also and this continued as a
Chandor served as a capital during the fourth-fifth temple site even during Kadamba times where it
century AD, it was felt necessary to know about was known that the Mahadeva Temple was exist-
the nature of habitation. The present season was ing prior to the construction of the Chapel during
aimed at knowing the habitation pattern during the Potuguese times.
early and medieval times' For this purpose a The antiquity of Sara Femandes House goes
number of test pits were laid at different localities back to pre-Portuguese times as per the records
like Chapel of Santiago, behind the house of Sara available with Sara Fernandes' The River
Fernandes, Bamanpura, Rampart East, Chapel of Kushavati flows just 100m behind the house and
Holy Cross besides continuing in the Temple site the imports from Maccau used to reach the house
and RamPartNorth. through boats from behind the house' Then the
A longitudinal trench measuring 15m x 3m in houses had entrances towards the river side hav-
north-south orientation was laid opposite to the ing more conveyance facilities through navigation'
Chapel of Santiago which is locally known as the Initially, one trenchmeasuring 6mx3m in east-west
'gateway'to the fort city of Cotta Chandor' Also direction, was dug up to natural soil to a depth of
another trench was laid adjoining the ancient 2.90m. The evidences yielded from the deposits
laterite which abuts the Chapel on its west, to lo- could be dated to Kadamba dynasty ninth century
cate the evidences of the entrance and its connected onwards to the present times. The outstanding evi-
activities besides remnants ofbrick structures ofearly dence includes an embankment built of Trap stones
historical times, since the last season, test pit yielded of Kadamba period found 30m away from the

some activity ofbrick construction at much lower lev- present river course' The river overflows during
els in this area. Moreover, Chapel was built during the spate and inundates the surroundings even at
the Portuguese time on the ruins of Mahadeva Tem- the present times. There were at least three major
ple. The longitudinal trench couldyield the deposits flood activities as per the evidence encountered dur-
of Portuguese times on the top while the brick con- ing the excavation. These are further corroborated

IIOI
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

PIates 18-19

L"

ft
l8

t9

Chandor: 18, general view of excavated temple site and 19, retaining wall

3l
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Chandor: 20-21, excavated brick shrine

W:zW
I I

LW L O RATI O NS AND EXCAVATI O NS

-. :he hist.r'ical rccords *,hich statc that thc rivcrg.t

The Itarnpart East is extant upto gm in height
. .:.'d up cluring thc Kadamba timcs and the capital and 23.50m in width and a road bisects the,earthen
,. .hiltcd ll.om Clhandor to Gopakapattan during rampaft at this locality. Hence it was taken up for
'-: ;lcr e-nth
ccr.rtury A[). since- thc maritime tradc sectiontrimrning besi4es taking up five more trenches
.:tcrcd badll,cluc to silting ol-thc rivcr. Due to occa_
on the ot..er side and one trench on the inner side to
. r:l llttocls lhc ccltstruction ol- cnrbankmcnt was know the constructional rnethod and to compare with
-
-.iiSS?r\ ancl thc santc rrrlrst havc also scrvccl 1o rc_ the cutting ofthc northem Rampart where evidence
'. ,'
- - rhc soocls liont the boats. Althor-rgh the exter,t of brick and stone veneering to the rampart was
strltcturc could not bc knclu,,r.r lirll1,. it stretched
:tr-
rroticed. The excavation on the east side ofthe rampart
- J:rrirc 6nr lcngth of thc trcnch in cast_west dircc_ evidenced only stonc veneering thoughthe bricks were
r. .ul!l nullin_q parallcl to thc rir,,cr course.
found here a4d there but not insirzr. This indicates
that the rampart was built in the sarne pattem by
I ltc other remarkablc cvidcnce found from this
providing both bricks and stone veneering but the
- - .: lhc copprsrnith activitics. A nunbcr ol cmciblcs
evidences were lost due to vandalism and levelling
- i . opper slags rvcrc lbund liom this trcnch rvhich
-
r.!.rre that during Kadamba tirnes thcrc sccm to be forcultivation.
:'- rrnous smclting activity for making ofcoppcr alloy In continuation of the last season,s work.
.s It is intercstirrg to note that this area is also cxcavation of Rampart North was resumed to know
'Kamarkuncl', utich ntciuts
-
-
'llr knorur as srnith,s fi.rtlrcr constuctional activity. The underlying deposit
-::.Je c or surithy, arca. yielded bricks below the stone veneering which has
once again confirmed that the brick activity pre_
Banranura ctyrnologically nteaning the place of
.: .. jrnent ol-Bahamanis, ceded the stoiie veneering.
r,vho hacl captured the
-- rtr tbr somctime. This is an opcn place to the
= no(h During the previous seasonls work, excavation
:.'
rt)ad and nearcr to thc ltampart. Two small on the south side cf the main temple_complex
"- - lt..s u erc laid to knou, the culture scqucncc
ol. revealed a brick shrine; which was partly exposed.
' irca.
- sincc it lalls rvithin the prcsent habitatiou of Based on the size of the bricks and its stratigraphical
': site. 'l-hc cxcavation yiclded cviclcnce of position, it was assigned to the structural phase
III.
:r:-Prt-rtugucse and Poftuguesc levels with sorne goocl
:, IirJ sequence and srnall finds. During the present season, this bridk shrine
was further exposed on its west and south sides
('hapel ol-FIoly Cross is located
Iurthcr cast of (pls.20-21). The shrine was found to be damaged
-,- ii.,mplc- site-
towards the Eastem Rarnparl and thc to a great extent due to robbing of bricks during
- ;:. Ihis arca is said to have been the placc of Portuguese and later times. The shrine had a
-,::-...' rr*tsc.en
Muslim lbrce and Kadamba king
thc rammed floor as revealed from a patch on the
: - hardor. The trial dig <lid not yicld any evidence of
southern side. The area on south and west sides
-:. brttlc due to its srnaller dirnension but good was found to be completelydug outand filledwith
:,- i-3rJ sequence r.vas found for comparative analysis laterite weathered rock waste during the portuguese
: rhe other locations.
times. The top fill contained portugues find but

W 33W
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

whether the cut was done even prior to Portuguese and had disturbed earlier laterite platform. From the

times needs to be established in future dig. excavation, a Muslim coin was found indicating its
destruction phase. Even Fr. Heras mentioned this when
Apart from the above, five more grids were
he recovered a coin ofMohammed-Bin-Tughlak. The
opened in east-west direction. The pre-Portuguese
present coin is yet to be treated, hence it is not known
levels have yielded evidences ofminiature shrines,
to which dynasty it belongs. The excavation to the
votive in nature, with floors packed with tiles and
east of the Nandi-mandapahas revealed four suc-
connected with pathways laid in trap boulder stone.
cessive floorlevels indicating its long survival from elev-
The tiles are evidently reused during this period as
enth century to at least pre-Portuguese times.
indicated by their breakage.

Atestpit, eastoftemple site, measuring 3mlm

in north-south direction was laid outside the GUJARAT
enclosure wall of the Temple site to know the
structural activity outside the temple area. Ithas given
24. ExcnvauoN AT Hattln, Drsrrucr BnavNacan
fairly good evidence ofthe various activities. The top Excavation Branch-Y Vadodara, of the Survey,
deposit yielded three levels of floors with laterite, clay under the direction of Shubhra Pramanik, assisted by
ramming followedby atile packed flooring. These V.H. Parmar. N.B. Soni, J.B. Makwana, Bipin Rohit,
floors are very hard and perhaps used as a Shubhash Chand, K.R. Malviya, D.P. Modi, caried
thoroughfare outside the enclosure wall. Underlying out excavation at Hathab(Lat2l} 35'N; Long720
these deposits was a fireplace with charcoal 15' E) located on the right bank of a rivulet
indicating that this area might have been used for some Maleshwari River, some 24 km south of modern
religious ceremonial activity. Perhaps this could have Bhavnagar(frg.4).
even been trsed to perpetuate festive communal food The moundwith itsundulated surface spreads
gathering. The fireplace assumes more significance due nearly 600 m x 400 m, covering an area approxi-
to its location near the temple. The real purpose of mately 28 hecheswith aconsiderable construction of
the place could be ascertained only after extending house and also cultivation. The maximum height of
the area. Further excavation below the fireplace yielded the deposit is 12 m andanullah, atpresent almost
one more floor laid with tiles. The presence oftiles at dry bounds the mound from south-west giving the
this level would take this area to structural phase II appeamnce of a moat within the earthen Rampart and
which could be confirmed only after making a drains into the Gulf of Khambhat, one and half
comparative study of the tiles and pottery from other kilometer to the north-east.
areas.
The site was systematically excavated with the
An eleventh century mutilatedNandi stands on following objectives : (i) to ascertain the cultural
the site, whichwas removedfromthe ditch andplaced sequence and settlement pattem of early historic culture
by Fr. Heras during 1930s. The original location of in Gujarat; (ii) to locate Roman trading stations
Nandi is not known. Excavation around the present involved in maritime activities with westem counfries
location ofNandi revealed a large roughly cut circular on the east-west coast referred to in ancient literary
laterite platform laid in sandy silt matrix. The fill texts like Sangamliterature and Buddhistwork
consisted ofboulders oftrap stone and laterite stones

ffi:+ ffi
P LORATION S AND EXCAVATIONS

Fig.4

o
z
II
o ,C
-<
tU od
E
I

z<
E. <-)
f
U)
ga ;l
J
"l c,
9
o _l )^r
o v_\
J *rt t
o "l o

'w..
tu
z.
-
(J
F

E. oi=

\=,...,--.j-' i.'' (. i'-, 3 i\ ,la

(.,,*," ;- ipl, ;- i oa

1,...; ;i;'i;. -,-.n;,;

UiJ,i:i:i;iririr
\l;i;l;i
r ;
.1,$$g
i:l:l:i.
-'i:j!,.
"'
*,
'-'---'
\.,, i 'k
:
i .
.l .-.-...-. :'
lo E
' b h=t
iii;' .-E !o ..i"-'''i-.
't . (D -.i r,'
/5
I ):i:ir;.
1'
lttttt,' ,' ,t ,'
I-t I t'
Wj'
r:,,
e-6 t \,,,
.,
;$
,.'E ,/
{

z.

F
iit r
,l,l,i.:
l- t ':i,7
=
..d
lrlli.f
o
Y ;l;i;i':
(L
iiiN
t:::i;

35
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REYIEW

Mu n j us h r i nni o ku Ipu ; (iii) to identi ty Astakamprit rvare, black-slipped warc, Rcd-Polishcd Warc and
rel-errcd to by Ptolcmy and also in thc rccords ol' assobiated warcs. lt is also significant to notc'that
Pe r ipl u s of' E r.vl h rea n Seu. Mauryan deposits werc limited to certain arcas in
particular, lvhilc the Kshatrapa pcriod s'as
The site of Hathab and its cnvironment were comparatively rich with a rvide rangc ofarte lacts' No
explored by the Survey and the M'S.University, proper house plan was encotlntcrccl cxcept lor a llat
Vadodara. The area was re-cxplored by thc prcscnt pavccl stonc, circular on plan, tncasuring 4.00 nr in
team belbre commencing the excavation rvlrich dia apart liom a parallel scries of Silos in Trcnch
resultcd in lilling up thc liagme'ntcd cultural scqlrt:nce AL-55 (48 to 50 cnr). Thc btrrnt-brick louncl in thcsc
ofGujarat. layc-rs mcasurcs 49 x 39 x 9 cnr.

The excavation rvas conlined to the soutlls'estem Among ths notablc linds rlrcrrtit)ll lllay bc maclc
side and partly the northern side of the mound by ol'scetls reading hustuktwtprtr ancl ublruduvt (pl.
opening e ight trenchcs !0 x l0 nr, each laicl in scvcn Z2:|1g.6). A spouted hronzc pttt (similar to that
pockets'alphabctically r.rumbercd liom A-(i ( lig- 5). Ior,rncl at Khapra Klrodia C'ilt'cs at.ltlnagatlh alstl s as
Mosi of the trcnchcs cottld not bc cxcavatecl noticcd. ln aclclition ttt tlrc aborc, a trial-trcnch
-french AFI-21 in
cornpletely except lor the Indcx (AF-62) rvas takcn up to conlirnl tlrc nullult lhal
rvhich the natural soil rvas reached. Whilc diggin-u it surrounds thc mottncl. Thcrc arc rcrnains of moat
rvas observed that the top layers sul'fercd sonrc l0 nr rvidc and 2 m dcep. Thc crlttillg sho*'cd loosc
damagc due to levclling ofthe ground lbr ctrltivation. silt lilling in the rnoat antl llat stonc pitchitrg on thc
Tlre riraterial evidence lionr the site provcs thc edgc shich rvas u'ell conncctcd lvith a pcrcnnial s'atcr
existence of a buricd city, datable lionr the lburth body, i.c., dry tank rvhich cottld lravc bccn tlsccl to
century BC to tlre sixth ccnttrry AD- drain olf cxcess s'ttlcr lionr thc tntlat. A hoarcl ol'
nearly onc thousand coitrs obscurcd by patination *'crc
The deposits at tlrc site indicated tentativcly a
also lound. Sonre ol- tlrc silvcr coins bear lhrce
sequencc ofthree pcriods:
archcd-hill synrbol bencath il wilvy linc apart lionr a
Period I : Mauryan (c'. lburtlr- ccntttry ttr crcsccnt and nroon tln thc othcr sidcs. lloth punch
markcd ancl cast cttins s'crc recovcrcd lionr the site'
firstccnttrry BC)
Pcriod lt s'ith an avcrasc dcposit ol'6-20 rlr is
Period ll : Kshatrapa (c'. lirst ccnttrary []C
dintinguished by th*. .rppcarancc of Kshatrapa phasc
to lburth centurY AD) in Tre-nch AJ-21 ( lig. 7). Thc Pcriod ll has sub-phascs

Period III : Maitraka (c. lifth centtury AD to A,l] and C shorving an intntsion of imn implemcnts in

sixthcenturyAD) domestic and ritual use. Tlrc ccranrics comprise

Rcd-Polishe'd Ware-, coarse grcy warc, black-slippcd

Thc deposit of Period I traced in thc nofllr-u'cst \\'arc, anrphorae, decorated and incisecl rvarc
pocket adjaccnt to thc moat with thickncss ot'ap-
a bcsides a lcrv pieccs ol-llotrlcttcd u'arc.

proxinrate ly 2 m of rvhiclr tlre last phasc rvas lbttnd Thc shapes incltrdc sprinklcr, borvls (lig. 8)'
interlockcd rvith thc succecdin-e Pcriod ll, i.c.' incense bumer, handle picces, hundi, basin, and vases
Kshatrapa period. It is characterized by coarse grey (11g. 9). A notervorthy f'caturc noticccl in llecl-

ffi 36ffi
L\? L O RATI O N S AN D EX CAT/ATI O N S

lilH rr 1
8 +ri6ll )

=*+ Ao

o
. | | bl ll
H1r6"
frl ,P@
El Z<a
1

o Hl JnI
"' E5 E s"
69I55
ou c dts ""r"1
J rrg

co

- rI
I
t
t
k
-
k-
lu I l

t{
l) -1
ae.
tx
z<
uJ g)
5<
z4
IIT
od
O- u:
S t/)
ad
:)
,i;*r-r:,
o
F
z
-b_\-'t)'-r
tl.
o '\, "
O
f ..- - ir,
/L-;' ,i
:!tl, /-'- I = \I
\ --
\
qkf - \\,r'- --j
..-"
./:t
-\. i: i

.,;N\
'.

-;_,\Ud
J'
/ II
\='s.-I
3

*irr.,rr,prrr{

3'7
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Fig.6

bO

\)
q

o
Q

r*
q)

o'
U
q)
*\c
4

ffi:s ffi
EXP L O RATI O N S A N D EXCAVATI ON S

Fig.7
HATHAB : 2001 - 02
HTB - C, SECTION FACING EAST
TRENCH AJ-21, QD-1
0 50 100
l" ',1', " lCM

North
r1-1-r-l_]-.?--rtf--rT-

MAITRAKA PERIOD

UNEXCAVATED )

I
142
k*
l^n
I KSHATRAPA PERIOD

l
iul
, \tl
fi r'l

r!' i j
'1,i.': l'l

MAURYAN PERIOD

39
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1.O2 4 REVIEW

Fig.8

".:'
naif
atat'

0510
L,,, l ,,,IcM

JL 7

Hathab: ceramic tYPes, Period II

W ooW
LW L O RATI O N S AND EXC AVATI O N S

05 0
Irrrrl I
",,,

Hathab: ceramic epes, Period II

ffi +rffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Polished Ware is the rim ofjars with flattened top, One ofthe mostremarkable discoveries of shell
which bear either engravings or writing. Sfuctures of consists of an oval-shaped sandstone column bearing
phase A consisted of stone pavements 1.20 m to single line inscripti on tn sankhacharacters reading sn
2.58m with charred ash, rectangular and circular on kirti chandrasya.
plan. There were also noticed upright slabs in-between
During the excavation in PocketA (northwestem
these structures, perhaps symbolizing ritual aspect.
wing) also brought to light an early historic Vav/step-
The pha-se B is marked by the appearance of well datable to the first centuryAD (pl. 26). Built of
rectangularbnck@Zx 33 x 8 cm) structural-complex brick (43 x37 x7 cm) in a semicircular chaityaform
with post-holes and brickbat fl ooring (3. 50x4.40 m) (5.7 cm in dia and a height of 9.5 m) entered through
(pI.23). a short entrance with broad sandstone stepped-
passage (2. 1 0m), leading to a moon-shaped platform,
The phase C represents a mud wall-complex with
from where two narrow pathways attached to both
chambers and use ofpebbles.
side walls descend like a 'coil of snake'. The
People ofthese phases lived in huts, circular and architectural ground plan showing the moon or
rectangular in plan, which were made of perishable chandra-shaped plaform was followed by bricks laid
material. However, the presence of circular on wooden logs on all four sides in two courses with
structures in stone, points to a different group of a thickness of 24cm.A carved kurma was noticed
people in this phase. Rectangular brick on one side of the well at a depth of 10.80 m and the
structural- complex with post-holes and brick-wall size of the kurrna ts about 1 .50 m in length an d32 cm
suggest the presence of low-wall with roof and tiled in width. This Vav was probably associated with early
superstructure. There was also noticed a twin-well worship ofVishnu. The significance ofVishnu, in this
within the comple x (pl. Z4).Also observed outside form as Narayana and Seshasayin and of aquatic
the well a twin stone structure, circular in plan (2.55m animals like tortoise is alluded to in Samkhyana
to 3 m). The diameter ofthe twin-well measures in- Grhiyasutra. Outside the Vav, at a distance of3.40m,
ternally 1.50 m and externally 3.44 m. At a depth of a stone slab chamber measuring 2.80 x 3 m was
6.95m plenty of shelled grains were found. traced. It appears that water might have been stored
here for use in sacred rites. Anumber of test pits dug
Among the antiquities, mention may be made of
around the Vav indicates intrusion of sea-water, as
stone-pestles, knives, spearheads, nails and rods, all
the moat is very near to the Vav.
made of iron (pl. 25). Avariety of decorative animal
forms like bulll, horse and camel with elaborate The antiquarian remains fromthe well includes
decoration was reported, testifying some foreign conch, terracotta lotus, patinated coins, Red Polished
influence e.g., Graeco-Roman during Kshatrapa Ware, black ware, amphorae, handles, besides
period. Mention may be made of shell objects like decorated ivory and shell items.
C alum el I a of Turb in el I o P o rum, bangles with fl oral
motifs pierced with perforation, plain pieces with gold Period III,
associated with the Maitrakas,
platings, etc. The manufacturing waste was converted suffered much damage during recent years due to
into other objects like beads, pendants and inlay works. cultivation. Some traces of structure point to a

ffi+z ffi
E,YP L O RATI ON S AND EXC AVAT I ON S

22

ffi

ffi

23
Hathqb: 22, teruacotta seal reading 'abadavo' and 23, brick structures with post-holes

43
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 24-25

24

*
*
re
ffi
\flr W
q[cms

L
t*ry
25

Hathab: 24, twin wells and 25, iron objects

44
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

27

Hathab: 26, step-well and 27, terracotta human figurines

ffi+sffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIETI'

-I
a-

?
E
.,# .,,

=-=

rFt
,m
"ffi d H-
lIlL€
kia
Hathab: 28, animal figurines and 29, shell bangles

-lti
EXP LO RATI O NS AN D EXCAVATI ON S

|EcMl

30

31

32

Hathab: 30, gold signet ring reading 'hastiram" 31, decorated pottery
and 32, amphorae handles

J+tJ
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

decadent stage at the site either by way of climatic/ as Hastiram (sya) identified with Hastavapral
geological factors and economy. Hathab).

The Maitraka peiod was characterized by low During the course of exploration, on the coastal
grade pottery and iron found profusely from stratified bed, the remains of early historic, medieval and
layers. British period were traced. Also noticed were a
number of structural remains of early historic period
Exploration and trial-trench conducted in in the village of Koliya and in Nichkolank Mahadev.
Khadsliya, 3 km away from Hathab, also brought to A number of Paliyas datable to the ninth-tenth
light slags on the surfaces. It seems to be a mining centuryAD were also recorded. The early historic
area from where slags were extacted for making toolV material included Red Polished Ware, decorated
weapons forHathab. potsherds (pl. 3l), patinated coins and amphorae
handles (pl. 32).
A wide range of antiquities in terracotta, ivory
and stones were recovered. These includedterracotta A trial-excavation was taken up at Ghogha
human and animal figurines (pls.27-28 ), heads, discs, (Hathikhana), some 4 km north of Hathab and l%
hopsctotch, gamesman, domestic utensils, coins, gold lcn from the coast. The excavation yielded three huge
and shell j ewellery (p1.29). storage wine j ars of grey slipped ware (l.25 x I . I 0m),
slipped externally with a narrow mouth.
A special mention may be made of seated
Ganesa as corroborated by the literary evidence that 25. Expr,onauoN IN Drsrnrcr JuNlclnn
Maitrakas were the worshipper ofGanesa.
S.S.Parekh, of the Vadodara Circle, of the
Another significant discovery ofthis period is a Survey, under the village-to-village scheme,
gold signet ring with inscription (p1. 30) which reads discovered the following remains in Vanthali taluk.

Wllages Nature of remains

Dhankuia Late medieval Siva temple

Gathila Temple dedicated to Siva known as Bhowmesvara Mahadeva oflate medieval

period

Godai 'U shaped step-well with three-storeyed pavilion and an enfrance facing west
side. Every floorhas one niche on either side of the wall. The temple belongs
to the c. fifteenth-sixteenth centuryAD, located near the entrance of a village,
consists of mandapa, antarala and garbha-griha, sikhara in Nagar style. It
is a Saivite temple known as Godesvara Mahadeva, the outer wall carved
with Saivite gods andgoddesses.

I+sI
tlI
EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI O N S

Wllages Nature of remains

Kajalia(Mota) Hero-stones of early nineteenth century AD

Kajalia(Nana)

Khorasa Hero-stones of nineteenth century AD

Koyali Late medieval remains with gate having complete set ofdoor; Matha ofMahant
of nineteenth centuryAD; four-armed bronze image ofAmbika shown seated
in arddhaparyankasanapose on a lion. An inscription is engraved on the
rear
side of irnage and could be datable to circaeighteenth centuryAD

Lusada over twenty hero-stones near the entrance of village, datable to c. eighteenth_
nineteenth centuryAD; remains of a Siva temple,linga andyoni pitha datable
to the late medievalperiod

Shahpur Medieval fortification with gate having wooden door with iron nails; remains of
two temples dedicated to siva (circafourteenth-fifteenth centuryAD), Begum
Mahaland mosque datable to c. eighteenth-nineteenth centuryAD

I n. Err trrro\r At Dll<lr.,t.ln.t, Dlslnrt t Krr.rrc.nu sequence iN well as thenature ofthepartiallyunearthed

structures remain inconclusive; (e) to start work in one
In continuation of the previous year,s work
tv\-99, pp.6-7; 1999-2000, pp. 22-27), the residential sectoreach in the Middle Town as well as
Lower Town; (f) to do some such work at several
- i J.t\ ation was resumed at the Harappan mound
places at the site in a manner that both academic and
-.':3r the joint direction of R.S. Bisht and K.C. Naurial
tourist interests are fulfilled; (g) to conclude excavation
:::.Std by M.K. Saxena, N.K. pathak. Vasant
- ,.:rankar, Kewal Singh, Ravinder Kumar, S.K. at the brick-made tumulus in the cemetery and (h)

- -::rra. N.K. Kharb, Puran Chand Mr"rkhi. Dadan vertical trenching in each of Castle, Bailey, Middle
:--sd and Madan Lal. Besides imparting training Town, Lower Town and Annex with a view to
to
-: PGDA students of the Institute ofArchaeology, collecting samples for scientifi c investigations.
.:'.,. Delhi, the other objectives ofthe excavation
were: In all, fourteen squares, viz., 47x55,47x56,
- . ., e\pose turther extension of the reservoir to the 47 x63, 47 x64, 47 x6 5, 47 x66, 47 x i- 3, 47 x7 4, 47 x7 5,
:,:. t)f the Castle; (b) to lay bare the eastern 47 x7 6, 47 x84, 47 x94,
5 and 47 x9 6were sunk
47 x9
: -:.rnkment and extend work at the rock-cut to a varying depth in the north central zone of the
-.-1 Lrir on the south; (c) to further expose and study Castle of Citadel, where various house structures,
-; iSr€frl gate-complex ofthe Great Stadium;(d)
.r,
planned along the streets/open areas ofthe stages of
*:=kc'
firrlher probing in theAnnex where the total V VI and VII were uncovered.

l+g I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

A central north-south oriented sfreet, connecting circular hut, having 0.62 m wide walland4.25 m as
broadway to a gate on the north, was exposed which inner diameter, was fronted by an elliptical
was 3.70m wide at one place, seems to have been antechamber, more than 3.85 m in length. Enkance to
another chief entrance into the Castle from the North the main unit was I .10 m wide. The other circular
Gate already excavated as yet remains to be huts were smaller in dimensions and were of single
established. Along the stree! a house-complex aligning unit only. Although, height ofthe walls ofany ofthese
it from the west was exposed. This well constructed boongas has not survived in more than two courses,
house-complex extended northwards where the position of a large stone block at the centre in one of
fortification wall ofthe Castle aboutted it. There were the huts indicated that the roof was supported on a
several rooms ofdifferent sizes, the nature ofwhich is central post giving roofa conical shape as is still done
though not clear. Some rooms contained an entrance. in traditionally costructed boongas in haphazard
The main walls of this house were not so thick. The manner on plan, there was no regular street or lane
eastem wall at one point measured 0.72 m thick-hence plannedwiththem.
it may be surmised with a fair degree of certainty that To immediate west of the northwestem comel
this was a single-storeyed house. Further, it is possible of the Bailey, where a West Gate-complex to Greal
that some of its walls, which were relatively less thick Stadium was exposed, 17 squares, namely 67x62.
in section, represented partition walls. Masonry ofthe 67 x52, 67 x42, 67 x32,67 x63, 67 x5 3, 67 x43, 67 x3 3'
house had all kinds of rubbles - freshly chiselled stones, 67 x22, 67 x2 l, 67 x3 l, 67 x32, 67 x23, 57 x3 0, 57 x2 |
smaller as well as big stone slabs, those taken out 57x31and66x40 were spanned and excavated tc
from the walls of earlier phases, finished stone a varying dimensions and depth. The partly expose(
members reused, and so on. In one ofthe corners of storm-water drain, which was covered by stont
the house-complex, a drain at its mouth had a rim slabs, was now traced further eastwards, past tht
portion of a mortar to be used as mouth of the northern edge of the gate passageway. Closed t<
drain. its exposed eastern end, the drain bifurcated intt

A veriety of artefacts were picked up from the

two separate drains, one still going furthe
eastwards, and another northward, in order tr
excavation of a room. Interestingly, from one ofthe
collect water from different areas and directions o
rooms ofabove house was recovered a large conical
the Stadium. lnterestingly, beside this storm-wate
stone, purpose ofwhich is not wholly clear. From the
drain, a few more fragments of free-standinl
same room were also recovered aquattzball which
columns, finial and unfinished basal parts found lyiq
was tastefully finished. It is hoped that further
haphazardly on the ground at about the same leve
excavation of the house would yield more antiquities
as the top of the drain in squares 67x21, 67x22
ofspecial interest.
67x31 and 67x32. Much to one's attention, on
Of Stage VII, no less than three circular huts column fragment had gone into the section of th
(boongas) were exposed. A11 these circular huts were drain. As observed earlier, these columns wer
confined to the east ofthe central street referred to driven in the ground perhaps during Stage V, bt
above. One circular hut in square 47x56 was a double were destroyed and reduced to pieces intentionall
unit boongas, oriented NNW-SSE' The central sometime during Stage VI.

I sol
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXCAVAT ION S

In the Middle Town area, fifteen trenches, area of north-south street was exposed and
3 5x53, 3 5x63, 3 5x7 3, 3 5x83, 3 5x93, 45x3, 45x13, documented.
4 5x23, x33, 45x7 3, 45x53, 4 5 x63, 46x5 4, 5 5x8 1
45
In squares 46x61,46x62 and 46x71, across
and 55x82 were laid out to expose the street in the
the southem fortification wall ofthe Middle Town was
east-west direction fully in order to lay bare the arterial
revealed a small postern entrance, communicating
street along with the adjoining houses and shops up
between the Middle Town and the Stadium. This
to the eastern gate of the Middle Town. The
entrance was in form of a simple 6.45x1.75 m long
excavation, which was limited to a varying depth of
and wide opening. The westem wall was preserved
60 to 70 cm, revealed one, or at the most two,
to a height of 1 .75 m. In the middle of its length, the
stuctural phases ofhouses with the appurtenant street
passage has preserved evidence oftwo niches built at
levels. An interesting feature of excavation was
different heights along the elevation ofthe walls to
documenting a number of ' ghost walls' , resulting from
possibly put wooden bars across the passage in order
removing stones from the walls of earlier structural
to control the occupant's movement. Stratigraphically,
phases. The area-digging here further brought to light
this enf'ance appears to have been consturcted during
all the general household features such as floor levels
the lastphase of occupation ofthe Middle Town, i.e.,
at different depths, room entrances, house drains,
StageVI, ofwhich onlythe flimsy depositis available
embedded earthen jars and partition-walls etc. [n one
in the Middle Town.
square, a long uncovered drain, made of small stone
pieces was exposed. The drains emptied into the The partly exposed eastern reservoir was
soakage-jars which were found placed on the street taken up for further exposure by laying a 30 m long
outside houses. Evidence ofrepairing walls was also trench, consisting ofsix quadrants of5x5 m each
documented at aplace where alarge portion ofawall across the width falling in squares 37x25 m, and
somehow had collapsed. Fender stones were found 37x56 m. The area was sunk to a depth of 5 m in
inserted at appropriate places in the street seemingly general. Since the time did not permit to sink the
to save the corner ofthat house from unforeseen entire segment down to the bed-rock, only half the
damage likely to be caused by any moving object width of it could be dug down to the general depth
round the corner. A stone mortar and a stone trough of 8 m. This operation brought to light a new
excavated from different localities were among the feature. It was observed that the bed-rock, at least
utrer interesting finds. apartof it, was sloping down towards the centre.
The natural soil was touched at a depth of 8.70m Until the work was closed, a maximum depth of
in the eastern part ofthe street in square 45x3, close 10.50 m in a limited area was reached. A lot of
to the east gate of the Middle Town. Deep digging debris belonging to the masonry was still showing
once again confirmed that there was no appreciable up.Asthe fill still seems going downwards, itwould
change in overall planning of the Middle Town be fairly reasonble to opine, as postulated during
trroughout its existence. Earlier work had exposed previous diggings, that the central area or apart
crmsing ofrwo streets down the middle ofthe arterial therein should be much deeper, may be even up to
street. This year, in order to provide depth to this the water table so that the water supply could have

lmtion poin! and to know the additional details, more been ensured throughout the year.

IsI I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

On the eastern side of the reservoir, the qualities and strong binding capacity ofthis clay that
embankment was found to be more damaged than the entire drain was found in a good state of
that on the west. Only future work could through more preservation.
light on the cause, nature and scale ofthis damage. Enigmatically, this newly found reseryoir was
Incidentally, it may be mentioned that the course of subsequently filled up with bricks and brick debris. At
the Manhar rilulet lies further east not very far from places, there appeared regular thick walls of mud
the eastem embankment ofthe reservoir. bricks. For a better explanation, it requires more
exposure. At the face of it, it appears to coincide with
With a view to exposing more area ofreservoir,
destruction of the part of the embankment referred to
the western cutting, which had suffered weathering
above.
because oflong exposure in sun and rain fortwo years,
A wide range of finds including antiquities and
was pushed 6.5 m furtherwestward. Some testpits
pottery ofthe mature, late and post-Harappan period
that were laid here suggested that the westem limit of
was obtained from the excavation. Amost interesting
the reservoir might be close-by.
find among this season's antiquities was a terracotta
Two squares, 48x28 and48x29 were laid out unicom recovered from the beddepositofthe Eastem
on the eastern embankment of the rock-cut Reservoir, about 10.30 m below the present ground
reservoir. The excavation brought to light its full level. This unicom made ofwell levigatedbuffclay,
length and width. Of the extant top, the width of and well-fired,rs2.9 cm long, 0.70 cm thick and 1.67
the embankment measured 5.10 m and length cm in height including extent height ofthe broken hom.
around 9 m. As was expected, the other face of The examples of unicorn from Harappan levels are
the embankment is also faced with the stonework rare, and now Dholavira is the first Indian site to have
from where began another reservoir. This reservoir yielded the evidence ofa unicom in Harappan context.
was once interconnected with rock-cut one through Recovery of a small fragmentary
drain which was oriented east-west. Perhaps a drain anthropomorphic figure of terracotta, of a size of
is provided in the middle of the width of the newly 0.57x0.49x0.10 cm, from the floor level of a circular
discovered reservoir, whereas its western end hut of Stage VII is another interesting find. Steatite
terminated near the southeastern corner of rock- and soapstone seals; terracotta sealings; pieces of
cut reservoir. The drain has preserved two special gold foil; beads of gold, copper, semiprecious
features with regard to its construction: (a) it had a stones, shell, terracotta, faience, lapis laztili, steatite
sculpted mouth on its eastern end fashioned in the and paste; micro beads of gold and steatite;
form ofa rectangular recessed aperture cut through spear-heads, arrow-heads, fish-hooks and chisels
a stone block, and (b) the whole drain, made of of copper; inlay pieces of shell, ladles, bangles and
cut-stone rectangular blocks, was meticulously set bracelets; animal and bird figurines of terracotta;
in mud-mortar made of local fine clay which was hopscotches ofpottery; gamesmen of semiprecious
very sticky and impervious in nature. Before the and other stones; a stone fragment bearing incised
drain was actually constructed, a thick bed of this squares for games; bladelets of chalcedony, quartz
clay was laid and it was because of the preservative and chert; chert weight and blades; terracotta dice;

I szf
EXP L O RATI ONS AN D EXCAVATIO N S

triangular terracotta cakes; drill-bits; points and styli Excavation in the southwestern part ofthe site
of bone; saddle querns, mullers and pestles of stone revealed the south-west corner of the massive
of various sizes etc. are among the classical fortification around the settlement (pl. 33). Among the
Harappan antiquitites recovered from the already reported three constructional stages, only the
excavation. two early stages are found preserved at this corner.
27. ExplonATroN rN Dlsrnrcr Klcncnn The later, Stage-III and even part ofthe Stage-II,
construction ofthe wall has eitherbeen completely
Sporadic exploratonwas also carried outbythe
eroded offor destroyed by acts of stone robbing. At
Excavation Branch-V, Vadodara of the Survey at
some places the stone robbing had in fact gone down
Piram Island (210 35';E720 34'),halfmiles south of
even upto the foundation. Construction of the
Ghogha and a half km from the north-east part of
periphery wall at this part ofthe settlemet commences
Kathiawar shore which shows a reef of rock covered
on top of about 1.00 m thick cultural deposit
in part by blown sand.
belonging to phase-I.
A large number of fossils were discovered along
with wood and stone sculptures. The first two vertical courses of the slabs
forming the foundation ofthe wall is buttressed with
28. ExcavrruoN AT B.Lcasn.l,, DrsrRrcr Rr"lxor a filling of large slabs, small rubbles and even large
The Department ofArchaeology andAncient pebbles all set in a sticky clay. The constructional
History, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, debris of this wall incorporates several sherds of
resumed excavation atthe Harappan site Bagasra. the Harappan black-slipped jar. This may indicate
The excavation is directed byV.H.Sonawane, with the date of construction ofthe fortification wall at
the assistance of P.Ajithprasad, K.K.Bhan, the site.
K.Krishnan, S. Pratapachandran and Abhijit
The Stage-II ofthe fortification commences
Majumdar of the department. Several trenches,
with an increase in the height and width/thickness
each measuring 5x5m, were opened up at the
of the wall. Five to six more courses of stone slabs
western side as well as at the south-west corner of
were added on top of the existing stone base for
the settlement with a view to understanding the craft
increasing its height. Along with this the thickness
production of shell items during the Urban phase/
of the wall was increased only towards the inner
phase-Il and for establishing the features of the
side. The maximum thickness at the base in this
structures associated with it. Since the area chosen
stage is about 7.75m. The corner stones of the for-
is adhering to the fortification wall, it is presumed
tification wall are chiselled to a smooth surface and
that these trenches would reveal the relation
sharp edges. The sides facing outside are cut to
between the above structures andthe constructional
900 angle on the horizontal plane. The two sides of
fortification wall. Besides, it is also
stages of the
the slab on the vertical plane show a 70 gradient.
aimed at uncovering structural features of the
All corner slabs, right from the base, show this
southwestern corner of the fortification wall and
gradient. As a result the wall itself is tapering
for checking the possible extension of it towards
towards the top by 70. That is, for every 2.5m, the
the south from the south-west corner.
wall is tapering inwards by 30 cm.

Is3 I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2001-02 -A REVIT

&
4
E

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r-
q
bo
a

ffis+ ffi
 EI? L O RATI O N S AND E XC AVATI O N S

Plates 34'35

I -ffifu*r"
-1
ff
FTF
ia
L --.d lB
.F

tr'*,

u
I
,1

n"! !

ilr/
4l .-

35
Bagasra: 34, shell working area and 35, terracotta animal figurine

55
 It{DIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2001-02 - A REVIM

to
narrow tapering bottom. This structure appears
In addition to this, a supporting wall was built
be extending further towards the east into
the
around the southwestern corner in order
to
wall/ Trench Ef 4, which is yet to be excavated'
strengthen it at Stage-II' This retaining
at Another structure belonging to the slightly
rampart is built of roughly hewn stone blocks wall
main earlierperiodis found adheringto the periphery
ubort 1 .80m away from the outer edge of the has
in the Trenches F-a7 and Ea 8' This structure
wall and is filled with mud and probably
consolidated by ramming at the top' The
extant brick-paved floor with small enclosed areas
demarcatedbybricks . Within one such demarcated
length of this wall at the western side from
the
side is spaces was found a small in-situpotljar'
In addition
corner is about 7.10 m and on the southern
within a to these, there are remains of a series of
mud-brick
over 4.00 m. Subsequent to this, probably
periphery
similar walls joining at right angle to the westem
short time, yet another retaining wall having Eb
to the wall at regular intervals in the Trenches Eb 5 and
structural features was constructed parallel struc-
6. They belong to the Stage-I' Part of these
first one. While it has six vertical courses of
stone
tures was razeddown and truncated by
the Stage-II
at the corner, there are only
just two courses at the
western side where it terminates' Isolated sherds
wall expansion and many a times the later structures
from built using them as the base'
of "sorath Harappan" bowls were recovered
are

the mud filling of this second retaining

wall' Both Apart from the Harappan, Sorath Harappan
to
the walls are standing upon substantial
deposit of andAnarta pottery, the excavation also brought
the phase-ll and, therefore, seem to have
been built light several terracotta objects, beads of semipre-
bangles
sometime in the later half of this phase' ci,ous stones, faience and terracotta, shell
lithic blade
and ladles, copper and bone implements'
Apart from the above, remains of several and
tools of Rohri chert and local siliceous stones
structures associated with a shell-working the
quadrant adhering to the fortification wall were cubical weights. The most important among
in the western side (p1' 34)' Although terracotta objects are a number of large triangular
"*pos"d to the phase II, these structures have
belonging terracotta cakes, the head of a typical Harappan
ram showing applique eyes, small figurine of
a
different history of construction' Inspite of this'
as

the basic plan and layout ofthe structures

remained humped bull and the torso of a large hollow
almost same, irrespective of the minor expansions
bull-like animal with no hump and decorated with
and alterations, it is easier to make out the fish-scale painting (pl. 35)' The last one' though
features of the structures' The main structure slightly broken off at its neck, shows holes for
5'60m attaching a movable head' Among the beads
alarge
associated with the shell working is a large
etched carnelian bead, a steatite bead painted
in
x3.20m unitmade ofmud-bricks' Three large heaps
of unworked marine gastropod shells and a cluster orange to look like an etched bead, and some
of bangles in varying stages of their production are barrel shaped beads in agate and lapis lazuli are
found within this structure. Two more brick-built noteworthy' Two types of stone weight unearthed
structures are found associated with this stntcture in the excavation comprise (a) cubical specimens
in the trench Ea 11. On the floor of this structure are oftypical banded agate and chalcedony and (b) a
found five Harappan pedestalled vases with a truncated spherical type of dark chert'

W56 W
E X P L O RAT I ON S AND EXC AI/AT I ON S

village. The remaining part is under central protec-

HARYANA
tion. The villagers have robbed extensively the bumt
19. ExclvATIoN nr N.q,uRnNGABAD, Dtsrntcr bricks in the past from ancient structures ofthe moruld
BrrrurNt forthe construction oftheirhouses. This has caused
considerable damage and disturbance in the upper
Excavation Branch-Il, New Delhi, ofthe Sur-
habitational strata and structural levels all over the
'. e1. under the direction of P.B.S. Sengar, assisted by
mound. About sixty percent of the modern houses
Vishnu Kant, P.K. Mishra, Mnod Kumar Srivastava,
nearby, i.e.,Naurangabad,Dhani, Bamla, etc. are con-
\'.P. Verma, Ram Kumar and Chhote Lal Yadav of
structed ofbricks from this mound.
:e Branch along with Aj aib singh and Ashok Kumar,
Chandigarh Circle, of the Survey, carried out
.,t the The main objective of the excavation was to
:rcavation at Naurangabad (280 48 N; 750 081 E) ascertain (i) the cultural sequence ofthe site and (ii) to
.:,d also organised a short term training programme study the town planning of historical city at different
' ,r training the students of post-graduate course in levels underYaudheyas and Kushans. With this view,
1.story ofthe M.D. University, Rohtak (Haryana) and about 7 trenches of 10x10 m were laid out at three
'-- e .\ncient Indian H istory Culture and A rchaeology
differentplaces ofthe mound ofwhich 5 trenches (XP
: the Kurukshetra University, Kurukashetra 19, XQ 19, XR XS 19 and XT 19) were taken
19,
:1.rn ana). up at the slope where the contours go down from
l0 km east of dis- 224.11mto219.24 m covering whole stripe up to
The ancient site is located
bottom of the mound on the southwestern side to
::ct headquarter on the Bhiwani Rohtak Road and
ascertain the cultural sequence of the site (fig. 1 1);
:. km rvest of Rohtak. The nearest railway station is
one trench (ZH 8) was laid at the level of 226.53 m,
Semla about 3 km away from the site. l'he site is also
about the middle of the mound while the other (ZS
.:proachable by road, 17 km west of Kalanaur to-
25) was taken up about 3 m below at a lower level of
,r.:rds Bhiwani.
223 mon the spot, where unauthorized digging was
The mound is very large in size measuring about carried out by the villagers in the recent past to
:r acres and is almost rectangular in shape. It is about extract sandy soil from the northeastem part ofthe
. m high from the surrounding fields as the contour mound. Due to availability of limited space for deep
- ses tiom 217 to 228 (frg. 10). The mound has al- excavation, only two places, one in Qd 4 of XP 19
-:r'rst flattish top all around. The site lies adjacent to and other in the Qd I of ZH 8 could be excavated'
::.e dunes area of Rajasthan under plain ter:rain' To- First one (Qd 4 of XP l9) shows a deposit of about
south of the site, rolling sand hills and rocky
.i ards 6.55 m overthe virgin soil and marked by layers (1)
:ninences are the main features of the landscape' to (15) and second one (Qd I of SQ. ZH 8) could
?:.rbably, one ofthe old channels of RiverYamuna only be possible to reach down upto 6.15 m and rep-
"i es located near the site. The mound
is about 100 resented by layers ( 1 ) to ( I 8). Due to space problem
rl u'est of present Yamuna. at lower level, it was not possible to touch virgin soil
in this area. The estimated deposit at this place is about
The eastern part of the mound is presently
9 m on the basis of MSL (226.53m) of this area.
<;upied by the modem inhabitants of Naurangabad

ffiszffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A RET/IEW

CONTOUR PLAN OF MOUND AT NAURANGABAD VILLAGE

DlsTRlcT BHIWAN I (HARYANA)
20 0
't0 80
SCALE IiETRES

,v

A
TO BHIWANI

E
@
POND

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Y

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c
Y

tctlo(I-
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UILL

INDEX
COTTOUR (>
WTRE FENCES
-,<-t-
EXCAVATED AREA
@
XODERII BUILDIXGS

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59
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

The preliminary study ofthe cultural assemblage dikh and also for the ancient town at Naurangabad
the
and structural remains recovered during the most probably was fed by the water in the old
excavation inthe present field season atN4urangabad channel of River Yamuna.
tentatively indicated a sequence of three cultural
periods. Period II is marked by ofabout 1.15m
a deposit
represented by layers (6) to (a) in Qd 4 of Sq. XP l9
Period I is further divisible into two sub-peri- in the southwestem slope and at the middle in Qd I of
ods. Sub-period I (A) is indicated by a deposit of Sq ZH 8, by a deposit of about 2m, marked by layer
about 2 m over the virgin soil and marked as layers (7) to (14) with a series floor levels.
(15) to (11) in Qd 4 of XP 19. An U-shaped hearth
(pl. 36), a seven courses mud-brick wall and an A 1.35 mbroad and73 cmhighpartlyexposed
evidence of post-hole were found. At the burnt-brick structure with eleven courses was
southwestern slope, a mud-brick fortification wall of recovered in Qd 4 of XP 19 and a mud-brick wall
about 9 m long was recovered from this sub-period found in XR 19. Second one has a foundation pit.
in Qds 1 and4 of XS 19. Athin copper coin is also The pit was found filled with yellowish sandy soil at
collected from this sub-period. about the middle of Qd I of ZH 8. A 70 cm wide,
3.77mlong and 1.65 high mud-brick wall was also
Sub-period I (B) is represented by a deposit of
found, with a foundation pit (p1. 37). This pit was also
about 1.80 m and marked as layers (10) to (7) also in
found filled with yellowish sandy soil and
Qd 4 ofXP 19. Mud-brick wall of a room with three
mud-bricklats. This wall is a part of a room (size 2:32
courses were noticed from this level. At the
x l 9m) with other walls partly exposed (pl. 38).
southwestern slope in Qds I and 4 of XSl9, a
Northem rvall ofthis room has a height of 1.42 m
burnt-brick retaining wall, which is protecting and
with successive floors. Upperpart of this wall was
strengthening the early mud-brick fortification wall of
found robbed. The remaining upper courses ofthe
sub-period I (A) was unearthed at the periphery of
wall were made ofburnt-bricks. At anotherplace in
the ancient city. The brick size used in burnt-brick
the northern side of the mound, a house made of
wall is 48x24 x 7 cm. The heavy debris ofthis wall
mud-brick wall with two fully exposed rooms
were found scattered too deep by mixed with the silt
(size2.10x2.27 m and 2.10x L63 m) with a door
in XT 19 upto a depth of about 4 m below the wall,
(98 cm wide) and other partly exposed rooms
The sudden angular deep fall of the debris and
(pl. 39) was also unearthed. The walls ofthis house
existence of silt at the lower level in Sq XT 19 suggest
(breadth, i.e.,44cm and 23 cm)were built by using
the presence of a ditch or a moat around the
single brick laid in header and stretcher style
boundary wall. The ditch is one ofthe usual features
respectively. The mud-plaster is found to have been
around the ancient fort or town for its defence. The
provided on either side of each ofthe wall ofthe house.
terracotta plaque with male figurine, terracotta horse
The house ofthis locality afterits desertionwere filled
figurine with a saddle, ghata-shaped bead are the
with yellowish sandy soil by the successive occupants
important findings of sub-period I (B).
to raise the ggound level of about 3 m. From this area
Naurangabad had emerged as a fortified historical villagers scooped out the sandy soil in the recent past
town ofnofth India in Period I. The water system for by means ofunauthorized digging and also buried a

ImI
EXPLO RATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

; '
,k i"

I
37

Naurangabad: 36, hearth and 37, mud-brick wall wilh foundation

ffiffi0tffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

--_.-.-

-.rl

39

Naurangabad: 38, excavated room of q house and 39, view of partly exposed house

ffiffi02ffi
 --- - :. r:rc' Sofld over this house. Evidence of ghost of the ditch along with the debris. The boundary
- . :.strrisibleatthesiteinQd40fXP 19, inthis wall and the ditch, both seem to have lost their
:,-- - L'r)pper coins, arcanut-shaped beads of significance in Period III. Copper ring and copper
--- - ::. terracotta human heads in Kushan style, a coins, a gold foil bead, iron nails, terracotta human
- -- - :- ::een glazed ware etc., were found from this and animal figurines with a unique terracotta male
*l--
,_ child sucking his right leg toe, a moulded human
.- :: .il III is marked by a deposit of about 1 .60m
fragmentary face of kaolin, an architectural frag-
--:: jsented by two structural phases. Apartly ment of stone, charred grains in huge quantity are
--- -
: r. : - r nrtuS€ made of mud-bricks and re-used the important findings of Period III. The othernote-
- ---.-r-rs> talls in phase I (pl. a0). The walls ofthe worthy finds included incense bumers, highly deco-
' -.- ::- :Jnnin_s from north-east to south-west and rated handles and fragments of pottery with
moulded and impressed designs and a fragment of
-':i 'ir'r South-east. The exposed portion ofthe
- , - -:: Iu o 51u11 rooms, eight partly exposed
inscribed brick.

: ,:,j a chamber (1.87 x 1.08 x 0.95 m). So far as pottery is concerned, by and large it
; -'- ' - - ,f pure ash, charred seeds, a copper coin, a
consists of red ware, with occasionl appearance of
': - r r. r'ire piece etc., were duly recovered from black-slipped ware. A few pieces ofmoulded kaolin
r r - -;-r trci The maximum available height ofthe wall bowls and a piece of green glazedware ofterracotta
.- : - ,.e is about I . 15 m. The breadth ofthe wall
core were found at Naurangabad. The pottery
-.. ^{r cm. The house is scattered in all the recovered fromhere isbothplain aswell as decorated.
- -*--;-:i of SqXP l9andXQ l9.Thechamberis The decoration comprises paintings in black colours
-.- - - t.)d
XR 19 where slope ofthe mound
1. Sq
apart from impressed, incised and moulded designs.
: .i nu ard at the southwestern side of the The pottery recovered from the upper levels of the
* - - - f :e burnt-brick floors unearthed in all the
mound are profusely decorated with different types
- *.--::.:i oiSq XQ 19 andXR 19 covering 10 x l5 of impressed designs, i.e., circles, spoked circles and
- -,-:: '. ::.h mark the phase II of this period (pl. semi- circles, hollow crosses, lotus flower, etc., on
- :r-'r ,:n. in the successive stage a mud-floor of the shoulder of the vases and rim of basins. The
: ;n thick was laid over the damaged brick moulded female figurine with folded hands in
- , :-: :rrrlher place a mud floor is also recovered
namaskara mudra, found on handles, is a very
- . : - : Sq ZH 8. An interesting feature of ghost interestig andunique feature ofthis site. The shapes
:: :.so indentified at two places in this period. include small to large sized basins, thick and coarse
storage-jars; medium sizedvases in fine fabric; spouted
vases; upper part of sprinklers with pointedfinial and
: . ::.ase II at the later period. with or without additional hole at the neck; footed
- ::.e ditch area, over the brick debris small base, incense bumers; lamps with orwithouthandles;
:--. slzed incurved rim with bowls were perforated pot with small holes; lid with or without
. - : :: :n a huge quantity. It seems that the ditch handles; perforated pot with small holes; lid with or
without cental knob; inkpot type lid; miniature vases;
"-- :: .n:.rll tpl.,12) is also foundtrapped inthe silt etc. the antiquities comprise terracotta human and

63
 .
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A REI/IEW

4t
Naurangabad: 40, excavated rooms of phase I and 41, burnt-brickfloor of phase II' Period III

ffio+ W
E XP L O RATI O N S AND EXC AVAT I O N S

Plates 42-43

.\"_

'hry

43

Naurangabad: 42, human skull in a ditch area and 43, dffirent types of burnt-bricl<s

W OsW
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

animal figurines; terracotta mould of a human face, Tentatively, three structural periods couldbe traced
a fragment of moulded human face of kaolin; a in the limited excavation carried out in this season,
terracotta figurine of lion in seated posture; a toy cart which probably belong to the early Yaudheyas,
frame, animal toy cart and wheels; fragmentary of Kushans and the late Yaudheyas respectively'
votive tank; tablet bearing incised design; a ghota HIMACHAL PRADESH
shaped bead and arcanut-shaped beads ofterracoffa,
beads of carnelian , agate andqtartz, crystal and other 30. ExploRATIoN tN P,q,NcI Vallnv, Dlsrntcr
semi precious stone and a gold foil bead; stone CHll.rsa
mullers; iron nails, copper coins, etc. Surface finds
Under the problem oriented survey scheme,
include a terracotta human head, seal with legend
the Chandigarh Circle, of the Survey, under the
D ev arup a (?) in Brahmi, a mould of human fi gurine,
a votive tank and some copper coins. Other overall supervision of C.Dorje, assisted by Rahul
Bhosle, Piyush Bhatt, Jitendra Sharma, Jasmer
noteworthy finds are different types of rectangular,
square and wedge-shaped bricks (p1. 43), one with
Singh, Baldev Singh and Swadesh Kumar
an inscription Ati... (MuhasyQ in Brahmi of third
carried out an intensive exploraton in the Pangi
centuryAD.
valley of District Chamba. Pangi, a tribal belt,
unique of its kind for grandeur and beauty, lies
The site of Naurangabad falls under the between north latitutde 320 33' and 330 19' and
ancient Indian tribal state of mighty Yaudheyas east longitude76015' and 770 02'and is bounded
who resided in the west of Yamuna River. It by Jammu and Kashmir in the north and the
seems that their powerful military activities pulled north-west, by Lahaul and Spiti district in the
out Kushans, from the area betweenYamuna and east, Churah tehsil of the Chamba district in the
Satluj in the second-third century AD. From this west; and by Brahmour tehsil in the south. Pangi
area extremely rare coins of late Kushan rulers valley is well connected through a motorable
Kanishka-Ill and Vasudeva-Il were found and the road all along the Chandrabhaga river. The
coin hoards of Yaudheyas were found in plenty. exploration covered anarearight from Luj valley
Yaudheyas were devotees of Karttikeya as in the north upto Shaur, the southernmost
portrayed on their coins. Kautilya in his boundary of Pangi tehsil including almost all the
Arthosastra referred to the Yaudheyas as one of valleys underlying and connecting the
the Ayudhijivi Sangha. The site of Naurangabad Chandrabhaga or Chenab river. Altogether
perhaps belong to the different phases of mighty
forty-three villages were explored,only twenty-
Yaudheyas as suggested by the presence ofcopper four villages yielded remains of archaeological
coins and terracoffa seals and sealings with legends interest in the form of temples, monasteries,
Yaudheyanam Jai Ganasya, Youdhanyak, fountain slabs, memorial stones, etc.
Yaudheyanam Jayamantradharonam, etc.
recovered from the site in the past. The above- In the Luj valley, a temple dedicated to Seetala
mentioned objects were found in abundance from Mata was located at village Udani (pl. 44). The
the site. Some coins recovered form the village is about 15 km west of Killar town. The
excavation bear the legend Yaudheyanam. temple, facing east and oriented east-west, is in

66
L\? L O RAT I ON S AN D EXC AVAT I ON S

qpical hill style. Rectangularonplan, itconsists ofa stone-slab, mentioning its erection by villagers in the
gubha-griha, a porch and a closed pradal<shina- year 81 is also located within the village.
Nha and is raised on a high platform. It hosts a
mask of Seetala Mata and bronze figure of Durga. In the Sural valley, a temple dedicated to
Seetala Mata (p1.48) and two fountain slabs were
The temple can be ascribed to the sixteenth-seven-
located at Kanwas (pl. a9). The village is located
teenth centuryAD. Another miniature shrine can be
abont24 km west ofKillar. The temple is in typical
seen attached to the outer wall of this temple-com-
plex towards south in the field. Towards right of the
hill style and facing south-west. It is oriented north-
east and south-west. Squarish on plan, it has
entrance of Seetala Mata Temple, there are two carved
sanctum with a closed pradal<shina-patha and a
pleces of stones in geometrical fashion and at the
small store on a raised platform over which the
bouom is a cave-like structure measuring about 5x4
m with mud flooring (pl. 45). It is said to be the origi-
walls are supporting the tapering superstructure.
It is ascribed to the seventeenth-eighteenth century
ml place of deity. It hosts numerous tridents as part
ofofferings to the goddess.
AD. Of the two fountain slabs, one measures
105x79x8 cm and is broken. It is located about
Bishto is another village about half a
30 m west of Seetala Mata Temple. Lotus
tilometer west of Udani in Luj valley. Here also a medallions within a square frame of intertwined
temple is located in typical hill style (p1. a6). snakes are carved on it. The other slab is located
Dedicated to Siva and facing south, it is oriented about 30m west of earlier one. It is partly broken
north-south and is rectangular in plan. It consists and fixed, measures 184 x75 x 9 cm. The figures
of garbha-grihawithits elevation showing a low of Siva, Ganesa, Hamsa, lotus, horse, fighter and
raised platform over which the walls are intertwined snakes are carved on the slab.
srpporting the tapering superstructure. It hosts
sone images of standing Siva, aSivalinga anda At Sural Tai which is about 25 km west of
small miniature wooden temple. The sculptural Killar in Sural valley, typical hill style temple
remains are outside in the form of nandi-pada, dedicated to Naga Devta was.located (pl. 50),
trident, linga andothers. Another temple dedicated facing south-east, oriented north-west and south-
to Simhasani Devi was also located in the same east, it is squarish on plan. It consists of garbha-
rillage (fl. a7).It is in typical hill style. Facing griha with closed pradal<shina-patha and a small
east and oriented north-south, it is in rectangular store buiit on raised platform over which are the
plan and consists of a garbha-griha and a closed walls supporting the tapering superstructure. The
pradal<shina-patha with elevation showing a low carvings on wooden door-frame of the sanctum
platform over which are the walls supporting the appears to be original and is assignable to the
tapering superstructure. It hosts trident and small eighth-ninth centuryAD. To the front of the temple
bronze figures of Simhasani Devi and Siva-Parvati. is a cluster ofmemorial stones in the form of stone-
Both the temples could be ascribed to sixteenth- slabs with rounded/pointed comer placed vertically
seventeenth century AD. There is another newly (pl. 51). About 29km from Killar towards north-
constructed hill style miniature temple dedicated to east in the same valley at Sural Bhatori, Buddhist
Seetala Mata. Facing east and oriented east-west, it monastery locally known as Tashi Choling, is
has a single chamber. Besides these, a loose fountain located, just above the village on hill side. Facing

il!!!!lll!l!lM hl 'a/&tl
ffi v/ ffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 4446

E-'-

46

Udani: 44, Seetala mata temple, 45, cove temple and 46, Bishto: Siva temple

ffios ffi
 I

EI?L O MT I O N S A ND EX CAVATI O N S

Plates 4748

r
lry
!
Bishto: 47, Simhasani mata temple and 48, Kanwqs: seetala mata temple

IOqI
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY ZOOl-02 A RETIW
_

Kanwas:4g,carved.fountain'slaband50,SuralTai:Nagadevtatemple

ffizoW
EXP L O MTI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

west, oriented east-west and rectangular on plan, it a figure of elephant and a few pebble stones. On sty-
platform
has a prayer hall, a porch raised over a huge listic grounds, the temple is also ascribable to the
and a slanting roof. It hosts three principal stucco sixteenth-seventeenth century AD.
figures that of Bodhisattva, Padmasambhava and Killar is the headquarters ofthe Sub-Division
Maitreya. The other objects kept in the altar are of Pangi valley where a number of archaeological
wooden chorten, images of three Dhyani-Buddhas, remains in the form of fountain slabs, temples and
ferocious deities, Avalokitesvara, mandala bowls, Buddhist chortens (pl. 5a) were found. Of these
lama, all in bronze; masks, lamp, drum,vajra,bells fountain slabs,one is found within the premises of
and other religious items. Walls and ceiling of the PWD rest house which measures 135 x 100 x 8
monastery are exquisitely painted depicting deities cm and shows different floral motifs, The other
of Buddhist pantheon in various postures. It could one is located about 150 m west of bus stand and
be ascribed to the fifteenth-sixteenth century AD. it measures about 117 x 105 x 11 cm, Floral motifs,
In the Killar valley, a baoli with fountain human figures and two peacocks drinking water
stone-slabs and a few memorial stone were located are engraved on the slab. Another fountain slab
at Ganghit. The village'is about 4 km west of the showing lotus medallions and floral motifs found
Killar town and the baoli is just opposite the local below Government staffquaters, measures about
bus stand. It has three fixed fountain slabs and two ll7 x 100 x 10 cm. A Buddhist chorten located
engraved stones. These fountain slabs are decorated near Government Hospital, is enclosed within a
with lotus medallions and human figures while the wooden structure. Ofthe temples, one is dedicated
stone slabs are engraved with horsemen and standng to DehantNag while the otherto the Siva. Dehant
human figure. Another fountain slab was found near Nag Temple in typical hill style is facing south.
modem water shoot and it measures 210 x75 x l0 Oriented north-south it is squarish on plan. [t has
cm with carvings like lotus medallions, wavy lines a garbha-griha and an open pradal<shina-potha
and peacocks drinking water. On the way towards with elevation showing a low raised platforrn over
village Tattan, about five and half kilometers west of which are the walls supporting the tapering
the Killar town, there is a memorial stone standing superstructure. The wooden door-frame of garbha-
vertical with a capstone at its base with engraving. griho exquisitely cawed, could be ascribable to
Here is a temple locally known as Walin Mata the fifteenth- sixteenth century AD. Simhasani
Temple @1.52).It is in typical hill style. Facing east Mata Temple (pl. 55) is located about half a km
and oriented east-west, it is rectangular on plan and north-east of Killar town at Kufa. It has atypical
consists of a sanctum with closrdpradakshina-patha. hill style facing north'east and oriented towards
The temple is raisedon low platformoverwhichare north-east and south-west. It is rectangular on plan
the walls supporting the tapering superstructure. It and consists of the garbho-griha and a closd
could be ascribed to the sixteenth-seventeenth cen- pradakshino-patha with elevation showing the
tury AD. Another miniature temple dedicated to walls overwhich rests the tapering superstructure.
Ganesa is also located within the same complex (pl. It could be datable to the seventeenth-eighteenth
53). It is also in typical hill style. Facing east and century AD. Besides, three fountain
oriented east-west and rectangular on plan, it has stone slabs (pl. 56), miniature temple (pl. 57) and
simple chamber with tapering superstructure. It hosts one each of memorial structure and carved stone

WITW
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 51-52

t
52
Sural Tai: 51 , memorial stones and 52, Tattan: Walin mata temple

72
E XP LO RATI O N S AND EXCAVAT I ON S

Plates 53-55

ry 53

W
&

Tattan: 53, Ganesa temple, 54, Killar: Buddhist chorten

and 55, Kufa: Simhasani mqta temPle

ffiz:ffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2o0l 12- A MVIW

rial structure, built ofmoulded stone with a standing

were also located at the village' Of the fountain part of
village male figure on top rtnamasl@ra-mudra and
slabs, one is located near entrance of the fig-
a broken fountain-slab depicting standing male
which measures 235 xl32x 100 cm, carved with ln the
The ure on top wiih other figures were located'
lotus medallions, floral motifs and peacocks' fountain
ground Seri Batwas locality, a baoli hosting two
other arch-shaped slab is located near mela floral and
three- slabs (p1. 59) showing lotus medallions,
and measures 130 x 100 x l3 cm' It shows
human motifs, two carved wooden pillarets
reused
a'l inga'
faced bh adr amukha, lotus medallions, Siv
etc' in later structure and a group ofvertical stone-slabs
Siva-Parvati, floral scroll andhuman figurines' lo-
with cap-stones were found' In the upper Parmar
Third one, about 15 m north-west of the second (pl'
calrry two pieces of carved stone in bas relief
one, measures 190 x 60 x 13 cm, with
lotus
fig-
60) with one showing standing male and female
medallions and floral motifs' Memorial structure
cm in ivalinga ontop while the other shows a
ures with a
located within the field, measures 215 x70
S

moulding standing male and female figures in traditional

its extant.It is built of stone with various (pl' 61) show-
dresses; and two fountain stone-slabs
in the form of a miniature stone structure with birds
memorial ing lotus medallions and geometrical designs'
male and female figures on top' Of the About 14
These are and intertwined snakes were also found'
stones, one is located near melaground'
km east of Killar, at Ghatwas near modem water
in the form of a cluster of stone-slabs placed motifs'
shoot/baoli, three fountain slabs with floral
vertically with the one still carrying a cap-stone'
placed lotus medallions, human and serpentine figurines
The other one located within the fields is
were found (Pl- 62).
vertically. The carved stones are found near
modern temple. These stones are carved
with the At Tundru, temple dedicated to Siva was
located. The village is about l7 km east of
Killar
figures in bas relief-
town. The temple is about 2 km west of village
In Hundan valley, a number of loose and fixed Fac-
and Udan Bhatori on the way towads Ghatawas'
fountain stone-slabs, boolis, memorial stones
monasteries'
ing south and oriented east-west, this rectangular
stnrctures, wooden temples, Buddhist
temple comprises a garbha-griha and an open
stupas and mane walls were found' The
village
pradolrshina-patha hosting Siv aJ inga' The tem-
Khwas/Kawas is about ll km east of
Killar town
with pl. upp.u.ed to be restored in recent years by us-
where a baoliwas found with its top covered
inscribed and
ing earlier temPle stones'
stone-slabs. A few fountain-slabs both
also found' Bhatwas, another site is located about 18
km
uninscribed with Sharada characters were
Nagin lo- east of Killar town where a fountain-slab
(pl' 63)
Three fountain stone-slabs were found in
measuring 84 x 8 0 x 14 cm carved with
x 84 cm is lotus
cality (pl. 58). The first one measuring 96
found inscribed with lotus medallions carved
on it' medallions, a Siva-linga and male and female
Bhatwas
The second one which measures 120 x 109
cm' is figtres etc. were found. On the way between
to Tundru, a few Buddh ist chortens'
inscribed mane
alsocirvedwithlotusmedallionwithinscriptions.
found'
Thethirdone, also carvedwith lotus medallion'
meas- walls (p1. 64) and inscribed stones were also
ures 1 09 x 7 2 cm. AtBasar a baoli wlthsix
fountain- At Udan Bhatori, Buddhist monastery $l' 65)'
was
slabs carved with lotus medallions,
geometrical de- locally known as Phunchok-Choling Gumpha
signs, floral motifs and birds along with a memo- found. Facing south/south-east and oriented

ffiz+ffi
PL O RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

PIates 56-58

58

Kttfa: 56, carvedfountain-slab, 57, miniature temple and

58, Nagin Kawas : carved fountain-slab

75
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

stones
Seri Batwas: 59, carvedfountain-slab, 60, Upper Parmar: carved
sh in g s t andin g m al e and
ow m al e fi
fe gu r in e s and 6 l, c art e d fount o in - s I ab

ffizoffi
E.YP L O RATI O N S AN D EXC AVAT I O N S

north/north-west and south/south-east, this sixteenth century AD on stylistic ground. Within

rectangular Gumpha comprises a huge double- the complex is another structure now used as a
storeyed chamber with numerous subordinate workshop by blacksmith. This structure was also
stnrctures. The monastery appears to be renovated raised by using original wooden members. Out-
frrom time-to-time as such it may not be possible to side the complex, there is a temple dedicated to
darc. Siva. Inside it there are two Sivalingas (pl. 68)
within the independent stone structures while a few
Antro is the last village in the valley. It is stone sculptures including figures of nandi are seen
about l9 km east of Killar town. A temple facing towards the front side.
south was found dedicated to Siva (pl. 66). Ori-
ented north-south, the temple is squarish on plan
Mindhal is another village located about
with garbha-griha and an open pradakshina- 16km from Killar town on Killar-Udaipur Road
on the left bank of Chenab river. The place is fa-
ptha.It is ascribed to sixteenth-seventeenth cen-
tury AD. A Buddhist chorten was found on the mous for Mata or Mindhal Mata Temple. It is in
s'ay to Udan Bhatori andAntro village. typical hill style, facing east and orinted east-west.
It is squarish on plan and consists of a garbha-
Between Killar and Udaipur, about 8 km from grihawith doubl e pradakshina-patha with eleva-
Killar town, a temple, locally known as Sidh-ka tion showing a platform over which rest the walls,
Dera Mandir, was located at Sidh-ka-Dera (p1.67). supporting the tapering superstructure. There are
It is in typical hill style facing north and oriented images of Chamunda Devi, Siva and Seetala Mata
north-south. Rectangular on plan it has a sanctum in stone besides a tiger each in silver and wood,
enclosed by covered pradalcshina-potha. Siva- bells and swords. The temple is datable to the
tingoisenshrined in the chamber. This temple ap- fifteeenth-sixteenth century AD. There are two
peared to have been built by using materials of an other temples, dedicated to Siva. Both these rep-
earlier temple. Within one of the window open- resent the typical hill style temples. Facing north-
ings of the Sidh-ka-Dera Temple, there are two south, it is squarish on plan with a Siva-lingabut
wooden slabs carved with dvarapala figures, one these temples appeared to have been built a few
carrying an inscription and a human figure. In the years back. To the front of the temple are three
s:rme compound, there is anotherminiature shrine, pedestals hosting figures of a tiger in bronze, a
frcing north-south. It is hardly one meter in length stone Siva-linga, nandi, Ganesa and an elephant.
with image of Ganesa on the front.
About 26 km from Killar town on Killar-
At Sach, which is located about 13 km away Udaipur Road at Purthi, a temple known as
form Killar town on Killar-Udaipur Road, an an- Balasani Devi was located. It is a typical hill
cient Dharmashala was found. Built solely of style temple, facing south and oriented north-
wood, this double-storeyd Dharmashala is facing south. Squarish on plan it consists of a garbho'
east and oriented east-west. Squaish on plan, it griha, a pradakshina-patha and a mandapo.
consists of an open chamber with only stone wall Mandapa appears to have been added at alater
on west, hosting niches, carved with male figure stage. The door-frame of garbha-griha with fig-
s'ith attributes, intertwined snakes and a painted ure of Ganesa in the centre of lalatabimba and
domestic animal. It can be ascribed to fifteenth - some wooden members of the mandapa appeared

AnJ
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _A REVIE'I'

Plates 62.64-

63

Ghatwas : 62, fountain-s lab, 6 3, B hatwas : fountain-s I ab

and 64, Buddhist chorten and mane wall

78
P LO RAT I ON S AN D EXCAI/ATI ON S

Plates 65-67

\
.fd

fi
$

L]
67

IJdan Bhatori: 65, Buddhist monastery, 66, Antro: Siva temple and 67, Sidh-ka-dera: Siva temple

79
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIET|

*:!m
,t r--n

68

s *.-

Sach: 68, Sivalinga, 69, Suglaws: Bamuva Naga temple and70, Seetala mata temple

Wsoffi
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

to be quite early. The ternple could be datable to the of one metre wide was exposed at the extreme
fifteenth-sixteenth century AD. Outside the complex north-east along the later wall and found eleven
nearthe entrance gateway is an inscribed stone inTakri courses at a depth of 2.15 m and then there was an
with date Samvat 6313. On the top is a standing
as offset which extended afar upto 65 cm and with a
male figure of Mangtu - the first priest ofthe temple. gap of 55 cm, another wall running parallel with a
Other two inscriptions in Takri script are seen over thickness of 75 cm. Both these walls continued
the wooden members located at a little distance liom downwards at a depth of another 20 cm making a
the ternple. total of 2.35 m. Similar strips at four other locations
also revealed original stone block walls and floors
At Suglawas, about 30 km from Killar town cq ofdifferent thickness and courses. It appears that
Killar-Udaipur Road, a typical hill style temple known the whole area on the north and north-east hosting
by the name Bamuva Naga Temple (pl. 69) was lo- structures of late rnedieval period dating back to
cated. Facing east and oriented east-west, it is rec- seventeenth century onwards were raised over
tangular on plan consisting of a gorbho-grihu and a earlier structures of ninth-tenth centuryAD which
closed pruclakshinu-putltu with wooden figure of in f'act, forrned a part of the templelcomplex. The
tigers placed all along. lt is ascribed to thc sixteenth- original floor level obtained in these strips indicate
seventeenth centuryAD. A miniature Naga Temple, that the working level at that time was much below
facing south and oriented north-south was also no- the present working level and it was filled up during
ticcd. It is squarish on plan and consists of a very the subsequent occupation of the fort. With this in
snall garbha-griha, hosting a few pebble stones. O'l view and to know the exact nature ofthe structures,
stylistic ground, the temple could be datable to the Rahul Bhosle, under the supervision of C.Dorje, of
seventeenth-e ighteenth cortury A D. Besides, there arc
thc Chandigarh Circle, of the Survey, conducted
two other temples dedicated to Seetala Mata (pl. 70) scientific clearance of the whole open area on the
and Bharati Mata. Both are also built in typicalhill north, north-east and east of the Arnbika Devi
style sometime in the early eighties. Temple-complex (pl. 7 l ).

31. ExcnvarroN rsn Te mple-Connplex, KnNcRa

AT The area to the north was exposed and
F<lnr, Dtsrnrcr Kancna reached upto a depth of 1.5 m and 0.6 m at two
Kangra is well knou'n for its structural different levels (pl. 72). At a depth of 1.4 m was
,.ntiquity in the forrn oftemple-complex inside the seen below the continuation of the so called floor
Kangra Fort, dating back to the ninth-tenth century in the form ofawall with seven courses afterwhich
AD. During the subsequent occupation of the fort, another floor was found extended towards north
many of these structures appear to have been upto about 3.9 rn and towards west upto about 5.0
disrnantled and reused. Caref ul study of these m and it was seen that the courses reach upto l5
structures revealed three different structural phases. with a total depth of another 2.2 m in an oflset manner
The earlier structures were used as independent (pl. 73) which revealed that this must have been the
floors along the ground level. Thus, as a part of actual foundation plinth ofthe structure above while
conservation ofthese structures and to know the the narrowed part must have been the floor, the
possible depth ofthe so callcd floor; a single strip superstructure ofwhich is absent. Just on the south-

or &dffi
ol ffi--
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

Plates 71-72

;r'51 ;t6J b-..e-

-,:"..-m
f,t
'rQeh.;
.,1
-a
\
:'r ''' '[

72

Kangra Fort: 71, general view of the temple-complex

and 72, exposed structures of dffirent levels

Irz I
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXC AVAT I O N S

east, there is a blank portion with mud-filling. This The second part ofthe scientific clearance was
portion was also exposed and revealed twelve courscs conducted on the east ofAmbika DeviTemple within
at a depth of I .75 m. It was closed from all four sides. the open courtyard ofthe cells. Here in the courtyard
The stone blocks of the walls towards soutlr, west filling with architectural members
and cells hr-rge earth
and north were robbed off giving an irregular shape of the ternples u'ere tirund reused as floors. How-
to the struchrres, forming a pit enclosed rvithin walls. ever, in the north side original flooring ofpaved stones
Subsccprcntly this rvas usccl as sttakagc pit. Thc debris bclonging to the ninth{enth centuryAD was exposed.
composed of very loose darkish soil, mixed with After exposing the portion, it was found that there is
stones and poffery. This sturcture also appears an extension ofthe flooring in almostall overthecourt-
-eravels,
to be ofthe ninth{enth centuryAD. yard and cells. Within a few cells towards north-west
natural boulder conglomerate was seen over which a
Towards east, again a blank portion enclosed lime-concrete flooring was laid. Altogether one hun-
by walls with mud filling was exposed. At a depth of dred and seventy architectural members were found
I .35 rn a floor with rvall on all sides rvith nine courses fionr this part. These forrned parl ofthe temples. Still
in thc lbrm of a perfbct'T' shape rvas lbund (pl. 7a). there are a numbcr of architectural members in-be-
However, its southern portion showed robbing tween and below the later constructions.
activity. Within this, the filling appears to be a natural
Similarly, on the exterior of the cells towards
lormation of layers which states that it was used till
south-west one hundred and ten architectural
the last stage ofhabitation. This area tnust have served
members werc recovered. These were used in the
as a watertank measuringT .7 x 5.2 m. The portion
flooring. The antiquities restored duringthe scientific
tosards north at a depth of 0.6 m, sturctures of
clearance comprised bone point, fbund inside from
rcused stones, pebbles, bouldcrs and architectural
onc of the cclls, attached to the granary besides a
member were found. These structures are of inferior
good number of iron clamps, iron nodules, terracotta
quality comprising residential block with bathrooms
circular cakes, terracotta and stone sling-balls, shell
and toilets belongng to late medieval period. While
banglcs, a stone muller and glazed ware and red
r'\posing northem portion, plinth ofthe walls having
ware etc.
lburtcen courses, running east-west at a depth of 0.65
m rvith an of}'set of 0.70 m was fbund. The area just To sum up, the first stage ofscientific clearance
on the south-east, again revealed plinth of the wall revealed that the whole area rnight have been planned
above with increasing offsets. Here two different as a temple-complex but only Laxmi-Narayana, Sitala
plinths were seen running north-south with a gap of Mata and Arnbika Devi along with other two Jaina
about 0.4 m. The wall on the east contprised four ternples could be cornpleted. The rest, as seen in the
courses at a depth of 0.88m while that on the west ruins, might have been in the process of completion
seven courses were found at a depth of 1.5 m. Both while this portion of land wherein such huge plinths
interlinked by another wall at a
are, however, again are found were completed upto that part only when
depth of l.6m running east-west and measureing for some or the other reason they had to either stop
0.9x0.7m in its breadth and height respectively. the work or forced them to leave the place. The re-

ffi 83 mm;
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 73-74

.tl'r _"x

ru
74
Kangra Fort: 73, exposed structures with offsets
and 74, 'T' shaPed stone structure

IS4 I
EXP LO MT I ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

nature
part documentation will surely tlnow light ontlrc exact
stored architectural members might have formed
and ptrpose ofthe sfiuctures ofninth-tenth
century AD'
to
of the existing temples which got collapsed due Dtsrnlcr
32. ExploRATIoN (x Blx;nn AREA oF
earthquake in 1905' A few architectural membeirs
Kut t-u
appear so fresh that they show no sign oferosion
as
ln continuation of the last year's work (2000'
noticed in the existing temple walls which indicate
that they were never used. Similarly the presence
of 0t,pp. 4l-77), M.S.Chauhan, assisted by Anil
unfin- Kumar, of the Chandigarh Circle, of the Survey'
heavy columns andtheir componentstoo show
that these under the direction of C. Dorje, resumed explora-
ished signs which strengthen the hypothesis
got com- tion inthe area andbroughtto lightthe followingvil-
temples were started to be built up but never
proper lages/sites of archaeological interest'
pleted. Further, removal of late structures after

Site/Village Nature of remains

6.$&:f
Dhalhayara Castle
Baddam
Gohi Wooden temple and loose stone sculptures
-do-
Jauli Miniature stone temple, loose stone sculptures
-do-
ftaila Wooden temple, metal mohras, stone miniature
-do-
shrine

Bathar Wooden temPle, metal mohras

Banogl
Dhalogr WoodentemPle
-do-
Kathiyiugi Wooden temPle, mohras
-do-
Manyashi Wooden temple, loose metal sculptures and
-do-
ntohras

Suchain Wooden temPle, metal mohras

-do-
Kpndagai Inscriptions
Beongal
Kunwar Wooden temple, loose stone sculptures
Bishladhar
Takrashi Wooden temple, loose stone sculptures
-do-
Tharvi Metal sculPtures
-do-
Ladhagi Wooden temPle, stone sculPtures
Buchher
Behna Wooden temple, stone and metal sculptures'
Dingidhar
metal mohras

Deori Wooden temPle, metal mohras, stone

Jaban
sculptures

85
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEII'

Graw Panchayal Site/Village Nature of remuins

Karad Panyeu Wooden temples, stone sculPtures

-do- Shodha Wooden temple, metal mohras, stone sculptures

-do- Tipe. Castle, metal mohras

Karsaigad Deohri Wooden temple, stone sculptures and metal

mohras

-do- Panoti Metal mohras,wooden temPle

-do- Raghupurgarh Ruined fort, pottery

Khani Batala Wooden temple,baoli

-do- Chouki Wooden temple

-do- Gagani Metal mohras

Kungash Kungash Wooden temples, metal mohras, castle

Lajheri Kot Wooden temple, stone sculPtures

-do- Shreulsar Wooden temple, loose stone sculptures, castle

Majhadesh Shamsher Wooden temple, loose stone sculptures, metal

mohras and inscriptions

Shainshar Shainshar Wooden temple, stone sculPtures

-do- Talhoyara Miniature stone temple, loose sculptures,

castle

-do- Tunga Metal mohras

Shangar Shangar Wooden temple

Suidhar Dalash Wooden temple, miniature stone temple, lootc

stone sculpture, mohras and inscriptions

-do- Khegsu Wooden temple, stone sculptures and metal

mohras.

33. Exc,lvauoN AT Poua'naNc, Drsrmcr Llrraul direction of C. Dorje, assisted by Rahul Bhosla
aNn Sprrr Piyush Bhatt, Jitendra Sharma and Rajesh Bakshl
carried out trial-excavation at Pomarang with d:c
Chandigarh Circle, of the Survey, under the

Iso I
E XP L O RATI ON S AND EXC AVATI ON S

objectives to ascertain the settlement ofmegalithic granules, gravels, charcoal, stones and pottery. The
culture at the site seen in the form of menhir types totaf thickness varies between l-2 cm.Layer (2) is
of stone burial and correlate the potsherds found compact, hard, yellowish in colour and composed
during the field survey in the region with the burial of mud, sand, granules, gravels, charcoal, stones
ty'pe. Pomarang is located 40 km east of Kaza town and pottcry. The total thickness varies between
in Tehsil Kaza and is reached either from Manali, l0- I 8 cm and happens to be the only layer where
the famous tourist resort, which is about 276km human activity is represented by nine pits with
ti'om Shimla, the state capital which is about 35ri four burial types along with potshcrds. Of the
km. The site is about one and a half km away from burial pit, first one is oval, shallow secondary
the village towards east on the right bank of River burial pits, oriented exactly east-west with a huge
Spiti. lt compriscs a lorv nround and measurcs about llat oval sandstone bouldcr placed vertically
500 m east-west and about 400 m north-south with facing west and measuring 109 x 46 x 128 crn.
m elevated height of 0.50 m from the surrounding The second pit is also circular, deep, secondary
ground lcve'I. Part of the nround is badly disturbed burial pit with red sandstone cobbles laid in a
h1 digging pits lbr plantation of apple trees and systematic order with lowennost layer laid flat
dso by laying seasonalwhterdrains during summer. while the other placed vertical. The third one is
Thr'site has a number of huge boulders representing also circular, deep, secondary pit comprising a
mostly sandstone and basalt placed vertically t r cluster ol'stoncs, laicl llat in trvo layers with
horizontally with its maior concentration towards casing stones placed vertical at sides. The lburth
mrth-east, though plenty of them happen to be part pit is oval shallow pit with a greyish-blue quartz
of a landslide. A good arnount of quartzite is also pebble with white band laid flat on the surface.
saen on the surface in thc fbrm of gravels and Layer (2 A) cvenly spread and seen at parts in
pebbles spread all over thc site. Qds I , 2 and 3 is very compact, hard and
A singlc trench, nrcasuring l0 sqm rvas yellorvish-grey in colour, composed of only clay
raken up fbr digging on thc castern sidc ol'thc mixed with sand. Thc total thickness varies
site. All the four quadrants were excavated upto between 4 to l0 cm and is devoid of any cultural
different depths of 0.34m, 0.40 m, 0.27 m and assemblage including pottery which symbolizes
0-27 m and0.27 m respectively. The trial-digging that either this layer happen to be a man made
revealed megalithic culture with two phases. The floor or a slow deposit of clay and sand raised
frrst phase is represented by the presence ofthree due to waterlogging at this particular area formed
rrud platforms devoid of any cultural assemblage duc to depression . Layer (3) is unevenly spread.
including pottery and the second phase by five pits This layer is loose greyish black in colour, composed
md four burial pits along with pottery, all located of sand, mud, granules, gravels, charcoals and
just within an area of l0 sq. Stratigraphically, as stones (at parts). The total thickness varies between
revealed in all the four quadrants and substantiated 28 and 36 cm as is devoid of any cultural
in Qd 3, it has six layers (l) - (6). Layer (l) is assemblage. Within this layer are seen few sub-
bose, yellowish in colour, composed of mud, sand, layers which are hard, yellowish grey in colour and

IszI
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 _ A REVIEW'

d*

75

I@
76

Pomarang: 75-76, pottery types

I88 I
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

Plates 77-78

I
I

t 77

f 3I

3'-
r . ,i;

78

Pomarang: 77, excavated menhir and 78, pit burial

89
 TNDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2001'Q- / MVIM

pottery types arc rcprescntcd by rcd were (58%)'

composed of clay. This laycr goes on to cut
the
red washed ware (287o), red-slippecl rvare
(12%)
bottom layer at parts as can be seen in other just trvo fbrms
and bufl--slipped red ware ( l%) with
quadrants. Over this layer is Qd I with three circular
namely vases and bowls' As only five shcrds with
mud platforms placed at distance' The first one
is
in shape intact rim portion were found the identification of
on the west ofTrenchAl. lt is cylindrical
of the shape is not clear. Ol'allthcse, majority con-
and measures 47 x 34 x23 cm and is composed
mud tained a gritti look on both strrfaccs and core due
clay and rnud with sand particles' The second
to thc excessive presencc o1'sand particlcs' About
platfbnn is almost at the central half ofTrench A I ' were
97'% representecl rvhcel-madc typc rvlrilc 3%o
This cylindrical, compact, yellowish trrttd platlbrm
of clay hand-tr-rade. The section of the potshcrds revealed
measures 50 x 44 x 8 cm and is composed its cli-
Thc third that firing technique must not have reached
and mud rvith sand particles and gravels'
max as 67oh of potsherds rvere ill lircd' Of all
the
mud platform is about 25 crn north-east
ol'second
yellowish slrerds, one hundred and five were serving untensils
mud platform. This cylindrical, compact'
r,l'hile three sherds showed burnt bottorns indicat-
platfbrm measures 53 x 43 x 5 cm ancl is also
ing their use as cooking vessels' No dccorations
.o,rpor.d of clay and mud with sand particles and mat
time could be seen on any of the potsherds except
gravels. The mud platforms appear for the first
and twisted impressions of a thick thread'
In gen-
at the site which belong to Phase I'
to
eral, except for two sherds, the pottery appears
Devoid of any cultural assemblage their exact be of crude variety with no distinct shapes and
purpose remains undetermined' Layer
(4) is evenly
decorations (Pls. 1 5-1 6).
spread. This sub-natural layer is very hard'
yellow-
and gran-
ish grey in colour, composed ofclay, sand To sum up, the trial-digging conducted at the site'
sub lay- two
ules distributed in two bands of sand alike revealed a single, i.e., megalithic period with
ers, very thin and loose. The total thickness varies different phases. In phase I, three mud platforms
were

between 24to29 cm and is devoid of any cultural found while in the second phase, nine pits with
four
It is loose
assemblage .Layet(S) is unevenly spread' representing burial types were discovered' These
water borne deposit, greyish black in colour and The firs
burials too had variations among themselves'
composed of sand, granules and gravels with
the placed
one with the menhir had a huge stone boulder
This
total thickness varying between 27 to38 cm' vertically, aligned east-west (pl'11)' The second
(6)
too is devoid of any cultural assemblage' Layer showed small stones within pit with one laid
flat and
is evenly spread. This natural layer is a very
com-
the other standing erect over it (pl' 78)' The third
pact and hard deposit, yellowish in colour and
com- layers
one had a cluster of stones placed flat in two
pos"a of sand, clay and mud with the total exposed while the last one has a single stone laid flat at the
thickness varying between 18 to 26 cm and
devoid
bottom ofthe surface of the pit' The only associated
of any'cultural assemblage' material along with these burial pits were the
potsherds which rvere fbund in the sealing layer'
The ceramic industry as compared to the sitc
common to all' Chronologically, the period can
be
is scantily present and one hundred and eight
bracketed between the sixth-third century BC'
potsherds were found from the whole
irial-digging that too from second phase' The

ffimffi
E XP LO RATI ON S AN D E XCAVATI ON S

JAMMU & KASHMIR

Expr.6nArroN IN DlsrRlcr K,tRc;lt.' LnunrH Shivananda, V', K'M' Girhe' P'V' Janardhanan'
-11.
R'K'Dwivedi ancl N'K'Ni.rje' noticed the fbllowing
The Prehistory Branch, Nagpur, of the Survey,
assisted by archaeologicalsitesinthearea:
-rnder thc direction ol P.K. Mishra,

Site
Nature of remains

Iludh Kharboo Lower Palaeolithic

(3.+" 2l ' N; 76" 34' E)

Early historical
Mulbckh
$11 22'N; 76(' 74' E)

35. ExplourtoN IN DrsrRrcr Lnu, L'lnaxn

duringthe course
ofthe Survey, P.V.Janardhanan and N.K'Nimje,
The Prehistory Branch,Nagpuq
p. K. Mishra, assisted iy ofexploration,noticedthe followingremainsatthe
under the direction of
Shivananda V.,K.M Girhe, R'K'Dwivedi'
alreadyknownsites:

Site Nalure of remuins

Likir Early historical

(340 l7'N;770 l3'E)

Nerma Historical
(340 04' N; 770 41' E)

\ urla Rock-engraiving
(340 l9'N;760 59'E)

Sthakna
Early historical
(340 0l ' N; 770 42' E)

rn Bangalore district of Karnataka' Excavation

KARNATAKA conducted at Rajaghatta by the Post-graduate
I)eparttnent ol'Arlcicnt History arld Archaeology'
:o. Erc,ql,ATroN,qr Rn.lat;HArrA, DlsrRtct UniversityotMysore,Mysore,underM.S.Krishna
Br\(j\LoRE Mttrthy' the Directorate ol Archaeology and
Rajaghatta(13,', 19"30"N; 7J("35"45"8)is Musct'tt-tts,GoverntnentofKarnataka'Mysoreand
.--.rrcclabouteightkntnofth-eastofDoddaballapur, M'P' Mahadevaiah' of the Excavation Branch'

ffiqr
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEtr

Bangalore ofthe Survey, revealed the existence front of the doorway was a small porch, supported
ofbrick foundation of Buddhist cft aitya-hall,besides on'.stone pillars encircled by stone balustrades-
hundreds of small clay votive stupas' chandrasilawas also placed at the entrance'
Excavation revealed a good number ofbricks
Rajaghatta, an important settlement since the
of different shapes and sizes which suggest that for
megalithic times, has on its southern side, a large
decorating the building, varieties of architectural and
uninhabited area where a deposit of loose ashy
decorative mouldings were used. Rectangular, squarc'
earth, to a height of about six to eight feet existed'
wedge-shaped, semicircular bricks, bricks with edges
Unfortunately, much of the deposit was transported,
chamfered, indented, rounded etc. andbricks u'ith
for use as a good substitute for manure by the lo-
grooves and ridges were found. Small bricks ofcubical'
cals, leaving only a few small remains of the de-
round and octagonal shapes with a central apeffurc
posit. Only potsherds and other minor antiquities
to insertwooden sticks for reinforcementwere also
were collected here, datable to the early centuries
found. These bricks were invariably designed and
of the Christian era.
used in specific orders to create a variedly moulded
The antiquities recovered during the walls and balusters. Added to these architectural
excavation include Russet coated red ware, decorations, lime stucco sculptures ofdivine, huma'
black-and-red polished and dull ware, blackpolished faunal, floral and other decorative themes appearto
ware, dull red ware etc., pieces of shell bangles, beads have adorned the walls of the chaitya-hall' A gmd
of shells, ivory stones, terracotta and glass etc' The number of fragmentary remains of these specimeu
antiquities, however, revealed the existence of a were recovered during the course of the excavatim'
flourishing township in the area beginning from the The building as it appears, was finally plastered uifr
megalithic period and extending upto the seventh lime-mortar and coated with lime.
centuryAD. The central hall did not rev eal any ev idence of a
To the north of this habitational deposit, stupa or an idol of Buddha. But, remains ofa circular
overlooking the ancient township, foturdation ofa brick pedestal built out of brick and mortar was noticed
chaitya-hall was discovered during the excavation towards the apse. From inside the pedestal a small
(fig.12,pL.79),much of the bricks available at the broken terracotta flower was recovered. The archaic
site were destroyed. However, from the remaining appearance of the flower indicates that it might be a
vestiges, architectural and decorative features ofthe sacred relic placed inside the pedestal of the objecl
c hoity a-hall could be gathered. of worship rn the c h aity a -hall.

Another interesting aspect ofthe excavation wa

The chaitya-hall, on plan, measures 11.5 m
north-south, and 9.5 east-west. The hall is built facing the discovery ofhundreds ofvotive stupas (p1. 80)

south. The cenfal hall inside measures 4.30m x 2.50m.

These stupas were found in a dump outside tht
A noteworthy feature ofthe plan ofthis hall is that it is ancient habitational area. These stupas are made o

apsidal from inside and rectangular outside. The hall solid earth through moulds of different shapes an<
is surrounded by a naffow circumambulatory path, sizes. The largest stupa found here weighs about 60(

which has a width of 0.75 m. Towards the south, in gm andthe smallest, about 50 gm. These stupas havr

lez I
I I

I
I

EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

Fig.12

T#
o 1 zMrs

BUDDHIST CHAITYA HALL

RAJAGHATTA
(District Bangalore)
C.4th-sth Century AD

I93 I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Plates 79-81

il#f,
79

&si$
il::ril il .M
80

1
Rajaghatta: 79, view of Buddhist chaitya-halt, 80, votive stupas in clay and 81, clay sealing

ffiq+ ffi
I I
I

E XP L O RATI O N S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

ncatly rnoulded nrc(lhiot'di1l-ercnt heights. 1'he andct Regarding ascer"taining the Buddhist creed which
railing above is suggested by
.rlso varies in shape. The was responsible tbr the construction of the
.r scltrAre, llat-rnoulded surlace. The umbrella, chaitya-hall and the making ofthe votive stupas, no
:.robably rnade of delicate soft material, was fixed to direct evidence was found in the excavation'
::rc top of lhe ando. However, on the basis of above evidence it may be
concluded that Mahayana fbrm ofBuddhism perhaps
A unique feature ofthese stupas is that each one existed at Rajaghatta during this period.
'l'these contains inside a sr.nall clay tablet impressed
'. itlr thc []ucldhist crccd as ttttclcr. Buddhists who settled at Rajaghatta during the
fburlh-sixth centuries AD belonged to the Mahayana
l. Ye clhummu creed. Untbrtunately the nature of the object of
rvorslrip that rvas installed above the 'pedestal'
2. hetu ppobhovu te-
inside the chaitya-hall could not be ascertained
3. .vu halu lotha galo cluring the current season. Although it established the
southem limits of Buddhist culture in Kamataka over
1. u lto lese cha )'o ni -
[]angalore district besides thc existence ol'a Mahayana

5. ruxlho eva vodi nra- scttlement in southern Karnataka during the

lburlh-sixth centuries AD
6. lttt-.scnttutto
37. ExcavnTtoN IN MnnsnlnlnHnxn Guon,t, Hentnl,
(littlc variatiolts irr thc text is also lbund). f)rslnrcr Bslunv
'l'he
script ol'the inscription is sotttherll Ilrahmi The Bangalorc Circle, ofthe Survey, ttnder the
:.i thc lattgua-uc is a tttixtttrc ol'sansklit alrcl Prakrit. direction of Jitendra [)as ancl A. Sundara. rvith the
ol'AMV Sttbrarnaniyatn, Suslranth Kulnar
assistatrcc
,
'nr tltc rloryrlrological lcattrrcs o['thc scril-rt. tlrc clatc
rlrcse clay tablcts cottlcl bc ascribablc to a pcriocl and Mcghr.u Iladpad, carriecl ottt cxcavation of a
-,r\\ccn lirurth ancl sirth ccrtttrricsAI). protohistoric sitc in Maasalaiahana Gurdda at Hanlpi.

From the last decade ofthe nineteenth century

Another srnall clay medallion having the
upto the recent times, the Hampi-Annegondi area, is
:^.pression of a seated Buddha in dhvanosanowas
.. io recovered along with the votive stupas (pl.8l). knorvn fbr its Vijayanagara monLllnents and
pre-Vijayanagara cultural relics, dating fiom around
: l:re the figure of Buddha is flanked by two tiny stupas.

of the beginning of the Christian era. Scholars have

'.,, rr snrall rvhisks are also carvccl at the trvo sides
' discovered occasionally many ancient sites ranging
- hcacl. Iludclha also has a srttall halo bchilrcl his hcad.
from the Early Palaeolithic to the late medieval
: :,rrn tlte palac'ographic dating of the votive stupas
, firurth-sixtlr ccnturics AD, tlie date of the period. These discoveries irnplied that Harnpi-
Anegondi area is dotted rvith human settlements, rather
.ril.rzr-hall, could also be fixed as there is no other
-...is lirr dating. The fragments ol'thcsc votive stllpas denscly, right fronr the Early Palaeolithic to the
beginning ofthe early historical period. As such it was
.'rc also tbund scattered in the prelttises of tl'c
tbli neccssary to ittvcsti-qatc thc protohistoric retnains
.rinzr-hallduring the ctxtrse of thc excar lltiott.

95
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIETI'

of the area primarily to establish the anttquity of' Layer (4) is less ashy and appears as if mixed witb
regular human settlements, as also to ascertain their dull brownish mulrom. Layer 5 is dull brownish black
salient cultural features and an outline oftheir lifestyle. earth with less murram.
With this objective in view the ancient site
Masalaianagudda, located to the north-east of the
In Layers (l) and (2) ofTrenchAl, were traced
two megalithic fragmentary secondary fractional (chiH
famous Vij aya Mthala Temple in Hampi was selected
for excavation.
?) burials both sealed by Layer (I ) obviously the lower
one is early whilethe upper one is late (pl. 82). In the
It rnay be noted that the site with heaps ofhuge
former in a broken bowl are placed bones and
grotesque boulder rocks is least disturbed, but was
outside the bowl also are laid bones. Interestingly
under cultivation for a few years with a slope towards
enoughthere is a small vase withtwoprojectionswift
ofthe upper
south. There appears to have been erosion
segmented pointed end probably indicating the teedt
soil especially during the cultivation when the soil
on the shoulder part as ifrepresenting mother's breasl
became loose.
The edge of the out-turned rim has closely incised
Major part of the site was laid on grid plan and line all around, indeed.a rare feature. The other is a
was divided into eight 5 m square, labelled as Al, crushed red ware um burial containing a black-an&
A2, A3, A4 an Bl, 82, 83, 84 in north-south red ware bowl, both filled with ashy debris. Round
.orientation. Al and 84 squares were taken up for the burial are small stones kept under with gaps not
excavation. Since it was only a preliminary indicating clearly any regular plan in their layout. The
investigation to ascertainthe potpntiality and sequence upperpart ofthe urnis missing probably owing to the
of the cultures, only a part of the square each were ploughing when the land was under cultivation (pl. 83).
subjected to excavation. In 84 excavation was car- In Trench 84 at the bottom of Layer 3 are found
ried on to a depth of 60 cm and from belowthis level fragmentary well-rammed and plastered floors
in an area of I m square at the south-east corner upto superior in quality at two levels (pl. 8a).
the natural soil, encountered at a depth of 1 .20 m.
' The entire thickness of the material cultural
In the firsttwo layers, the megalithic pottery is
dominant. In Layer (3), potteries ofboth the cultures
debris was not even because of southward gradient,
are more or less in equal proportions. In Layer (4),
found to be I .10 m at the maximum in the southern
the number ofneolithic pottery is considerably more.
area excavated. In all five cultural strata were
Layer (5) comprises neolithic grey ware pottery highly
distinguished, the sixth being the natural soil. The first
micaceous and bumished.
three the uppermost ones represent a clearoverlap of
the Iron Age megalithic level with neolithic in the In the first three layers together about 45 cm
chalcolithic stage. The fourth seems to indicate the thiclq the pottery is highly fragmentary with only a few
beginning ofthe overlap and the fifth, the neolithic in rim portions. Potteries of layers (2) and (3) are highly
the chalcolithic stage. encrusted with lime and in the present state of their
preservation, it is difficult to recognize clearly the
Layer ( 1
) is distinctly blaclg compact, sticky and
debris. Pottery from layers (4) and (5) are
hard to dig. Layers (2) and (3) are highly ashy in con-
comparatively bigger containing a number ofrims. The
trary to Layer I which is very loose and powdery.

:e6 I
ru
I

t4 YP LO RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

itb Ptate 82
tck

aced
child
)wer
nthe
and
ngly
with
eeth,
east.
:ised
risa {B
and-
\
I
rund \
s not
,The \
o the U
.83).
B
lund B
oors
,? B
V)

yrs \Y
JTES

(4),
ore.
rhlv

97
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Plate 83

'" ' t.' . ''!' i i,t l .'., ,

.. ,.

f.-,'.
l
i
a
.., .,.rH i-
1 i'
', ,' q
,' ;'l ,t

:'i,r
{'..r
i '':1'
'l'-'1.':
--..t.._i,
,*,
', .,i.)

l
. !.
t.,t 1,.

,t
\,
.. .\
..
\ ,-*.f,!.,, ,) \.
"'a"'

'i I
I
t, l. I '
;.'r' ;1 ,'' '
l.': il..r.; '{,'
,t\:{'
r-'H'
,.] \ iil
': , '
','\;r:'h
"'.),
1l'',.
,.u. ..,
l i fd fr\ L
b, ) "aI
L
:$i; o'

q)
4
(.)

t
l,

q
9

:,t1", .''
.',,,;"'1
' lt

,*,r1,, 'l'
nf
,.',

,t. 'l
,i
,; r ?l

98
EXP L O RATI O NS AND EXCAVATI ON S

Plate 84

I
I
-r

-
II I \\J4

\
q)

t\

.:
t
l

$
s

4
S

CO

99
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEII'

megalithic pottery mainly comprise black, form and iron slagwhich are particularly noteworthy.
black-and-red ware both of dull and bright red ware The other important antiquities of the first three
varieties. Vases, kundas andbowls are the common layers are terracotta circular ring-like objects
types. Besides, two naffow ends ofthe funnel shaped probably ear-rings. Layers (3) and (4) also have
black-and-red ware lids are particularly noteworthy. yielded a biconic stone bead and shell bead. There
There appears to be what looks like faint white painted was also a fragment ofterracotta figurine, probably
lines on the black interior of one or two. Among the representing an animal from layer(1) ofAI.Animal
neolithic pottery the ashy chocolate greywarepottery bones are found in plenty in almost every layer.
are more comtnon. Bumished greyware is also found The occurrence of small thin flakes of granite
fairly in good number. Red ware pottery is less, Bowls with lots ofapparently mica films, for some industrial
including lipped-bowls, platters, vases, spouted activity is notable. However, no charcoal pieces could
perforated vessels are some of the common types. be collected for C- 14 dating.
They are mostly handmade although a few tum table
types were also known. 38. ExplouuoN IN DtsrRrcr BrllaRY

The following villages in Hegari Bommanahalli

Layer (3) yielded a chalcedony fluted core with
taluk of Bellary district were explored by A.V.M.
prepared striking platform and a chert blade. Layer
Subramaniyam, ofthe Bangalore Circle, ofthe Sur-
(4) produced quite a few parallel sided chertblades
vey, during the course of village-to-village survey for
and a few fluted cores. In layers (2) and (3) were
antiquarianremains.
found a much corroded iron object of indeterminate

I
Site Nature of remains

Ankasamundra Hero-stone of medieval period

l4o 2lo ;760 14'

Bachigondanahalli Temple, ruined pillaredmandapa and loose sculptures

l4o 42' ;760 30' of Ganesa andSiva-linga of late Chalukyaperiod

Bannikallu Massive well and Kannada inscription of sixteenth

l4o 38' ;760 12' centuryAD

Byalahalu Hero-stones of medieval period

l4o 15' ;760 12'

Chilagudu lnscription of Vij ayanagara period

140 l5' ; 760 08'

Enigt Inscribed slab of Vij ayanagara period

l4o 19' ;760 09'

ffirooffi
E XP L O RATI O N S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

Nuture of remains

Guledahalli Temple of Vij ayanagara Period

140 30' ;760 09'

Harrpapatananan F ort and hero- stone of post-Vij ayanagara period

l4o19';76015'

Kadlabalu Hero stone of Vij ayanagara Period

140 30' ;76'34'

Kudatanimoggi Temple of post-Vij ayanagara period

140 35' ;760 18'

Morageri Saiva temples of late Chalukyan period, hero-stones

l4o 42' :76009 andsa/i-stones

Mugmavinaha[i Saiva temple, hero-stones and inscription of late

l4o 32' ;760 14' Chalukyanperiod.

Mutukanahalli Sall-stone of Vij ayanagara period

140 08' ;760 16'

Sangameswara Sangamesvara Temple of Chalukyan period

l4o 12' ;760 18'

Tambahalli Ranganatha Temple and sub-shrines of Chalukyan

140 11';76034' period

VenigiBasappa Inscribed memorial stone ofmedieval period

140 18' ;760 42'

Yadrammanahali Hero-stone of Vij ayanagara period

l4o 19' ;760 48'

39. Expr,onArtoN rN SsoR.lpun Donn, Dlsrntcr JewargitaluksofGulbargadistrict,Kamataka'These

sites range fromthe LowerPalaeolithicto the histori-
Gu,-slncl
cal period. The present survey was specifically aimed
In continuation of previous three-decade-long atascertainingthe impactofintroductionofirrigation,
explorations and excavations inthe are4 K.Paddayya, forming part of the major project called the Upper
ofthe Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Krishna Project, on the landscape and its effects on
lnstitute, Pune, surveyed the Shorapur, Shahpur and the archaeological sites ofthe area.

!tot!
 _
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 A REVIEW

As facilitated by the construction of a major dam periods have either suffered total destnrction or have

atNarayanpur on the River Krishna, irrigation was undergone a greatamount of alteration' Celebrated
introduced into the area in 1985' As a result, konAge sites like the doknens at Rajankolur and stone
monsoon-fed dry farming crops hke jawar bajra, circles at Jewargi (both discovered in the middle of
groundnut and horsegram were largely replaced by the nineteenth century by Meadows Taylor and
commercial crops like cotton, sunflower and chillies' excavated by him employing the principle of
The introduction of irrigation into the area was stratigraphy) are now completely altered' Habitation
preceded by preparation of the valley floor in an deposits from ancient sites are being extensively
elaborate way. The following major steps were quarried and used for building construction'
undertaken by Government and individual
the Well-known sites like Budihal and Kupi (neolithic) and

farmers to prepare the land for irrigation: Hegratgi (late Chalukyan period) are good examples
ofthis form of site desfruction.
1. Reclamation ofvirgin lands for agricultural
purposes In such situations ofswift landscape changes one
can easily visualize the condition of Stone Age sites
2. Land levelling, employing ofbulldozers and
(Acheulian andotherphases) whichare nothingmore
factors, and digging of large amounts of soil
than thin lenses (10 to 20 cm thick) of cultural
sediment to fill up low-lying areas
material oflimited horizontal extent- Moreover, most
3. Layout and digging of a network of canals ofthese sites are ofthe sub-surface type and are
ranging from the main canal to field channels coveredby shallow sediments ranging from a few
for receiving waters from the reservoir on the centimetres to half a metre in thickness' It is
Krishna therefore, not surprising that over the last ten to twelve
4. Deep ploughing employing power-driven years a large number of the Acheulian sites, have
tractors suffered considerable disturbance or alteration because
of these landscape changes. Changes in the vertical
5. As part of the overall development of the
and horizontal contexts of levels, leading to loss
in
area the Government also undertook a se-
varying degrees of the discretenes of the cultural
ries of other measures which entailed sig'lfi -
materials, are the most common impacts' Despite these
cant changes in the landscape' These steps
changes one could still recognize the original spots at
included construction ofnew roads to inter-
many places. During the present visit to the area a
connect villages, establishment of small in-
more serious menace facing the Stone Age sites was
dustrial units such as cement factories'
encountered.
location ofagricultural stations and housing
expansion in the form of large irriga- This is the introduction of paddy cultivation'
tion camps and colonies for the eco- Paddy cultivation, turlike light inigation adopted in case
nomicallYdePrived' of crops like chillies, sunflower and cotton, demands

A1l these developments have drastically altered

perfect land levelling and field bunding for
the contours ofthe landscape. Many habitation and
impounding water. Many ofthe sites belonging to the

grave sites of the Neolithic, Iron Age and historical Acheulian clusters lying alongthe Fatehpur nullahin

Itoz!
LYP L O RATI O N S AND EXCA'|/ATI ON S

Baichbal valley and the Hunsgi nullah in Hunsgi washed pottery and ashy deposits. Excavation to a
valley are affected because of the introduction ofthis depth of 1.5 m brought to light trvo distinct layers of
new crop. Large stretches of land along these habitation deposit. Layer-l yielded large quantities of
watercourses containing many in situAcheulian sites semicharred animal bones, probably of cattle. Some
*'ere levelled and alrready converted into paddy fields of the bones are found bearing chopped cut marks.
by enterprising farmers who migrated from Layer 2 yielded typical Megalithic pottery. The
neighbouring areas. Save for an occasional stone ceramic industry of this period is represented by
iltefacL there isno hace leftofthe original StoneAge typical black-and-red ware, polished red ware, and
sites. In this process even the excavatedAcheulian dull red ware. A small button-shaped etched camelian
localities at Hunsgi and Yediyapur have suffered total bead is an interesting find, besides terracotta beads.
destruction. The process of land levelling is still in
pnogress, which means thatthe small numberofsites The second locality, Talavaramule located at the

left intact will also soon be erased out ofexistence foothills ofthe northern slopes, was also excavated
from the land surface. upto a depth of 1.5 m where the natural soil was
struck. This site yielded two layers of megalithic
{0. ExcavarroN AT HRBsrNrll, Drsrrucr Korp.ql,
cultural materials. Layer-(l) measuring 40-50 cm in
Trial-excavations were taken up at Durgadadadi
thickness yielded pottery of dull red ware and
md Talavaramule, in the megalithic habitational site at implements like points and arrow-heads made ofbone.
Hfuebenkal, under the direction of S.V. Venkateshaiall Layer -(2) yielded typical megalithic black-and-red
M.Kalimuthtq A.V Naganoor, RS. Athani
assisted by ware pottery within a house plan indicated by circular
and S.Lingaraju of the Dharwad Circle, Dharwa4 of post-holes.
the Survey, with the objective of ascertaining the
The available evidence though scanty due to
cultural sequence and archaeological potentiality of limited work, clearly establishes the megalithic
the site.
association ofthe site.
The site at Durgada dadi is bounded by large
41. ExplonauoN rN Drsrnlcr MaNoyn
granite boulders, located in one of the saddles ofthe
hill top, overlooking the village Chikkabenakalwas During the course ofvillage-to-village survey for
taken up for digging based on the surface antiquarian remains, Uday Anand Sastri, of the
indications like the presence of fragmentary neolithic Bangalore Circle, of the Survey, and reported the
implements, profuse occurrence of rolled and rain following sites inK.R. PeteTaluk.

ffi
Bairaptua
Nature of remains

Temples of Hoysala period and inscriptions

12039';76034'

Chattenahalli Temple of late medieval period

12o39';76033'

f ror!
 2OOI-02 - A REVIEIJ-
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY

Nature of remains
Site
TemPles of HoYsala Period
Gudaganahalli
l2o 37', '.J60 35',
quartz and quartzite of
Handaxes and scrapers in
Hakkimanchanahalli
Lower Palaeolithic Period
120 3g, ;760 33'
quartz
tools on quartzite and
Lower Palaeolithic stone
Hemmadihalli
l2o 40, ;j6o 36'
of medieval
Ruined Siva temple and hero-stones
Hiralahalli
period
l2o 39' ;760 36'
in quartzite and
Lower Palaeolithic stone tools
Manchanahafli
medieval hero-stones
12037' 76034'
hero-stones of late medieval
Parshvanatha basadi and
Munrkanahalli
period
120 38' ;760 3l'
Hero-stones of medieval Period
Navilmaranahalli
120 38' ;760 3l'
ofVenugopala of late
Temples and loose sculptures
Silanare
medievalPeriod
l1o 37, ;760 33,
handaxes and scrapers
Lower Palaeolithic tools of
SingaPura
of quartzandquartzite
l2o 40, ;j6o 36,
InscriPtion of medieval Period
Stubillenahalli
l2o 39' ;760 35'
medieval period
Temple and pillared mandapas of late
Uchanahalli
l2o 39' ;760 3l'
Nath'
of K'K' Ramamurthy' assisted by Jitender
KERALA Krishna, Suresh Kumar' Samuel Joshuva and
S'

Ravichandran yielded material remains

of
42. ExcavluoN Ar U.rurcurpoyrl, DrsrRrcr
megalithic cultures ofrock-cutcave type'
Klslncoo
is located on a laterite hill top of
ExcavationconductedatUmmichipoyil(r2,1g' The site flat area' Seven
talulq by westem Ghat with considerable large
N; 750 1 5' E), Karinthalam village, Hosdurg of
the direction of the nine rock-cut caves found
within a range
the Thrissur circre, ofthe Survey, under

W to+ffi
EXP LO RAT I ON S AND EXCAVATI ON S

Plates 85-86

85

?__, _*ilt

,
a

'a

't.

LfI rtt JiI I f

86

Ummichipoyil: 85, excavated rock-cut cave and 86, pottery inside cave

105
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 87-88
IIE-
---

Tr ]'l rTr ftr

tr ilL
88

Ummichipoyil: 87, black-qnd-red ware and 88, iron implements

106
EXP LO RATI O N S AN D EXCAVATIONS

300 m were found to be disturbed. Six rock-cut caves

MADHYA PRADESH
are situated on the eastem slope and has west facing
errffances, while ofttre three caves on the northem side, 43. Expr.onATroN rN K.row,tHao Drsrnrcr Assox
twohaveentances from south and onefromthewest. Nncan

The two undisturbed rock-cut caves on the During the structural conservation of the Siva
eastern slope (UMP-I andUMP-2)were subjected temple to the south of Temple Group (number 4) at
to a systematic archaeological excavations. The other Kadwaha, GN.Srivastava, ofthe Bhopal Circle, of
caves were cleared offofthe debris and documented the Survey, explored the neighbouring area particularly
the material evidence. around, the oldearthenembanlanent ofthe large pond
which is locally called "Murayata". The pond covers
UMP- 1 : The entrance to the cave is slightly
very extensive area, i.e., approximately more than 6
slanting and the approach to the entrance has been
hectares and likewise the earthen embankment too is
provided by cutting the bed-rock. After removing the
wide and having more than one terrace. During
filled earth systematically, the floor ofthe chamberwas
extensive explorations the ruins and traces of a series
found to contain the typical pottery ofmegalithic cul-
of old temples datable to circa eleventh-twelfth
Exe viz., black-and-red ware and red ware bowls,
century AD were noticed. Besides thirty-four
pitchers, vase, etc.
sculptured stone-pieces, twelve fragments of different
UMP-2 : Located on a slightly higher side ofthe parts of human body and several other architectural
slope, the cave isprovidedwith four steps cut into the members carved with various motifs were noiced.
bed-rock and the entrance to the cave cut straight Thesethirty-four sculptured stones basically form
has a chajj alike projection over it, measuring 59 cm. the part of the veneer and other functional
The rectangular entrance to the cave has recessed architectural members of temples. These sculptured
temple-like door-jamb which is a noteworthy feature. stones which are worthy of documentation depicts
The cave has circularopening atthe top coveredby a various stylized forms of icons ofgods, nayikas and
laterite stone-slab. The accumulated earth and laterite mythical and temporal world and sati-plllar. Among
fragments inside the chamber were removed the deities, three images of Suryawere found : two in
systematically. The cave is hemispherical in plan inside sthanaka pose while the third one sitting in
and is designedwitharectangularlow rib onthe floor padmasana. The sthanaka images display the
cut into the bed-rock, dividing the cave in two parts female attendants Usha and Pratyusha. One image of
(pl. 85). The cave yielded more than seventy-five the chaturbhujaYislnuis shown seated in lalitasana
pottery ofvarious sizes and shapes, such as three and with usual atfibutes. Goddess Vaishnavi is also found
four-leggedjars, single and double-lipped bowls, long on a separate slab. The collection also includes a
necked-jar, bowls, lid, pitchers etc. (pl. 86-87). fragmentary image of Uma-Mahesvara, dancing
Besides a tiny gold ring and a terracotta bead, iron Ganesa, river goddess and a fragmentary life-size
daggers, spear-head, chisels (pl. 88) etc. were also image ofHanuman. The depictionof dikpalas, Agni
recovered. and Vayu are seen in a fragmentary door-jamb. Many

107
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEfr

slabs bear the beautiful female figures identified as constructed. It is about one km from the present
nayikas or attendant figures : most noteworthy is a Kasrawad village, which shifted from this site to its

lady holding flower with its stalk in her hand' In present location after the recent floods in 1970-
another depiction the nayikarsshown with a coconut considered to be the largest on record in this region-

in her hand and to its side stand a rampant lion(vidat) The site is around 8 km SW of Barwani, the
and amale warriorholdingthetail of alionwith left headquarters ofthe newly created district.

hand while his right hand holds a whip-like object'

The Kasrawad mound was quite severely
Dancers and musicians playing on flute, drum and result ofwhich almost
disturbed by earth robbing. As a
cymbal are depicted in the side bands of fragmentary ofthe mound
an exposed section onthe highest part
door-jamb. There are two free standing vyala could be seen with chalcolithic deposit. Earlier at
sculptures on couch upon a couple of kneeling
Karondiya, a chalcolithic site, 10 km downstream of
elephants. Aremarkable free+tanding sculptures partly
Kasrawad had shown that chalcolithic pottery of
broken, of wanior with his sword being taken
a male
Savalda/Kayatha affinities was found occuring within
out from the shield. Bharavahaka brackets and the flood deposits. The surface collection from the
relieved pilasters are the other important site showed that the pottery from Kasrawad
architectural members found here. Another most
dominated by Malwa black painted red ware with a
eye-catching sculpture is the depiction of two
minor component of black-and-red ware. Therefore
monkeys side-by-side with similar faces, expressing
the work was taken to understand the context ofthe
anger and the body in action of charging and defending'
Malwapottery apartfrom collecting a sample ofthe
Each ofthem holds in one fist a small pointed weapon-
pottery to be compared with the Karondiya
like obj ect. A close observation revealed that both of
assemblage.
them wear necklace but one figure wears an additional
long garland, perhaps depicting Bali and Sugriva of Three 2x2m trenches were taken up. Due to the
Ramayana. distrubance ofthe mound these three trenches began
at different levels, so that a complete sequence of 5 m
44. ExclvluoN AT KasRawao, Dtsrntcr BlnwaNI
deposit could be obtained by combining the data from
Sheila Mishra and R.K.Mohanty along with the different trenches. Two TrenchesAand B were
Sushama Deo, Sonali Naik, Utpala Jadhav, dug upto the top ofthe historical levels while Tienches

Mandakini Sharma, NeetuAggarwal and RizzaAbbas C and D were dug upto the natural soil. Both C and

of Post-graduate and Research Institute, Deccan D were dug through the chalcolithic layers. Excavation

College, Pune, carried out excavations at the was done in small uttits, with collection ofall the pottery

chalcolithic and historical site of Kasrawad, withthe bones and other antiquities. A large proportion ofthe

objective of recovering a well-documented sample of soil was floated but recovery ofbotanical remains was

the cultural material before the site becomes still rather poor.
submerged inthe Sardar Sarovar.
Excavation revealed three periods of occupation.

The site is onthe left(south)bankoftheNarmada The latest period is represented by stone buildings
river just upstream of the new bridge being whose foundations were disturbed by the earlier

108
EXP LORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

layers. A Maratha period temple on the site is probably EKB-I measuring 7x6n,EKB-II measuring 5x10m
co-eval with this phase that ended with the and EKB-III measuring 9x9m on the mound beside
abandonment ofthe site due to the flood mentioned the present village, and parallel to the Narmada river.
above. There is probably a gap in occupation between Natural soil was traced at a depth of4m, 2.90m and
this period and that of the historical period. The 5 m in Trenches EKB-I, EKB-II and EKB-III,
occupation ofthe historical period appears to belong respectively. There were six cultural periods with five
to the early medieval period. The earliest occupation hundred andtwenty-five antiquities from all the three
ofthe site is chalcolithic. Pottery as mentioned earlier, trenches. Out ofthem, hundred and ninty-six antiquities
is dominated by red-slipped ware with black were recovered from the EKB-I, hundred and three
paintings, almost similar to the Malwa ware of antiquities were recovered from EKB-II while two
Navdatoli. There is a contrast in colour and texture hundred and twenty-seven antiquities were collected
between the chalcolithic and historical habitational from the Trench EKB-III. Cultural sequence ofthis
deposit. The posibility of a component of alluvial silt site yielded six periods namely chalcolithic, Mauryan,
in addition to the ash and dung produced by human Sunga, Gupta, P ar amar a and Muslim/IVlaratha etc.
and animals in the chalcolithic level is being investigated. Important antiquities ofPeriod-I, are microliths, core,
painted black-and-red ware, stone ball, beads,
45. ExcnvrrroN AT Exa,LnnRno Drsrnrcr DHan
chalcolithic pots, terracotta wheel, disc, ear-lobe,
The Directorate ofArchaeology, Archives and stone quem, animal teeth and shell bangles. Period-Il

Museums, Govemment of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, yielded mother goddess, ivory dice, terracotta bull,
conducted excavation at Ekalbara chalcolithic site, chillam, disc beads, stone disc beads, ear-lobe,
under the direction of D.K.Mathur, assisted by stopper, wheel, beads, incised poffery golden bead,

P.Mathur, Pramod Sharma, Nagendra Verma, iron clamps and nail, shell, ivory and glass bangles,
Pastaria, Anil Joshi, Ashok Tyagi and Kampta Prasad animal horn and teeth. NBPW (Period-III) yielded
Verma. stone ball, disc, terracotta objects and iron knives.
Period-IV yielded stone ball, pendant, disc bead, skin
The ancient mound of Ekalbara, (Lat. rubber, ear-lobe, lamp, wheel, disc, parrrot of
220llt .22"N; Long. 75057'30"8) is situated on the terracotta. Period-V yielded stone ball, beads,
right bank of Narmada river, beside the other terracotta chillam,miniature pot, lamp, stopper, bull,
adjoining mound called Junakheda in eastern spouted vessel, earthen pot, iron nail, spatula, knife, a
direction ofthe present village. The site is located at a gold bead, copper strip, shell bangle, arrow-head,
distance of 22km, in Tehsil Manawar towards south while Period-Vl yielded blackish medieval poffery
in tehsil headquarter of District Dhar in Madhya c hi I I am, copper Mughal coins, terracotta and incense
Pradesh. It is situated 86 kilometres away from lndore. stick stand, stone foundation ofhouse planning, glass
The ancient mound partly eroded due to the present bangle and shell-cowries.
construction of houses adjoining the mound. Total
46. ExplonArroN rx DrsrRrcr MnNosnun
height ofthe mound was twenty-five metres while the
habitational deposit reported from the mound is only Exploration was carried out by Narayan Vyas,
five and half metres. Three trenches werelaidviz., ofthe Bhopal Circle, ofthe Survey, in the vicinity of

l0e
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIW

copper coins, iron nails, iron slag, beads, terracotta

Bhanpura tehsil. Anumber of painted rock-shelters
animal figurines and a number of pieces of chhatra
depicting animal figures and hunting scenes were also
ruined with Mauryan polish. Several rock-shelters were
brought to light atAntalia. Apart from this some
and noticed with painted inscription in Sunga Brahmi
temples and sculptures beloning to Pratihara
characters of the second century BC'
Paramara periods were noticed at Kukdeshwar'
finds'
Antralia and Takahaji. Among the noteworthy
and MAHARASHTRA
mention may be made of images of Surya, Vishnu
Varaha in stone etc. 49. Expr,oRATIoN tN DtsrRtcrs AHIaBuNAGAR'

47. ExclvlrloN AT Sancut, Dlsrnlcr RltsBN AuntNc,tnlo, Bron aNn JaLNa

The Bhopal Circle, of the Survey, under the A team led by P.K. Thomas, along with P'P'
guidance of P.K.Mishra, assisted by Raj ani Mishra Joglekar and Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee, of
the
and Shambhunath Rajbhar, carried out a small-scale Department ofArchaeology, Deccan College Post-
excavation on the northeastern corner of the graduate and Research Institute (Deemed Universtty)'
Archaeological Museum at Sanchi' The objective
of
Prrn., conducted village-to-village survey, on the
this excavation was to find out the nature and type
of
banks of River Godavari inAurangabad, Ahmednagar'
temple remains at the site. The excavation revealed Beed and Jalna districts with a view to explore
the
remains of a stone temple plinth, fragmentary upsteam and downsffeam ofGodavari riverto identiff
was
sculpturesandarchitecturalremains.Thisnortlr-facing ancient settlements ofthis region' So far, the team
temple consists of mukha-mandapa, mandapaand successful in identifing over thirty-five sites
belonging
garbha-griha. to the four districts mentioned above' The sites
vary

48. Exc,rylrloN AT Dson KorulR, Dtsrnlcr Rnwn from prehistoric to the late medieval periods' Material
shell
remains such as various types ofpottery shell'
In continuation of the previous year's work objects, animal bones, bone tools, stone tools' etc'
(1 ggg-2000,pp 100-102), P'K' Mishra,
assisted by
were collected.
Narayan Vyas, O.D.Shukla, Manuel Joseph'
Shambhunath Rajbhar, O.B'Khobragade, K'K'
Rai' The sites are : Hingni, Dehiphal, Erandgaon'
Nitin Shrivastava, C.K. Bhanarkar, Ramesh Thakur' Warur Khrud, Dadegaon (near Shevgaon), Piplagaon
Bhopal and Javkheda inAhmednagar district ; Wadwali
or
Surendra Bisht andAwadhesh Sinha, of the
Circle, ofthe Survey, resumed excavation on the
west Wadoli, Wyagreshwar, Naigaon/Tvlai gaon, Navgaon'
and south of Stupa 1 with aview to expose
the stupa' Dhupkhera, Wadal, Dadegaon (near Paithan) in
Aurangabad ; Goudgaon, Rajpimpri, Devpimpri'
Excavation revealed the remains of staircases
Kubhe, Jalgaon, Brahmagaon, Khalegaon, Dhondrai'
leading to the pradakshina-patha of medhi to
the
Rakshas
Gangawadi, Sawargaon, Mhlas Pimpalgaon,
west of stupa' A monastic-complex of brick was
Bhavan and Surlegaon in Beed district andApegaon'
partially exposed. Flag-stone flooring was also
pieces Panchaleswar, Ballegaon, Shaste Pimpalgaon'
exposed from the area yielding the evidence of
The Gandhari Ambad, Churmapuri, Dahyal, Bhamberi'
of inscribed pillar probably of Mauryan period'
ChandanPuri in Jalna district'
antiquities recovered from the excavations include

110
EXP LORATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI O NS

50. ExcrvrrloN AT Et-t oRa, Dlsrntcr AuRll,{clnau Intrestingly huge quantities ofrock pieces were
found bearing different kinds of chisel marks, which
theAurangabad Circle, ofthe Survey, underthe are suggestive o1'the chiselled off stones of the
guidance of S.K.Mittra, assisted by M.Mahadevaiah, unfinishedcave. This is avital evidence forrecording
R.Krishnaiah, V.D.Jadhav, H.S.Naik. V.N.Prabhakar, the methodology adopted in excavating the cave.
I{.R.Desai, D.L.Sirdeshpande, Vasant Swamkar and I{owever, no evidence of structures was found.
A.K.Ture, undertook small-scale excavation of a low
profile mound to the right o f the Cave 29 (Dumar Lena) The site infront of the Cave 30 A attained
and another mound in front ofCave 30A. an unfinished significance for the antiquarian finds dug out in the
process ofbuilding a retaining wall for facilitating easy
Jaina cave at Ellora.
drainage of stagnated water during the rainy-season.
These excavations were carried outprimarily to
The site was subjected to limited excavation primarily
identifu the nature ofthe deposit available as boththe
to salvage properly the antiquarian remains as also to
mounds yielded antiquarian remains in a chance
know the cultural deposit, ifany. The areawas divided
discovery that of an iron chisel, au engraver, arrow-
into two sections. The one as a open courtyard infront
head while from the latter mound a good number of
of the Cave 30 A and a low profile mound further to
historical period pottery was collected. Both these
the west. This deposite had a maximum hei ght of 5. 60
mounds produced a single culture assemblage datable
m fromthe courtyard level.
to c. tenth-twelfth century AD.
The excavation started in the courtyard area (pl.
To the right ofCave 29, in front ofan unfinished
of
9 ), which had a maximum deposit of approximately
1
cave, the mound rises to a height of 2 m to the left
10-90 cm. During the process of excavation of the
the road connecting Cave 29. Two trenches were laid
cave, the rock excavators systematically removed
of m square, sub-divided into four quadrants of
10
block-by-block rock mass and simultaneously
4.25 meach. Stratigraphically, the deposit proved to
converted some of these blocks into their required
be oftrvo distinctphases closely following the period
urhlut masonry shapes and designs. Interestingly
of unfinished cave excavation. The lower deposit
enough, in the process of excavation, the monolithic
yielded two iron chisels in-situ apart from a half
blocks of 'Siva-linga-pithas'were also chiselled out.
dressed circular sectioned stone pillar element
Couple of themwere removed, the traces ofwhich
measuring 60 crn in length with circular bands at regular
could be seen, while a few of them were found
intervals (pl. 89). The other f,rnds include a broken
unfinished and available in-situ at the site.
terracotta fragment of a coin mould (pl. 90)
assignable to the Yadavas ofDeogiri, broken bangle In this area, a number of antiquities were found
fragments ofglass, stone beads, stone sling balls, iron such as bangle fragments ofglass; beads ofcamelian,
nails, broken chisel and rings etc. glass and terracotta; terracotta hopschotch, stone sling
ball; tool sharpener; weight of stone; iron chisel
The ceramic assemblage is representedbyred
fragments, nails, arrow-heads of iron and, stone
ware and un-bumished black ware. The former is of
ornamental members etc.
slipped and unsliped varieties, sturdy, well-fred, with
shapes like medium-sized storage-jars, carinated small
The area in frontofthe courtyardyieldedquite a
thick deposit along with a temporary rubble structure
and medium handis, small vases, dishes and basins.

lll
 200 1 -02
tt tOtm nCru,qnOtOGY

Plates 89-90

mould
pillar with circular bands and 90' terracotta coin
Ellora: 89, stone

f2
EXP LO RATI ONS A N D EXC AVATI ON S

l'
'l
'r---- i

9l

tu
I
I

I
I
I
!

ffi
l_1,****;__ffi
':;':]iwry!lM
.. ", ,*ii#+,1, .,*,., tt,;

Ellora: 91, general view of excavation and 92, excavqted structures

f rrs!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Ellora: 93, chisel marks on the rock and 94, circular linga-pitha

ffitt+ffi
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

of undetermined plan (pl. 92). Here too the rock another at Bhongaon (7 6036'E;20055'E) are located

excavation was undertaken in the same mafller as that on the left bank of the river.

of the courtyard. A singular phenomenon that was The above exploration in Puma basin shows a
encountered atthis site is of successive thin floors of
lot ofpotential so far archaeology ofthis area is
heavy fi re activity evidenced by the presence of very
concerned. Amongst the sites discoverd last season,
fine ashy bands of successive deposit. Perhaps the the mound at Paturda in District Buldhana seems to
area was occupied by the artisans and workmen who pottery four-legged churning
be more promising as
fashioned their tool for use in the excavation ofthese
stone, similar to early historic Kaundaniyapur, blades,
caves.
core, etc. were found.Asmall-scale excavation Qx2m
The ceramic finds from 30Aconsistofredware, trench) was undertaken at Paturda (7604.37'8,
black ware, bumished ware. Some of the shapes 20057'N), a site situated on the right bank of River
represented are carrnated handi s, shallow basins, Wan, a northerly tributary of Purna, with a view to
small vases with and without spouts, miniahtre vessels, understandthe cultural sequence ofthe site.
dishes etc.
The excavation atPaturdawas carried outunder
The chisel marks encountered in the the direction of B.C.Deotare, assisted by the research
excavation speak of removal of rock mass in the form
students (Gurudas Shete and Kailash Pawar) from
ofvarious shapes, mostly rectangular (pl. 93), circular Archaeology Department of Deccan College, Post-
linga-pitha(p1. 9a) and a few squarish ones. On an graduate and Research Institute, Pune. A 2x2m fench
average they measure from 0.57 x 0. 19 m to 2.26 x was taken up at the central part of the mound and
0.68 m rectangular and 0.51 x 0.48 to0.62 x 0.4lm exposed about 4 m habitational deposits. The cultural
circular. material such as terracotta and glass beads, pieces of
glass and shell bangles, broken iron rod, terracotta
51. Expr,oruuoN aluExcAvATIoN rN Mmnln PtnNl
seal and a small number of red ware pottery with a
B.lstN, DtsrRIcrs BuLnH.q.NA. aNo Axor,l
small number of black-and-red were was recovered.
The exploration was undertaken by B.C. Two floor levels, one at 1. 1 m and the second at 2.4m
Deotare, of the Archaeology Department of Deccan depth were found and white plastered layer was
College, Post-graduate and Research Institute, Pune, exposed at2.5 mdepth probably a base of the silo.
with a view to find out and select an extensive site for No animal bones were found throughout the trench.
future geo and bio-archaeological studies. The On the contrary lot of food grains were recovered
explorations were conducted with a research student from the deposits by applying floatation technique. The
Gurudas Shete and S.N'Rajaguru. The majority of recovery of botanical remains such as pulses and
sites are found located in Buldhana except Thokbardi cereals indicate no major change in food habit ofthe
(77006'8,20054'N), which is located inAkola district. earlier and present inhabitants. A few rice husk and
Deulgaon (7 6044'8, 20056'N), Kauthal (76038E; little wheat and barley are the indications ofrelative
20057'N), Bhon (76039'E ; 20055'N), Bhendwad unfavorable condition for cultivation ofthese food
(7 60 338; 200 5 6N' ), Danap ur (7 60 47' E; 2 1
006 N'
) grains during the historic times. In fact the recovery of
etc., on the right bank of the River Purna. Qnly two substantial amount ofcharred grains ofjawar *tggests
mounds, one at Manasgaon (7604'E;20057'N) and the low rainfall condition.

! us!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEII-

Some interesting geomorphic features in Middle approximate height ofthe mound is 2 to 2.50 m from
Puma and its tributaries were found with anumberof the surrounding plain with the debris including
archaeological sites belonging to the early historic to brickbats and sparingly stone rubbles etc. indicate ra-

medieval periods. It is also noted that these settlements situbrickstructure. The middle of the mound was
are mostly on I 2- 1 5m high late pleistocene terrace dug by local people measuring 3 m dia and brought to

virgin black soil developed

and they are placed on notice two Jaina Tirthankara sculptures seated in
from yellowish brown silt containing moderately padmos anain sandstone belonging to c ninth-tenth

developed kankernodules. about 8-10 mounds are century AD of (Yadava Period).

foundwithin 50 sqm areaofwhich somemounds are Tirthankara sculpture (No.l) is of whitish

intact and yielded pottery and tools such as blades,
sandstone shov,ing Mahavira seated in padmas ana
cores, etc. The most notable mounds are at Paturda
on a pedestal (height 1.50m and width 75 cm) with
(760 37'E;20057'N).
the hands broken and nose, lips are partially
About 3 m portion of the mound facing the damaged. Anotherunidentified sculpture (No 2) is of

meander of the river was exposed with a view to sandstone, dull red in colour, seated on a pedestal in

ascertaining the basaVvirgin black soil on which the padmasana (height 50 cm and width 80 cm) with
habitation occurred, a rubble pavement is found' Such head andhandsbroken.
rubble pavement is not visible in other side of the
53. ExplonATIoN lr GusnclR, KoNraN
mound. In fact it is restricted to the river side only, the
purpose ofthis is yetto be properly understood' The Deccan College, Post-graduate and Research
future study in this region may throw more light on the Institute, Pune, underAshok Marathe, carried out
cultural contact within the region. The geoarchaeology exploration around Guhagar ( I 7030'N ; 7 30 | 4' E), a
ofPuma basin is the other objective to initiate the study town on the coast, 15 lon south ofAnjanvel, the Head-
in this area and thirdly, the saline tract along the left Quarter ofthe Guhagartaluk. The initial
explorations,
bank ofRiverPuma inwhich archaeological sites are confined to Guhagar, Palshet and Hedvi were aimed
almost absent. Field observation as well as the at locating the Palaeolithic sites either on surface or in
laboratory study on the sediments from Purna basin the caves. Accordingly, three important sites were
may prove to be useful in solving some of the discovered v2., (i) two LowerAcheulian cleavers weIT
objectives, in future. collected on the surface near the cave at Susrondi in
Palshet ( 1 7026'N, 730 1 5'E); (ii) a few lower Acheulian
52. ExplonATIoN IN DlstRtcr CnaNoRLpuR
choppers and a cleaver were collected on the surface
The Excavation Branch-I, Nagpur, of the Survey, rrear acave at Mandavkarwadi in Palshet and (iii) a
under the direction of S.K.Mittra, assisted by good number of cattle bones with chopping marks on
N.C.Prakash, Samir Diwan and S'K' Gulrandhe, them, were collected inside a cave near Hedvi (170
conducted explorations in historical mound in the 21',N, 730 16'E).
outskirts of Bhadravati town (2006'30" Lat;7906'
After the explorations, because of the
30"Long) in tehsil ofthe same name, the mound falls
occulTence of trvo Acheulian artefacts on the surface,
under Survey No. 74, called Jogi-reeth' The

116
EXP LORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

it was decided to carry out an excavation at Susrondi into silty clayupto the bottom ofthe trench, i.e.,3.2
in Palshet. Palshet is a small village, l2 km south of m from the top. The deposit is considerably finer and
Guhagar. Anumberofminor streams originate on the graded. Acheulian tools were discovered at a depth
lateritic plateau at the level of 120 m ASL having of 2.4mto2.7 m level from the top. Below 3.2ma
steep gradient. All such streams flow through the deep, subsurface water level was found and the deposit
narrow gorges; meet the main stream around Palshet grades into reddish brown mottled clay. Therefore,
and finally drain into the Arabian Sea. On the bank of lxl m step trench was dug towards the eastern side
a small perennial stream, near a waterfall, at a height
of the first trench. It was 1.2 m below the first trench
of 85 mASL and 2 km away from the sea occurs a
and dugupto2.6mdepth from thetop and from this
cave in the laterite. The cave developed as a result of level we reach the subsurface water-level was found
karstic weathering process operating within the
and therefore, it was not possible to dig further down.
heterogenous mass of coastal laterite and later on, it
was occupied by Early Man. This location is known The assemblages comprise both flake (76%) and
as Susrondi, I km east of Barbhai, in Palshet. The core (24oh) tools(fig. l4). The majority of artefacts
entrance ofthe cave is facing south, it is rectangular are on flakes. Among the flakes, end-struck types
with 1.5 mwidth and2.5 mheight. Therewasahuge predominate over side-struck one in the ratio of 5:1.
boulder at the front of the entrance and therefore, it There is a clear indication thatthe Early Man utilized
was difficult to enter the cave. It was necessary to the natural shapes of the raw material. The ventral
clear the entrance for removing the debris from inside surface was left comparatively untouched and large
the cave. Ahuge boulder of laterite (more than 3.5 m primary flakes were struck offfrom the convex dorsal
height) in front ofthe entrance ofthe cave was cleared
surface. Subsequently, the margins were retouched
with the help of multiple minor blasts of mine. The
by removing finer flakes. Thus minimum work was
cave was completely filled by lateritic pebbly gravel
done only along the lateral sides.
and the ceiling was only I m high from the surface of
the gravel. The area after entering the cave was 5m x The collection consists of fifty-four artefacts, and
4 m, further there were two appendages towards east asnoted earlier, were collected from the strata at the
and north. It is believed that the north appendage is depth of 3.3 m in a layer of 30 cm thick deposit.
very deep in the laterite and runs many meters towards
the end of the laterite plateau, while the eastern Stone artefacts are made on acidic derivatives
appendageis2mdeep. ofthe trap, with glossy lustrous colour, differ from
greyish-green and dark grey to rich brown and buff
Two frenches were dug insidethe cave. The first colour. The material is fine-gmined and yields excellent
trench (fig. l3) was oriented in east-west direction conchoidal fracture. The tool-makers ofthis site did
and measuring 2m x 3m. Samples ofthe deposit were not venture inquest of material as indicated but the
collected at every 50 cm level from the top. Upper fact that there is no preponderance ofartefacts on
1.5 was angular lateritic pebbly gravel with blocks of basalt though the basalt can be noticedjust few meters
laterite. It is underlined by 0.6 m angular lateritic gravely away. The artefacts are extremely fresh with clear
silt with blocks of Deccan trap and gradually grading fl ake-scars and mostly showing razor-sharp margins.

ffirrzffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REV

Fig. 13

4.2 M
CEILING OF THE CAVE

-a r. a .
a a a a a - a t r e I i a a .
t .' '-t, . J . .' ... t. t: t t '.
i .t
. ...t ,' '.'..t -
"
. 1

' ' ' '. j^'wiTnPEBBLESoFTRAP . ''' " -t)

'.'ANGIJLARPEBBLVGRAVEL o

' .' '.'-' ,'.' "-".". '^

ii: : :: ,:;.,1,i.:.. .l
. i
..,;.i'i::: i,.rl l.;.
; I .., .-'.'., t tat'aa.ala
.t.' a a- . a

r'
Cll illli
t ;llZlid':'1.:'Etira"i-i{:-;:
0:3

0.5
I "Jiif,[:,,'l*till,J[l,l;i5Jl]-'17
,,', , rl ,r
::iiii::ilitil
0. M
BASE LEVEL .

SECTION FACING SOUTH

o 40 80 120 1Q0 200
CM

ffirrsffi
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

re cm

Susrondi: stone tools

ffi ruffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

The freshness ofthese specimens suggests that these present during the late tertiary. The region attained its
present elevation of 120 mASL due to Neogene/Early
were preserved because ofthe sediment cover after
the desertification ofthe site by Early Man. Pleistocene uplift. Thus, the drainage andthe karstic
caves in this region are, therefore, of the Early Mid
Typologically, the assemblages show a higher Pleistocene age. These observations are in
proportion of shaped tools (92.5%) than the simple concrxrence with the outcome ofearlier studies carried
artefacts (1 .4%). Handaxes, cleavers, picks, out around Ratnagiri. The cave sedimens brought to
choppers and scrapers are the five major light interesting stratigraphy and contemporary
components which comprise shaped-tools. palaeoenvironment. The cave was occupied by Early
Man duringthe Early Late Pleistocene (approximately
The occurrence oftools at Susrondi is considered earlier than 90 Ka B.P.) when the sea level was slightly
in a primary archaeological context and shows higher than that oftoday. This is explained by the lower
preponderance ofbifaces (handaxes, cleavers, small- fine-grained mottled clay (about 80 cm thick).
picks together forming 52.5oA, of which picks are
ll.5o ,a low percentage of choppers (12.2%) and
Acheulian man occupied the cave during this
high percentage of scrapers (35.3%).Ofthe long sharp
phase. The situation continued even during his
edge tools, handaxes (number 2) and cleavers (number
occupancy. Immediately after this phase we get a
3) do not, as at some of the Lower Acheulian
rubble deposit (1.5 m thick), capping the atefacts-
collections in India, vary in proporionate bearing layer. The ruble deposit indicates increased
representation so greatly. Characteristic handaxe
intensity of mechanical weathering in response to
forms are ovate and limande; cleaver-forms are
relative degree of aridity prevailing in the area
restricted to divergent edges group, picks also smaller
during the Last Glacial Maxima, when the sea level
in size as well as choppers. The light duty tools v2',
was low by atleast 100 m and the climate was
scrapers are exclusively fashioned on flakes' The
largely cold and dry.
bifaces from Susrondi clearly show "Advanced'o
Acheulian characters. The assemblages include refined
forms ofbifaces. Therefore, considering the characters This is the first authentic discovery of Upper
as well as stylistic techo-morpholoical features, the Acheulian coastal cave occupation on more than 7500
assemblage from Susrondi could be assigned to the km long coastline in India. The discovery of
UpperAcheulian tradition in India. Palaeolithic artefacts from a cave site in a stratified
context is exceedingly significant in deducing the
On the basis of studies carried out regarding the chronology of Early Man, related sea level changes
palaeoprocesses in the region, stratigraphy ofcave and environmental changes in the Konkan region' The
deposits and tool typology, it can be deduced that : reconstruction ofcoastal environment during the Early
the stratigraphy in a well-section nearVelneshwar, Late Pleistocene in this humid tropical part of w estem
shows that the entire coastal fringe area around India will provide innovative perception to manJand
Guhagar and Palshet was at a low elevation than the relationship in this part of India, in future.

f rzo!
EXP L O RATI O N S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

54. ExcavlrloN AT DulmNa (LrNcl), Dtsrntcr cenfe ofeach ofthe fourrubble concentrates. Finally,
Nacpun the entire trenchwas providedwith longitudinal and
lateral baulks of 0.25 m wide in such a way that the
The Department of Ancient Indian History diagonal quadrants of each part had a common cenfe'
Culture and Archaeology, Nagpur University, Nagpur, This trench was numbered as Cutting-A.
resumed excavation (2000-2001, pp.99-107) at
Dhamna Linga (Lat 210 8.30'N; Long 780 51'E. Megalith (No. 10) lying at few meters east of
under the joint direction of Chandrashekhar Gupta Megalith (No. 8) was a slightly oval burial belonging
and Ismail Kellellu, assisted by Chandraprakash to the Caim type with north-south axis measuring 6m,
Saharkar and Dilip Sarkar. and east-west measuring 5.80m and containing a
scatter ofmedium-sized rubble and earth fi lling of about
Taking the clue from the previous season's
Excavation revealed small globular
0. 15 m thickness.
excavation where three of the four burials yielded
vessels with narrow and wide mouths in red ware
peripheral burials outside the bounding circle boulderV
having thin and selfslips extemally, buried in clusters
stones, while laying out the trenches as per the usual
pegs in the north-east and south-east quadrants near the
Quadrant method, the north-south and east-west
centre ofthe Megalith. Some ofthe vessels were kept
were planted much beyond the peripheral boulders/
just on the scraped natural soil ofhard mutrum, while
stones ofthe Caim Circles so as to include larger area
some others were buried in small shallow pits. Except
around the Circle within the area for excavation.
soil, the pots contained nothing. An east-west oriented
As regards the layout ofthe elliptical burial, an oblong pit adm easuing2.4m x 1 m and packed with
interesting combination ofthe layout of Vertical and rubble was encountered atadepth of0.10 mto 0.15m

Quadrant methods of excavaton were experimented in the westem side of the north-west quadrant ofthe
for the specific reason that the surface rubble scatter Megalith. This would be exhumed in the next season.
encountered at a distance ofabout 20 m north-east
ofMegalith 10 did not conform to any known shape Megalith (No. 19) is ovalish measuring 14.7 m
of the megalithic burial, and looked more like an (east-west) and 12.7 m (north-south) was one of the
oblong feature (about 1 1 m north-south) x (5m east- biggest burials of Caim Circle type found at Dhamna
west) with more concenfiation ofrubble at four places (Linga).It was located 30m east of Megalith (No.
roughly one behind the other. This promted the 17,) and was erected on the northern slopes of the
excavators to choose this Vertical-Quadrant method. raised ground and25 m north ofthe road. Excavation
A north-south oriented rectangular trench measuring revealed some interesting architectural features. In
l2mx6 m, taking care that ofthe central line ofthis order to overcome the gradient on the northern side
rectangle passed through the middle ofthe roughly and to maintain an apparent uniform tumulus fi lling
east-west orientedrubble concentration, was laid out within and outside the circle, more earth and rubble
on the pattem ofvertical method with each peg planted filling was done on the slopes and less on the elevated
at a2 m gapin trvo parallel rows. Then the rectangular side. The Megalithic builders at the site used big blocks

trench was divided into four parts by tying east-west ofbasalt stones instead ofbasalt boulders which were
running strings with each string passing through the normally used to erect the peripheral circle. Because

!rzrf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW'

of the slope, the northern boundary blocks of stone skull. A fbrv stoncs lbrnrcd a lining along thc skclcton
were rolled down and a fbw were rnissing at the time orr both thc sides. A broken iron ladle' an iron axe

of excavation. The extant peripheral basalt blocks rvith cross-ring lasteners, an iron clrisel and a
revealed that at somc place s the stone blocks rve rc beautilirlly tnaclc sttlnc pcstlc u'crc kcpt on thc lcli
kcpt one above the other, giving the look of a cottrsed side along thc skcleton, wtilc a lncdiutn-sizc shallou'
u'all, to maintain the height. Stone chips werc also copper borvl rvas kept on the right side of the skeleton

used betrvcen the blocks o1'stoncs' near its treck as burial lirmiture. Thc entirc burial was
then packed lrrst rvith only sticky black cotton soil
The excavation fr-rrther revealed an east-west fbllowed by thc filling ofrubble and brownish soil so
oriented 0.50 m deep pit dug into the hard murrunl as to cover the etrtirc spacc rvithirl atlcl a littlc outsidc
ofthe Circle. The pit contained the human
at the centre
the circularboundary ol'thc basalt blocks'

skeletal remains probably of a primary burial with its

skurll kept on the eastern side. About ten eafthen
pots Another notcrl'o(hy l eattrrc o l-th i s me'qal ith u'as
of dif ferent types and sizcs of red ware, black-and- that it clid not reveal any rcctallgtrlar periphcral burial
on any siclc. But, on thc southcrn sidc,
just outside thc
red ware, micaceous red ware and black ware wcrc
fbr-rnd buried above the skull on the eastem sidc, rvhile circlc. a stlall cairn rvith I '8 nr dia lr as encountered'
a big vessel, two bowls in red r'vare and black-and- It yielded lrvo irotr rings kcpt at tltc cclltrc of the
red u'are rverc tbttncl btrricd in the nortltern side along Cairn just 0.05 nr belos'tlrc sttrlitcc. lntcrcstingly, tlre
the skeleton. One iron ploughshare, one irotr cross- three boat-shaped terracotta sarcophagi, each
ring fbstener, axe and a smallcopper,/bronze bowl rvere containing cltarrcd skclctal remains of a child and
also encountered on the northern sidc ncar the animal bones, rvith corresponding lids discovered
skeleton. A medium-sized iron ladle rvith its handle during tltc previot"ts season lbrmed part of this Cainr
broken was found placed on the pots on the eastern burial. Each of the sarcophagus was covered rvith a
side. It is noteworthy that some broken pieces of iron concavo-convex oval terracotta lid and u'as oriented
objects like nail-parers wcre tbund kept near tlre east-west and kept one alter the other in norlh-south
skeleton, while two small black-and-red rvare bowls alignrnent. All the sarcophagi were then covered with
were fbund placed below thc left lorver leg bones of amixturc of loose black cotton soil and basalt rubble
the skeleton. Interestingly, one hundred and twenty giving the entire structure the look of a Caim.
four small beads ol'camelian, quartz and green jasper
were found on the lell side of the portion bctrveen Megalith 39 nray be the snlallest and
neck and the ribs of the skcleton' Obviously, the dead shallowest of any or all rnegalithic burials lbund so far

person musthave been buried along rvith this beautilirl in India. This Cainl is having a diamcter ofiust about
3 m with filling ranging between 0.1 5 m and 0.18 m'
necklace. Sotne ash rvas also noticecl on the
southeastem side ofthe pit above the skull. Another The removal ofthc filling rcvealed trvo prcnlolars kcpt

human skeleton was tbund strctchcd cast-u'est on thc on natural mttrrttm surthce, in the southeastern
qtradrant. Two snrall iron rapis and a uniqure Purusu-
natural murntm surf-ace very close to the central pit
on the left side. Red ware, and micaceotts red ware type iron axe with small holes at the butt end rnay be
potsherds rvere lbr.rnd on the eastern side above the lbr halting it to a rvooden hanclle, and only a f'ew

t)2
E XP L O RATI O N S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

li'a-urnens of rcd rvare pottery, were kept as burial The site revealed plentiful evidence ofa large-scale
lLrlitures. bcad-tranufacturing centrc fbr several centuries.

Cutting - A : lirtrr oblong rubblc packing wcrc Thc rnairr putpose ofthe proposed study was to

suhjccted to a Vcrtical-culn-Quaclrallt lllcthod ol' excavate the early historic habitation and to locate, if
excavittion. The excavation <lf one tll'thcse revealed 1-rossible, thealluding traces of rnegalithic settlement
a lirlly strctched ltutlan skeleton btrriccl itr cast-rvesl in the earlier levels. The excavation was undertaken

oricntation in a sltallorv pit. A f-erv potshercls of re.l rvith the fbllorving objcctives: to substantiate the
ware were the ortly burial tumiture encountered here. richness ofMahurjhari megalithic burials in antiquarian

Sornc nerv pottcry typcs rverc observed' remains as the conternporary settlenlent is ttntraceable.
Hence, there was a nced tbr an intensive search fbr
55. ExcnvarroN Ar Mnlrun.lH,tnl, DrslRtcr Nacpun the evidence of Early lron Agc habitation at the site
besides to trace the unique and rich bead
R.K.Mohanty, of the Deccan College Post-
rnanufacturing centre for its antecedent affinity,
gracluatc atrd I{cscarclr Institute, Pune, carried out
technological developrrrcnt, importance ofthis craft
cxcavatiot.t at the Early Iron Age site of Mahurjhari,
specialization in relation to the site and culture and
t)istrict Nagpur, lvith assistance fiotu P.K. Thomas
economic irnplications on the socio-cultural behaviour
(archaeo-zoologist) and M.D.Kajalc (archaeo-
ofthe period; for study and interpretation ofthe early
botanist) in addition to the Research scliolars ofthe
historic evidence in relation to the other excavated
I)cpartrncnt of Archaeology, the Deccan College,
carly historic sites in the region as also to understand
Gurudas Shete, Kailash Parvar, Rizza Abbas, David
the settlement pattem, cultural ecology and the role of
Teso and UtpalaAdhav.
an important craft specialization cenhe inthis context.
Mahurjhari is arvellknown megalithic burial site
During the period under review the excavation
(210 14'N; Jgo 30'E) in Vidarbha. Several seasons
at Mahurjhariwas conducted only in the habitation
of excavations were undertaken at the site by
mound. The central part ofthe early historic mound is
S.B.Deo. The evidence from the earlier excavations
under occupation and the periphery is under
had revealed that the megalithic burials at Mahurjhari
agriculturc. The excavation was carried out in five
in gcneral were very rich in antiquarian retlains in
trenclies in the peripheral zone, three trenches
corrparison to those fiom other sites excavated in
nreasuring 2.5 x2.5 m and two trenches measuring
Vidarbha. Mahurjhari is one ofthe fbw megalithic sites
3x3 m, comprising an area of 36.75 sq m. The trenches
in Vidarbha like Takalghat-Khapa, Khairwada and
A(east), B(south-east), C(north-east), D(north-west)
Bhagimohari which was also occupied during the
were located in all fbur directions of the mound and
early-historic period. Though the site was operational
Trench E was located thirty meters inside the westem
lor scveral hrmdred years during megalithic period,
part ofthe tnound which was the only suitable vacant
the evidence ofearly historic settlement at Mahurjhari
place available inside the present village.
has, however, revealed the evidence ofa copperplate,
seals, intaglios, beads, bricks, pottery and other The extensive survey and atrial-trench taken
antiquities pertaining to the Gupta-Vakataka peris,.i. earlier had given suff-icient evidence of Mahurjhari

t23
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIETry

being a Primary Bead Manufacturing Centre. This The excavation revealed that Mahurjhari is one
year's excavation revealed that it is probably the of the most important bead manufacturing centres
largest bead manufacturng centre ever known in in Central India where such craft specialization was
archaeoloical context. The people ofMahurjhari were pursued over a period of several centuries. On the
proficient in lapidary worh a craft specialization which basis of the preliminary analysis of the exploration
was not probably common among the early megalith and extensive excavations carried out at the site
builders (c. 800-700 BC) and this continued and and in the light of ethnographic work carried out
flourished during the early historic period (c. 400-500 by scholars at the contemporary stone bead making
AD) inthisregion. centres, it can be suggested that Mahurjhari was a
large-scale centralized bead production centre. The
The mound is spread over an area of five
site yielded a large quantity of beads and bead
hectaresandhasadeposit of 1.25 to 1.80minthe
wastes of all types, representing various stages of
area where the trenches were taken up. Though, all
bead production, i.e., from raw materials to the
the trenches were dug upto the natural soil nowhere
finished products in a variety of semiprecious
the Early IronAge settlement couldbe located. The
stones. All the types of semiprecious stones used
excavation could not be undertaken in the core part
for making beads at this site are locally available
ofthe mound as it is occupied by the present village.
and come as an intrusion in the Deccan Trap on
The earlyhistoric deposit inthis moundwas confined
precambrian rock formations in the neighbourhood
to the layers 1-5. The site yielded mostly the early
or they were also collected from the river beds.
historical material except fora few modemmaterials
The various stages ofbead production and its waste
occasionally in the upper levels, upto I 0- 1 5 cm below
represented in the assemblages are heated nodules,
the surface.
preliminary chipped cores, bead blanks, bead
Because of small-scale excavations, proper roughouts (pl. 95), beads with micro-chipping,
structural remains could not be encountered' beads with pecking scars, semi and fully ground
However, a large amount of full sizedburnt-bricks beads, beads with depression, partially and fully
and brickbats belonging to the brick types of drilled beads, partially drilled and split beads,
Satavahana and Gupta-Vakataka periods were partially and fully polished beads and with their
found at different levels at the site. In Trench B, corresponding debitage (pl. 96). The evidence of
layer (3) they were found arranged in a small bead production comes from the beginning of the
platform. Large amount of brickbats scattered at settlement. The bead refuses are found scattered
different levels in the site suggest that some of the in and around the workshop areas. They are also
important smrctures andhouses were built ofburnt- found in heavy concentration everywhere in the
bricks. The pottery assemblage is similar to the early habitation deposit spread over an area ofabout 5
historic pottery reported from this region. It was hectors with an average deposit of 1.5 m.
represented by thick and thin variety of red ware
Further, the excavation revealed ample
with slip on one or both sides, polished micaceous
evidence of a flourishing well-established settlement
red ware, grey ware, a few pieces of black-and-
occupied by the Early IronAge people for several
red ware and a small quantity of pottery with
centuries. The houses ofthe affluent class ofthe
applique or stamped designs on them.

Irz+J
I
EXP L O RATI O N S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

I
re
Plates 95-96

lt
lltt
li

m
II
II
II
TI
tn
lil
til
rx
tm
t*

fl@
ffiil
ffir

05
,Ery ru
CM

95

I ffi
;J
.y w SWw"l:
w & il$ Wcry*
:$
& 95
CM

96
Mahurjharit 95, prerimianry chipped course and
96, beads o/.dffirent types

125
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEII

Mahurjhari: 97, bead polisher and 98, human head, Gupta-Vakataka oerinrl

t26
tl

EXP LO RATI ON S AND EXCAVATI ON S

Plates 99

cm

99

CMIIIII

100
Mahurjhari: 99, Lajja-Gauri and 100, Morgaon, cleavers

t27
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEW

early historic period were constructed of burnt Sushama Deo, of the Deccan College Post-

bricks, similar in size to that ofthe Gupta-Vakataka graduate and Research Institute, Pune, assisted by
period. Poor people had wattle-and-daub houses' Sonali Naik, Probodh Shirwalkar, Riza Abbas and
Besides large amount of utilitarian pottery of coarse Neetu Aggarwal. The site of Morgaon was
and fine varieties, the other antiquities included discovered in 1989. In 1995 alarge number of
semiprecious stone beads and pendants, bead artefacts were freshly exposedby levelling of a field

polishers (p1. 97) and terracotta beads, glass by a local farmer. It was therefore, decided to take
bangles, skin rubber, kohl stick, stopper, shell and up a small-scale excavation for ascertaining the
glass bangles, lamp with stands, iron nail, iron geological context of the site.
clamp, iron knife , iron chisel, adze, arrow-head
etc. and a few broken pieces ofterracotta copper Two trenches were taken on either side of a
objects, animal figurines, human head ofthe Gupta- small rain gully to the east to the Bhudi Mata
Vakataka period (pl. 98) and a stone plaque (pl' Temple. In the first trench of 2 x 2 m, a single
99) showing Lajja-Gauri. The Lajja-Gauri plaque cleaver was found resting on the top of a sandy
whichwas found in layer 5, Trench 'B'ofthe early pebbly gravel overlain by brown fissured clay'
historic settlement at the site can be assigned to the Although only a single artefactwas found, it is a
first or second century BC .Largeamount of animal significant find as it was a diagnostic artefact,
bone of sheep, goat and cattle along with varieties completely in-situ. This find was the first clue to
ofcharred grains recovered from the site suggest a know that the artefacts were not occuring within
fair idea oftheir economic life. the deposits but on the bounding surfaces, due to
The intensive survey of the megalithic burial in-s ituhuman activity in-between the depositional
at the site revealed that there were six clusters or episodes. The horizon at which the cleaver occurred

localities of these burials. Each cluster had about in this trench also had mud cracks filled with the
fifteen to seventy burials ofdifferent shapes, sizes, overlying gravel, showing that it formed a surface
having different types of external features and for some time before the deposition ofthe overlying
observable surface deposits. More than two clay.

hundred and fifty burials were recorded with a view

to understand the Landscape Archaeology of this The second trench was taken on the other side
megalithic site. Most of the recorded burials are of the rain gully. Alarge number of artefacts were
still in good state ofpreservation. Several scores found eroding from the gully and these were
of burials were found partially or fully destroyed collected before proceeding with the excavation'
beyond recognition because of stone quarrying, A shallow trench 2 mx6 m was taken at the top of
road building, house construction in these localities the trench exposing a larger area of the
and quite a few of these burials were cleared for archaeological horizons and a cut was made at the
agricultural purpose. nala slope.The trench was not dug upto bed-rock
56. ExcavluoN Ar MoRGlox, Drsrmcr Puxn but upto a well cemented conglomerate, the surface
ofwhich contained anumber of artefacts whichwas
A small-scale excavation was carried out at
about 2 m below the uPPer laYers.
the Acheulian site of Morgaon by Sheila Mishra and

f tzsJ
 EXP L O RATI O N S A ND E XCAVATI O NS

The trenches revealed that the artefacts were an early historic port at palshet on the Konkan
coming from a number of different horizons. The coast ofMaharashtra, and identified the same with
richest horizon is rubble, which is quite different the Palaepatmai of the periplus of the Erythraean
from any natural gravel with concentration of Sea. Palshet (Lat 17026'N; Long 73oll, E) is
artefacts. The rubble is limited in extent and situated on both banks of a small river, locally
separated into two layers by a thin layers of clay. known as Sundari. Located on an area of l l sq
The artefacts are found on the upper surface ofthe km, Palshet is nearly 3 km away from the open
rubble and below the clay separating the two rubble sea. The explorations were based on the
horizons, on the upper surface of the lowerrubble. geomorphological and phonetic study of various
The unusual nature of the deposit, limited extent official survey maps from 1884 was undertaken for
and presence ofartefacts on the surface rather than
the'coastal strip all along the Konkan region of
within the rubble, led to presume that these rubble Maharashtra. This exercise pointed towards a
accumulations are relaled to human activity at the small, relatively unknown town of palshet which is
site. A large boulder was found in the east wall of not only similar to Palaepatmai on phonetic grounds
the trench. This appears to be an anvil stone and but also appeared to be an ideal place for a harbour
must be a manuport. All the artefacts, in fact, are in a tidal creek. Surrounded by hills, it forrms a
much larger than the natural matrix which is clay naturally protected harbour. The explorations were
and fine gravel. In this trench the occurrence of quite fruitful in discovering an ancient port at
artefacts was not within the gravels or clay but in_ Palshet.
between layers of gravel or clay. The site of
Morgaon therefore, appears to be a rare example A
stone structure which can easily be
of anAcheulian site with well preserved evidence identified as the platform of a port was located in
ofhuman activity. an area covered by modern betel nut plantation.
Clearing work revealed that the length of the
The Morgaon industry is composed ofboth flake platform was nearly 90 m with four equally spaced
and core. Large cores on cobbles and boulders were
semicircular (2 m radius) projections on what could
collected from the surface. Cleavers are most cornrnon
be the riverside of the port. The structure was
(pl. 100). Handaxes are quite rare with only a few constructed with well-dressed basalt stones with
found in the surface collection. These characters are
the dimension of 60 cm x 40 cm x 30 cm.
quite different from Bori where the shaped tools are
Apparently, no cementing material was used in its
trihedral handaxes and the cores, small nodules, with
construction. At the western end, a sloping jetty is
small flakes detached from them. On the other hand
seen gradually going down and disappearing into
the Isampur industy is similar but better preserved as
silt and thick vegetation. Geomorphological features
the limestone is subject to less weathering and also a
around the port indicate that it was laid along a now
larger collection of artefacts was studied.
abandoned, meandering channel of the river. From
57. ExplonauoN rN Drsrnrcr RarNlcml the Survey of India map of 1gg4, it can be judged
that, about hundred years ago, the meandering river
V.D.Gogte, of the Deccan College post_ was flowing alongside the port. Since then, the river
graduate and Research Institute, pune, discovered has changed its course completely and moved away

ffirzrffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

from the port by 150 m. It, now, follows a more or any trace of habitation or any construction inside
less straight course towards the creek. The riverside the structure. Considering the large dimesnisons of
of the port is now seen completely silted so much the walls with open spaces, the structures may be
that in a recently-dug well close to the port, the identified with the ancient warehouses. The trade
beach sand was found at a depth of 5.9 m. items brought in large ships upto the port at Palshet
could have been transferred in smaller boats and
The explorations further revealed a long then transported upstream to the warehouses. There
meandering v'all one end ofwhich is located close to is also a shorter land route of 300 m from the port
the port. The wall is almost completely buried under to the warehouses.
the silt. Barring a few exposures at some places, only
the top of the wall is visible. Coconut and betelnut Remains of ancient structures are distributed
plantations are seen on both sides ofthe wall. At one all overthe presenttown of Palshet. Many modem
place, the wall is almost completely exposed. It is, houses were built reusing either dressed stones or
therefore, possible to have an estimate of the platforms of the houses of the earlier periods.
dimensions of the wall. It was built of dressed laterite Several Hindu temples of fifteen to seventeen
stones (measuring roughly 60 cm x 20 cm x 30 cm). centuries were built with well-dressed stones of
At the base, it is nearly 2.5 m tapenng upwards to 1 .0 basalt and laterite. Originally, some ofthem could
m at the top. The height of the wall could be about be ofeven earlier periods as they appear to have
3.0 m. The length of the meandering wall that could been constructed on the platforms of the earlier
be traced is nearly 1.4 km. temples. It was, however, found difficult to
distinguish archaeological material such as pottery
The wall at both ends disappears into silt and from the surrounding rubble as everything gets
thick vegetation. Though, it is not possible to judge coated thickly with the reddish laterite soil. Only a
the plan and the extent ofthis long wall from the surface, few weathered potsherds one of which is of the
it appears to be the fortification wall of the ancient Satavahana period (50 BC-AD 230), were found
town. As a part ofthe wall is along the southem bank so far. Due to a high rainfall and a high rate of silting
of the creek, it could also have served as an in this area, the archaeological deposits might have
embankment to preventtidal water and floods. been either washed away or buried deep under the

Two huge rectangular (70m x 80m) walled silt. Further, the remains of an ancient road were
enclosures are located upstream along the river in also found at Palshet. It starts from the port area
the area of Mandavkar Wadi of Palshet. The walls and goes up on the plateau in the southern direction'

were constructed of partially dressed stones. The The road of 3.2 m width is in a highly disturbed
height of the walls is about 2.4 m, the thickness state and at many places it vanished totally. Only,

being 3.0 m at the base and l.5m at the top. The stones ofvarying sizes are seen on both sides of

structures are naturally protected as they are the road. It was, however, possible to trace it upto

situated on a nalTow strip of a land, of an average about 6 km. Several wells and resting-places were

90 m width, between the river and the hills running found along the ancient road. A unique well has two
parallel to it. One ofthe structures is empty without compartments, one with stairs, for the use of

f r:o!
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D E XC AVATI O NS

people and the other, for animals. It is lined with 58. ExplontrloN lN Tnssrl Hlxcaxcrmr, Wanon-l
dressed basalt stones. The compartment meant for
The Prehistory Branch, Nagpur, of the
animals could be approached by a wide (a'Sm)
Survey, under the direction of Shivananda V',
sloping path having a low gradient. A rock-cut
assisted by K.M.Girhe, P.L. Janabandhu,
channel of more than 200 m feeds the well' The
T.B.Thapa, Ashok Gadekaq during the course of
resting-places, built in circulaq square and octagonal
exploration in parts of Hinganghat tehsil reported
shapes with dressed basalt and laterite stones, have
the discovery of a Middle Palaeolithic site at
open spaces at the centre for plantation oftrees'
Koregaon.
The literary epigraphical and archaeological
59. Expr,ouuoN IN Dtsrntcr YAvATMAL
evidence indicate that the port at Palshet was
opreative, at least, from the beginning of the The Prehistory Branch, Nagpur, of the Survey,
Christian era to the seventeenth century' The under Shivananda V, assisted by K.M.Girhe,
importance of the discovery of the port at Palshet T.B.Thapa and Ashok Gadekar,
P.V. Janabandhu,
lies in the fact that, inspite of several literary carried out explorations in Ami, Babulgaon,
references to the ancient ports on the west coast of
Kalamb Pandharkawda and Ralegaon tehsils ofthe
lndia, it is the only port which has given the district. The sites discovered are as under :

archaeological evidence of a fortified ancient port

with ware-house facilities.

Ami Bham Middle Palaeolithic

(200 14'N; 780 01' E)

-do- Kosdhani Middle Palaeolithic

(190 55'N; 770 59' E)

-do- LonBehela MiddlePalaeolithic

(190 58'N;770 51'E)

-do- Satara Middle Palaeolithic

(200 30'N; 770 57' E)

Babulgaon Chondhi Middle Palaeolithic

(20030'N; 780 09'E)

-do- Konda Medieval

ffit:tffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

Babulgaon RaniAmravati Medieval

(20033'N; 780 07'E)

-do- Veni MiddlePalaeolithic

(20o 32'N;780 16' E)

Kalam Amla MiddlePalaeolithic

(20o 28'N; 780 30' E) (factorysite)

-do- BoriMahal MiddlePalaeolithic

(20o 27'N; 780 2l' E) (factorysite)

-do- Kalam MiddlePalaeolithic

(20o 27'N; 780 20' E)

-do- Pardi MiddlePalaeolithic

(200 3l'N;780 l8' E)

-do- Patrad MiddlePalaeolithic

(200 31'N;780 l8'E) (factorysite)

-do- thnri Early HistoricaVMedieval

(20o 27'N; 780 27' E)

Pandharkawda Kongara MiddlePalaeolithic

(200 04'N; 780 32'E) (factorysite)

-do- Sunna MiddlePalaeolithic

(l9o 52'N;780 31' E) (factorysite)

Ralegaon Devadhari MiddlePalaeolithic

(200 l3'N,' 78o 42',E)

-do- Ichcodu(Bori) MiddlePalaeolithic

(20o 16'N; 780 43'E)

-do- Kinhi MiddlePalaeolithic

(20o t4'N; 780 43'E)

lrzl
EXP LO RATI O N S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

ORISSA under the direction of L.S. Rao, assisted by J.K.

Patnaik andZ. Ali resumed the problem oriented
60. ExrlonarroN oN rue Mronl-r BnaumaNr exploration work in the Middle Brahmani RiverValley
Rrven VaLLrv, DrsrnrcrsANGUL AND DscnraNal within the limits ofAngul and Dhenkanal districts and
In continuation of the earlier work (1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0, some portion ofthe Deogarh district in central Orissa
pp. 106-116), the BhubaneswarCircle, of the Survey, and brought to light the following sites:

Wllage/Sile TehsiUDistrict Nature of remains

Ambapalas (APS) Pa{anglDhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers;

(850 20' E:200 58' N) mesolithic blade, scraper; neolithic celts,
chisels

BalangiNuasahi(BNS) Talcher/Angul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes,

scrapers; neolithic chisel

Balram Prasad (BRP) AnguYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers;

(850 l0'E;200 52'N) mesolithic microliths; neolithic ringstone,
chisel, adzes;remains of habitation
belongingto early historic period, early
medieval temple and red ware

Balugan@LG) Telcher/Angul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes; neolithic

(85012'E;200 57'19 chisel, adzes

Baonrpal@NP) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 17'E;20o 59'N)

Barihapur-I(BIP-I) Parjang/Dhenkanal Neolithic chisel, celts

(850 2 [' E;200 55' N)

Barihapur-Il(BHP-ID Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(85021'E;200 55')

Bosoi(BAS) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes; neolithic

(850 23' E;200 54'N) chisel

Baunspal(BPL) KamakshyaNagar/ Mesolithic microliths; neolithic chisels;

(850 30' E;20o 56'N) Dhenkanal historical redware with iron implements

Begunia(BGN) Parjang/Dhenkanal Neolithic chisel, adze

(85o 24';200 5l')

f nrl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIETI'

Wllage/Site Tehsil/District Nature of remains

Belparha(BPH) Talcher/Angul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers;

(850 l0' E;2lo 02') middle Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers;
mesolithic microliths; neolithic ringstones,
chisels, iron smelting evidences of iron age

Bijadihi @JD) KamakshyaNagar/ Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scraper;

(850 30'E;200 52') Dhenkand neolithic ringstone

Brahmanabila(BBL) AngrYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, neolithic

adzes

Burhapank(BHP) AnguYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers,

(850 15'E;200 5l'N)

Chandpur(CPR) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 21' E;200 57' N)

Chulia(CHL) KamakshyaNagar/ Lower Palaeolithic handaxes; mesolithic

(850 26' E;200 56' N) Dhenkanal scrapers and microliths; neolithic ringstone

Dayanidhipur(DNP) Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 12'E;20o 58'N)

Demola(DML) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes; middle

(850 17'E;2lo 53'N) Palaeolithic scrapers, cleavers

Galpada(GLD) AnguYAngul Early historic ceramics ofblack-and-red

(850 l7'E;200 46'N) ware, greyware

Gaurkateni (GKN) AnguYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers

(850 l7'E;200 46'N)

Gopalpur(GLP) AnguYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers,

(850 l5'E;20o 49'N) cleaven; neolithic ringstone

Gorhibandha(GBD) Talcher/Angul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers,

(850 l0'E;20o 03'N) neolithic chisels and ringstone

Gunudei(GDI) Hindo/Dhenkanal Neolithic chisel, ringstone

(850 28' E;200 45'N)

It:+!
EXP L O RATI O N S A ND EXCAVATI ON S

Wllage/Site Tehsil/District Nqture of remains

Itap (lTP) AnguYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 l6'E;2Oo 49'N)
Jmunali (JML) AnguVAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers;
(850 04' E;200 53'N) middle Palaeolithic scrapers, choppers;
mesolithic microliths; neolithic barcelq
chisels and adzes

Jandabahala (JDB) Talcher/Angul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes

Jatia (JTI) Pa{anglDhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 l5' E;2lo 54'N)
Jaypurkateni (JPK) KamalkshyaNagar/ Mesolithic microliths
(850 27'E;200 58'N) Dhenkanal

Kadalipal (KLP) KamakshyaNagar/ Neolithic chisel, ringstone

(850 30' E;200 50'N) Dhenkanal

Kalada(KLD) Pary'ang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes" cleavers

(850 l9' E;200 58'N) and scrapers

Kakurhia(KHK) AngulAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

Kamarda(KDR) Pa{ang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scraper,

24'E;200 58'N)
(850
cleaver,

Kandarsingha (KDS) Paqang,lDhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scraper,

(850 l9' E;200 54'N)
cleaver, neolithic ringstones and chisels

Kandhal (KDH) Thlcher/Angul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleaver,

(850 I l' E;2gL' 50'N) mesolithic microliths; neolithic celt

Kankadasoda (KKS) Paq'ang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers;

(850 21' E;2Qo 57'N) mesolithic blades and scrapers

Kankali Reserve Forest Pa{ang/)henkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers;

(850 l5' E;200 5g,)
neolithic chisels, celts, adzes and ringstones

Katabahal (KBL) Pa{anglDhenkanal Neol ithic fragmentory ringstone

(850 20' E; 200 5l')

ffir:sffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _A REVIEII'

Wlage/Sile Tehsil/District Nature of remains

Kaunsipal(KSP) DeogarhlDeogarh Mesolithic microliths; neolithic chisel

andringstone

Khalpal(KLP) Pa{anglDhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers;

(850 15'N; 210 57'N) neolithic chisels, celt and ringstone

Khadagprasad (KGP) AnguYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes

(850 17' E;200 56' N)

Kulasinga(KLS) AnguYAngul Mesolithic fluted core; neolithic chisel,

ringstone; iron smelting evidences of iron
age; early historic sherds ofblack ware
and red ware; historical mounds

Kulei (KLI) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxe; middle

(850 l6'E;200 59'N) Palaeolithic scrapers, choppers; neolithic
ringstone andchisel

Kundhei Khol (KLK) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers,

(850 12' E;200 58'N) scrapers; iron slag evidences ofiron
smelting

Kumusi (KMS) Parjang,lDhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxe, scraper;

(850 23' E;200 50' N) mesolithic microliths; neolithic barcelt
chisel, ringstone

Kurunti(KRI) AnguYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 17'E;200 50'N)

Krishnachandrapur (KCP) Telcho/Angul Lower Palaeolithic scraper; neolithic

(ctrhagharia) chisels; iron smelting mounds with
cruciblefragments

KustiaSahi(KTS) Talcher/Angul Mesolithic microlithic tools; evidence of

(850 I 1'E;200 l0'N) ironsmelting

Kushapanga(KSP) Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 l7'E;200 50'N)

Madhulipal (l\PL) AnguYAngul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 l8'E;200 48'N)

ffir:0ffi
EXP LO MTI ON S AND EXC AVATI ON S

Village/Site

N{hulipal(MPL) KamakshyaNagar/
(850 28' E; 200 53') Dhenlanal scrapers

Majhika(MJK) KamakshyaNagar/ Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers

(850 26' E;200 58'N) Dhenkand

Majhikhaman (N/fl(M) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers

(850 25' E;200 57'N) scrapers

Manikmara(N/tr{M) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers,

(850 12' E;2lo 02'N) chisels; neolithic chisels

Mardang(N{DG) DeogarhlDeogarh Mesolithic microliths, blades

(840 59' E;Zlo 36'N)

Mashunihata(MSA) Talcher/Angul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers;

(850 01' E;200 06' N) neolithicringstone

Nadhara(NDR) AnguYAngul Standing image ofHarihar, erotic couple in

(850 23' E;200 47'E) chlorite and ruins of a temple of historical

perid

Nimidha(NMD) Talcher/Angul Neolithic chisels, adzes

(850 18' E;200 45'N)

Palasahi(PLS) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 19' E;200 57')

Parjang(PJG) Parjang/Dhenkanal l,ower Palaeolithic handaxes; neolithic

(850 19' E;200 55'N) scrapers, adzes

ParamhansPur(PHS) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers,

(850 17' E;200 57') scrapers; neolithic celt, chisel, adzes and
ringstone

Pasasinga Dhenkanal/Dhenkanal l,ower Palaeolithic handaxes; neolithic

(850 29' E;200 44'N) chisels, celts and adzes

Patharkhamba(PKM) KamakshyaNagar/ Mesolithic microliths; neolithic chisels

(850 26' E;200 55'N) Dhenkanal

ffi rzffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

wllage/site Tehsil/District Nature of remains

Patarpada(PTP) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers;

(850 20' E;200 51'N) neolithic chisels

Pitiri(PTR) Parjang/Dhenkanal Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleaver;

(850 16' E;200 56' N) middle Palaeolithic scrapers and choppers

Porapara (PPR) HindoVAngul Neolithic chisels, adzes, ringstone

(850 26'E;200 45'N)

Ragari Sahi (RGS) Parjang/Dhenkanal Neolithic ringstone

(850 24' E;200 54' N)

Rasasinga(RSG) DhenkanaYDhenkanal Neoilithic chisels, adzes

(850 30' E;200 44'N)
KamakshyaNagar/ Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers;
Sarang (SRG)
(850 15' E;200 55' N) Dhenkand iron smelting moturds with crucibles/
fumace

Scotlandpur (SLP) AnguYAngol Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers

(850 13'E;200 58'N)

Siarimalia(SML) KamakshyaNagar/ Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, scrapers

(850 2l' E;200 56' N) Dhenkanal

Talcher/Angul Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, cleavers,

Sunakhani (SKN)
(850 09' F';Zlo 01' N) scrapers; middle Palaeolithic scrapers,
handaxes; iron smelting evidences

Talatila(TLI) AnguYAngul Neolithic barcelt, chisels, ringstone

(850 04' E; 200 53')

61. ExcanrloN Ar UnlYlctRt-2, Dtsrntcr Ja'lpun S.K.Bhoi,I.M. Tikkoo and B.R. Rajput from the
In continuation of the previous year's work Headquarters office, New Delhi, also joined' The ob-
jective of this year's work was to unveil the strucfures
(2000-01 , pp. 109- I 12), the Excavation
Branch-M Bhubaneswar, ofthe Survey, resumed ex- inthe low lying areatothe north andnorth-east ofthe
cavation at Udayagiri-2, under the direction of P'K'
MonasteryNo.2 (fig. 15 pls. 101-102 )'Altogether
Trivedi, co-directed by A.K. Patel and assisted by forty trenches were sunkwhich laidbare about one
hundred and fifty structures including a large stone
J.K.Patnaik, P.K. Dikhit, G. L. Katade, S'K' Dey,
platform, a brick-built
S.K.Khuntia, B.B.Badamali, R'N'Sahoo and

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EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

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14.05 m (north-south) and 13.35 m (east-west) stone

rectangular chaitya-griha raised over an earlier
platform made ofseven courses ofashlar stones was
apsidal platform, plinths ofthe brick stupas, group of
approachedthrough a flight of stone steps deviced
stone stupasbuilt on abrickplatform, remains ofvo-
tive stupas, pathway, drains, stone wall all surrounded
with a chandrasila to the north (p1. 105)' On the
middle ofthis platform was raised a stone stupa (dia
by an enclosure wall(fig. 16, pls' 103-104)'
Besides a number of sculptures, an inscribed relic 3 m) which is traceable only on plan; it was also
provided with a circumambulatory (with 1'22 m),
container (?), inscriptions, about five hundred
terracotta sealings, metal and terracottaobjects were subsequently covered with brick-work' The ten
of donatory inscriptions in Shell characters onthe platform
found. Abulk of pottery dating from the beginning
well threshold appearto have been engraved
as its
the Christian erato about circathfuteenthcentury was
as

later on. Some ofthe stone slabs used for the pathway
also recovered. The area being disturbed,
statigraphical levels could not be properly established
of this structure were also inscribed in the same

characters assignable to circa ftfth-sixth century'

but on the basis ofa relic container, an apsidal chaitya-
griha (circa fitst century), a number of sealings, and Chaitya-griha (Structure 45) : An apsidal
imagery bearing the Buddhist creed in the Devanagari chaitya-griha (23.60mx 15.85 m) made of stones
characters assignable to the seventh-ninth century, sty- andbricks was enshrining a stupa (dia2m),made of
listic traits of sculptures, a number of brick and ma- finely dressed stones and originally plastered with lime
sonry stupas, a rock-cut-stepped well inscribed with (pls. 106-107). The stupa has preserved medhi
a record ascribed to circathirteenth century and
pot-
portion only. At the top of medhi a circular ledged
tery types, it may be surmised that the site was occu- groove and holes were made for the exit of the water'
pied right from the beginning ofthe Christian era to Whenthis apsidal chaitya-grihacame into disuse, a
the thirteenth centuryAD. The finds are described as beautiful brick-built chaity a- grih a with its triratha
under: shrine was erected over this apsidal platform, retaining
I. StonePlatform the same stupa facing the same east direction and
il. ChaitYa-griha approachedthrough seven steps ofashlar stones' The
hollow interior of stupa was found filled with nodules,
m. StuPas
brickbats and semi-compact earth.
(a) masonrystuPas
It was reduced to the present state before the
O) brickstuPas
desertion ofthe site. The edifice was entered through
[V. SculPtures
an ornate doorway which has now been completely
V. SealingsandinscriPtions destroyed. On its cardinal directions the chaitya-
VI. Secularstuctures shrine was provided with gaval*has as suggested

(a) by the pieces of decorated stoneT'a/ls worked with

PathwaY
three-hooded snake motif. The edifice has preserved
O) drain mouldings akin to the contemporary Orissan shrines
(c) enclosure-wall viz., tall khura, plain recess , kumbha and pata save
W. Pottery for its northern side which was subsequently

Stone Platform (Stucture 60) : ArougNy sqtlarc

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EXP L O RATI O N S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

APSIDAL CHAITYAGRIHA, BRICK AND STONE STUPAS, UDAYAGIRI:2

DlsrRtcT - JAJPUR, ORISSA (2001 - 2002)

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _A REWEtr

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renovated, the southern and western projections squarissh (2.75 x 2.65 m) platform made of
(rathas) were decorated with tulapithas showing six finished stone pieces, exhibiting three receding
squares cut with lotus petals, a feature found in courses of masonry in its turn is overlain by three
temples of seventh-eighth centuries. The constricted diminishing circular tiers over which rested the
inner side of the rear westem projection (ratha) was drum(medhi) of stupa (dia2.30 m) now damaged.
perhaps meant for accommodating a cult image. The medhi which has preserved four courses, was

The floor of chaitya-griha wasinitially made originally addorsed with slightly projected four
up of stone slabs coated twice with brick-jelly cardinal niched figurines ofwhich the western one
work. In the later period the southern arm of survives. The rectangular niche contains a figure
chaitya-grihowas utilized to prepare a low stone of Dhyani Buddha seated on a double-petalled
platform consisting of eight lions (originally they lotus (vlsvapadma) with an exquisitely carved
were ten as evidenced by space and their pieces) foliated stem having a scroll. Clad in uttariya, the
head and ushnisa of Buddha are covered with curls.
which served as simhasana (pls. 108-109) for
installing five colossal images of Buddha probably Behind is depicted an oval shaped halo. The
displaying usual postures as suggested by their image has now been detached and kept in the store.

large pieces recovered from the adjacent area. The similar figures on the north and eastern faces
Fragmentary images of Buddhist deities (pl.1l0), were found in the debris and placed in the store.
naga-dvarapalos and pieces carved with scenes On remaining three faces, the exquisitely carved
of day-to-day life were recovered from this area. foliated lotus scroll design survive.

The structural activity over the stone platform, Stone Stupa 31 (Structure No. 135) : The
thus, could be assigned to four periods : (1) sguare khondalite stupa built in pieces rests on a low square
stone platform and three brick stupas; (2) apsidal base over the rammed brick-jelly floor. The platform
chaitya-griha withstone paved floor; (3) a rectangular resolves into a plain faced upona followed by tall
brick-built chaitya-griho over the apsidal platform. recess (kanti), inverted upana-like course overlain
In this period abrick-jelly floorwas furtherprovided; by a plain course on which is erected the stupa.
(4) the fourth period witnessed the addition of lion- Whereas the pieces are joined together by dowels
pedestals for keeping the images of Buddha when and iron clamps, the core of stupa is filled up with
the second coating of brick-jelly was applied to some quantity of earth, stone chips and brickbats.
fix 'The
up the lion pedestals (fig. l7). bottom of circular drum (medhr) is decorated
with a band of double-petalled lotus (visvapadma)
Stupas : (a) Masonry'stupas : Three major
and the projecting faceted band marking the top of
groups of votive stone stupas built in pieces were
medhi shows a projected course carved with a double
found to the west, south and north-east of chaitya-
row of half-lotuses and a hanging strip of lumas. The
griha. While some of them have preserved the dome
lower-half of the drum is relieved with four deep
(anda) portion, the others are represented by their
cardinal niches harbouring large detachable images
bases and decorated or plain plinths only. The
o f Aval okite sv ara, T athagata, Bhrikuti-Tara and
important ones are described below (pls. 111-ll2) :
Churda facing the wes! nortfu oast and south. Each niche
Stone Stupa 17 (Structure 93) : A low is composed of a pair ofdecorated or unfinished pilasters

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Udayagiri.2 : Buddha head

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EXP LORATION S A7'D EXC AVATI O NS

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

supporting the horiz<,ntal faceted lintel overlain by a The ovaloid halo is etched with two line Buddhist
band of rosettes and surmounted by a two-tiered creed (N).
beaded rimmed chaitya-arches with broad flangs,
flanked by a medallion. But for the missing southem
The feet and palms of four-armed
Bhrikuti-Tara seated in vajraporyankasana on
one, these arches harbour the figurines of seated
double-petalled lotus (visvapadma) are worked with
Dhyani Buddhas (pl. I I 3).
pallets. Her lower right palm in v ara-mudra touches
The upper tiers of chaitya-arches are worked the pericarp while the corresponding lefthand carries
in low relief or left unfinished. The rounded top of a sprinkler-shaped kamandalu. The upperright and
andaisdamaged. left hands display ol<shamala and ketako flower. Her
hair arranged into double-tiered bun and tied by a
Beginning frorn the west, the images in deep
beaded string is studded with a stupa while some of
niches are described below :
the hair locks is shown lalling on the shoulder and
Two-armed Avalokitesvara is seated on
arms. On forehead is seen vertical third eye carved in
visvapadma with his right leg resting on a projected
relief. The nose and mouth are badly damaged. She
lotus pedestal. His right palm invara-mudra, rests
wears uttariya tucked up at the left breast, sati
on knee while left hand placed behind thigh holds a
secured by a plain griddle, the frills ofwhich fall on
long stalked lotus in-between thumb and index finger.
oia lotus petal. The oval-
the pericarp in the shape
Tied by a string the coiled hair is arranged intojata-
shaped halo bearing the Buddhist creed in the
nn*utawrlh some locks falling on the shoulders. The
Devanagari characters of c irca nnthcentury is flanked
crown in front is adomed with a figurine ofAmitabha
by stupa motif one on either side (E).
seated it padmas ana. The contemplative face reveals
downcast eyes and urnabul the nose and lips are Four-anned Chunda in vajraparyankasana is
badly darnaged. The Bodhisattva displays auspicious shown seated on the pericarp of visvapadma carved
litres on the neck, kundalas, hara, ratna-keyuras, on a plain pedestal (pl. I I a). She holds a casket by
beaded valayas, long triple-stri nged ratnopavita with her lower right pahn placed over the left one, the upper
an ornate clasp and a folded ttttariya (fig. l8). The right palrn showing lotus-mark holds an akshomala
antariya is secured by a chain-shaped mekhala. while the corresponding upraised lefl hand carries a
Behind the head is shown an oval halo carved with pot (damaged). The hair tied by a string is arranged in
three line Buddhist creed in the Devanagari charac- a bun adomed with a crown. The goddess is bedecked
ters of circa ninth century (W). with kundolas, hara, stana-hara, ratna-keyuras,
three-ringe dvalayas and sari (S).
The figure of Tathagata is carved in
padmasana on a double-petalled lotus Stone Stupa 32 (Structure l2l):
the original
(visvapadma). He is clad inuttariya in such a way stupa survived by lower portion of drurn (medhi)
that collar and both the hands are covered. The followed by two courses of disturbed pieces which
frills of antariya rest on the throne. The head is requires to be reset, was raised on a squarish (length
covered with curly hair and ushnisa but the nose is 1.88m x width 1.91 m x height 83 cm) triratha
damaged. His long ear-lobes touch the shoulders. mouldedplatform showing (i) khura, (ii)noli, (iii)a

IrsoI
EXPLO RATI ONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Plate 113

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I I I I. I

Udayagiri-2: ornate stupa 31

157
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

ELEVATION : STONE STUPA 31

STRUCTURE NO. 13s (FACING WEST)
UDAYAGIRI, DlsTRlcT JAJPUR (ORISSA)
0.5 1.0m.
SCALE:.

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EXP L O RATI O NS AN D EXC AVATI ON S

Plate 114

i !
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Udayagiri-2: Chunda

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

rccl'ss. (it,) pata below which lies a pair of pattikus in relief. Above this lies a band ofdeeply incised lotus

and crnbellished with plain rectangles altemating with petals over which rest five irregularly placed stone
tunkus with their cLlt apexcs pointing upr.l'ards, and courses. The three upperlnost ones representing the
(r i) inverted khuro. Ovcr this resets the base ol'drttltl drum(medhi) of stupa. The core of stupa is filled with
of stupa (dia I .87 m) represented by a broad circular stone chips, nodules, potsherds, murram and earth.
collrse marked into threc bands (fig. l9). The pieces Stone Stupa 40 (Structure 125\: Mounted on a
arc joined by iron clamps. square ( I .33m x I .33 m) ashlar base (pitha)the plinth
of stupa resolves into khura, a tall recess, a band of
Stone Stupa 33 (Structure 120) : The stupa is
plain rectangles and a course of lotus petals, followed
built on il scluare ( L I lrn x l.12 rn) rnoulded plinth
by two receding squares supporting the faceted circular
rcsting on ttpanu ancl shorvirrg fiorn bottom upwards:
(iv) paro' (v) base of stupa. The plain dru.m of stupa composed of
(i) khuru, (ii) noli, (iii) a deep recess
two ashlar courses is overlain by a slightly projected
iriverted khura the flat top surface of which is carved
band of lotus-petals and kapota punctuated with
with a medallion on each corner. The medhi(dia 93
chaitya-arches (each containing a four-petalled floral
crn)rests on a double-petalled lotus (visvapadma)
motif). The upper portion of the dome (anda)has
kept on a rirrg-base and decoratcd with a slightly
been almost vanished (fig. 2l ).
pro.iectcd tncclian bartd carved with llalf--lotuses
cncompassing ve(ically arranged lour-petalled lotus The extant height of stupa is L53 m.
diarnonds (fig. 20, pl. I l5). Stone Stupas 43 and44 (Structures 122 Aand
'l-he
rmclu is surmountedby harntikrr rvhile the
B) : Raised on undressed fbundation slab the
rectangular pl inth (2. 3 5 m x 1 .25 m) composed of three
prescrrtly halted chhatra, fbund fiom the debris
courses support twin stupas represented by medhi
belongs to some other stuPa.
only. The medhiofstupa 44 (dia l. l4 m) and Stupa
Stonc Stupa 34 (Structure No. ll9): A 43 (dia I . l0 m) have preserved three and four circular
scluarish ( L28rn x l24 m) plinth made over the stone courses respectively. The out-of-plumb stone masonry
pavement is survived by khura, a fac€ted strip and requires to be reset.
residue of sockets and iron nails.
Stone Stupa 45 (Structure I I 7) : A square plinth

Stone Stupa 35 (Structure ll8) : On the ( 1.35m x I .35 m) is survived by three receding tiers
ashlar basement was raised a squarish plinth ( I '75m of dressed stones. The stupa over it has gone away.
x I.75 m) survived by its lowerrnost dislodged course Stone Stupa 46 (Structure I l6) : A dilapidated
sunk in the floor. square (1.40mx 1.40 m) plinth of a votive stupa is
survived by three receding courses resting on
Stone Stupa 36 (Strtrcture 84) : The square (2'47
foundation slab.
mx2.47 m) platform is composed of four receding
courses of well finished stones fbllowed by a tall Stone Stupa 47 (Structure I 3 I ) : The plinth of
shallow recess represented by two plain courses stupa is raised on a two course square (84cm x 84
overlain by another course punctuated with rectangles cm) base rnade of ashlar stones. It shows two courses

ffiroo ffi
EXP LO RATI ON S AND EXC AVATI ON S

ELEVATION : STONE STUPA 32

STRUCTURE NO. 121 (FACtNc SoUTH)
uDAyAetRt, DtsTRtcT JAJPUR (ORISSA)

SCALE

ffirorffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 _A REVIEW

Fig.20

ELEVATION : STONE STUPA 33

STRUCTURE NO. 120 (FACING NORTH)
uDAyAGtRt, DtSTRtCT JAJPUR (OR|SSA)

0.5 1.0m.

SCALE

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EXPLORATIONS A ND EXCAIATIONS

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Udayagiri-2: stone stupa 33

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

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ELEVATION : STONE STUPA 40

STRUCTURE NO. 12s (FACING WEST)
UDAYAGIRI, DlsTRlcT JAJPUR (ORISSA)
O
_ 0.5 1'0 m'

SCALE

ttool
 EX!! 9 RAT| O NS A ND EXCAT/AT\ O NS

marked into three receding rings

supporting a three rings, the middle broader
monolithic stupa bearing a socket one being carved
on the top forhafting with a rounded shoulder. Aprojected
the shaft (yashti)supporting
the umbreila. The shaft
circular three
course band separates the anda
shows square, octagonal and from the medhi
circular bands from portion. The height of stupa with
bottom upwards. The height of its damaged top
stupa is 1.60 m. is 1.96 m(fig.2q.
Stone Stupa 4g (Structure 132):
The faceted
Stone Stupa 60 (Structure ll4)
circular base of sfupa rests on a
squarish (90m x 90 : I m high
squarish (2.02m x 2.01m) plinth
m) low plinth showing two receding presents three
courses. Over receding courses followed by
the medhi rests the slight ly
tilted dome (anda)crowned atallrecess, a round
carvedcourse followed by a single
by harmika. A circular shaft with course overwhich
a square base is
topped by chhatra. The height rests stupa (dial.72m) base. The lattershows three
of stupa is 1.53 m diminishing rings, the middle broader
(frg.22). one being round
carved, two courses of stones
forming a recess, a
Stone Stupa 52 (Structure l2g): slightlyprojected band decorated
Built on a with deeply incised
roughly square base, the low circularplinth lotus petals and
of stupa a round carved ring overlain by
another
shows three receding rings .rg.uu.j circularcourse.
on two stone
courses. The medhi composed
of two courses is
followed by a circular band of lotus Stone Stupa 63 (Structure l l l)
petals, overlain : Mounted on
by a projected faceted circular single course square (75cmx75
banj separating the cm),the plinth of
drum from the dome (anda)made stupa exhibits khura, a recess,
of four courses. an inverted khura
Over this rests harmikasurmounted (with a thin plain pattika below)
by an umbrella followed by a
decorated on the top by four floral circular base over which rests
petah. fne circular medhr demarcated
shaft is marked with a square by a slightly proj ected circurar
on the base. The height band of four-petailed
of stupa is 1.96 m (fig. 23). rosettes and dome (anda) surmounted
by harmika
over which is hafted the shaft
Stone Stupas 55 and 56 (Structures @ashti)topped by
l l5A_B): chhatra. The octagonal shaft is
A rectangular (3. I 0 x I .05 m) platform square at the base.
(0.90 m high) The total height of stupa is2.04m
from bottom upwards shows apairofplain (fig. 25).
courses
followed by a tall recess, a projected Stone Stupa 70 (Structu re 143)
course and : Another
receding course meant to serve
as the base for twin
stupa located to south_east of previous
one is
stupas each (dia 1.20 m) represented composed of well_finished stones
by lowerportion and rests on a
of medhi swvived by four courses. low circular base composed of
Thl out_of_plumb four tiers of bricks
masonryrequires to be reset. raised over the brick floor of
an earlier date. It
exhibits a plain course overlain
Stone Stupa 5g (Structure by cyma reversa,
l4g) : Theplatform again a ring with a rounded shouldlr
supporting the stupa shows a square and a thin
(1.30m x 1.30 circular band. The lower_half
m) base made of three receding of drum (medhi)
courses followed comprises four stone courses followed
by atallrecess and two projected by a band
courses overlain of lotus-petals and a projected band
by the receding third one. The rounded on
base of stupa exhibits the top. The available five courses
of the dome

ffiros g
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEI|/

ELEVATION : STONE STUPA 48

STRUCTURE NO. 132 (FACING SOUTH)
UDAYAGIRI, DlsTRlcr JAJPUR (ORISSA)
0 O-5 1'0m

ffirceffi
 EXP L O RATI ON S A ND EXC AVATI ON S

ELEVATION : STONE STUPA 52

STRUCTURE NO. 128 (FAC|NG NORTH)
uDAyAGtRt, DtsTRtcT JAJPUR (OR|SSA)

0.5 '1.0 m

SCALE

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 =
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02

ELEVATIoN : SroNE sllPi58

STRUCTURi rlo' I +a (FACIN-G.SOUTH)
(oRl ssA)
JAJ PU R
uinvl-otnt, otsrntcr

ffirosffi
EXP L O RATI O lT S A ND EXCAVATI
ONS

ELEVATTON : STONE STUPAGS

STRUCTURE NO. 111 ensir
trecrNe
uDAyAGrRr, DrsrRrcr rrupun
ioiisdnt
0
1.0
lt
SCALE

169
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO 1-02 - A REVIEW

overlie this. The core of stupa is filled with earth, the wall. The triple-shrine complex with a brick-
brick-bats and stone pieces (fig.26). paved floor in front served as a chaitya-grihafor
the devotees.
Stone Stupa 742 A, Stupa 7l (Structure
l42A): This stupa is raised on a square (2.35m x Brick Stupas : Altogether fourteen brick stupas
2.33 m\ triratha platform (70 cm high) resting on presented by their plinths or medhibut bereft ofthe top
a rammed brick-jelly floor. The khondalite stupa of the dome (anda) portion were exposed. Built of
composed of well-finished members is in badly different size ofbricks in mud mortar, four are placed
broken state. The plain stone platform resting on near the brick platform to the north-west of chaitya-
triratha brickwork shows base of plain stone Sriha, one to the north of stone platform, four towards
course, overlain by two receding courses, tall recess the north-east comer ofstone platform and one towards
(kanti),projected plain band with a small offset the south and fourto the westof chaitya-griha.
below and again a thin course. The platform shows
Brick Stupa 1 (STR 103) : This stupa is raised
a projection (rotha) on the west which was
on a squarish (4.20 x 4.10 m) plinth showing five
originally meant forniche for enshrining an image
projections (rathas) which in its turn was built over
framed by a pair of pilasters showing plain bases
an earlier stone structure survived by four
and carved withmayuralatas oozing out from the
receding courses of dressed sandstone. The
tails ofthe peacocks depicted on bottom. Originally
pancharatha plinth rests on three courses ofbricks
the pilasters were crowned by a rimmed, beaded
overlying two coursed stone base. It exhibits khura,
and flanged chaitya-arch encompassing a seated
noli, recess andpatainthe vertical succession (figs.
Buddha figurine in vyakhyana-mudra and 27-28). The stupa proper has been completely
surmounted by a boldly carved kirttimukha
vanished.
topped by a rectangular vegetal motif. This has been
reconstructed and preserved now. The diameter of Brick Stupa 3 (Structure 104) : Over the two
extant lowerportion of circular medhi, decorated coursed stone foundation a square brick base
with double-petalled lotus (visvap adma) is 1.44 exhibiting a two-coursed ledge-like projection
m. The core of the stupa lined with ashlar slabs is followed by five courses of bricks was originally
filled with earth and brickbats (pl. 116). Two other installed a stupa. The pancharatha moulded
stupas (Structures 142 B and C) were raised on platform measuring 4.05 x 4.00 m shows a
separate plinths, now traceable on plan to the north succession of khura, kumbha, recess with a pair of

ofthe above. Identical in size, these two stupas have narow pattikas, again khura and a square base
now been vanished. The whole complex is provided composed of three brick courses supporting a
in frontwith four dwarfupright stone pillars bearing visvapadma evidenced by some plain petals (fig. 29).

deep square sockets ofthe top and lateral sides The remains of medhi and upper parts of stupa have

meant for providing horizontal bars. These three since been vanished.

structures are surrounded by a brick enclosure Brick Stupa 4 (Structure 105) : Erected
survived on the southern side exhibiting a plinth haphazardly on an earlierrectangular structure, the
composed of eleven courses, followed by a stupa is built on a base showing the receding rings
receding two courses of offset and eight courses of consisting of three, two and two courses

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EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI O NS

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EXP LORATIONS AN D EXCAVATIONS

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Fig.29

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

respectively from bottom upwards. The drum ofthe and one khondalite relic container with lid (Reg. No.
stupa composed of eighteen courses is damaged on 2 1 7) inscribed in the Brahmi characters of circa first
the top. The existing height ofthe stupa is 1.60 m and centuryAD (pl. I 17). Both suggest that the earliest
the diameter measure 4. 19 m (fig. 30). phase of stupa may be assigned to the first century
AD.
Brick Stupa 5 (Structure 53) : Situated to the
north of stone platform and approached by four stone Brick Stupa 7 (Structure 35) : Built on a squarish
steps on the east, the stupa has preserved twelve ill-baked brick-work, the stupa represented by drum
courses ofits core and eight regular courses ofbricks (dia 2. 10 m) is made of five courses ofbricks (size32
(30 x 24 x 7 cm). It appears that three lowermost x 20 x 7.5 cm). The construction was slightly
courses represent an earlier stupa. The average brick dislodged.
size is 36 x20 x 6 cm. The upper portion has been
Brick Stupa 8 (Structure 38) : The base of stupa
badly damaged, thus, only the lower portion
(dia 5 m) exhibits four circular diminishing tiers
representing medhibassurvived. The height of extant
composed of five, two, two and two courses
portion of structure is 1.77 m while the diameter
respectively (fie. 32). The circular drum(medhi)is
measures 8.60 m. It was surrounded by an uneven
survived by its eight courses. The brick size measures
stone pavement (1.80 m wide) meant for
46 x33 x 6 cm, and 46x 33.5 x 6 cm.
circumambulation. The presence of projected cardinal
ayakas (1.62 m in length and 22 cm in width) Brick Stupa 9 (Sturcture 44):Thestupa is raised
composed of six to seven courses of bricks reminds on a circular base composed of three receding rings
the influence ofKrishna valley (fig. 3 1). showing four, two, two and two courses from bottom
upwards. The upper course of the third ring is made
Brick Stupa 6 (Structure 36) : The stupa
with round carved bricks (fig. 33). Above this rises
appears to have witnessed four phases of
the drum (dia4.45 m) which has preserved fifteen
stuctural activity. Theoriginal stupa(dia4.5 m) made
regular courses, the brick size being 36x24x 6 cm.
ofbricks has preserved eight regular courses. There
is a gap of 5-10 cm in-between two courses which Brick Stupa 10 (Structure 63) : The
was filled with stone chips and murram.It was pancharatha plinth showing central (raha)
enlarged by additional brick-work subsequently projectionbeing largerthan flanking ones, is erected
veneered by partly dressed stones increasing the on 0.80 m high foundation of9 courses ofbricks which

diameter to 7 .60 m.The space in-between brick-work has become out-of-plumb on the eastern face. The
and masonry represented by three regular courses on mouldings exhibit : (i) elongatedkhuracomposed of
the southem side was filled with stones, murram and six courses, (ii) recess of one course only, (iii) noli
earttr. In the last stage the stupa was provided with an and(iv) pala represented by dislodged bricks. The
apsidal ashlar platform, thus further enhancing the stupaismissing.
diameter ofthe stupa to 9.64m. The apsidal platform Brick Stupa l1 (Structure 134) : Over the
retaining five courses ofmasonry work misses the apse squarish (2. 60 x2.60 m) low base composed of three
portion towards the south. From the nearby area receding courses is built the stupa (dia 2.55 m) suwived
were found a relic casket of soapstone (Reg. No. 220) by its medhi (0.60 m high) preserving 10 regular

176
EXP L O RATI O N S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

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Plate 117

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Udayagiri-2: relic container inscribed in Brahmi character

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

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courses (fig. 3a). The average brick size is 30 x 20 x avertical third eye and neck reveals auspicious lines.
6 cm. From the core were recovered pieces of a stone She wears a diaphanous uttariya and sati secured
image ofBodhisattva (Acc. No. 386). by plain girdle above which is prominently shown
a
navel and folds of flesh below round breasts.
Brick Stupa 12 (Structure 133) : Built on a low
Below right is portrayed akneeling male devotee in
three coursed square (3.07m x3.07 m) plinth, the
anjali-mudra, the corresponding figure to the left
circular faceted medhi is made ofnineteen courses.
represents a four-armed goddes s in a I i dh a - mu dr a.
Over it lies the dome (anda)retaining eleven courses,
Her lower right palrn carved with pallet exhibits vara-
the upper portion being vanished. It has occasionally
mudra, other hands in clockwise fashion show
retained patches oflime-plaster. Its diameter measures
musala (or gada),mutilated and noose. This figurine
2.95 m,brick size 25 x20.5 cm and the available
in other aspects is akin to the main figure. The
height is 1.67 m. The dome (anda) was perhaps
fragments ofthe double petalled lotus pedestal along
elongated in shape (fie. 35).
with the left foot ofthe main figure, have been restored
Brick Stupa 13 (Sfucflre 86) : The circular stupa now. The top ofthe image is damaged.
base shows three courses, the third one is carved
A khondalite (1.3 1 x0.77 x 0.39 m) image of
round by chiselling. The drum (dia I 80 m) is survived
.

Lokesvara accompanied by eight great Bodhisattvas

by two courses. The brick-work is slightly dislodged.
is modelled, seated rn lalitas ana-mudra on aslightly
The upper porti on of medhi as well as dome is missing.
defaced double-petalled lotus-throne (visvap adma),
The brick size measures24x 16 x 8 cm.
resting on a foliated stem. His right leg rests on a
Brick Stupa 14 (Structure 85) : Raised on aring separately carued lotus-pedestal. He displays varada-
base showing two facets, the drum has retained only mudraby ight patm carved with pallet and resting on
four courses, the upper portion being lost. The dia of knee whereas the left palm shows a long stalked
stupa is 1.70 m while the average brick size is 33 x 20 visvapadma held in-between thumb and index
x7cm. finger. Behind the head is carved an elongated plain

Sculptures : Amongst the sculptures, mention halo above which is etched an illegible record. The

may be made ofan image (1.51 x 0'60 x 0'47 m) of coiled hair locks falling on the shoulders are
four-armed Bhrikuti-Tara standing in slightly flexioned arranged into two-tired jata-mukuta tied by a
posture and bereft of ornaments. Worked in horizontal string and fronted by a low crown topped
khondalite, the figure shows her upper right palm by a Buddha figurine seated on rectangular lotus
cushion. On the neck are visible auspicious lines. The
carved with pallet and holding an al{shamala while
the corresponding left hand was presumably carrying
deity is bedecked w ith s imh a-kunda I as, short har a,
tridandi as evidences from its traces, both the lower thick up av i t a w ith a fl oral clasp, r at n akey ur as and
plainvalayas. Alike other similar images recovered
hands being mutilated. Behind her head is carved a
broad halo etched with three line Buddhist creed in from the site, it reveals two-armed bejewelled
Devanagari characters of circa ninth century. The Bodhisattvas, three each on either side and one each

headgear arranged into a tall bun bedecked with stupa

below the lotus seat at either ends. These figurines
motif is tied by a horizontal beaded string allowing except the two shown below lotus throne are shown
seated onvisvopadma and bedecked with two-tired
hair curls to fall on shoulders. On the forehead is carved

183
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A MVIW
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EXP LO MTION S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

hair-do tied by a horizontal string, an tariya, upavita, of Lokesvara. His left palm kept on the plain base
plain valayas, ratnakeyuros, a short haro akin to holds ttre salks ofa lotts. The figurine may be identified
the central figure, ear-rings etc. Behind each of six as that of Sarvanivarana-Vishkambhin. The
Bodhisattvas flanking the main deity is seen an 'U' corresponding Bodhisattva to the left is perhaps
shaped halo (pl. I l8). with his right palm (inner side visible) in
Akasa_earbha
tctndaru-mudru.he holds rvith his lefi palm resting
Beginrring tiom thc dexter-side ol'Lokesvara by
on the pericarp of the visvapadma, the stalk of a
the right thigh of the central deity is Avalokitesvara
lotus bud. Seated in maharajalilasqna, these two
carrying varada-mudra and long stalk ofa double-
bejewelled Bodhisattvas with bun-shaped coifirre at
petalled lotus held in-between thumb and forefinger
the back ofhead do not have any halo. A kneeling
ofthe leftpalm.
shaven headed male devotee behind him perhaps
The second figure represents Maitreya wearing represents the donor or the sculpture.
a crown topped by stupa (?). He keeps right palm on
Another similar image (1.26 x 0.89 x 0.46m)
the pericarp of visvapadnra while the left palm resting
fashioned in khondalite stone shows Tathagata
on thc krrcc displays a brarrch ending in rtogakesala
portrayed a long w ith as h t a m a h a b od h i s at n as (left
llow'crs. The third Bodhisattva, above Maitreya is portion being mutilated as suggested by three seated
Sarrrantabhadra. His right hand shows vitarka-mudra
figurines of Bodhisattvas on the right whereas the
while the left palm in-between thumb and index finger
corresponding left ones are rnissing save fbr lower
lrolds the utpala supporting a vertically placed srvord.
part ofthe lowest third one). The central large figure
The toprnoSt fburth figure (clockrvise firslrion) ofBuddha is shown seated onvisvapadntain bhumi-
represents Vajrapani. Whcreas his right palm is placed
sparsa-mudra. the left palm being kept on the lap.
against the chest, a long-stalkedutpala surmounted
The head andushnisa are covered by curly hair,urna
by horizontally placed vajroisheld in-beween thumb
is seen in-between eyebrows. The nose and lips are
and index finger ofthe left palm. The fifth Bodhisattva
damaged. The auspicious lines are visible on the neck.
is modelled with upraised right pahn cawedwithvajra
Clad in anantorovosa with its fblded end spread like
syrnbol. The long stalked utpola held by left hand is
a petal on the pericarp of visvapadma, the upper
sunnounted by pustaka. He may be identified as part of the body is covered with a diaphanous
Manjusri. The sixth Bodhisattva Kshitigarbha like the
utlarasanga worn in upaviti fashion. The palrn and
corresponding right figure is seated in lalitasana on
f'eet are worked with pallets. The oval halo
visvapadnru. The rightpalm is shown invoralnudra sunnourrted by Bodhi+ree is etched with creed in four
and the left one carrying a long rearing up stalk further
lines in Devnagari characters of circa ninth century
branched into three small stalks each tenninating into
(pl. lle).
a roundel presumably representin g kalpad ru ma.
Beginning from the dexter-side ofthe lord by
Below on the right extrernity is shown a the side ofhiS right thigh is : ( I )Avalokitesvara seated
Bodhisattva with his back turned, wearing antariya in lalitasana dn a double-petalled lotus shows yara-
upio knees, keyuras, valayas, kuitdalas, crown with mudraby ight palm while the upraised left hand carries
omate projection on the forehead. He touches with a stalked lotus. His hair-coiffure arranged into a bun
his right palm (outer side visible) a petal of lotus seat is studded with a seated figurine of Dhyani Buddha

W rssm
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plate 118

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186
E.W L O RlT I O N S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

Plate 119

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187
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REYIEW

Plate 120

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L\? L O RATI O N S AND EXCAVATI ON S

Amitabha. The auspicious lines are seen on the neck displays vandona-mtrclrcr, the leli hand resting on thr
and he is bedecked with h m d a I a s, ancl o n t cu" iy a w om Iotus pericarp ofthepadttttr-ltitltu holds the stalk o
upto anklets secured by a stringed nrckhala sliowing the lotLrs bLrcl. Behincl these tu'o Bodhisattvas, seatec
a clasp, (2) the next figurine representing Maitreya in mohara.jctlitctsuna is carvcd 'U' shapcd haloes.
seated onvisvapodnza is depicted sliowing his right
Sealing and Inscriptions : More than five hr.rndred
palm resting on the pericarp while the left pahn displays
terracotta sealings bearing the BLrddhist dharini-
a bunclr of nctgakesara flowers. The antariya is seen
ntunlra fi'otl cirra seventh to thirleenth century
cla|in
upto knees. The bun-shaped headdress is tied by a -9
AD r,vere recorded (pl. 120). A khondalite relic
strins, the cable like crown being adorned with stupa
container (Reg No. 217) inscribed in the Brahmi
fl_surine, (3) the uppennost figurine like the preceding
clraractcrs of llrst centLrry AD reveals the name of a
one is af so portrayed seated in maharojcrlilasana on
person or donor. The record reads as 'kohokanasa
a double-petalled lotus (visvapaclnta). Here
ju' ('?). About forty khondalite stone inscriptions
Bodhisattva Sarnantabhadra exhibits his right palrn
inclr.rding the fiagnrentary ones bearing Vajrayana
against the chest whereas the left palm kept on knee
dltarini-nttttllt'o \^,ete recovered. They, however, do
holds a long lotus-bud stalk topped by a vertically
not bear any date but or-r palaeographical grounds
placed sword resting on its hilt. He is also clad in an
rangc in-between circcr seventh to trvelfih centurryAD.
antariyo upto knees, (4) the fourth Bodhisattva
Of these, the text of the two are produced below :
depicted on left side ofthe thigh ofBuddha is seated
in lalitasana on visvapadma. His left hand rests on 1 . The record (Reg. No. 5 5) dating from circa
pericarp while upraised right one probably holding sixth-seventh century AD, recovered nearby the
some object (now damaged) is shown against the chaitya-grihareads as below :
chest. He wears antariya below knees. The head and
"1. Namah l1) Evam:maya srulam-ef ka-
left portion have been chopped off. Behind heads of
:s am aye Bhaga [val -
each ofthese Bodhisattavas is carved an ovaloid halo. .sntin

The foliated stem ofvzsvapadma is flankedby

2. .... Viharali sma Jetavane Anatha-
pindi(da)dalsyal-
a shaven headed male devotee seated on knees in
anjali-mudra to the right, whereas to the left is shown 3. ....... bhikshun-amantraayate sma cha ........
a pot over which is placed a horizontally sliced conch-
4. nltta .........
shell and a tripod supporting a container covered with
a lid decorated with lotus flower design showing seed-
5. katantalh)..........parive..........

pod. On the right end is shown Sarvanivarana- 6. clesayishya

Vshkambhin with his back turned and touching with
Another khondalite inscription (Reg. No. 70)
his right palm (or-rter side visible), a petal of the for"rncl from the eastern side of rnonastery No. 2 is
visvapadma, the left palm resting on his lotus-seat
inscribcd in the Devanagari characters of circo tenth-
holds a stalked lotr.rs (darnaged). He is decoratedwith
eleventh century (pl. l 2 l ). It reads as under:
kundalas, ratna-keyuras, valayas, antariya, crown
with central ornate projection and a beaded fillet on "l . Ye dhurma hetu prabharalh) hefirlnl tesham
the forehead. The corresponding Bodhisattva figurine Ta t h a gato hy uv u cl u t t u(t t e)s h a ntlc h a) y o

on the left side is Akasagarbha. His upraised right hand rtirodha evam vacli tVolto(ltu)-

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

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lsrafmanah ll Namo bhagavatelvi) pula- 12. java-dhare ntumu(?) chulu smaro tathagata
vad an a-kanchan- aks hip ta-prab h as dh arm a-chah'a-prav at't t ana vaj re I v o(b o)dhi

a - ka r ttu m-u rvv a s - t a t h a g a t aly a] m am d a(n d a) I ak a r - a I alm)kr it e

3. ttamo bhagavoto s al<ya-munaye tathagatay: 13. sarva-tathagat-adhishthite vo (bo)dha1,a

:
a r h a t els omy ak- s amfvu(b u) d dh oy a t a d y at h a
vo(bo)dhaya I vo(bo)dhi vo(bo)dhi vadhva
om vo(bo)dhi vo (bo)dhi vadhya I sam vo(bo)dhaya samvo(bo)dhat,a
chala cha-
4. v o(b o)dhi v o(bo)dhi prahare arva-tathagata-
s

gochara dhara dhara hara hara hara haro 14. lca chala chala Om maha-vo(bo)dhi sri-
guhakare v o(b o) dh i s arv a- gy a(?)v a - d evy a m
p r ah ar a p r ah ar a lm a)h a(h a) -
s arv a-p op a- dhar anari s atn a-p op a-
5. t,o(b o) dhi prot is hthit e maha-v o(b o) dhi- chitt a-
15. lvi]gate I huru huru sort a-soka-vigate I sarva-
dhare chulu chulu sata-rasmi samcha-
tathagata-hridaya-vaj rini s amhara s amhara
(c h o) di t e s arv a- t at h agat - ab h i-
sarva-tatha-
6. shek-abhishilktel guna-guna-mate sqrva- 16. gata guhya-dharani-mudre I vu(bu)ddhe
vu(bu)ddha-gun-a(a)vahas a(s e) mili mili
samvu(bu)ddhe I s arva-tathagat- adhis hthit e
gagan a-t al a-pr at is hthhi-
dh atu- galrfb h a- sv oh a ll s am a-

7. te I sarva-tathagat-odhishthite nabhas-tale | 7 . y adh i s ht h it e s v ah a Is artt a4 a t h ag at a - hr i d ay a-

sama sqmo I prasama prasama sarvo-popa- dhatu-mudre svaha I su prati-shthita sarva-
pra- tathagata(a)-

8. samane sarvo-papa-vilsoldhane hulu hulu 18. dhishthite huru huru svalha) Om sorva-
m ah a -v o (b o) dhi m arg a- s alm)p r as t h i t e s arv a - tathagat-Oshnisha-dhatu-mudre I sarva-
tathogata- ta th alg a t af-lm a n t r a? )-

9. pratishthita-suddhelvisuddhe?l svahah ll 19. vibhushit-a(a)dhishthita(te) svaha I hrim hrim

Mula-mantrah ll O* sarvo-tathagata- phat phat svaha ll O* Traiyadhve sarvo'
gochara-vyavaloki- Itatha--)

10. te jaya jaya svaha hridayah(ye) ll Om huru 20 - d ay a- g ar bh e d dh ay o(d ey a ?) - dh arm a - dh at u -

huru jaya mukhe svaha ll namah garbhe I ls ams odhaya]-s amsodhaya popam
s artt a- t at h a g a t a s almy af-
Taiyadhikaram I s alrv a- ta)-

ll. thagatanam I Om hrita-bhuvana-dhare 2l . sha-vimala-visuddhe svahaflll"

I

dhara-dhara(?) chulu chulu dhara dhara Secular Structures : Pathway :Apathway (1.40
s arva-tatha-gata-cha(?) kra-dhare padma- m wide) rammed by brick-jelly and partly paved with
sambhave bricks was presumablymeant forconnecting the

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

Plate 122

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193
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

monastery No. 2. It is bounded by brick walls on moulded pots were also picked up. On the basis of
either side. It takes left tum along southem wall of different structural phases supplemented with other
the brick platform (Structure No. 42 A,B,C) towards artefacts, the occupational deposit has been divided
east leading to group of stupas. In front of the brick into three periods viz., Periodl (first-fifth century
platform the pathway is devised with four ashlar stone AD), Period II (fifth-seventh century AD) and
steps leading to an open arearafilmedwithbrickjelly. Peiod III (seventh-thirteenth century AD). The
From this area flight of steps (survived by brick core) ceramics of Period I is characterized by red ware,
was leading towards monastery No. 2. The further red polished ware, red-slipped ware and buff ware.
extension of this pathway towards north requires to Whereas the red polished ware is dominant, the
be ascertained. Digging was restricted in this area bowls and dishes constitute the main shapes. The
owing to the existence of living temple of Mahakala bowls are of comrgated profile. The slip applied
(pls.122-123). to the limited red-slipped ware is of poor quality.
It also includes bowls and dishes. The red poslished
Drain (Structure l4l) : A drain made of pottery comprise sprinklers, bowls, spouted
ashlar stones for emptying the water from vessels and surahis. Some friable and weather
monastery N o. 2 and shrine-complex was exposed wom sherds were also found. The associated ware
upto 20 m. It is partly covered and runs is sturdy, coarse dull red pottery and grey ware
south-north and gradually turns towards east. comprising the storage-jars. On the whole the
pottery of this period is plain save for a few
Enclosure wall : Abutting the previously
inscribed or notched designs. The same pottery
excavated monastic-complex, an ashlar wall (north-
types continue during the Period II but a new
south) about 20 m in length and 2 m in height is
micaceous red ware varying from medium-to-thick
occassionally punctuated with chaitya-arches and
fabric, makes appearance. New types comprise
rectangles.Composed of seven courses it served as
comrgated deep bowls, vases, pans with handles,
platform for the monastic-shrine raised on a slope. A
basins and troughs both plain as well as decorated.
serpentine brick enclosure wall was exposed upto
The knob of the sprinkler becomes further roundish
44 m to the south-west and south of cft aitya-complex.
and even flattened. It also witnessed the pots
Itjoins the above ashlarmassivewall andtums south-
decorated with applique design on the upper parts
east and eastem direction where it is provided with a
and moulded on the shoulders. The inscribed
firm six-course foundation, noticed below the
designs include horizontal bands, vertical notches
working level. Again wall takes gradual tum towards
and circles. The dishes display nail-headed notched
south and after a distance of approximately 15 m, it
designs on the exterior. The Period III is marked
runs towards the south-east. However, the exact
by new wares, i.e., black-slipped and black
nature of this wall is yet to be ascertained.
polished ware besides grey and red pottery.
Pottery : The pottery is made of locally Sprinklers too continue. New types comprising
available sandy clay because of the proximity of shallow and deep dishes, lids, decorated lamps
the River Birupa it often exhibits silica, mica, (dipakas), make their appearance, in addition to the
quartz, felspar, etc. It is mostly wheel-thrown and handmade storage-jars, miniafure pots, vases with
well-fired. Stray specimens of handmade or horizontal grooves and vertical incised designs.

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: . . .]]iTIO\5 AND EXCAVATIONS

PUNJAB east with some gap to reveal further extension of

the said wall in south-east direction.
52. ExcelarroN Ar Dna.r,nmN, DrsrRlcr MaNsl This field season's excavation confirmed the
same cultural sequence exposed in the earlier
In continuation of the earlier season's (1999-
season's excavation and also brought to light some
2UN, pp. 125-127) work, Excavation Branch-Il, New
new and interesting structural remains at
Delhi, of the Survey, under the direction of Madhu
Dhalewan. In all five structural levels were traced
Bal4 assisted by Vishnu Kant, P.K. Mishra, Anil out at Dhalewan in about 3 m deposit of the mound
Kumar Dug*, Vinod Kumar Srivastva, V.P. Verma,
of Harappan assemblage in which lower three
Ram Kumar Dagar, Subhash Chandra, Chhote Lal
belong to the Early Harappans while the upper two
Yadav and Jitendera Sharma, of the Chandigarh
to the Mature Harappan period. After a long and
Circle, of the Survey, resumed excavation after a
considerable time break, the site was inhabited by
lapse of one year at Dhalewan (Lat 300 1' 20" N;
the Kushans. Over this deposit there was found
Long 750 35' 45" E) and also organized there a
deposits of Gupta/later periods. The upper 2.50-3
training programme for short duration on field
metre deposit over the Harappan deposit revealed
Archaeology to the final year students ofM.A. (Final)
early historical material belonging to Kushans,
History of M.D. University, Rohtak (Haryana) and
Gupta/later period.
Ancient Indian History Culture andArchaeology of
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana). The
Period IA : In this period, the site revealed,
deposit of about 50 cm with two structural phases
main objectives of this season's work were (l) to
know the cultural sequence and the sub-periods
(rl. 125) foturd just above the natural soil. A fine
whitish floor of 10-20 cm thick, which is running in
of Period I; (ii) to expose completely the partially
three quadrants along with a hearth belonging to the
exposed structures, i.e., fortification wall and the
first phase of this period. Small cabin-type rooms
residential-complex of different sub-periods
made of mud-bricks with one room (size 2.6 m x
besides understanding the town planning of the
0.86 m) and a hearth represent the second phase of
settlement and (iii) to trace the gateway of the
this period. The width of the walls are 24 cmto 39
township.
cm. Pottery is mainly of early Harappan types.
During this year about fifteen squares of l0 Period IB : Represents a deposit of about 80
m x l0 m were laid out for excavation at different cm, with a structural level, shown by a partially
places of the mound in which YC l0 was taken up exposed 1.15 m to 2 m wide lane and its attached
to confirm the cultural sequence at the highest point houses (p1.126). The northem side house has a room
of the mound, about 10 squares were excavated to (size 2.50 m x 2.38 m) with other partially exposed
unearth the house plans belonging to the Early rooms along the lane. The southern side house has
Harappan and the Harappan periods (pl. 124) near two rooms (sizes 3.50 m x 3.35 m) and (3.60 (?) m x
the exposed structures of earlier field season's 3.30 m) with otherpartly exposed rooms and a 1.07
work at the lower edge in the north and four squares m wide entrance ofthe house at the northem side. A
dug up partly along the running direction of fortification wall (2.50 m in width) atthe eastem side,
exposed fortification wall, i.e., north-west to south- also belongs to this period.

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plate 124

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-- Plate 125

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Plate 126

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Plate 127
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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEW

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 _A REVIEW

Noteworthy feature of this period is the 1.60 m), other partially exposed rooms and a drain.
burning activity, noticed in earlier season, was also Pots are found frxed in situ in the room of the
traced in this year in several quadrants in this level. second phase. The brick size used in the Mature
The buming in the upper level ofthe EarlyHarappan stage is in the ratio of 4:2:1. The width ofthe walls
possibly represents the end ofthis sub-phase. Another varies from 60 cm 90 cm and 1.50 cm. At some
noteworthy feature ofthis period is the occurrence of places, foundation trenches were also traced. An
dotted circles of 1.30 m to 2 m dia on plan. The interesting feature of this period is the presence of
evidence of depression on plan in the form of a circle heavy and strong walls in comparison to the Early
made by erecting the bamboo sticks in a fenced Harappans.
manner, probably indicate the practice of keeping
Mud-brick fortification wall is found running
tamed animals or birds inside it or for storage of
towards north-west to south-east. The width of the
material. Remains ofthree circles were faced in which
wall is about 6 m. It was traced upto 60 m (including
two circles intersectwith each other.
the length of 28 m in 1999-2000 season). It was
The brick size used in the houses is in the ratio found after removal of about 2-3 m deposit of
of 3:2:1. The width of walls varies between 32 cm Kushan and Gupta/later periods. The houses and
and 65 cm. Some sort ofhouse planning was traced other residential structures were found in the
along the lane in this period. western side of the fortification wall. One end of
the entrance could possibly be located at the north-
Period IC : is marked by a deposit of about western available side of the fortification where it
1.50 m representing two structural phases. The suddenly discontinued. The brick sizes used in the
entire plan of township was changed with slight fortification wall are in the ratio of 4:2:l and 3:2:1,
variation in orientation. One almost fully exposed it seems that the Early Harappan fortification wall
house of phase I made on a plot (size 16.6 m x was extended later.
15.15 m) having four rooms located at the corners
in which three rooms (size 4.83 m x3.02 m, 3.6 m Pottery from the Early Harappan and Harappan
x2.70 m and 3.20 mx2.30 m) were exposed and levels are akin to the pottery found from Kalibangan
the remaining part perhaps served as a courtyard (Rajasthan) and Banawali (Haryana) in their Early
roughly cruciform in shape. Alarge numberofmud Harappan context. Almost all the fabrics in pottery
balls / mushtikas were found in situ in the were collected at Dhalewan from the stratified levels
courtyard ofthe same house. The outer wall of the akin to the types from Kalibangan and Banawali.
house has a foundation trench. Besides there were From the upper two structural levels of Mature
other partially exposed houses, rooms, platform and Harappan period, it was revealed that fine pottery such
2.15 m wide street (pl. 127) at the western side as dish-on-stand, goblets, cups, black-on-red painted
which also belong to phase I of this period. The sherds, etc., were found from the Early Harappan at
street is running towards south-east to north-west Dhalewan (fig. 3 6). From lower three structural levels
and almost parallel to the fortification wall. The main belonging to the Early Harappan period, almost all
structures ofthe second phase are a room (size the fabrics of the Early Harappan pottery (fig. 37)
4.35 m x 3.35 m), another room (size 3 m (?) x met with at Kalibangan and Banawali are available.

202
LW LO RATI ONS AND EXC AVATI ONS

r--
Plates 128-131

F -IIEI

I-1
t28

t29

ffi

Dhalewan: 128, parts of dish-on-stand, 129, incised decorated basin,

l3l, teruacotta cakes and mushtikas
130, triangular terracotta cakes and

203
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

U
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q)

E
4
q)

Sr

q
q)
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p
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a

Izo+I
Pcrrerl included dish/bowl-on-stand of red ware were repofted from the deposit of about I- L5 m just
tpl. l2E) as wellas of grey ware; dish of red ware over the Harappan mound. Pottery found from this
*iilr or u'ithout nail design at the centre; footed bowls period is plain red ware and decorated at times. Shapes
ofgrey s'are; pei'forated jars ofred ware; goblets or include smallto big size in curved rimmed bowls;
r'r.ps: surdy ltagment ofjars; sturdy fragment ofbasin sprinklers with or without additional hole at the neck;
of labnic D having incised decoration on the inner side stamped sherds ofjars, etc.
tpl. 129); lids ofred ware and also ofgrey ware but
Amongst the antiquities, terracotta human and
dilters in shapes; fragment ofbuffware pottery glossy
animal figurines in small quantity, arecanut beads of
shcrds of grey ware; monochrome and bi-chrome
terracotta; fragmentary terracotta mould of mithuna:
dccoratcd pottcry etc. Noteworthy finds of Harappan
copper coins etc., are notable.
ler el are all types of terracotta cakes and mushtikqs
lbund in huge quantity (pl. 130), with variation in sizes Period III (Gupta/later) : Guptas like their
and shapes, i.e., triangular cake, rectangular cake; predecessors also repeated the habits ofdigging deep
spherical ball type, elliptical with finger depression and circular pits for clayey soil and for dumping their
nnt.shtiko type, idli shaped etc., (pl. l3 I ). Some cakes refuse. Mud lumps, mud-brickbat walls, hearths, etc.,
have mat impression/graffiti marks or incised designs. indicate the structural activities ofthis period.
Occasionally, the broken pieces of cakes and
ntushtikas were used to make the lloors in the Thc ceramics comprise sharp-edged rimmed
Harappan level. Other noteworthy finds are the bowls, incense burner (lamps), lipped-lamps, lids,
inscribed rim of a red ware jar with Harappan decorated jars, tiles, etc. of red ware besides
pictographic script and grafliti marks on pottery from occasional use of black-slipped ware. Of the
both Early Harappan and Harappan levels. antiquities, mention rnay be made of fragmentary
moulded rattle, a terracotta sealing bearing the
Amongst the antiquities from Harappan level, impression of foot prints at the top and an
terracotta bangles in red colour; segmented inscription 'Ra.jo dha ...' in Gupta Brahmi
bangles in grey colour; shell bangles; faience characters. This inscription is however,
bangles plain as well as decorated with incised incomplete, which reads as Rajadharma.
designs; parallel sided chert blades; bone tools;
semiprecious stone beads; wheel, bull and toy cart 63. Exc,wn'iloN AT Mnnpxur.un, Drs'rnrc-r Srrncnun
fragments of terracotta; a rectangular seal of grey
A small-scale excavation at the ancient site was
terracotta with incised buffalo and two pictographic
conducted by the Chandigarh Circle, ofthe Survey,
symbols at the lower edge, copper bangles, belt etc.
under the supervision of C. Dorje, assisted by Rahul
were found (pl.l32).
Bhosle, Piyush Bhatt, Jitendra Sharma, Jasmer Singh,
Period II : The site was reoccupied during the R.K.Dalal, Vinod Kumar, R.K.Sapru, Baldev Singh,
Kushan rule after a lapse ofconsiderable time-break. Ajaib Singh, Mahender Pal and Ramesh Thapa with
This is sirnilar to the ones reported in the sites of a view to revealing the cultural sequence ofthe site

Rajasthan on the Harappan mounds. Mud-brick and and understanding its co-relation with otherexplored

mud brickbat structure, burnt brickbats wall and kiln sites, predominantly of Harappan origin along the dried

205
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1-02
2OO
- A REVIEW

Mardkheda: standing image of Surya

Izml
. _. ,:.]T1O.\S AND EXCAVATIONS

I
trI

134

: n

135
Mardkheda: 134, excavated trench showing huge circular pit and 135, mud-brick wall

20'7
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 _ A REVIEW

up ancient palaeo-channel of River Sarasvati. The Pottery of layer (3) consists of red ware with mostly
ancient site is located about 6 km east of Sunam, the incised designs in the fbrm ofstraight parallel and wavy
tehsil headquarter and about 65 km west of patiala lines. Few painted straight parallel lines were also
on Patiala-Mansa state highway. The extant mound, fbund. Important antiquities found ltom this quadrant,
presently circular in shape, extends to about I 50m included a few terracotta hopscotches, slingballs,
both north-south, east-west and rises to a height of
arecanut beads and iron objects. However, the
8.50 m fiom the sumounding ground level. Earlier,
antiquities llom the pit yielded fine representative tpes
the mound was spread further about 400m east-west
in the form of terracotta beads, dice and anirnal
and north-south which was later cut by local inhabitants
figurines etc.
fbr regular cultivation. The site was first explored in
I 97 6 by R. S. Bisht. Later, a beauti fu I sandstone image The excavations at the ZA7 x I lying at the
of standing Surya with a height of about 1.30 m cxtreme one along the slope ofthe mound with contour
belonging to the Pratihara period, was discovered by variation of about 2.0 m fiom Al x I revealed
a local resident at the site (pl. I33). occupational evidences in allthe five layers and yielded
three-fold cultural sequence with traits of early
Two trenches, narrrelyA I andZAT were laid in Harappans followed by Kushan and Rajputs. Ofthis,
the centre at the maximum height of the mound and
layer (I) was the humus while layer ( I A) was a sterile
towards north respectively rvith a contour variation
deposit in the form of water-borne sandy deposit.
of approximately 2 m. Of these, only one quadrant
Layers (2) to (5) were habitational deposits in the
each namelyAl x I andZAT x 4 were exposed upto form of successive floor levels. The earliest level of
the depth of3.30 m and 5.15 m respectively.
euadrant early Harappans was represented by layers (5), (4),
A I x I revealed no satisfactory results as it showed a (3) and (2) with a total thickness of I .g5 m while layer
lruge circular pit (pl. 134) of recent times in the form
(6) rvas the sub-natural deposit reaching to a depth of
ofa well, dug at the centre with a diameter of2.35 m about 2.6m.The earliest activity was in the form of
startingright fromthe surface and continuingtill the
thin floor levels raised at regular intervals over the
maximum depth achieved. The contempomry deposit natura\ ground surface. However, the definite
here was in the form ofa pit followed again by a huge occurrence was in the form ofa single coursed mud-
durnp both covering an area extending the whole brick wall running north-west and south-east with
quadrant. Running parallel were layers ( I ), (2) and another arm oriented north-west and north-east. The
(3) of which layer ( l) was the humus while (2) was bricks measured in an average of 40 x26 x 9 cm.
filling material of the large modem pit. In layer (3) Another activity was noticed in the form of circular
was seen a yellowish mud brick wall (pl. 135) oriented oven-like hearth locally known as hara meant for
east-west with a thickness of nearly 38 cm and brick boiling milk along with in situbroken pot nearby.The
rneasuring 24 x 12 x 4.5 crn. However, its other end last activity of the Early Harappans noticed at the site
was unexposed due to constraints oftime. Followed were six pits, all sealed by layer ( I A) yielding good
by the wallwas a floorwith evidence ofa hearthwhich amount of pottery and respective antiquities in the form
was also left unexposed. Both the mud wall and floor of terracotta animal figurines (pls. I 36- 139) and a
level with hearth, belonged to Rajput settlement. single broken male figurine, beads of semiprecious

208
EXP LO RATI O NS AN D EXC AVATI ON S

tEml
136

l---I/i*
I l\,r!ll

137

138

[----Ia.*
I IU]II

r39

Mordkheda: 136-139, terrqcotta animal figurines

!zoe!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Cm
t40
Cm
t4l

t42

143

144

Mardkheda: 140-141, beads of semiprecious slones, 142, bone point

143, shell bangle and 144, copper rod, Harrappan period

fzrof
tlLI
I

: -- .:--; I1O-\S.4ND EXCAVATIONS

Plates 145-149

Hcrrlt

146

148

149

Mardkheda: 145, vase, Harappan period, 146, bowr, Harappan period, r47,
karahi,
Kushan period, 148, bowl, Kushan period and r49, pottiry ty)es, Rajput
period

ffiffizrrffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEI4/

r--I
Plates 150-153

lEicMl

l5l
Mardkhedct: 150, dabber and 15 I , spear-head, Kushan period

lxza
 Plates 148-149
lrrE

-_=-7

CM

ls3
Mlrdkheda : 152. chisel Ra.jTtut pet'iorland 153, r'orit'e tonk, Kushcrn pet.iocl

213
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _A REVIEI|/

Plate 154

\i
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214
E.YP L O RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

stones (pls. 140-141), bone points (pl. 142), shell terracotta human and animal figurines, nodules,
bangles (pl. 143), copperrods (Fi.l44),toycart, etc. dabbers 01. 150), iron objects Gl. l5l) and lumps,
The forms of pottery include dish-on-stand, basins, stone quem and chisel (p1.152), terracottavotive tank
jars, vases and bowls
$ls. 145- 146), etc. The Kushan Ol. 153), etc. Goodnumberofcoppercoins (pl. 154)
settlement followed by the later Rajputs are were also found both in excavation and during surface
represented in layers (1) and (1A) by five huge pits exploration of which a few belong to the early
almost circular in shape with undercut arms and flat historical period followed by the remains of historical
bottom which is a typical feature ofthe region. Pottery and medieval period.
of the late periods are also represented by karahi,
RAJASTHAN
vases,surahls, bowls, etc (pls. 147-149).The detailed
study of the pottery is yet to be accomplished, but 64. ExploRATroN rN Trusrr, L.r.xuaNcanu,
these are however, represented by typical red ware DrsrRrcrArwln
bowls with knife-edged rim and stamped-pottery with
B. R. Singh and R. P. Mathur, of the Jaipur
sun-motif, srivasta symbols etc.
Circle, of the Survey, under the direction of B.R.
The antiquities found from this level include Meena, conducted exploration in Laxmangarh tehsil
terracotta and stone slingballs, bangles, hopscotches, and located the following sites of archaeological
wheels, beads ofterracotta and semiprecious stones, importance.

Sitetvillage Nature of remains

Amarpur Late medieval settlement

Anta para Well (eighteenth century AD)

(270 13'42" N; 760 48' 42" E)

Bai Well (eighteenth century AD)

(270 26'40" N; 760 47' 47" E) Temple (seventeenth-eighteenth century AD)

Baroda Mev. Medieval pottery

(270 28'3" N; 760 53' 45" E)

Baroli Late medieval settlement

(270 22'30" N; 760 54' l8" E)

Basairi Step-well (eighteenth century AD)

(270 16'31" N; 760 49'48" E)

Bawarika Baori (eighteenth century AD)

(270 29' 9" N; 760 52' 18" E)

2t5
 II'IDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2001-02 - A REVIEW

Site/Vitlage Nature of remains

Bhikhahedi B aori (eighteenth century)

Bichgavan WelI, chhatr"ls (eighteenth century), early historical site

(270 17' 12" N; 760 49' 46" E)

Chimarwada Haveli, gumbaj (eighteenth century)

Devrajpura Late medieval site

(270 I'7' 32" N; 760 49" E)

Dhand Haveli (eighteenth century)

(270 27' 18" N; 760 5l ' 30" E)

Dinar Chhatri, Haveli (eighteenth century)

(270 26' 7" N; 760 50' 44" E)

Diwali Historical site, chhatrls, well

(270 18' 40" N; 760 48' 20" E) (eighteenth century), memorial stone

Gandika Haveli (eighteenth century)

Ghat Historical site, fortress (eighteenth century)

(270 27' 50" N; 760 48' E)

Ghusawal I Historical site

(270 29' 25" N; 760 59' 50" E)

Ghusawal II Historical site

(270 29' 35" N; 760 59' 50" E)

Govindagarh Chhatris, fort (seventeenth century)

Gujar Khohra Late medieval pottery

(270 24' 5" N; 76t'48' 3" E)

Hasanpur Grave (late medieval period)

(270 18' 52" N; 760 52' 4l" E) well, kund (eighteenth century)

Imlari Mosque, architectural fragment of a temple

(27" 28'45" N; 760 26' E)

!zrof
EXP L O RATI O N S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

Site/Village Nature of remains

lntera C hhatri, graves (eighteenth century)

(270 24'42" N; 760 55' 57" E)

Jatwara Gumbaj (late medieval period)

(270 15'49" N; 460 52' 54" E)

Jawali ForLress (eighteenth century), kund, temple

(270 22' 56" N; 760 55' 5" E) (seventeeth-eighteenth century)

Jhalatala Fortress (eighteenth century)

(270 14' 33" N; 760 14' 49" E)

Jona Khera Historiaalsite

(270 20' 76" N; 490 15' E)

Jona Khera Pahar Historical site

(270 18' 48" N; 760 48' 52" E)

Kaimasa Late medieval settlement

Kajota S ar a i (late medieval period)

Kanwara Late medieval settlement, Haveli (eighteenth century)

(270 22'46" N; 760 53' 18" E)

KheraLaganpur Late medievalpottery

(270 16'N; 760 53' 20" E)

KheraMahmood Sarai, gumbaj (late medieval period)

Khohra Haveli, palace, chhatri (eighteenth century)

(270 19' 50" N; 760 45' 52" E)

Khudiyana Old baori, chhatri, gumbaj, fortress, step-well

(270 22' 22"N;760 56'30" E) (eighteenth century)

L^achhmangarh Fort (seventeenth-eighteenth)

(270 2I' 48" N; 760 51' 35" E) stepwell, chhatri (eighteenth century)

217
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A REVIEW
-
Site/Viillage Naturc of remains

my Temple (eighteenth cenn:ry)

(270 2l' 15" N; 760 53' E)

Makreta Late mdieval settlement

(270 19'47"N; 760 54' 16" E)

Malawali Stepwell (ate eighteenth century)

{270 19' 15" N; 760 46' E)

Mangal SinghKhera Temple (eighteenth century) and

(27o | 1'N; 7fo 49' 5l- E) palace (seventeenth-eighteenth century)

Maujpur Gumbaj (lafsmedieval period), stepwell,

(270 2l' 45" N; 760 48' 23" E) chhatris(ei$trenthcentury)

Mtqiori [^atemdievalpottery
(270 l8' 12"N; 76a 52'E)
NaharKhohra Medievalsefflenrent
{270 l8' 30" N; 760 53'45" E)

NamaulKalan Iatemedienalpofiery
(27o 15'43"N;760 50' 42-E)

Naswari Gunbq:,Haveli(eighteenft entmry)

Nibhaira Iafiemedievalpotery
(27o26'54"N; 760 54' 40" E)

PaMavati Iate medieval seftle,meirt

Patakpur Laie medieval setlement

(270 20' 3 l" N; 760 54' 49" E)

Rambas Medievalsite
(27o 29' 30" N; 760 49' 26" E)

RonijaJat [,atemedieval site

(270 23' 38" N; 760 50' E)

218
EXP L O RATI O N S AND EXCAYATI ON S

Natare of remains

Haveli (eighteenth century)

Saiptr Forfess (eighteenth century)

Salinryr [,ate medieval site and architectural fragment

(270 17' 43" N; 760 48' 25" E)

Sauraj Tomb, graves (late medieval period)

(2lo 24'3"N; 7fo 5l'E)
Sarangpuri Latemedievalpottery
(270 18'N;760 53'31"E)

Sehra Latemedievalpottery
(270 15' 33" N; 7 60 47' 5 1 " E)

SemliDlawar Latemedievalpottery
(270 28' 7" N; 7fo 58' 12" E)

Sheikhpur Early historical site, Haveli (eighteenth century)

(270 17' 28" N; 760 48' E)

Smari Latemedievalremains
(270 15' 22"N;760 47'28" E)

Surajgartr Archit€chrralfragment
(270 23' 7" N; 760 51 ' 33" E)

Tilalqur Medieval settlemsnt

(270 16' 45" N; 760 5l' 10" E)

Toda [,ate medievalremains

(270 17'23" N; 760 45' E)

Toda Late medieval remains andchhatris (eighteenth century)

(270 20'43" N; 760 54' 30" E)

Uchchar [,ate medieval settlement and architectural fragment

(270 15'45" N; 760 50' 2" E)

! zre!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

65. ExcavauoN AT Bacon, Drsrnrcr Bsrlwnn,l Considering the aims ofthe excavations it was
decided to follow the vertical excavation method,
Bagor, one ofthe few well preserved primary
which would yield a complete history ofthe site and a
mesolithic sites in India, was selected for excavation
proper cultural sequence. The area close to the earlier
again,with a view to understanding the (i) possible
excavation on the western side was selected forthis
dates for the mesolithic levels at the site as this phase
purpose. This was decided with a view to confirming
unfortunately, lacks systematic research in India.
the sequence ofthe earlier excavation andthe nature
Further problems like chronology and hansition from
ofthe mesolithic occupation at the site. A long trench
htuting-gathering to agriculture have not been properly
measuring 2.5 m(north-south), 6 m (east-west) was
understood; (ii) to understand the process of
laid in anareawhich appears to be relatively intact
domestication in this region, the botanical and
and without later disturbance. This hench was divided
zoological samples fromthe exavations wouldhelp to
into six parts at the interval of one meter. The six
examine the change from hunting-gathering to
divisions of the trench each measuri ng 2. 5m (north-
agriculture, that was noticed earlier at the site but not
south) by lm (east-west) were made to have a better
pursued in detail.
control overthe collection of data. This long trench
The site is spread over an area of 200 m
was numbered Trench 1 and the sub-divisions at the
east-west and 150 m north-south and rises to a height
interval of lm were given alphabeticalnumbers (1A-
of 6 m above the sea level but the actual cultural re-
lF) from east-to-west. Trench lA, the first on the
mains are found roughly over an area of 80m x 80m.
eastem side, freatedas an indextrenc[ was excavated
The excavation work was carried out by Vasant Shinde
to a depth of 70cm deep into the virgin deposit. In all
ofthe Deccan College Post - graduate and
five stratigraphical layers were identified from top to
ofM.D. Kajale,
Research Institute, Pune, with the help
bottom of which last two, layers 4 and 5 are
Bharat Dighe, Alain Poljak, Prabodh Shirvalkar,
actually sterile layers. Layer 4 is relatively hard,
Shweta Sinha Deshpande, Nirmala Reddy, Lorena
compared to layer 5. This may be because of the
Giorgio and Krishna Malap.
establishmentofsettlementbythemesolithic people
The site of Bagor (740 23' E;250 25'N) is ontop oflayer4.Boththe layers are uniformly
located on the left bank of River Kothari, a yellowish in colourand lookdistinctly different fromthe
tributary of Banas. The mesolithic site lies on a large layers above them, which are the cultural layers. The
and a prominent sand dune locally known as Mahasati cultural material is confined mostly to layers 3 and2.
and overlooks the left bank ofthe river about I km Layer2is one ofthemaincultural layersatthe site; it is
east of the village. The present village, one of the almost horizontal having a wriform flat surface at the top
largest villages in Bhilwada district, is roughly 25 km and base. The average thickness ofthe layer is 25 cm
west of the district headquarters. Bagor lies in the and contains a few scattered and small fiagments ofstone
centre ofMewarplain in the shadow oftheAravalli mostly at the base. The layer in general is otherwise quite
hills. The site is surrounded by ample pasture and .I-ayer 3 is loose in composition and light in
arable lands and has, on the other bank, source of colour as compared to layer 2. This is also a proper
qtartz,the chief raw material used by the mesolithic cul0.ral layerconsisting ofat leastthree stuchlal phases
people for manufacturing their tools. and considerable amount oftools, bones and pottery.

224
EXP LO RATI ON S AND EXCAVATI ON S

On the basis of contents, two phases were Phase B-Ceramic mesolithic. The evidence from
identified in the mesolithic level at the site. the upper part of Layer (3) and from Layer (2) is
I

PhaseA-Aceramic mesolithic. In the lowerpart

slightly different in terms of presence of cultural
material. The evidence indicate the continuation of
of layer 3, in a deposit of25 cm, the cultural material
blade indusfiy and stuctural activity without any drastic
included quartz tools, debitage and bone fragments, a
change. However, this level yielded handmade red and
few potsherds found in this deposit seem to have
grey pottery in large quantity but unfortunately,
percolated from the upperlayer2.
survived only in the form of sherds. This pottery is
At least three sfuctural phases at different levels different from the known ceramic assemblage in this
were encountered in this trench. The earliest one found region. It is coarse, briule, clay tempered with grass
atthe site was excavated inTrenches lD and 1E. It is and sand, ill fired andplain. The difference between
difficult to discern the shape ofdwelling but considering red and grey is the colour of their surface. The red
the stone alignment it appears to be circular on plan. ware is decorated with incised criss-cross pattem.
No porper well-made floor level is associated with
the structure, but it is represented by an intentionally
Although, the excavation was done in a small
area, a large number of samples for dating were
made hard and compact path of surface. On the surface
collected as per the objective ofthe excavation. The
ofthe floor was found a large amount ofdebitage with
tools comprise geometric and non-geometric microlittrs
some tools andcharred fragments ofanimal bones.
made on quartz and a large quantityofdebitage from
All this material is fourd lying flat on tlre surface. These
both the phases. M.D. Kajale has collected botanical
people have used small flat stones available in the
samples, the results ofwhich ue aw aited.The evidenc€
vicinity ofthe surface. This structure was traced at a
depth of60 cm from the surface.
of filmsy structures, coarse pottery a few food
processing equipment and the tool manufacture from
One more stuctureof a similar nature and almost tlrc excavation suggests that tlrc mesolithic people lived
contemporary with the earlier one was found in the a semi-sedentary life, and occupied the site for a
same level inTrenches 1B and lC, The stones inthis considerable period of time.
case are lying }nplrraardly andtherefore, its exactplan
isdifficultto determine. Some ofthe stones however, 66. Exc*auoN AT GnuNo, Drsrrucr Rq"rslN{lNo
apparto have been placed in a line. This structure V.S. Shinde, of the Deccan College
resembles the earlier one in terms ofplan and nature Post-graduate and Research Institute, Pune, in
ofthe floor. This structure has produced interesting collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania
evidence ofthe manufacture oftools and also contains Museum and the Institute ofRajasthan Vidyapeeth,
food-processing equipment. On the surface ofthe floor Udaipur, resumed excavation at Gilund with the
were found scattered tools of quartzandrelatively following objectives : i) to trace the northern
well-preserved animal bones. Considering the nature extension of the structure, made of parallel
ofthe floor it appeas that the mesolithic people stayed mud-brick walls identified as the granary ii) to
here for a considerable length
oftime but due to lack ascertain the nature and economic condition of the
ofproper evidence they cannot be interpreted as last cultural phase (phase C) present on the
belonging to permanent structures. northern tip ofthe mound GLD 1; iii) to study the

ffizzr ffi
 TNDIAN ARCHAEzLIGv zoot-02 - A REVIEW

activities on the western prominent face of GLD 2 west) made offine clay. It has thick mud walls (20cm)
near the pottery yard besides obtaining a complete and claylining atthebase andhas survivedto aheight
stratigraphical, cultwal and ceramic sequence on the of 15 cm. This feature is slightly later than the walls,
westem face of GLD 1 (nearthe temple). which appears to be used for water storage.

To fulfill the above aims, three different Structure 8 : the excavation at the base of layer
localities were selected for excavation; Trenches 34 2 inallthe four trenches (25,30,31 and 32)have
and 35 were laid on the northern side ofTrenches 12 yielded almost a complete mud-house, that is
and 13 to find out northern extension ofthe structure contemporary to Structure 3 excavated in Trench 5,
made ofparallel walls. Fourtrenches were selected dated to I 800 BC and belonging to the late chalcolithic
on the top ofthe northern part ofGLD 2, two Trenches phase. The structure is rectangular on plan with longer
30 and 25 were opened last year and two new axis in north-west and south-east directions. This
Trenches 31 and 32were added this year. In all six appears to be a two-roomed structure as a well-
trenches were selected on the northern part of GLD defined wall on the southem side divides the floor into
2 to fulfill the first two aims. two distinct parts. The southern part (a room of the
structure) could not be traced because ofthe damaged
In all, eight trenches were laid numbering 201 - section. The northernroom ofthe structure is 8.75m
208 in a roughly north-east and south-west directions long and is 5.70 m wide. The periphery of the sfucture
on the westem face of GLD 2 on the east ofpottery with a wattle
is represented by a series ofpost-holes
yard with view to study the activities in this part of
a
and-daub wall against them. The average width ofthe
the site and also to find out the limit ofthe habitation wall is 22cm.
on this part ofthe mound. The trenches were laid in
such a way that it provides a complete cross-section The floor ofthe structure is very well made of
ofthe mound starting from the top. alternate layers of silt and clay,plastered with cow
dung and shows distinct signs ofperiodical repairs.
In order to obtain a complete cultural Three different floor levels were identified one above
sequence on GLD I , it was decided to extend the line the other indicating that the structure was in use for a
ofTrenches 4Aand4B towards the west in a straight considerable long duration of time. Within the
line in a sequence. The trenches were laid down until structural boundarythe only feature noticedwas that
the base of GLD 1 and on the eastem slope of GLD ofthe storage-bin and a couple of storage:jars in grey
II, where the last trench was 4K. ware along the northern wall. It appears that the
cooking activities were carried out on the westem part
In the eastern face on northern end of GLD 2
ofthe structure. Arelatively large fire-pitwas noticed
Trenches 34 and 35 yielded the remnants of the
just outside the westem wall ofthe structure roughly
north-south running walls (6 and7) and a shallow
rectangular on plan (90 cm x 65 cm). Inside the pit
circularpit.
are found burnt earth clods, ash and charcoal pieces.
In the southern part ofTrench 34 was exposed The sides arrd the base ofthe pit were lined with thin
a roughly circular feature (inner diameter I .20 m north- layer ofclay (5 cm). On its south-east comer is found
west and south-east; and 90 cm north-east and south- a small fragment of a saddle-quern.

222
EXP L O RAT I ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

Other contemporary features in this area : is built in situ within a pit, where the periphery of
Storage building (p1. 155) : Arectangular stone building the pit was lined with flat stones and plastered with
was excavated in this area, which falls in Trenches a thick coating of lime and clay. The surface was
3 l, 32 and 25 . This feature is slightly broad 2.60 m further smoothened by applying a thin layer of fine
on the northem side andremains constant inthe middle paste of cow durg and lime. The bin is associated witt
and stightly narows down towards the southern end stucture 8.
measuring 2.30m. The wall has survivedto aheight of
Storage-Pit 2, Trench 30 : To the
1.5 m and it appears that this was the original total of strorage-
northeastem side at a distance of 70 cm
height ofthe structure as the original surface ofthe yet another storage-bin, which is also circular
bin 1 is
structure is visible inthe southwestern comer. The
onplan. This storage-bin is different fromthe first, as
feature is made offlattishto sub-roundish stones set
it is more like acircularmudplatform forsupporting
in mud mortar at the base and middle levels while the
the storage-bins. Its diameteris 3 mandthe structure
top of the structure has a line of burnt-bricks in two
has survived to a height of 80 cm. The periphery of
sizes 30 x 15 x 10 cm. Adeep (30 cm wide) trench
the feature is made of a vertical brick lining and the
was excavated aroundthe structure on all sidesto the
innerportion is filledwith clay and rammed hard. The
baseofthe feature andwas filledcompletelywith ash
feature is isolated by a narrow trench (15cm) all
packing. This was probably intentionally done, as the
around the structue, which is intentionally filled in wiflt
ash may have prevented the penetration ofmoisture
ash material. The ash packing around the structure
and insects inside the sftucture. This is a unique feature
may not have only prevented the entry of moisture
not observed at any other protohistoric site. This but also kept away rodents and insects from entering
explains the f,rnction ofthe stuchre, which could have
the structure.
been for storage of food grains. On the periphery of
the structurejust outside the ashpacking there are a Storage-Pit 3,Trench25 : The third storage pit
ntunber ofpost-holes, which indicate a superstructure is located to the south-east of storage-bin I at a
within
over this feature. Besides there are post-holes, distance of 60cm, which is also associated with
the holes, which indicate a superstructure overthis Structure 8. It is circular on plan with a diameter of
feature. Besides there are post-holes within the stone- 2.5n"and depth of I m. The pit has vertical sides and
wall ofthe struchrre, three each on eastem and westem a saggar base, which is deep in the centre. The sides

sections of the walls, opposite each other and one andbottom ofthe pitwere plastered with clay and
each on the northern and southern sides- This lirrc
indicates that the structure was probably protected,
Western prominent face of GLD 2, near the
sealed and covered from the toP-
pottery yard:Aseries of eight trenches numbered
Storage-Bin 1, Trenches 25 and 30 : A large 201 was laid atmost on the top of the mound and the

underground storage-bin was excavated partly in the others followedthe slope ofthe mound in a straight

last season at the junction of Trenches 25 and 30. line towards the west. The last ofthe discoveries in
The bin is circular on plan with a diameter of 3.4O m this area is the fiaces ofouter futificaron in Trenches
and the maximum surviving height is 1.60 rn The bin 2O5 and2}6located on the westem peiriphery of

223
 ,
A REVIEW
GLD 2, The wall runs roughly
in a north_west and
south-east directions.
It is exposed to alength
Tandoor: Iti
m and its width is 7.50m.
of5.5
The wall is made ofclay,
in Indi a where ;;'fl'.,rrT#:3T::ff*";
clay-loafs and mud-brickbars in Trench 4 F. The ctay
rammeJu.V fr*a. ff,. tandoorir,;;;;rong (north_
portionofthewall ir south) but its width varies
between qO;m (northern
made or s,t ,"#f
fortification was found
fflff:t"lll::tr"Jifr: enllto 1.25 cm(in the middle)
end). The thickness of
to SO cm (southern
ap..;..tior,*t i.t, is epxosed,
the clay wall is ZO cm.
fhe
mainly in the southem halfoff..n.f, tandoor had two
u*n
,

to the outer face ofouter

fortification
ZOS. n

*utt. ,, upp.*,
* O northem .no uro
pillars, one of which
*ojffi ,fi:#:il,:?i, ::ff
to be running roughly is intact ir,fr.rnlAAle
in south-weri rra ronfr_.uu of the
directions. Since averysmall tandoo4 support the cover
patch was excavated or the tof-wail of the
the exact nature of the tandoor The vertical opening.tor.
structure ."rrA not be toii. claypost is
ascertained but in all circular with a diameter
likelihooa it appears to of l5 cm. The horizontal
be a opening of the tando.oris
bastion ofouter fortifi quite *ia.1SO".).
cation wall built oiits outer face. The
It is exposed ro a length tandoor isbuilt in s in
of 4.30 , napit and the bui;ing material
urJ u width of includes fine clay ana
4.10m. a few stones por^JUty
support the dome of the
ur.a to
tandoor from inside which
Excavation on western was also made of clay.
season,s excavation
face of GLD I : This The sides, bottom and
the
on the western face
ofGLD area around the tandoorare
the step-trench was confined I in burnt red indicating its
mostlyto the middle heavy and constant use.
phase ofthe chalcolithic.
fhe step_trench not only
reached the natural level Outer fortifi cation wall
but ha, uf* lo*.cted both was exposed in Tienches
the mounds GLD I and2.Thi, .;;;;;has 4F,4G and4H. It is made
not only up ofblack clay and
brown
provided a complete silt, rammed hard and contai;;
history ofGLD I iut also
in estabrishing an understanaing
helped
brickbats. the main walll
;; Ioafs and
tt ...[tion between and the ramis (outer
and
the two mounds. g.fo..
*a.;ilg thl.*.uuutior,
inner) were built on a
solidplatform m# ofmud
and
it was believed that the gap mud-bricla. It is a vertical
U.t r..n"tt . t ro mounds wall runnirg i;no.th_routt,
in this area is due to the direction, the thickness
erosionuf .uir-grffy, but ofthe wall onlhe top is
step-trench the and is exposed to a length
7.3 m
excavation proved U.yo.ri of 5 m. The vertical wall
doubt that is
w.ere two separate localitier.igit supported by a mud_ramp,
,1he1 from the which is thicker and higher
beginningof mature chalcolithicltrase. along the wall, but slopes
down considerably towards
excavations caried out
fhe the west at a length
in the step_trenif, of 4.20mn"r,il;;.
and the southwestern face
i, GLD 1 ramp is pressed hard
The mud
of GLD 2 have against the wal io provide
confirmed that each mound support to the vertical
wall and it is very comp
haa a-st.ong mud_ act and.
fortification, the traces rammedhard.
ofwhich were discovered
the. periphery of the on
mounar. g.riaes, an To ttre west ofttre ramp
undergroun d tandoor
five differen,
in the mature chalcolithic
,*.i*, Ievels in north-south directioron
a
lies a road nrnning
rcughly
phase *... .^i*.0. which,fr" of
bullock cart facks were
found. It starts ut "uia.n..
th. *"rt _

224
LW L O RATI ONS AN D EXC AVAT I ON S

end of the ramp in the eastern margin of 41 and nature, thickness, shape and height ofthe wall could
continues in Trenches J and K towards the west. The not be traced as it was exposed on the surface here.
road is exposed in a narrow strip 1.5 m wide in this The wall slopes towards the eastern margin of the
area. The total width of the road exposed is 7.20 m mound due to the nature of the erosion here. The
and has a hard surface that appears to have been building materialusedhere is identical to thatused for
rammed intentionally of altemate layers of clay, silt constructing the western part ofthe wall in Trenches
and gravel. Because ofconstant use the road has 207 and208.
deepened in the middle. The road lies between the
tbrtification walls of GLD 1 and GLD 2. A small The outer fortification excavated on GLD I and
port ion of the fortifi cation walVramp of GLD 2 w as 2 andthe road between them are contemporary and
erposed in Trenches 4 J and K. The sides ofthe road belong to the mature chalcolithic phase ofthe site. In
join the outer fortificaion walls and therefore suggest factthe entire chalcolithic deposit excavated in GLD
that these features are contemporary. The road is well
I belongs to the mature phase. The traces of early

preserved and has a number of traces ofbullock cart chalcolithic could be noticed from layer 26 and below

s'heel marks andcattle hoofmarks on itbecause they in the form of slightly coarse pottery and the presence

\\'ere covered with a considerably thick deposit (40 of Reserved Slip Ware sherds. Such pottery was
cm) of sand and eroded material. There are three such
reported from the early phase at Balathal dated to the

tracks on the eastem side easternmost is 1.20m early fourth millennium BC

-the
to the west of the eastern end on the road deposit.
Early historic period : The step-trench
The other one is in the middle, 15 cm to the west of
excavation on GLD I enabled the excavator to
the fint and the third is 23 cm to the west ofthe middle
expose complete stratigraphical and cultural
one. The average width ofthe wheel marks is 2.5 cm,
sequence of this mound. The previous excavation in
however, this may notbe the original width ofthe wheel
Trenches 4,A' and 48 yielded the presence of Gupta
as it might have narrowed down due to natural factors.
and Kushan material on top of the mound. The
Only one mark has survived to the west ofthese and
excavation carried out during this season in westem
it is at a distance of I.25 m. In addition, a number of
half of 48 and4C produced the evidence of early
frack marks noticed in the central portion but they are
historic occupationatthe site, which is similarinnature
not clear. Most of the tracks are found in an area of
to that found at Balathal and dat€d to the beginning of
3.40 m to the west of the eastemmost track.
the Christian era. The Gupta-Kushan material is
Outerfortification ofGLD 2 onthe eastem side: confined to the upper 60cm in this trench (4A and
The traces ofthe outer fortification were encountered, 4B), whereas the early historic material deposit is
excavated and were on the surface along the eastem present in allthe quadrants of 4C to adepthof2.18m.
margin of GLD 2, where the line of Trench 4 was The early historic deposit n 4cis excavated to a depth
extended upto 4K. The wall exposed here could be of 70 cm, whereas it is dug to a depth of 60cm
part ofthe same excavated in Trenches 207 ,208 on further upto the end of early historic in the
the western side of the same mound. The wall is western half of the trench. The early historic
excavated over an area of 7.50 m in width. The exact deposit was badly damaged due to later pits. One

22s
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

* P'.*

* " ^ *"u..*rlgt
%q3
,1 IJ
r a
l

}v
ru
.#
:ffi.k&l{

'1t M
tut J"r ffi (r

lrrll'
J ffi
fl.,
;,:

$t
.,*

155

.{' .r'

,i

*'

&

{iE

Gil un d : I 5 5, storage bu i I d in g and I 5 6, rec tan gu I ar s tru c tura I -c ompl ex

fzzaf
E XP LO RATI ON S AND EXC AVATI ON S

such pit is noticed in the eastern section

of 4C,halfof southeastern section of the trench. [t turns down
which lies in the western section of4B. It is circular towards the northern side ofthe section and merges
on plan with a diameter of 1.60 m. The pit contains with layer 2. [t is considerably hard, light greyish in
numerous stones ofdifferent sizes and quems. This is colour and homogenous in nature. This layer is
typical filling material ofthe pit. It is circular on plan confined along the western section to a length of
and located to the west ofthe western periphery of 1.50m.
earlier pit. It is 1.50m in diameter. Numerous floor
levels were excavated in the process ofdigging in both Layer 4,which is exposed inthe westem halfof
the halves ofthe trench. Besides there are numerous the trench, is considerably thick 45cm in the southem

rodent holes considerably damaging the early historic half of the section. Compared to layer 3, it is dark
deposit. Parts oftwo more circularpits were noticed grey in colour, loose in composition and disturbed at
places due to a number of later pits. It is cut by a later
one each in north-west and south-west corners. The
one in the north-west comer is relatively large in size
pit in the northern part of the section. It contains a
and begins from the surface of the mound. Only one
number ofpotsherds, charred bones and small pebbles

quadrant of the pit is present in this corner and its because ofthe later pits.

diameter will be around 2.50 m. The other pit in south-

Layer 5 is same aslayer 4,but is made of clay
west comer is perfectly circular on plan with a diameter
and brick material, and harder than layers 4 and
of 1.80m, and starts from the surface of the mound
contains patches of yellow soil at places but is
which in fact, is the lower level ofthe early historic
homogeneous in nature. Its average thickness is
phase. Both these pits, which are cylindrical on plan,
between 25-30 cm, and is observed in the eastern
appear to be stroage-pits, later filled in with garbage
section ofTrench 4C. Due to the presence of later pit
dump.
in the northem section, the layer is disturbed; in fact,

In all five layers are associated with the early the pit has cut the entire layer in this section.

historic phase.
Layer 6 is observed in the eastern section of
Layer I is in fact, the last occupational layer of 4C and4 D. The upper 15 cm ofthis layer is similar
the Gupta-Kushan level, which seals the earlyhistoric to layer 5 but is more homogeneous and harder in
deposit at the site. The layer is quite uneven at the nature. It runs almost horizontal on top, is dark
base and has survived only along the eastem margin
greyish in colour and is distrubed in the norheastern

ofthe trench to a depth of l0cm. cornerby a laterpit. The lower 7cm of this layer is
made of clay, which is coarse in nature and light
Layer 2,which is a proper occupational layer, is grey in colour. The lower portion contains more
quite loose, dark greyish in colour and more pebbly material while the upperpart is composed
homogeneous in nature. It is quite uneven but its of typical wall material whereas the lower part
average thickness is 15cm. resembles the floor material.

Layer 3, observed in the eastern section of In the northeastern corner of this Trench 4D is
Trench 4C is quite thick (22 cm average) in the circular-cylindrical pit, which also extends into the

227
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 *A REVIEW

southwestem section ofTiench 4C. The pit, with 1.75m situated on the foothills of Bhorat Plateau. The
diameter and 65cm deep has perfectly vertical sides ancient site, located roughly 500 m south of the
and flat base, is plastered with lime and clay. After present village, is spread aproximately over an area
the pit fell in disuse it was filled with trash material, of 314 sq km, however, only about 135 x 130 m
which includes ash, pottery brickbats and stones. area of the mound formed of iron slag on the
In all likelihood, the pit was used as a storage-bin eastern side of the highway, is intact. The rest of
and the pit starts from the base of layer 6. the site is very much disturbed. The site covers high
mound (7m) of purely iron slag on the eastern side
The above mentioned layers 1-6 belong to the
of the highway, and the habitation part on the
early historic levels, the depth of which is 1.20 m.
western side. On the eastern edge of the habitation
Based on its pottery analysis the upper 50 cm
part stands a medieval temple ofVishnu which is
deposit could be associated with Kushan levels and
protected by the Department of Archaeology,
the lower 70 cm to a period between third century
Government of Rajasthan. The site has been
BC and the beginning of the Christian era. No
identified as a major iron smelting site that began
distinct structural levels identified but considering
around the early part of the third century BC and
the nature of layers, there appear to be two
continued upto the end ofthe eighteenth century. lt
structural levels associated wih the Kushan
has an ideal location near the source ofiron ores.
levels. The last structural phase of this period,
Very close to the site toward north-east, is an open
represented by rectangular structural-complex
iron ore mine and another deep and cylindrical
made of mud, stones andbrickbats, were excavated
underground one further 1.5 km on the same
in Trench 4,{ and B in the first two seasons (pl.
direction. The site is surrounded by hillocks on the
156). The secondphase ofthis period appears to
northern side, which have rich deposit of iron ore.
be in layer 3, which is made ofwall material.
The site is away from the flowing river, but close to

The lower cultural phase ofthe early historic the natural lake, which is adjacent to the western

level is possibly represented by three different margin of the site.

structural phases. This division is made on the basis
The excavation was carried out at Iswal by
ofthe nature ofthe layers. The last structural phase
ofthis appears to be in layer 4,the middle phase in
Lalit Pandey, Institute of Rajasthan Studies,
Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, (Deemed University),
layer 5 and the first in layer 6. All these layers are
Udaipur and Vasant Shinde, Deccan College, Post-
composed of either wall or floor material, but none
graduate and Research Institute, Pune, with the
of the structural phases was excavated horizontally
assistance of Jagdish Meena, Lal Chand Patel
so far.
(Udaipur), Chai Singh Rathor and B.B.Dighe
67. ExcavlrroN Al Iswnl, Drsrnrcr Unatpun (Pune) in addition to the students of the Rajasthan

The ancient site of Iswal (730 50' E; 240 30' Vidyapeeth with the following objectives: to
N) in Tehsil Girwa, District Udaipur, is located 20 establish cultural sequence of the habitation part
and the antiquity of iron smelting activity at the site;
km north-west of Udaipur city on the Jodhpur
Highway. Geographically, the village Iswal is to know the technique of iron smelting activities at

228
tt
tt
|

EXP L O RATI O N S AN D EXCAVATI O N S

the site and the extraction of iron ore from the on the top and the base. The height of the
natural deposit. surviving lateral wall was 75 cm from the outer
surface and 65 cm from the inner surface. The base
- Tofulfil the first aim, an index trench was put
ofthe furnace measured 83 cm in width and l2 cm
near the western margin of the site. Four
in thickness. Another furnace exposed in the NE
independent trenches over the intact portion of the
quadrant ofTrench 10, is rectangular in shape w'ith
slag mound covering anareaof 250 sq m were laid
rounded corners. It is 95 cm long and survived to
at different parts to realize the second aim.
Work
the height of45 cm. Since the furnace lies in the
in one of the trenches (No. l3) was, however,
section, it is difficult to measure its width.
abandoned after preliminary digging, whereas work
was concentrated in the remaining three trenches. Two more furnaces were noticed in the section
facing the highway. This indicates that there were a
Trench 10 was dug to a depth of 2.72 m, the
number of furnaces of different kinds used by the
NE quadrant of A1 to a depth of 5.10m, and the
people. Furnaces noticed in the lower levels are
NW and NE quadrants ofA2 to a depth of 5.20 m
well made and large in size. They were built in situ
and 6.86 m respectively. No evidence of human
over a stone foundation. The walls were made of
activity could be noticed after a depth of 6.86 m.
clay that is burnt red due to their constant use. The
The cultural sequence noticed in the Index trench
ones found in the upper level are not so well made
is as under :
and comparatively smaller in size. All the kilns

Period I - early historic (300 BC toAD 300) discovered and excavated are so disturbed that it
is not possible to visualize their functioning. It
Period II- late medieval (AD 1700-1800) appears that the smelting of iron was done on the
eastern side of the site and working within the
habitation on the western side.
No structural remains were unearthed during
the course ofexcavation. The presence ofash and
The pottery found in the habitation and
large amount of iron slag suggests that it was an
associated with the fumaces mainly consisted ofthe
industrial site where iron smelting was essentially plain red ware and red-slipped ware. Some of the
on commercial levels, characterized by the sherds of grey ware were burnished and had
presence of mainly circular or squarish furnaces.
comrgations.
Each level was separated by a well-plastered and
rammed layer of soil that was yellowish-brown in The major artefacts found during the course
colour. During the course of excavation two ofexcavation are broken glass bangles ofblue and
smelting furnaces were exposed, one each in Trench black colour, one perforated bead oftransparent
10 and 42. The furnace exposed in the NW glass, one anklet (ghungru), one pendant oflapis
quadrant of A2 was at a depth of 2.05 from the lazuli inlaid with gold and terracotta lamps. The
surface and itwas apear-shaped one. The furnace lamps are quite interesting. Some ofthem have holes
was sealed by a well plastered and rammed layer on the lateral side and base.

229
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO 1-02 A REVIEW
-

TAMIL NADU 69. ExcavarroNAr Paurn, Drsrnrcr KlNcntruRalr

68. ExcevnuoN AT pnnun, Drsrmcr Corunaronr The Department of Ancient History,

University of Madras, continued excavation at palur
The State Department of Archaeology, (Chengleput taluk, District Kanchipuram), under the
Government of Tamilnadu, under R.Kannan, the supervision of P. Shanmugam, with the assistance
then Commissioner ofArchaeology and Museums
of R. Ponnusamy, p.D. Balaji and M. Seran.
Chennai, with the assistance of R. poonkuntran,
D. Thulasiraman, R.Selvaraj, R. Karunantham, T. During this season three Trenches, pLR_2,
Subramaniam, P. Gowthamaputhiran and PLR-3 and PLR-4 were laid out at the backyard
R.Vasanthakalyani carried out exploration and ofaprivate house (belonging to Mr. Raman) within
excavation at Perur. the habitati on ar ea,Nathamedu. The cultural deposit
has a thickness of 2.87 m containing eight layers.
The trenches were taken up at As per the cultural deposit of these trenches, there
Thiruneetrumedu, at aplace called Kalimedu at
was not much difference between pLR_ 1,
Santhalinga Adikalar Tamil College-Complex, excavated last year as also the trenches excavated
Coimbatore. According to the stratigraphy and the
during this year. The natural soil was mostly
cultural sequence there are three cultural periods decomposed laterite. pit activity in the natural soil
from 300 BC to AD 1000 as noticed at perur. was encountered. In all, three trenches were taken
Period I-300 BC to AD 300; period II-AD 400 to
up down to a depth between l.l0 and 2.25 m BS
600 and Period III - AD 700 to 1000.
and the soil, consisted of sand mixed with clay. This
could suggest waterlogging in this locality during
From the excavation were recovered
the early medieval period.
terracotta figurine, conch bangle pieces,
semiprecious stone beads etc. Small terracotta
The lowermost levels (layers 6 andT), i.e.,
figurine datable to the fifth centuryAD (pl. 157) is Period I (300 BC to AD 200) revealed mostly
an interesting find from perur excavation (period
black-and-red ware, usually found in similar other
II). The important discovery of small hip-hop at a sites in Tamilnadu. Few pieces of the russet coated
depth of 103 cm measuring2 cmin dia, engraved
and painted ware and a broken piece of Rouletted
with two lamps on either side, with a crescent Ware are the other important pottery types. The
above the bow and arrow in the centre, is noteworty.
antiquities from this period include gamesmen,
This is identified as hip-hop with the Chera Emblem
hopscotches, iron chisel and nails. In period II (AD
(p1.158) and assignable to period IIL Other 200 to 800), red-slipped ware and a few conical
terr acotta obj ects compri se an image of Vinayakar, jarpieces were the types ofpottery collected from
a pendant with peacock impression are assignable
Period II. Ear ornaments and spindle whorls of
to Period III. The excavation at perur also yielded
terracotta were some of the antiquities collected. A
spindle whorl, arrow-heads, good number of few iron slags were noticed in pLR_2.On
terracotta lamps (pl. 159) besides iron sword. preliminary analysis it appears to be an area

I 230
E YP LO RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

T .ryffi
4,5ffi I
CM
CM

157 158

bM
159

Perur: 157, terracotta humanfigurine, 158, disk with royal emblem and 159, terracolla lomps

f z:rJ
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

associated with the iron smelting activity though quite a few important archeological sites including
no evidence of furnace could be encountered. One megalithic sites atAvalur (Lat 120 48' N; Long 790 48'
piece of bone point was collected. The Period III E);Musaravakkam (Latl20 52'N; Long790 36'E);
(AD 800 to 1400) yielded coarse red ware pieces Narasapakkam (Lat 120 49'N; Long 790 39' E);
and some brickbats. The brickbats suggest some Neykuppam (LatL20 47'N; Long 790 49'E);Kadalur
sort of structural activity in the medieval period. (I-at. 12047 N; t ong 8ff08' E); Kunrvimalai [-at12045' ,
The pieces of pottery from this period are storage- I-ong7940'E); Methr (Lat 120 46' N; I-ong7 90 47'E);
jar, narrow-necked vessels and some varieties of Palaeolithic and early historic site Asur (Lat 120 46' N;
shallow bowls. The cutting at PLR-4 revealed two Inrry7P 47'E); Palaeolithic, megalithic and earlyhistoric
terracotta ring-wells. The total height of the ring- site at Ganapathipuram (.at
120 46' N; I_ang790 49'E);
well is 1.13 m. It consisted of three rings with a Thirumukkudal (Latl20 46' N; Long 790 53'E);early
diameter of .78 m and a thickness of 3.5 cm. The historical sites at Mandapam (Lat 120 42' N; Long 790
rings are wide at the bottom and tapering towards 41'N;I-nng7P 56'E); megalithic
56'E);Attiyur (I-at 120
the top with a few holes in the middle. and early historic sites at Mamandur (Lat 120 38'
N;
70. Expr-oRATtoN rN Lownn Pal.rn BastN, Long790 56'E) andArasarkil (Lat 120 34' N; Long
790 58',E).
DrsrRrt:'rs K.q,xcHl puRANI AND Vor,r-oRs

Undertheproblem oriented survey, the Chennai 71. Expr.onATtoNs rx DrsrRlcr KoDalx,,\Nnr.

Circle, ofthe Stuvey, continued exploration in the lower
Palar River Basin with a view to tracing the settlement M. Saranya, ofthe Department ofEpigraphy
pattem ofthe megalithic people, underthedirection of and Archaeology, Tamil University, Thanjavur
K.T Narasimhan, assisted by Sathyabhama Badreenath, underthe guidance of K. Rajan, undertookvillage-
G Thirumoorthy,M. Nambirajan, K.P. Mohandas, G to-village survey in District Kodaikanal and brought
Maheswari and T Sreelakshmi. The exploration yielded to light the following archaeological sites.

Site Latitude Longitude Nature of remains

Adukkam 77.55323 10.24487 Dolmens, microliths

Ayyampalayam 77.74496 10.23008 Umburials

Devadanappatti 77.64292 10.15180 Cistburials

Kadavumalai 77.636s1 r0.34002 Doknens

Kamanur 77.67723 10.29385 Dolrnens

Kilvarai 77.31169 10.21721 Cist and um burials

Machchur 77.55506 10.26s31 Cistburials

Mulaiyur 77,57558 10.27268 Cistburials

232
E.\? L O RATI O N S A N D EX CAVATI O N S

Site

Maraiyaur
Laitude
77.14108
Longitude
r0_28496
re Dokrss
Manjampatti 77.27385 10.26819 Cisthdals

Pachalur 77.66936 10.3725r Cishrials

Palamalai 77.57210 10.24062 Dohnens

Pallanki 77.45200 10.27893 Dotn€ns

Pannaikkadu 17.62811 10.28072 Dohnens

Periyur 71.69936 10.34098 Cistburials

Perumalmalai 17 .54511 10.21040 Cistburials

Perunganal 11.65825 10.32881 Dolmens

Polur 77.32676 10.21465 Cistburials

Pun'rparai 77.40832 10.25709 Dolmens

Senbaganur 77.50461 10.23525 Umburials

Thandikudi 77.64320 t0.31527 Cist burials, Dolmens

Theni 77.41821 r0.01844 Umburials

Mpatti 71.50151 t0.27268 Dolmens and cist burials

there by indicating that the village, lying in

In addition to the above, the Village Tandikudi
Maliamandalam, is one ofthe prominent villages of
yielded some archaeological remains datable to the
this region in which the trade guildAiyyapolil resides.
nredieval and late medieval times. An inscribed slab
of Apart from three memorial stones datable to eighteenth
found in the village issued in the twelfth regnal year
centuryAD.
the king Kulasekara Pandya provides details of
merchant guild. In this inscription, the name ofthe village 72. ExcrvarloN AT M*tcu u, D Isrnlcr T I RU N ELvELI

Thandikudi is mentioned as Tandrikudi. Thnri means The Government of Tamilnadu, Department of

a variety oftree, grown in abundance even today. Kudi Archaeology, conducted a systematic archaeological
ffreans a village. In later days, the name becomes excavation at Mangudi, 18 km from Rajapalayam in
Tanrikudi. It records the agreeement carried between Sankarankovil taluk in District Tirunelveli, under the
the urar of Tanrikudi and the urar of Manalur after guidance of R. Kannam, with the assistance of K.
removing the enmity that existed between the two Shridharan, A.Padmavathy, M. Senthilselvakutnaran,
villages earlier. The cause ofthe previous enmity is V. Vedachalan, S. Selvaraj, S.Chandravanam, S.
not specified. The village Manalur is mentioned as Santhalingam, V. Ramamurthy. D. Gopalan and M.
malaimandalattu ai1;yappolil perurana manalur Chandramurithy.

lzttl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

The trenches were laid at a place called notable finds fromthe excavations include terracoffa
Nayakkar Punjai and the adjoining sites of Mangudi, smoking pipes, votive lamps, iron nails, a miniafure
native place of Sangam period poet Mangudi copper vase and stone cannon balls.
Marudanar who is the author of Madurai Kanchi, one
74. ExcavarloN AT SnrHLqNlA,llGALA' Dtsrntcr
ofthe ten idyls ofTamil literature. Total ten trenches
Vrt,lupuna.u
were laid to throw light on the cultural habitation of
this region through the collections of artefacts which The ruined Sivatemple (Sakthikanteesvara) at
yielded Sangamperiodpottery as microlithic
well as Sathiamangalam, Taluk Gingee, District Villupuram
tools and flakes, made on chert. The remarkable find was subjected to a scientific clearance to find out the
of Sangam period is an inscribed black-and-red ware buried temple units viz., adhishthana details and the
plate at a depth of 1.08 m. It bears fourteen Brahmi extent ofthe temple. The excavation brought to light a
letters in the bottom portion and it
reads as temple-complex having separate sub-shrine on the
"KurumangalaAdanaiyanipo". It is datable to second northern side, probably dedicated to the goddess. On
century BC. Besides this, red-slipped pot with boat plan, both the main shrine and the sub'shrine consisted
symbol, deerhorn, bone pieces were also collected of garbha-griha and mukha-mandapa. The
from ttre digging indicating the existence oftwo cultural adhishthana, belongin g to the Padabandha Vpe,
periods namely microlithic and Sangam periods (5000 has on elevation, upavita, iagati, tripatta kumuda
BC to 300AD). andpattika. The sub-cardinal poins of the alapoda
of the main shrine has beautifully carved elephant
73. ExcavartoN AT Rn.llcIru Puacn - Con'lrlox,
figures in crouching position, as if they were
Fonr GINcoe, DrsrRtcr VIlluPuRlm
bearing the entire structural weight. During the
Chennai Circle, of the Survey, conducted clearance work, omamented bricks of various sizes,
excavations in the Palace-complex at Rajagiri, Fort stucco human head, several architectural members
Gingee, under the direction of K.T.Narasimhan, including pillars were retrieved. Fragmentary Tamil
assisted by Sathyabhama Badreenath, G. inscriptions of Chola period found on north and south
Thirumoorthy, K.P.Mohandas, R'Vinayagam, K. sides the kumuda and pattika portions, record
of
Jeyaraj with a view to expose the structures to the the grants made to the temple. On the basis of the
east and south of the Royal Throne at Fort. Gingee. inscription and architectural styles, the temple is datable
The excavation revealed a latge rectangular to the ninth centuryAD.

building. The walls of the building of ashlar

TRIPURA
masonry withbrick as veneering coveredby stucco
omamentation running north-south (8. 5 m) and east- 75. E,rr.t.rt'lo\,\t' Btt\,\\,\(;,tlr, f)lst'Rlct Wt'.sl
west (6.5 m) in direction were traced. The walls were 'I'ril l,l ,lt.t

built. The flooringwasmade offine lime-mortar. Syed Jamal Hasan, assisted by B. Sinha,
The pottery foundhere include redware, black- J.M. Das, S.Das and R.K.Thakuria of the Guwahati

and-red ware and coarse red ware. A few sherds of

Circle, of the Survey, conducted excavation at the
ancient mound at Boxanagar which led to the discovery
porcelain and celadon ware were also collected. Other

234
 Plates 160-161

{"'IT
U

''t'
'

160

161

Boxanagar: 160, excavated brick stupa and 16l, central chamber

E 235
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A RET/IEW
-
ofa massive brick-built stupa at the south-west comer yielded about one hundred and fifty votive scalings
ofmound which is having approximately an area of 3 besides yielding a few clay votive miniature stupas. A
acres. The brick-built stupa is having trirathaplan terracotta votive stupa was also fbund near the stupa
and measures ( I 5.40 x I 5.40 m) at the base (pl. I 60). during the course ofexcavation. The pottery is mainly
The basement ofthe stupa consists ofeight mouldings medium to coarse in fabrics with the forms such as
in gradual decreasing order, over which the gradually plates, pots, dishes, etc. On palaeographic
taperingmedhi is beautifully made ofbumt-bricks and consideration of the scripts of the scalings and thc
set with the help of mud-mortars. The sizes of the archaeological remains, the stupa is assignable to c,.
bricks used in the stupa are (30 x23 6cm), (3 I x24 eighth-ninth centuries AD.
x 5 cm), (31 x 25 x 6 cm) etc. There is evidence of
the collapsed portion ofthe harmikaon the western UTTAR PRADESH
side ofthe stupa. The cause ofthe damage could be
76. Expr-on.\r'to\ rr I)rs rnr< r Az.slr;rnlr
attributed perhaps to the loosening ofthe mud-mortars.
The chamber ofthe harmika is square on plan and Under the village-to-village survey scheme,
measures (2.30 x 2.30 m) with a depth of I .50 rn Manoj Kumar Dwivedi, ofthe patna Circle, ofthe
approximately.
Survey, during the course of exploration in Laganj
tehsil, reported the following sites ofarchaeological
Excavation of the central chamber (pl. l6l) importance.

Wllages Noture of remains

Rashepur Temple of eighteenth ccnrury AD callccl Rarn-Janki remple

Rasra Ancient mound with potsherds, brickbats and terracotta objects

77. Exc,s:rrtoNS,\'r JtrIrst, DlsrnlcrALLAHABAD

8 the occupational deposit starts from the early Kushan
In continuation of the earlier work, the period, I meter deposit of which is present here.
Department of ancient History, Culture and Bumt-brick walls exposed besides inscribed seals,
Archaeology, University ofAllahabad, carried out copper coins, chauri,terracoffa and stone beads; iron
excavation underthe direction ofV.D. Mishra, J.N. and copper objects. Later deposits of late Kushan,
Pal and M.C. Gupta assisted by Ram Naresh pal, Gupta and early medieval periods are in the northern
Mahendra Pal, Rajendra prasad, V.K. Khatri, squares, which remained unexcavated. A deposit of
Karnlesh Kumar, Sharad Suman, Rajesh Kumar and about 5 m belongs to the NBpW period. As observed
Sita Ram. In orderto confirm whether thepre-NBpW carlier at the site in these trenches also. there is
chalcolthic cultures is extended to the southern part evidence ofdevastating buming activity in the mid-
ofSamudrakup mound, two Trenches SF-8 and SG- phase ofNBPW period. Bumtbrick structures having
8 of 5X5 m were laid out, which revealed that in SF- several phases were excavated from the late and

I.noJ
tl

E,YP L O RATI ON S AND EXC AVATI ON S

Plate 162

il

t
Q

q)

bo

q
i,

U
v
4
q

r*?rrt

l
237
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO 1-02 - A REVIEW
mid-NBPW phases. Mud-bricks were also used formation. Thus there is presence of seven cultural
along with burnt-bricks. Copper coins, bone points, periods at Jhusi:
terracottia and semi precious stone beads, ivory dice,
terracotta skin rubbers etc. are among the antiquities 1. Mesolithic Culture
besides charred grains and animal bones, collected
from this period. Three terracotta ring-wells are also
2. NeolithicCulture
present but their exact working level could not be 3. ChalcolithicandEarlylronAge Culture
faced as this area is marked by the erosional activity.
4. Northern Black polished Ware Culture
There seems to be occupational gap between
5. Sunga and Kushan period
the NBPW period and the underlying period, i.e.,
Neolithic period in this area ofthe mound G,l.162). 6. GuptaPeriod
The underlying layers yielded hand-made pottery
7 . EarlyMedieval Period
consisting of cord-impressed ware, rusticated ware,
burnished red ware and burnished black ware,
microliths, pieces ofgrinding stone and animal bones. Towards the end of the pleistocene and
There is evidence ofrice husk in this pottery used as beginning ofthe Holocene periods the mesolithic men
temper. The ceramic industries characterizing this colonized the Ganga Plain, as evident from the
phase are thick in fabric and ill-fired. The core ofthe mesolithic sites ofthe Ganga plain. possibly the first
pots is blackish. Clay used for manufacturing the pots settlers at Jhusi also were the mesolithic people, whose

is not levigated. The surfaces ofpots are blackish and evidence was noticed in the from ofmicrolithic tools
uneven indicating these being hand-made. Though the like triangles, points and blades.
shapes available are limited but mention may be made
ofjarwith concave neck having featureless rim. On The evidence ofNeolithic culture came to light

the outer surface of some of the jars there are cord in the fag end of last year's excavation and this
impression besides rustication, analogous to those of horizon could not be exposed in detail. It seems that
the habitation during this phase was in a limitied area,
the Neolithic sites of the Vindhyas. This year,s
as found in the southern fringe of Samudrakup at
excavation yieldedthe Neolithic culture in I m deposi!
Jhusi.
excavated in a very limited area.

The total thickness ofthe cultural deposit is about

7tl. Err ,s ln()\ ,\'! K,r r lrt;..rrr.r. Dls I rut r 1., l.rn
16.5 m. It may be mentioned that the lowest level at TheAgra Circle,Agra, ofthe Survey, underthe
the site revealed geometric microliths. Such artefacts guidance of Muhammed K.K. with the assistance of
also have been found from the neighbouring sites of R.K. Singh,A. Bhargava, R.S. Mulimani, Chiranji Lal,
Nibi Kalam and Jamunipur Kotwa. It may be Y.P. Agrawal, and N.K. Srivastava, conducted a
presumed that the mesolithic men were on the scene small-scale excavation atKatingara (78054, E; Long;
and that is why rnicroliths are available. The 27028'30" N Lat), P.S. Jaithra, Tehsil-Aliganj in Etah
susbsequent cultural deposits are resting on this district.

238
tt
tt

Two mounds, located in the north-east of the pots and some ofthe designs appearto be different.
rillage on the left bank of Kali nadi, a tributary of the The painted disigns comprise goup of horizontal,
Ganges, are of immense archaeological importance. vertical and wavy lines, circular bands on rim along
The big and small mounds are respectively designated with downwardparallel lines, grotrp ofcircles touching
as KTR-I and KTR-II. KTR-I is located hardly at a a horizontal series of comas.
distance of400 m north-east from the present bed of
Kalinadi andKTR-II is 360 m south-eastofKTR-I.
Few sherds of black-and-red ware are
reported from this period. Black-slipped ware, a
The whole area ofboth the mounds is known as Gadhi
(Garhi) Muhalla of the village. The site is badly pottery of the preceding chalcolithic culture,
elsewhere, also persisted in this period. The pots
disturbed due to illicit digging by antique-hunters and
were treated invariably with wash or slip. Many
ryiculturalactivities.
new types such as conical bowl, spouted vase make
The excavation was taken to ascertain (i) the their appearance. The painting are mostly in cream
antiquity of the site along with the stratigraphical pigment and are found generally on the external
sequence of the deposit as also (ii) to examine the surface of the pots.
house-plan ofthe PGW people. Excavation was first
Thus, it appears that a variety ofpottery fabrics
taken up on the northwestern part of the KTR-I
and shapes for the various uses were manufactured
mound. Altogether, six Trenches A- 1, YA-2,YA-3,
during this period. The range ofpots includes bowls,
YB-z, YC-2 (KTR-I) and J-36 (KTR-II) were
dishes, bowls with featureless rim, spouted or
opened. TrenchYC-2 was excavatedupto the level
lipped-basins, spouted-vessels and four-legged
ofnahual soil. The trenches revealed deposits ofthree
perforated bowls. It may be noted that the potters
not so widely different cultural periods in a statiga,phic
used different types ofclay as desired or required
sequence.
for the particular type of pot. These were
Period-I (1200-800 BC): In this period the manufactured on wheel or by hand or with the
occurrence offlood inthe lowest level characteized combination of both. Amajority of specimens in
by the hmd yellowish calcareous alluvium ofthe mound red ware are medium or coarse fabric. Common
was noticed. [n the upper strata, distinctive PGW was shapes ofthis class offabric are storage-jars, bowls,

found mixed with black-and-red ware, black-slipped vases and miniature vessels. Similar PGW shapes
ware, grey ware and red ware. But the yield of PGW are also reported from other sites. A four-legged
pottery was very small in number and size. bowl with small perforations was found. Same type
of perforated bowls is reported fromAtranjikhera
PGW is usually a thin
fine quality ware having a and other sites also. Important shapes in the grey
section characterizedby well-levigated clay, free from ware are straight-sidedbowls, cups and dishes with
impurities and generally wheel-turned. The colour incurved side and sagger or convex base. Red ware
varies from ashy to dark or steel grey, baked under jar is hand-made, coarse and ill-fired and shows
controlled f,rre. The shapes and designs are almost qtartzparticles, husk and even rice in the core. The
similar to those found at the other PGW sites. red ware includes deep and shallow bowls with
However, some ofthe shapes, particulary in miniature featureless rim, vases etc.

lngl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

A f'cw small iron and copper implernents u,ere Sirnilar.ly, black-and-red ware is of limited
used throughout this period. Tcrracoffa discs, mostly presence. The pots, as a rule, show srnooth surface.
in fine fabric and in ashy grey and black colours witlr There are a f'ew specimens, which have glossy finish
varying thickness were commonly found along with ofthe NBPW. It is also reported from the
as in case
PGW. While most of the discs bear impressed or corresponding period at Sravasti, Sonepur, Rajgir,
incised decorations with fine lustrous slip, sornc ofthe Atranj ikhera, Hasti napura, etc.
discs bear similar decorations around the
circumference. Among other finds, bone spear-heads Lid of red-ware with a strap-handle is also
and terracotta beads are noteworthy.
noticed. It is of medium fabric showing husk and
grit and is distinguished by a fingertip decoration
The architectural scheme was quite plain with
around the circumference. It is burnt black on the
rnud-floors. A series of post-holes came to light, under sidc and red at the top and is treated with a
cut into the upper floor levels of Period-l and red-slip on the exterior. Sirnilar lids are known fiom
forrning a semicircular shape on plan. PGW peoplc
Ahichchhatra, Vaishali, Kaushambi, Hastinapura,
used 'wattle-and-daub' houses. The houses etc.
constructed during this period are typical ofa village
culture. No burnt-brick structure was fbund. The Vase of dull red ware with an out-turned
floors were made with thick clay, hard in nature, f'eatureless rim, a blunt carinated neck, a bold'rib
darkyellowish mixed with whitish silt. below the shoulder and a convex base were also
noticed fiom this period. It is devoid ofany slip or
Most.of the tools are hunting implements. A
wash and is ofmediurn fabric. The base shows lot of
large number of animal bones were obtained from
rnica dust and from the soot sticking to the outer side
this period. Some of them having cut marks or are
of the vase, it is apparent that the vase was used fbr
charred, indicating that animal life was perhaps the
cooking purposes.
substitute ofnot too flourshing agriculture. Hunting
seems to be a popularfbnn of subsistence. The A rnedium fabric grey ware basin with an in-
occurrence of PGW sherds are conflned to KTR- turned externally round-collared rim was found,
I, only. distinguished by a lip, treated with a darkish grey slip
both extemally and intemally. This type is available in
On the basis of excavated materials, Period
abundance at Kaushambi, Lachchhagiri, Pataliputra,
II 800-200 BC diffbrs fiorn Period I which yielded
vessels, bowls and dishes of red ware as are Vaishali. A perforated sherd in red ware was also
encountered. The painted red ware was also noticcC.
commonly fbund elsewhere associated with the
The slip varies frorn light yellowish brown to dark red
NBPW, although no sherd of the NBpW was
in painted red ware.
noticed'in the limited operational area, but during
the exploration, sherds of fine NBPW were Other finds ofthis period are terracotta beads,
collected. An interesting feature is that a few shreds bone arrow-heads, iron tools etc. The beads are
of PGW were also noticed in the earlier layer of generally standard circular bi-cone besides, ghata
this period. There was no appreciable tirne-gap shaped and arecanut ones. No structural remains were
between the beginning of Period II and the end of noticed in Period II.
Period I.

240
 LYP L O RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

Period III (200 BC-AD 600) is marked by The structural remains were also noticed.
the absence of black-and-red ware and the Eight numbers of brick (36x23x6cm) were
presence of red ware comprising basins, vases noticed from the early level of Period III at KTR-
and other type of Kushan and Gupta pottery. II. It might have been used for flooring as it is
KTR-II is only known by this period. Being the surrounded by brickbats. Such type of bricks
last period of the site, it is badly disturbed by were also noticed from other Kushan site like
agricultural operation and unauth orized digging Moradhwaj, District Bijnor.
by the antique hunters.
79. ExplonnuoN rN KarnvcnRa, Drsrnrcr Eran
The common shapes include sprinklers,
jars, vases, cups, carinated handis, troughs, ring-
The village Katingara (780 54'ELong;27o
based bowl with red and grey slip, globular jars,
28' 30"N Lat) is located in Aliganj tehsil of
basins and storage-jars. Red ware cups with or
District Etah which earned attention after news
without pedestal base and lid with central knob
appeared in local news papers about the
w'ere also noticed. Few pieces of red ware have
unauthorized digging of archaeological mounds
painted black bands besides nail impressions on
and smuggling of antiquities by antique hunters.
the rim of a jar. The red-ware occupied the The Agra Circle, of the Survey, headed by D.V.
dominant place. Sherds of black ware were also
Sharma, assisted by V.N. Prabhakar, A. Pradhan,
found. Particulary noteworthy were the shapes
and Kamei Athoilu Kabui, investigated the site.
of the spouts and terracotta sprinklers. Other There are two mounds, located in the north-east
finds of this period are moulded bricks, side of the village on the left bank of Kali nadi,
terracotta ear-stud, shell ear-ring, bead of a tributary of the Ganges. The big mound is less
carnelian, shell, jasper and agate, stone pestle,
disturbed while most part of the small mound
stone sling-ball, quern, sandstone bead, etc.
located near the village is totally disturbed due
Terracotta plaques, votive tanks are also found
to the illegel digging by the antique hunters.
from the surface. Kidney-shaped spacers with Potsherds and fragments of terracotta plaques
two perforations made of sweetwater shell and
and decorative moulded bricks were found lying
fish bones were also noticed. Fish seems to have
on the surface of the site. Very fine PGW and
formed part of diet of the inhabitants of the site.
NBPW sherds were also collected besides
With habitation on river bank, fish was easily terracotta discs and beads. The terracotta
accessible to these people. Chop or cut marks
moulded bricks and plaques are of Gupta period.
are visualized on animal bones. It shows that they
Similar examples are reported from
were very familiar with sharp weapons for Ahichchhatra, Bhita, Bhitargoan, Sravasti (in
cutting or removing the flesh.
U.P.) and Nacharkhera (in Haryana).
The bones found during excavation bear
80. ExpronATroN rx DlsrnlcrJHlxsr
definite cut-mar(s, some of them were charred.
The diet seems to have been substituted by game The RegionalArchaeological Unit, Jhansi, of
too. Bones of deer and antlers were met with in the State Archaeological Department, the
abundance during this phase. Government of Uttar Pradesh, carried out village-

241
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

to-village exploration in Mauranipur block and assisted by S.K. Dubey. The exploration revealed
nearby area, under the direction of Rakesh Tewari, the following sites of archaeological importance.

Village/Site Nature of remains

Bagroni Medieval stone sculpture of Hanuman

Bandh Mesolithic artefacts and a group of medieval stone

temples

Fortress of Maratha period

Ruined temples of c. eighteenth

centuryAD

Basariya Ancient mound comprising a stone celt, black-and-red,

black-slipped, and red wares, small stone flakes, iron slag,
architectural remains of about twelfth-thirteenth century

Beravai Medieval well (baoli)

Bhadarwara Architectural remains of medieval temples and sculptures

Bhanpura Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools) and Middle Palaeolithic

tools besides mesolithic artefacts, ruins of a late medieval
fort

Bijawara Medieval stone sculpture of Mahishasuramardini and an

oil-mill (kolhu)
Birgawan Middle Palaeolithic and mesolithic artefacts, medieval
sculptures

Bukhara Mesolithic artefacts

Chakara Lower Palaeolithic chopper-chopping tools, architectural

remains of medieval temples and sculptures

Chirkana Mesolithic artefacts

Chitwat Mesolithic artefacts, medieval sculptures

Deori Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools), and Middle Palaeolithic

artefacts, iron slag, and thick red ware of the medieval
period

Kotaraghat Ancient mound comprising NBPW black-and-red ware,

black-slipped ware, red ware (early historic to early medieval) and
iron slag

a /11 I
LI I

LW L O RATI O N S AND EXC AVATI ONS

Wllage/Site Nature of remains

Kadaura Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools), Middle pa,aer.,::::;

artefacts, and a medievalmound

Khakaura Medieval sculptures

Kotara Mesolithic artefacts, red ware sherds of early historic to

medieval period, iron slag, architectural and sculptural
remains of medieval period

Kuangaon Medieval stone sculptures and sati-pillar

Kurencha Architecturalremains ofthe medieval stone temples and

sculptures

Lakheswar Medieval stone sculpture ofVishnu

Nimoni Door-jamb of a temple of a medieval period and a

sati-pillar
Pachora Architectural and sculpturar remains of medievar period
and a mound comprising red ware sherds of the same
period

Purwa Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools) and Middle palaeolithic

artefacts

Raoni Remains of medieval stone temples and sculptures

Ratausa An ancient mound comprising black-slipped, black_and_

red, red wares and iron slag

Rewan Medieval sculptures

Rota Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools) and Middle palaeolithic
aftefacts, and a medieval temple
Sijari Khurd Medieval stone temple
Syavari Late medieval stone temple

Sijari Buzurg Medieval stone sculptures

Tharro Stone temple of Chandela period

Vira Early medieval stone sculpture of Gaia-Lakshami

Iz+tl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

8I. ExclvauoN AT RnsroeNcy, LucxNow, Drsrnrcr comparatively lower level surrounded by rooms
Lucrxow on three sides and a well on the eastern side. In
The Lucknow Circle, ofthe Survey, undertook all, there were nine rooms of varying sizes, two of
scientific clearance at Residency, Lucknow, under them on the south having a veranda approached by
the direction of R.S. Fonia, assisted by Nayan a flight of steps. Towards north, stood a fountain.
Anand Chakraborty and Sangita Chakraborty, To the east of Martiniere's post stood the
where a number of buried structural remains in the Duprat's House, a lower storied house with a
southern area comprising Duprat's house, verandah having a sloping roofprotected by a wall
Martiniere Post and Barrack were exposed. of mud pierced for musketry. It was also ruined on
Besides, the sewage and drainage pattern, water l0'hAugust by extensive fire caused by the freedom
management system and material culture ofColonial fighters. Excavation yielded the plan ofthe structure
period were also brought to light. which was also provided with well having lime-
Martinier's Post which differs from European
plastered outer surface on southern side and
style of architecture, is said to have been owned connected with the sewage system by a drain.

by Shah Bihari Lal, a native Banker. During the To the north of Duprat's house and east of
siege, it was guarded by a party of 32nd Regiment, Brigade Mess was the barrack for British sepoys
teachers and students ofl-a Martiniere school under which was completely destroyed by freedom
the command of their Principal Mr. Shilling. The fighters having been in very close range of artillery
building suffered heavy damage by a mine sprung fire. The excavations of this area exposed the
by the freedom fighters on lO,hAugust 1857. foundation of the complex in part. The structure
was built of lakhauri bricks with 75-90 cm thick
The excavation (p1. 163) revealed complete
walls. The floor of the barrack was built by
plan of this ruined building, its drainage system,
ramming the brickbats mixed in lime mortar and
water closet and also a hammam, which was
lime-plastered.
equipped with elaborate heating system. The
hammam measures 3.60x2.70m with an opening The complex is provided with bathing space
on the northern side for placing the fire wood to mostly adjacent to walls plastered with lime and
heat the water as well as bathroom. There were provided with adequate drainage system.
small holes attached to terracotta pipes on the side The excavation in this part of the Residency
walls. Thehammam is providedwith double floor; complex has provided a very significant evidence of
the upper floor serves as the main floor which is the water management and sewage system introduced
supported by square pillars raised on the lower here in the eighteenth-nineteenth century. The barrack
floor. The pillars are constructed in lakhauribricks was provided with wells on the periphery. The top
and lime-plastered. The intervening space between courses of the wells were brick-lined. The upper
four pillars is covered by inverted earthen basins surface was designed to serve as platform with
which is further levelled by alayer of lime-concrete adequate provision for bathing and draining the water
and the top is covered with stone slabs. On the into bigger drain, which emptied itself into the sewer
southern side stands the dressing room. The line. Besides the wells, the remains ofplinths, which
building is provided with a long courtyard at served as bathrooms were also encountered. The

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L-- I

L\-P L O RATI O N S A ND EXC AVATI O N S

Plate 163

U
)<
qi

q)

L
q)
q)
b0

t4
q,)
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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

164

tffil

166

t65

Res idency : I 64, terracotta

til es, I 65, teruacotta female figurine
and 166-167, parts of porcelain ware

Jzul.
L-
EXP LORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

width of the covered sewer lime built in lakhauri Baidha (Lat24o 44'28" N; Long 820 l8' 33"
bricks laid in lime-mortar is approximately 95cm E) is located at a distance of about 140 km
while that of its inner drain is 38cm only. The inner south-east ofAllahabad in Lalganj sub-division of
portion is lime-plastered to make it impervious. Mirzapur district, in the Adwa Valley.
The maximum depth ofthe sewer-line is 97cm. The Archaeological investigations at Baidha brought to
sewer line is provided with manholes at regular light sites of different phases of Palaeolithic
intervals, both circular and rectangular in size, cultures and also megalithic monuments. As the
which were joined by the main drains from barrack Palaeolithic sites are in primary context it was
and adjacent buildings from either side. Further thought that intensive study of distribution pattem
excavation of the area may provide the complete of artefacts and their stratigraphic position may
plan of the barrack as well as sewer-line. yield valuable information regarding different
aspects of the cultures. Keeping this point in view
The excavation also revealed a number of
the mapping of sites was also done. The
artefacts including cannon balls and bayonets and
archaeological team included J.N. Pal, D.K. Shukla
terracotta tiles (pl. 164), which were used as roofing
M.C. Gupta and Ram Naresh Pal, assisted by the
material. Aterracotta female figurine with European
technical staff i.e. RajendraPrasad, Sharad Suman,
features (rl. 165) and elaborate headgear, imported
Kamlesh Kumar, Rajesh Kumar and Sita Ram.
porcelain pottery @ls. 166-167) depicting beautiful
The Acheulian site of Songara is located near
floral designs andscenes offavel on andotherthemes
is illustrative of the European life style and the footofhillock lying south ofAdwa dam, about
environment, some belonging to mid-nineteenth
4 km west of Baidha across Saparaha Nala, a
century. The shapes are mostly dishes and bowls of
tributary of the Adwa. Exploration at the site
brought to light mint fresh artefacts of the Lower
varying size and designs. Besides, fragments ofwine
Palaeolithic culture from almost flat surface of silt
bottles, silver-plated stick, etc. recovered from the
formation, indicating thereby that the artefacts are
Martiniere's Post suggests the life style ofthe British
occupants ofthe place.
in primary context. The artefacts collected from
the site include handaxes, cleavers, scrapers,
82. ExprourroN Ar Bunsa. ANo NBrcHBouRrNG spheroids and sub-spheroids along with cores and
Anra m ruBAowaVALLEy, DlsrRrcr MlRzapuR flakes. Most of the artefacts are made on reddish
The Department ofAncient History Culture and dark brown quartzite. Some Middle
and Archaeology, University ofAllahabad, during Palaeolithic artefacts (finished tools, flakes and
the course of explorations, brought to light cultural cores) made on dark brown quartzite were also
sequence right from the Lower Palaeolithic period collected from nearby area of the site.
(IronAge). The investigations carried out in 1996 The primary context of Baidha VI Middle
revealed that the Baidha is a Middle Palaeolithic Palaeolithic site is located on the left bank of the
site of primary context, hence deserves detailed Adwa on a very low ridge of shale formation. The
investigation to understand the features of this artefacts are distributed in an area of430 x 430 m.
culture. Keeping this point in view the Three locations, in the western, central and eastem
archaeological investigations were conducted by areas, named as Baidha VI-A, Baidha VI-B and
the University of Allahabad. Baidha VI-C, were selected for plotting the

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEW

artefacts to understand the distribution pattern 10 x into 1 x 1 m grids for plotting

10 m was gridded
of artefacts. and mapping the surface features and 5 x 5 m area
ofthis was selected for excavation. The excavation
An area of 10 x 10 m was gridded in all
revealed that the Mesolithic people made their first
sectors, except Sector B where two grids of 10 x
occupation on the shale bed-rock. The total
l0 m were laid for understanding the pattern of
accumulation of 50 cm is divisible into l, 2,3,4,
scatter ofthe artefacts and also to identiff the other
and 4A layers. As there are no Middle Palaeolithic
activity area. In all the gridded areas, the artefacts
or other material on the bed-rock, it may be
were identified, plotted on the map and then were
presumed that it was cleaned before occupying the
lifted as per plan for further analysis. Several tool
site. Evidence of hut floors littered with artefacts
manufacturing areas, marked by big stone blocks
was found on layers 3 and 4. The microliths are
used as anvil, hammer stone, cores and flakes along
made on chert and chalcedony. The former
with finished and semi-finished tools, were
constituting the dominating raw material. Among
identified. In all the gridded areas one square was
the tools mention may be made of utilized and
selected for excavation to know the underlying
retouched blades, backed blades, truncated blades,
deposit. It was revealed that the artefacts are lying
denticulated blades, points, awls, scrapers, lunates,
just on the white shale bed-rock, which has been
triangles, andtrapezes. The sherds of hand-made
weathered on the top and gives an impression of
khaki ware were also found from all the layers.
white clayey layer.
Grinding stones of sandstone were also recovered.
On the left bank ofAdwa, just opposite Baidha Evidently the site is likely to yield evidence of
VI, on the foot of Dokari hillock, the Upper transformation from hunting-grathering to
Palaeolithic site of Baidha I was also gridded in domesticating-farming economy.
1xl m grids in an area of 10 x l0 m. The artefacts
were identified, ploffed on the map and were lifted 83 ExplonauoN rN Drsrnrcr Mrnznpun
for further analysis and study. The artefacts made
In continuation of the previous year's work
on chert include blades, flakes, cores, chips, and
(2000-2001, pp. 125-127), Girish Chandra
utilized blades/flakes tools. One ofthe squares was
Singh, of the State Archaeological Department,
excavated for understanding the underlying
the Government of Uttar Pradesh, under the
stratigraphy and it was found that there is a 32 cm
direction of Rakesh Tewari, resumed village-to-
deposit of washed material on the reddish shale
village exploration in Sikhar block of Chunar
bed-rock. The Upper Palaeolithic artefacts were
tehsil of District Mirzapur.
also found on the bed-rock. There are also some
Middle Palaeolithic artefacts. The objective of the exploration was to
The Mesolithic site of Putpurihwa is located locate the ancient sites and antiquarian remains
just on the right bank of the Adwa towards south- of all the villages of the area concerned and to
east portion of Baidha VI. Extended in an area of document them. During the course of exploration,
150 x 150 m area the
site has occupational deposit some ancient sites of archaeological importance
of about 50 cm of yellowish silty loam. An area of have come to light.

248
LYP L O RATI ON S AN D EXCAVAT I ON S

During the course of exploration black-slipped Apart from dre alnr e. a nunhr of inrages ofSaivite,
,. r e. black-and-red ware, black ware" and red ware Vaishnavite, Sakta Saurl a and Ganapal a sects. besides,

-:r.'rds found from the ancient sites of Sultanpur, afewsmall inscriptionss'ere alsr ibmd The tbllou ingis
I r shahan, Maharachh, Kary at Si kkar' Bagha, etc. flre list ofvillages with archaeological remains.

Tehsil Wllage Nalure af remains

Churur AdalPura Red ware, Brahmanical sculPtures

ofmedieval period

-do- Bhualpur Astone temple of about eighteenth century AD

-do- Dhanaita Medieval Brahmanical sculptures and architectural

members

-do- Domanpur Medieval Brahmanical sculptures and a small in-

scription in Devanagari script of circaseventeenth
centuryAD

-do- KaryatSikhar Red ware, medieval Brahmanical sculptures

-do- Katherwa Medieval Brahmanical sculpture and a stone

pill ar bearing four deities Vishnu, Surya, Parvati and
Kubera in four rathikas on each side

-do- Khaira Red ware, medieval Brahmanical sculpture

-do- Kushahan Black-slipped, red, black-and-red, and black wares

-do- Maharachh Red ware, a church of British Period

-do- Meriyan Redware

-do- Vidyapur Medieval Brahmanical sculphre and a small

inscription

84. ExclvnuoN lrAsHAlPUR, Dtsrmcr Ptlmnlr The site of Abhaipur is locally knou'n as

Abhaipur-Chenna-Nakatikhera. It is situated about a

The Department ofAncient History and Culture,
disrict, kilometer to the west of the village ofAbhaipur in the
M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, tehsil of Pilibhit
Bisalpurtehsil ofPilibhitdistrict. The Rir er Doha- also
under the supervision of U. P. Arora, R.K. Verma and
ledbyAnup known as Garra, is flowing about one and a half
the archaelogical team ofthe Department
kilometers east ofthe site at present. A rraicz branching
Mishra, Pankaj Sharma, Gaurishankar, S.B. Lal and
V.B.S. Yadav, besides the M.A. students of the
, out of this river surrounds the site on three sides.
except for the northern side. A large part of the site
Department, carried out excavation atAbhaipur inI
was destroyed and brought under cultir ation b1'the
Pilibhir

f zqgl,
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEW

villagers. About 300m x 200mportion ofthe site is culture. However, this will be clarified in further
spared for the temple present atop the mound. excavations at the site. As far as the PGW and black-
However, only the southeastem part ofthe mound is and-red ware cultures are concerned, no gap or break
fairly intact. The surface ofthe site is full ofbushes or is noticed. No sterile layer is identified between the
tall grasses. The roots ofwhich has disturbed about a deposits ofthese two culhres. The exact horizon could
metre ofdeposit in the mound. not be ascertained owing to the limited excavations.

The surface survey and collection of the However, an in-depth pottery study might throw some

antiquities indicated PGW culture right on the surface light on this prespective.
of the mound, which make the site very unique. There
The pottery comprised largely red ware, pGW
is hardly any site of such kind, which was excavated
and black- slipped ware besides a few black-and-red
so far in India. ware and ochre ware. The antiquities obtained from
The aims ofthe excavations atAbhaipurwere the excavations constituted bone tools and terracotta
to understand (i) the begining of the process of objects. A number of finely polished bone points,
urbanization in this region (ii) the antiquity and cultural arrow-heads and styluses ofvarious sizes along with
sequences ofthe site, and (iii) the function ofthe site. unfinished ones are found from all the frenches. Afew
antlers with sharp and deep cut marks were also
The excavations were carried out in a quadrant
obtained.
(2mx2m) eachofthree trenches one at the highest
point of the southeastern part of the mound (B7), The terracotta objects, such as discs of
second (E7) down to the east on the slope and third perforated and un-perforated types, moulded and
trench (812) to the south of second trench fuither decorated discs and matkabeads are important.
down to the slope of mound. In order to understand
The animalbones are perhaps ofcattle, buffalo,
the cultural sequence the trenches were sunk down to
the natural soil. The cultural deposit ofTrench 87 is
sheep/goat, deer and some carnivores. A lot of
about 3.84 m comprising a total eleven layers. Other
charred, cut and split bones were collected.
Noteworthy are the bones and nails of birds and
two trenches (E7 &El2) are about 1.5 m deep
charred fish bones. Some turtle crab carapace
comprising six layers each. The Trench 87 was found
fragments were also obtained.
extremely disturbed. There were three large pits
successively dug one above the otherby the people A lot of charred grains were fished out by wet
at different times right from the beginning. These pits sieving method, which couldbe tentatively identified
cut through the cultural level ofthe OCP down to the as of rice, wheat, barley, etc.
natural soil. Therefore, the OCP level in this trench
The Trench 87 yielded two mud-walls and a
was clearly demarcated. The Trenches E7 andBl2
circular wattle-and-daub house with post-holes. A
were less disturbed.
large number of burnt reed-impressed mud-plasters
Three cultures (i) OCP, ( ii) black-and-redware were collected from almost all the trenches. Beside, a
and (iii) PGWwere noted in all the trenches. Afew number of mud-floors, burmt-patches were noticed
ochre pieces and fragments ofunpainted ochre pottery in all the trenches. Ahearth was also encountered in
in the lowest level indicate the presence of OCP Tiench 87 during excavation.

!zso!
L I

EXP L O RATI ON S AN D E XC AVAT I ON S

85. ExcryluoN AT Lonnaosvn (L*runnnrvl), 12,13 and 14),YAl Qd I (lafts 13,l4)-Thiclm€ss

Drsrmcr SnNr Knnm Nncln depcit is
of this deposit is about 45 cm- The culural
represented by a considerable qumtity ofpmnerds
The State Archaeological Department, the a few charred and un-charred bones' scmed gmll
Government of Uttar Pradesh, carried out pieces of charcoal, small bumt-clay nofules' a srnall
archaeological excavation at Lahuradeva mound (260 piece of stone andtortoise-shell.
46 ' N; 820 57 ' E), under the direction of Rakesh Tewari
and R.K. Srivastava, assisted by Ram Vinay, K.K. Ceramic industries ofPeriod IA are cmsisting
Singh, GC. Singh, RajivTrivedi, B.K. Srivastava, R.G of mainly red ware and black-and-red ware, which
Mishra and M.M. Dimri. The objective of the include mostly hand-made and some wheel-turned
excavation was to ascertain the cultural sequence of (slow wheel) varieties. The proportion of
the site and to study different aspects of the early black-and-redware sherds is as high as about 507o
farming community settled atthis site. The site is located of the pottery assemblage. More than two third of
at a distance of about 5 km south to the Basti- the thickness of their inner core is generally blach
Gorakhpur main road from Bhujaini-crossing. It while a thin portion of the exterior core is red. The
extends over an area of abofi22Om east-west and thickness ofthe outerred surface is, howeveq more
about 140m north-south with an elevation of about than that of red wash and slip. Some ofthe black-
4m from the surrounding levels. A lake surrounds its and-red ware and red ware potsherds bear black
three sides. However, presently large part of the lake and red slip respectively on the interior and exterior
is undercultivation. It is only the westem side of it, surfaces. Burnishing is also evident, in addition to
which still retains waterroundthe year. the slip-treatment in many examples. Red slip is very
fine in a few cases. Generally the pottery is ill-fired
Fint ofall the entire site was divided into standard having coarse and porous surface and uneven core.
zonesA,X,Y, andZ starting roughly from the central The clay used for pottery making comprises husk
areaofthe mound. Three locations in central, eastem, and straw marks and is not well levigated. A good
and southeastern portions of the site were selected number of potsherds is {ecorated with cord
for probing to have a clear idea of the cultural impressions. Applied decoration showing rope
sequence, represented at this site,. The excavations pattern is also found. The main shapes include
carried out in the trenches measuring 1 0 x 1 0 m, were convex-sided bowls, pedestalled bowls, knobbed-
further divided into quadrants of 5.0x 5.0 m, covered vessel, miniature bowl and vases. The high
total area of235 sq m. The habitation deposit revealed proportion of coarse variety of black-and-red ware
in the excavation collectively represents tentatively by
isworthnoting.
fi ve-fold cultural sequence.
Structural remains are represented by small
On the basis of the nature of deposits, burnt-clay nodules, which indicate that the houses of
radiocarbon dates and cultural material, Period I is this period were made of waff le-and-daub. Another
sub-divided into trvo sub-Periods IA and IB. Remains important feature ofthis period is probably an inegular
of Periods IA were found in lowermost kankqrmixed channel running through all the three Qds mantioned
layers ofTrenchesYA2 Qd 1 (layer6) and4 (layers above. It has been traced for a length of 12 m, which

IzsrI
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

is about23 to 53 cmbroad. Its depth, however, could 2902) gives an idea about a dry phase around 5000
not be determined during this season's work. yr BP, because of which kankar formation
occurred in the concerned unit. Therefore, this
Carbonised material of Period IA, collected by climatic phase, during the third millennium BC,
flotation-method is notable because according to K.S. contributed to the formation of calcrete, which
Saraswat ofthe BSIP, it contains grains of cultivated consequently consolidated the cultural deposit
rice (Oryza sativa) along with a few wild grasses. formed earlier during the sixth and fifth millennium
Apart from that, the husk-marks of rice are also BC.
evident, embedded in the core of a number of
potsherds. The presence of stone piece, mentioned Period IB is represented by layers l1 (YA-2,
above, is also significantbecause it appears to be of Qd 4) and 12 (YA-1, Qd1). It is notable that the
Himalayan origin, indicating thereby some sort of deposit of this phase is consisting of compact
interaction with that area during Period IA. yellowish earth, while that of IA contained small to
large sized kankar nodules. As far as the ceramic
Above evidences show that the area, which has industries are concerned the tradition of earlier
revealed the remains of Period IA, would have been, phase, i.e., coarse variety of red ware and black-
in all probability, either aperipheral region or an activity and-red ware, besides, a few sherds of grey ware
area having no permanent sfuctures on that very spot. continuedto occur in almost same proportions and
variations. Quantity of burnished pottery markedly
Two radiocarbon dates, mentioned below, are
increased. The quality of black-and-red ware of
available for the charcoal samples collected from the
medium fabric also shows comparative
trenchnos. YA2 andYAl.
improvement. Appearance of a broken sherd, which

1. BS-1951: BP 5320 + 90 (Cal. BC bears painted linear design over fine dark red slip
4220,4196,4161) on the exterior in creamish white colour is signifi cant.
Significant new shapes are beaker, perforated and
2. BS-1966: BP 6290 + 160 (Cal. BC legged-vessels, spouts, and knobbed-vessel.
s298) Associated material includes, terracotta bead, a
Above dates indicate that the remains related terracotta sling-ball, a bone arrow-head, small
to the earliest human activities of Period I at chunk of dried steatite, and small charcoal pieces.
Lahuradevamay be placed in late sixth and fifth Charred and un-charred bones, a large quantity of
millennium BC. It would be worthwhile to mention carbonised material have also been recovered.
here that these dates are hitherto known as the Some of the bones show cut-marks and a few of
earliest evidence ofhuman activity in the Sarayupar them appear to be used as implement. Structural
area of mid-Ganga Valley. A rediocarbon age remains are represented by some post-holes, burnt-

determination is also available for the calcrete, clay lumps and nodules - some of which bear reed
collected from the unit comprising the layers and straw marks indicating thereby construction of

representing Period IA, and that ofnatural soil. This wattle-and-daub houses, two successive floors
date, BS-1965:8P4440 +140 (Cal. BC 3358 - prepared with clay bearing an armed clay hearth

)zsz)
EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

based on each of them. A radiocarbon date for noted. Thick red ware sherds showing bold
charcoal sample collected from layer 11 is (YA- perforations across the core on their body remind
2Qd4) is BS-1950 3750+ 90 BP (Cal. BC 2135, Harrappan tradition. Associated material consisting

207 g, 205 6). While another radiocarbon date for

of beads of terracotta, semiprecious stone, celt of
the charcoal sample collected from Qd 1 (YA-2) is black basalt, stone-hammer, stone-bell, large
- BS-1938: BP 3180 + 70 (Cal. BC 1519 (1435) quantity ofcharred and un-charred bones, antlers
1399). It is, however, not fully reliable' Because a and archaeo-botanical remains, etc. Some of the

deep pit is cut in this quadrant almost from the worked bones showing cut-marks also appear to
surface down to the natural soil, to construct a have been used as implements. Copper objects,
represented in small quantity, notably include fishing
brick-well of a considerable size, due to which it is
quite possible that the sample in question would hook, antimony rod, and nail cutter. Some of the
have mixed with the later material. very well made, ground, polished and decorated
bone arrow-heads oftanged, barbed and socketed
Period II is characterizedby the appearance varieties, often bearing punctured-circlets, are
of black-slipped ware in a considerable proportion, notable for their superb workmanship' Some
painted pottery, and copper objects' Deposits of curious looking terracotta objects, which appear
this period were found at allthe three locations (Tr like legs orpedestals of some indeterminate object
YA2,YA2, YA1, YKl and J6). Collectively its of this period also deserve mention. Such objects
maximum thickness is about 1.60 m. All the ceramic were also found in the nearby area from Sikridih
industries of the preceding period continued to and tmlidih in Gorakhpur district' Structural
occur. Paintings were found on the sherds of all the activities of this period are mainly represented by
ceramic industries in general, and ofblack-slipped post-holes, rammed earthen floors, a mud-wall,
ware, and black-and-red ware in particular' The burnt-clay nodules often bearing read-marks and
colours used are mostly white to creamish white hearths. A few notable structures, almost circular
and some times black and ochre. Incised and in plan, found to have been excavated in the surface
applique decorations continued in small proportion' soil. Their intemal surface is coated with clay-plaster
Corded pattern of decoration also continued' [ts of about 8 cm thickness. These structures seem to
proportion, however, in comparison to Period I, is have been used as grain silos or bins and are
reduced. Quantity of slipped and burnished pottery comparable to similar structures found in the
besides certain shapes such as dish-on-stand, excavations at lmlidih in District Gorakhpur inUP
bowl-on-stand, pedestal bowl, perforated legged- and Chechar Kutubpur in District Vaishali in Bihar'
vessel, lipped-vessel, disc-based bowl, button-
III atZKl by layers 3
based lids and spouts increased in a good Period is represented

proportion. One of the spouts, treated with red slip, to 6 having about 80 cm thick deposit' This period
is characterized by the appearance ofiron artefacts'
decorated with linear design in black pigment, is
important to note. This variety of painted spout is Ceramic industries, shapes of the pottery and
not known so far from any other site of the Ganga patterns of decoration are almost the same as of

Valley. Near absence of convex-sided dish is to be Period II. Important iron objects include sickle'

Irsl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 4 REVIEW

knife and nails, etc. Bone arrow-heads, terracotta clay-lumps with reed impressions are also present
beads, beads of semiprecious stones, steatite beads
in the assemblage. A good proportion of bone
pieces with cut-marks, and charred-bones indicate
are the notable finds amongst the associated
materials. TWo earthen floors, with athickness of that the meat was an important component of the
about 10 to 15 cm, were found in the excavations' dietary system. Numerous steatite beads, beads of
Burning activities are observed on one of them' semiprecious stones, terracotta beads, bone affow-

Presence of two iron sickles from the lowest level heads, awls and points, besides, iron and copper

of this period is notable for the use of these artefacts are the other important f,rnds'

agricultural implements during that early period' A

Occupational remains of Period V have been
charcoal sample, collected from the same layer from
found in Trench YA2 only-Potsherds ofthis period,
which these sickles were found, is BS-1939: BP
however, were also recovered in the pits and mixed
2940 + 100 (Cal. BC 1205, 1205,1188)'
deposits ofTrenches J6 and J7. Amongst the notable
Period IV is mainly represented in Trenches J
structural remains a portion of a multi-roomed house
6 and J7. Thickness of its occupational deposit is having well-laid walls made ofbumt-bricks and a deep
about 1.20 m. This period is characterized by the brick well are noteworthy. Red ware is the most
presence of NBPW. Ceramic industries of the dominant pottery of this period. Absence of other
preceding periods continued to occur' Sherds of ceramic industries, such as black-slipped ware,
coarse variety ofblack-and-red ware and red ware, NBPW black-and-red ware, apart from paintings is
however, are found comparatively in a small remarkable. Important shapes in red ware include
proportion. Potsherds found in lower levels show carinated bowls with in-tumed rim, inkpot type lids,
continuity in decorative pattems. Quality ofNBPW sprinklers and high-necked water vessels'
is very fine having, golden, silvery and bi-chrome Vase-shaped and pear-shaped terracotta beads,
varieties. Some of the NBPW sherds are also besides, terracotta human figurines are the other
decorated with painted patterns generally executed notable finds ofthis Period'
in black colour. Interestingly a few red ware sherds
representing the vessels with perforated body, 86. ExploRATIoN tN Dts'rntcr SlH,tR'lxpuR
continue to occur even in this period' Presence of
Rajeev Kumar Pandey, under the supervision
iron slags in the excavated material shows the
ofU.P. Arora, of the Department ofAncient History
practice of smelting activity at the site during this
and Culture, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly,
occupation. Successive floor levels, found in the
conducted village-to-village survey and reported the
deposits of this period, are prepared with rammed-
following sites with antiquarian remains which are
mud, mixed with small potsherds. Their thickness
as under:
ranges between 8 to 10 cm. Bumt-clay nodules and

Wllage/Site Tehsil Nature of remains

BejheraII Jalalabad Red ware (early medieval)

Budhyana do NBPW, red ware, brick structures (Gupta)

254
EXP LO RATI ONS AN D EXC AVATI ON S

Wlluge/Site

Chilouli Jalalabad Red ware, brick-bats (Kushan)

ChormraKhera do Redware (medieval)

Chourisia do Red ware, black slipped ware, brick-bats (Kushan)

Dehna do PGW, redware (late Kushan)

DhaiKhera do Grey ware, red ware (Kushan)

Duira do Red ware, S;alinga, brick structures (Gupta)

Gyanpur do Red ware (early medieval)

JalalabadCity do Mound containing early historical and medieval remains,

pottery represented by PGW, red ware and grey
ware

Kardoula do Red ware (early medieval)

KataliChowk do Brick structure and red ware (medieval)

Kanari Khera do Red ware (Gupta/Kushan)

Keeratpur do Red ware (medieval)

Nurpur do An early historical moundwith brick structures, pottery

represented by PGW black-and-red ware, red ware

Palharaj do Red ware (Gupta/medieval)

Sabrick do Black-slipped ware, grey ware and red ware

(KusharVmedieval)

Saphaw do Red ware (Gupta/medieval)

Silampur do Red ware and brick-structure (medieval)

Ubria do Redware (Kushan)

Umrapur do Red ware (later Gupta), terracotta figurine

Anantpur Puwayan Redware (Gupta)

!rss!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

ffi
Ayana
t
Puwayan
Nature of remains

PGW NBPW, red ware and brick structures

(Gupta), terracotta fi gurine (Sunga)

BadhaliBheek do Redware (medieval)

BalliaKhera do Grey ware, red ware (Early medieval)

Baragoan do Red ware and brick sttucture (Gupta/medieval)

Barapur do Grey ware, black-slipped ware and red ware (Kushan)

Bitoni do Red ware (early medieval) and brick-bats

Charari Khera do Red ware and brick structures (Gupta)

ChenaRuria do Red ware, terracotta figurine (Sunga)

ChuckKannau do Red ware and bricks (Gupta)

Gandharpur do An early historical mound, brick structures,

PGW redware and greyware

Golaraipur do Mound containing historical remains, pottery

represented by red ware, red-slipped and grey ware

Indiapur do OCP, red ware and brick-bats

JemaTapamanpur do Historical site with abrick structure, potsherds

represented by NBPW, red ware

Madnapur do Black slipped, grey ware and red ware (Kushan)

MahuaPathak do Red ware (early medieval)

Mati do PGW red ware of Kushan period and terracotta

figxrine(Sunga)

MatinMahodev do Red ware andbrick-bats (Kushan)

Mureha do Red ware with brick-bats (medieval)

NagtarBilandpur do OCB red ware and brick-bats (Gupta)

256
EXP L O RATI ON S AND EXC A VATI ON S

Wllage/Site Tehsil Nature of remains

Nahil Puwayan Red ware and bricks (Gupta)

Sahora do Black-and-red ware and red ware

(Kushan/early medieval)

Sazina do Red ware (medieval)

Sindholi do Red ware (medieval)

Souphari do Early historical mound, pottery represented by PGW,

and red ware

Balali Sadar Red ware, brick, well (medieval)

Banskhera do Red ware, terracotta figurine (early medieval)

Baraban do Red ware, brick-bats (Gupta)

Bhanishtra Kalan do Red ware (early medieval)

Chinor do Mound with historical and medieval remains, pottery

represented by NBPW, red-slipped, red ware and
medieval grey ware of medium fabric

Fazilpur Sadar Red and grey wares (medieval)

Ghuswari do Red ware and bricks (Gupta)

GuloulaKhera do PGW grey ware, red ware (Gupta/medieval)

Hasimpur do PGW, brick structure and red ware (medieval)

Katubapur do PGW red ware of Gupta period and stone Shiva-linga

(early medieval)

Khai Khera do Red ware and brick-bats (early medieval)

Kurria Kalan do Brick structure and red ware (Kushan)

Mirzapur do Red ware (early medieval)

Mishripur do Red ware and brick-bats (medieval)

 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOT-02 - A REVIEW

Tehsil Nuture of remains

Wage/Site
do Red and grey ware (earlY medieval)
PainaBujrug

do Red ware (Kushan)

Pathra
stone
do Red ware (Gupta), Siva-linga of black
RoshanNagar
(early medieval)
(early medieval)
do Red ware, grey ware and brick-bats
SatvaKhurd
(Kushan)
do OCP, red ware, black-and-red ware
Sarthouli
(Kushan)
do Grey ware, black-slipped ware
Sehramau

Red ware (Gupta), stone sculpture

of Ganesa and
Shahagang Sadar
other sculptures (early medieval)
and
do An early historical mound, PGW' black-slipped
Shahbajnagar
grey ware

do Red ware (medieval)

Sheetala Khera

do Grey ware, red ware

SikenderPur
pot-
do An early historical mound with burnt structures'
SimarKhera black-and-red
tery representing red ware, red-slipped'
ware and Painted red ware (GuPta)

do Grey ware, black sliPPed ware

Sutti Khera

do Red ware, bricks (GuPta)

UdaipurKatia
Tihar Red ware (GuPta)
Alampur

do Red ware, bricks (GuPta)

Arali IsmailPur
do Redware (Kushan)
Bansa Devi

do Red ware (earlY medieval)

Barkhera

do Red ware, brick-bats (later GuPta)

Batlia SherPur

do Red ware, (earlY medieval)

Bhurail Mustatabad

I zss
EXP L O RATI ON S AND EXCAVATI O N S

I Wllage/Site Tehsil Nature of remains

I
Biharipur do Grey ware, black slipped \\.are. red ware
(Kushan/Gupta., early medi eval )

Dhullia Khera do OCP, PGW red u,are, Siva-linga (medieval)

Dodrajpur do Black slipped ware, red ware (Kushan)

Gurgoana do Red ware, bricks (Gupta)

Gwarkhera do PGW black slipped ware, red ware

Husainpur Kabra do Red ware (later Gupta)

JounraBhur Tilhar Red ware (later Gupta)

Kachiyani Khera do Red ware, bricks (Gupta/medieval)

Kasrak do Red ware, bricks-bats (early medieval)

Khera Bajhera do PGW grey ware, red ware, copper coins,

terracotta figurines (Kushan)

Khera Sanda do PGW red ware and brick-bats (Gupta)

Mathana do Red ware (early medieval)

Nigohi do PGW, NBPW red ware and stone image of

Vishnu(Gupta)

Palia Darobast do Grey ware, red ware (Kushan)

Posil do PGW NBPW black silpped ware, red ware

(Kushan), stone image of Mahishasuramardini Durga
(early medival)

Shergarh do Grey ware, red ware (Kushan), brick bats,

terracotta seal

Ramnagar do Red ware, brick bats (early medieval)

Talgaon do PGW red ware and bricks (Kushan)

Unkalan do PGW red ware, bricks (Kushan/Gupta)

!zsef
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REV

87. Erc.*.rrto\ AT SR.tasrr, Dtstntct Snsas'rt well consists of altogether forty-two courses of
earthen ring having a diameter of about 76 cm
In continuation of the previous year's (2000- and height of each ring is about 10 cm' The thirty-
0t,pp. l40-152)work and to impart field training six rings penetrating to the present ground water
to the students of the Institute ofArchaeology, of table or subsoil water, which certainly indicates
the Survey, excavation was carried out near the purpose of acquiring water' The day-to-day
Nausahara gate inside the crescent shaped mud domestic work might have been done on the
fortifiedmound, known as Maheth (fig' 38), under above mentioned brick-floor by fetching water
the directionofB. Nath assistedbyD'K' Ambastha' from the nearby ring-well. The most important
D.K. SinghN.K. Sinha, S. Nayan, J'K' Tiwari' S'P' discovery along with this ring-well is the
Gupta, O.P. Pandey and J. Kumarwith the following identification of foundation trench dug for its
objectives : (i) to trace further extension of ancient construction. The 15-20 cm wide foundation
road of which the remains were traced during the trench on both sides of the ring-well along the
previous year and (ii) to trace the citadel area' if section is very much clear. This foundation trench
any, as Sravasti was the seat of administration
for is also very sharply visible on plan'
a considerable period where the cultural
sequence

was established on the basis of this year's digging'

In the same trench another ring-well was also
partly exposed with altogether fifteen courses of
Pnntoo-I (Pnt-MnumAN ro N[lunrn'n) ring. The height of each ring is about 16'2 cm' The
top of both the ring-wells are at the same level'
This period is marked by the presence of
The total length of this ring-well is about 2'70 m'
NBPW and its associated red ware' NBPW having (14)
The bottom of this ring-well is resting on layer
silver and golden hue were also found' No major
which is just above the natural soil, which indicates
structural remains were encountered in the course
that this ring-well was not used for acquiring water'
of excavation. A few laid bricks, forming an
The other pulpose for constructing this ring-well
irregular shape was traced in Trench YY56 1 at a
was perhaps to use this as a soak-pit because the
depth of about 3 m. Nine bricks (48 x 33 x 7 cm)
bottom level is not touching the water level'
were used for constructing this floor like structure
(p1. 168). This floor is penetrating towards the In Trench YY56, (a brick-well attached with
northem section of the trench' These bricks are hand the section facing west was also exposed' This
made and not well-fired, as a result cracks were well is sealed by layer 7 . Half of the portion of
developed in almost all the bricks' The two rows this well is hidden under section' The well was
of four bricks were completely exposed whereas constructed with wedge-shaped bricks' This well
the ninth one is partly exposed as half of its
portion
contains twenty-four courses of bricks with a
is inside the section. height of 1.65 m. The length of the bricks is 24
cm and thickness is 6 cm. The width of the bricks
The above-mentioned floor could be
is 21 cm at one end and 15 cm at the other' The
associated with the ring-well exposed in the
ring- most unique feature of this well is that its bottom
same trench and at almost same depth' One
touches or penetrates the water level' Hence the
*'ell was found at a depth of 2'27 m close to the
use of this was probably as soak-pit'
\*'estern section of the trench (pl' 169)' This ring-

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EXP L O R4TI ON S AND EXCAVATI O NS

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW
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EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

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Sravasti: fully exposed ring-well, period I

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

6 m' The
total exposed length of this drain is about
In additionto the above mentioned structures in Trench
encountered extension of this drain is further traced
no other structural remains could be
few reddish YY57 2 and3.In this trench this drain is emerging
belonging to this period, however a
activities were from section facing south and running towards
traces of floorwith signs ofburning waste
section facing north. The space for flowing
found in some trenches'
water become narrower to 2l cm and
the total
Pnnroo-Il (Srnvcl-KusulN) exposed length is about 6'50 m'
black to this
The period yielded sherds of red ware' Another unique brick structure assigned
from coarse sealed by
ware and grey ware. The fabric ranges period was found in Trench YW56 and
to fine. The sherds of red ware are found
both in
layer l. This rectangular structure was
built of
fired but
dull and slipped varieties' They are well wedge-shaped bricks. This is a pit-like
structure'
heavy lids top there
in case of storage-jar big size basin and which measures 1.70 x 1'04 m' On the
a depth of
areallillfired.Thetypesincludevase'bowl'lid' were twenty-two courses of brick with
narrower
basin, storage jar, carrnated handi' spouted-vase' 1.70 m. The space inside the pit became
course is brick-
sprinkler and channelled bowl' at the bottom. In other words, each
While
paved but made of compact silt and sand'
Major structural activities started at Sravasti of charcoal
period could excavating this structur elargequantity
from this period only. On tlre basis ofthis' basin were
(viz,lmdlJ)' and sherds probably of storage-jar and
be classified into two sub'penods purpose'
collected, indicating some ritualistic
Sun-PnnrooIIA
Sus-PnRroo IIB
A few structures, mostly constructed of This periodwitnessedthe beginning of
major
exposed from
wedge-shaped bricks of uniform size' house
brick activity in the form of well planned
the iower level of this period are tentatively for
of this complexes, ring-wells and brick-wells
assigned to sub-Period I' The structures
YY58' individualsaswellasforcommunityprobablyfor
period is encountered only in the Trench wall'
YW56 as a ritualistic purpose and above all the citadel
YY59 in the form of a drain and in the
conical type of pit probably constructed for
some
An almost complete house-complex was
partly in Trench
ritualistic Purpose. exposed partly in Trench YY55 and
almost
Trench YY54 (pls. 170-172)' This house-complex'
The drain, which was partly found in of various
square in plan, consists of seven rooms
YY 58 2 and 3 is made of wedge-shaped burnt- in the centre' The
thickness sizes with a brick-paved courtyard
bricks. The length of brick is 25 cm and is 60
19 cm whereas southem exterior wall of this house-complex
is 5 cm and the width of one end is with height
cm wide having thirteen courses ofbricks
a

the width of the other end is 14 cm'

The space for
wall is 35 cm
cm wide and of 81 cm whereas the northern exterior
outletting the water in this drain is 31 height of
ofbricks wide with eleven courses of bricks with a
depth is 24 cm. The total exposed courses rooms in the
is 24 cm' The 60 cm. There are the remains of two
in this drain are only four and height of these rooms
north of eastern part ofthis complex' The sizes
drain is emerging from the section facing and they are in
The are 1.80 x2.45m and 1'80 x 3'40 m
YY58 4 when suddenly its course was robbed'
EXP L O RATI ONS AN D EXCAVATI ONS

Plate 170

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265
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A MVIW

Plate 171

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E XP LO RATI O N S AN D E XC AVATI O N S

Plate 172

Y
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',.s

&;

267
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

good state of preservation. These two rooms were The second oblation pit was found in the
exposed upto eleven courses and67 cm in height. Trench YY55QD4. The depth of this oblation
In the southern part of this complex the remains pit is 4.25 m having courses of bricks and the
of big room was exposed which measures 3 x 2.30 size at the top is 1 x 1.20 m including the width
m. Remains of apassage was also exposed in front of the wall, which is 25 cm.
of this room measuring 2.40 x 80 m towards the Another oblation pit, bigger than those of the
courtyard. In the western part, two other rooms above mentioned one was also exposed in Trench
were also exposed. The western limits of these two YX 59. It is also almost square in shape. The width
rooms are under the unexposed area. However, ofthe wall varies from 75 cm to 96 cm. The mouth
the exposed sizes of these rooms are 2.20 x 2.20 of this oblation pit is of 1.70 x 1.70 m. It was
mand2.4m. Two smallerrooms were also exposed' exposed upto a depth of 5.57 m having ninety-
in the northern part of this house-complex 1.45 x five courses of bricks. Along with the other intact
2.10 m and 1.35 x2.10 m . The 1/4th portion of a pots, a good number of fragments of sprinklers
brick-well was also exposed within the house- were also collected from this oblation pit.
complex in the northeastern corner. The 3/4th part
Just near by this oblation pit in the south-west
ofthis well is underthe unexposed area. This brick
corner of the same Trench YX59, a brick well was
well was exposed upto its fifty-fifth course of
found and exposed upto the thirteenth course (91
bricks with a height of 3.25 m. Due to limited space
cm height). The diameter of this well is 1.16 m
this brick well could not be exposed down to its
whereas the inner diameter is 64 cm. The other
last course.
things exposed in the vicinity of this well further
suggests thatthis well would have been constructed
The most important and controversial
not for simply procuring water for daily use but
structures of this complex are two almost
for some special purpose as the remains of a large
square-shaped well-like structures, one ofwhich was
jagati with a diameter of 3.26 m was also exposed
found in the northwestem part and attached with
around the well. Furthef the mouth of the well
northern wall while the second one in the south-west
was closed or covered with a huge storage-jar or
comer of this complex (pl. 173). On the basis of the
basin by arranging it upside down. Floral motifs
material found inside the pitthese two pits havebeen
also occur on the body of this pot, which is partly
tentatively identified as oblation pit or ritualistic pit.
broken.
Hundreds of intact pots of various shapes and sizes,
most of them filled with charcoal, were recovered The presence of this well and square
from pit, suggesting its ritualistic association' oblation pit in a close vicinity and occurrence of
Probably, after performing some special type of intact pots with ashy material in the oblation pit
worship or sacrifice the offerings and other material indicated perhaps some ritualistic purpose.
used for worship were dumped in the pit. The depth Further, the remains of two rooms exposed
of oblation pit exposed in TrenchYY54 is 2.50 m in Trench YW57, appear to be a part of large house-
w,ith forty-two courses of bricks. The size of this complex are comparatively better preserved and
oblation pit at the top is 1 x 1.26 m. constructed of 55 cm thick wall, the room on the

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EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI ON S

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Sravasti: oblation pit with ritualistic well, Pt

269
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

cMl
IN

174

t75
Sravasti: 174, terracotta ladyfigurine, Maurya period
and 175, terracotta humanfigurines, Sunga period

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sr-
177

Sravasti: 176, Hariti afld 177, Panchika, Kushan period

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOCY 2OOI-02 - A REVIM

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Sravasti: 178, Siva and 179, terracotta humanfigurines

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E XP L O RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

Plates 180-181

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181

Srav as ti : 180, terracotta human figurines and I8 l, terrocotta animal figurines

 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

H*1 m
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t] qry ryry

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clll
IN

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183

Sravctsti: 182, teffacotta bectds and 183, terracotta ornaments

lzt+l
EXP L O RATI ON S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

western side measures 4.30 x 4.70 m whereas the proper drainage system apart from well planned
other partly exposed room and the remaining part house complex ofwell laid bricks. The pottery types
still hidden in TrenchYV5T. The maximum height include vase, bowl, lid" lota basin, inkpot-type lid,
of the wall of these rooms is 93 cm. The remains pan with loop handle, earthen lamp and storage-jar
of three more rooms are found in Trench YW56, etc.
YW57, YX56 and YX57. These three rooms are
in a row, north-south direction. The wall of these Pnnroo III
rooms is 60 cm wide and the height varies from
From Period III red ware pottery boft slipped
72cm to 1.16m. The sizes of these rooms are,
and dull variety, coarse-to-medium in fabric were
starting from north-to-south, 2.35 mx 3.35 m2.35
collected. The period is represented by rudimentary
m x 3.35m and 2.35 m x 3.60 m respectively.
house-complexes of Gupta and post-Gupta perid
A 20 m long brick drain, exposed in Trenches with masonry work. The rooms of this period are
YX57 and YX56, is having five courses of bricks very small in size. Brick robbing and human
from outside and the 20-30 cm wide space was vandalism couldbe noticed in these brick structures.
provided for outletting the waste-water. Perhaps this
drain was conskucted to allow the waste water of The remains of a house-complex partly ffaced
these house-complexes to store into a soak-pit but in Trenches YY57, YX5 7,YY 56 and YX56, consists
the relationship of drain and soak-pit is yet to be of two rooms apart from abig size room. The rest of
established. this complex was robbed off. The rooms are smaller
in the north and north-west portion of the complex.
The most significant discovery ofthis period is
The sizes ofthese rooms are 2.80 x2.60 m and 2.60
the remains of citadel wall, exposed in Trenches
YV60 andYW60. Thethickness ofthis wall is about x2.65 m. The walls of these rooms are 60 cm thick
1 m. [n Tlench W60 the exterior portion was exposed
with five-to-six courses ofbricks now survived. The

whereas in Trench YW60 its inner portion of the

maximum height of the wall is half meter. In the
south-west comer of this complex, the remains of a
citadel wall was traced. The bricks were arranged in
bigger room (6 x 6.65 m) was found . The wall having
offset design. The total exposed length of this brick
(33x24x7 cm)wall is aboutgm.DuringtheKushan eight courses with a height of 48 cm was found in a

period this area was important as the Citadel wall very rudimentary form. The entrance was possibly
provided from the east as the remains exist only in
would indicate.
the corner.
The remains of two ring-wells and one bricks
well were also found. The brick well is found in The remains of two other rooms 3 x 2.85 m
Trench YW60 exposed upto seven courses of bricks were found in Trench YX57, with six courses of
with a height of 1.02 m. The diameter of this ring- bricks (ht37 cm and w 35 cm). The walls of these
well is 75 cm. Another ring-well was found in the rooms are 35 cm wide.
south-east corner in Trench YX56, attached to the
section, facing west. This ring-wellis exposed upto Another house-complex exposed in Trenches
a height of 1.05 m with eight courses of rings. YY56, YY55 and YX55, of which only
From the remains it may be surmised that this southwestem portion remains showing a room (4
period witnessed major structural activities with a x 5.35 m), with a passage (1.85 m wide and 10 m

275
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

Plates 184-185

Iz[I:::]
EI

l8s
Sravasti: l84,beads of semiprecious stones and 185, terracotta mould and its impression

lzte I
E-YP L O RATI O N S A ND EXC AVATI ON S

PIates 186-187

CMru
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CM

187
Sravasti: 186, terracotta amulets and 187, seals

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

I
-

illr
188

tfoc
oo.'
Offi=#a
Sravasti: 188-189, terracotta inscribed sealings

lztaJ
 Plates 190-191

rc
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;hJtCtt*dit
ffi1
tr"ffit:{,' ;,
u ;'\ '-.t.

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B **
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;. " 'ffi
r !rf,

lf r *'re fl

191

Sravasti: 190, terracotta sealings and 190, bone qnd ivom' objects

lztsl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 192-193

"""*.*C{

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g # o
F
t92

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I 1 1X
r93
Sravasti: 192, silver and copper objects and 193, iron objects
LW L O RATI O N S A N D EXCAVATI ONS

194

195

Sravasti: 194-195, silver coins

ffi281ffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

ffi:

IN

t97

Sravasti: 196-197, copper coins

lxzl
EXP LO RATI ON S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

long). The height ofthe walls ofthis complex varies variety also. Grey ware potsherds are sometimes
fromZ2 cm to 36 cm. treated with red wash. Exterior surface of a few red
ware sherds is decorated with cord-impressions.
Among antiquities found from all three Black-and-red ware includes coarse and fine varieties.
periods, mention may be made of terracotta human Fine variety, however, is in a very limited proportion.
and animal figurines (pls. 1 74- 1 8 1). Beads (pl. 1 82), The potsherds representing coarse variety are ill-fired
omaments (pl. I 83), skin rubbers, toys and playthings; and are not made ofwell-levigated clay. Husk marks
beads of semiprecious stones (pl. 184); terracotta are evident, in profusion, on both the surfaces ofmost
mould (pl. 1 85), terracotta amulets(pl. 186), terracotta of the sherds of this type. Some of them bear an
seals and sealings (pls. 187-190);bone and ivory additional coating of clay on exterior surface. While a
objects (pl. 19 1); silver and copper obects (pl. 192); few show sfaw marks. Considering the represantative
iron objects (pl. 193); silver and copper coins (pls. ceramic industries and their types, lower limit ofthe
194-197) etc. antiquity of these remains,on comparative basis, may
be placed between c.700 (if not earlier) to 200 BC.
88. ExplonqrtoN IN Dlsrnlcr UNNlo
Habitation deposit at this site appears to be having
Rakesh Tewari, of the State Archaeological about 1.00 to 1.50 m thickness.
Department, the Government of Uttar Pradesh, along
The significance ofthis site lies in its small size,
with I.B. Singh of the Geology Department, Lucknow
which indicates that probably it would have been a
University; Chaya Sharma ofthe Birbal Sahni Institute
small hamlet. Single culture site ofthis dimension with
of Palaeobotany, Lucknow and V.S. Sharma,
a good state of preservation is rarely found. As
discovered an early historic site at Sonik (260 33'26"
observed this is the only site ofits type hitherto known,
N; 800 35' 20"8).The site is located onthe southern
at least in the eastern Uttar Pradesh and Lucknow-
bankofBasahaJhil ata distance ofabout 800 m from
Kanpur regions. It might be proved and ideal site for
the railway crossing on the link road connecting
excavation for the study of various aspects of the
Lucknow-Kanpur main road with the Shahjadpur
settlement pattern ofthe concerned period in detail.
village in the west, near Sonikrailway station. This
Further investigations in the area, particularly around
link-road passes over through this small site measuring
the BasahaJhil andnearby abandoned channels, may
about 70 x 80 m.
provide significant information about the interrelation

Ceramic industries represented here include between the anthropogenic activities and the land/lake

black-slipped ware, grey ware, NBPW, black-and- formation in ancient times.

red ware, and red ware. Bumt-clay nodules, charred 89. ExcllartoN ar Axrua, Dtsrnlcr VnnlNast
and uncharred bones, besides, exposed plans of
hardened mud-floors are apparent on the surface of The Departnent ofAncient IndianHistory Culture

the site. Bumt-patches on the mud-floors are evident. mdArchaeology, Banaras Hindu University, caried out
Main shapes in pottery are convex-sided dish, bowl, small - scale excavation atAkthaunderthejoint direction

large basin, vessel, miniaflre bowl, etc. Black-slipped ofVidula Jayaswal and Birendra Pratap Sit gh, assisted
ware generally shows a smooth fine slip on both the by Ashok Kumar Singh and two research scholars
surfaces. This ware includes athin-sectionedvery fine Subhash Yadav and Deepak Kumar Rai.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

The ancient settlement ofAktha ( Long 830 0 1' and was composed of one course only. On the basis
0" E; Lat 25o 22' 0" N ) is located on the right of ofthe nature ofconsfuction ofthis sfucture, it appears
NarokharNala, about half kilometre south-east of to be of Gupta Period (?).
Palraria crossing in DistrictVaranasi. The site is spread
in an area of about four square kilometers. The Structure - 2 was exposed at a depth of 70 cm
excavation at this site was carried out at two localities from the surface. This sfucfure had five to two courses

AKT - I andAKT - 2, which has brought to light and was damaged by a pit ( robbing ) at the western

fourculnual Periods: side. Alongwall whichwas tracedupto 4.80 mhad

east-west alignment and it wasjoined by another wall
Period I Pre-NBPW (black-and- of 1.20 m running north-south at right angle. The
red, black-slipped and red bricks used in this wall measured 44x27 .5 x 6 cm.
wares) This structure appears to be the part of a large room.

PeriodII NBPW Structure - 3 is a highly damaged portion of a

wall and was encountered at a depth of 1.08 m and
PeriodIII Sunga-Kushan
only one course of large and broken bricks could be
PeriodIV Gupta traced. The brick sizes are 44x26 x 6 cm. Towards
the northern side ofthis structure three floors were
AKT -1 located at the southwestern periphery exposed.
of the modem village ofAkhta is locally known for a
collection ofancient stone images. It is this place from Floor - I was exposed at a depth of 1.07 m and
where an image of yal<sha was discovered earlier 1.11 m and was composed of one course of large
which is now housed in Samath Museum and is dated bricks. This floor was considerably damaged. A small
to around c. first-second century BC. The excavation part of a drain-like depression was also noticed on
in this locality was conducted in six trenches (A- 1, A- this floor. Belowthis floorthere was apart ofanother
2,8-I, B-2, BB-9 and K'2), each measuring 5x5 floor ( Floor - 2 ), which was encountered at a depth
m. The maximum depth reached in trenches (A- l, A- of I .41 m. This floor was also composed of broken
2,8-1, B-2) was 1.65 cm and the entire deposit bricks arranged in one course. Floor - 3 was located
comprised four layers. The findings ofthese trenches at a depth of 1.50 m from the surface. It extended in
could be assigned to Sunga-Kushan period. Four anarea of 7.00 m x 4.00 m and was composed of
stuctures were encountered during the excavation of small pieces of pottery clay and brickbats. This
thislocality. rammed-floorwas also traced in BB-9.

Structure -1, found below 46 cm from the A little away from Trenches A- 1 , A -2,B.-l ,B-2
surface, was composed ofbroken bricks ofwhich a towards east was located Trench BB-9. The
maximum of three courses were recovered. The excavation ofthis tench revealed earlier deposits also.
structure appears to be a wall and measures 96 x 88 A total depth reached in this tench was 5.28 m below
cm. Attached to this, there was another structure the surface, which was divided into 10 layers. The
running at the right angle to the north-east direction layer ( 1 ) was of compact brown earth which was

Izs4 I
E XP L O RATI O N S AN D EXCAVATI ON S

covering Floor - 1 . This rammed floor was composed stones, stone pestles, balls and discs, a fragmentary
of brick-bats and potsherds. On account of its terracotta human figurine showing foreign ethnic
composition and location ( 1 .50m below the surface), feature and animal figurines.
this floor is identical to floor, i.e., Floors 4 and 5
AKT:2 is located approximately halfkm away
were encountered. In composition both these were
from the localityAKT - 1, towards the southern
similar to Floor- 3. It appears that these floors were
side which is locally known as Kabragah area.
prepared at least three times in intervals. These three
Six trenches each measuring 3 m x 3 m were
successive floors could be assigned to Sunga period.
excavated. Maximum depth reached in this locality
Layer (5) was of considerable thickness ( was 2.75 m below the surface which was divided
1.54 m ) and was composed of yellowish compact into four layers.
clay mixed with a good quantity of gravels and (l)
Layer was yellowish compact clay with a
potsherds. The deposit below Floor -5, could be
maximum thickness of 55 cm. Layer (2) was
assigned to different phases of NBPW period. A
compact earth with potsherds, bones and charcoals
late phase of NBPW was noticed in layer (5). having thickness of 44 cm. Layer (3) which was
Layers (6) to (9) had similar composition thicker (72 cm) than the above layers was similar
representing yellowish compact earth with in composition. Layer (4) was composed of
potsherds and charcoal. These layers belong to the
compactyellowish earth (thickness of40 cm).
middle and lowerphases of NBPW.
The excavation at AKT -2 revealed single
Layer (10), which was not excavated upto its culture horizon of pre NBPW period. A floor of
full depth, was significant, as black-and-red ware, hard bumt-clay was traced at a depth of 1.50 m
black-slipped ware and red ware sherds were found below the surface. Four post-holes and one oven
from the horizon. were noticed on this floor. This floor is the earliest
evidence of habitation atAkhta.
The ceramic assemblage recovered from this
area belongs to the unintem:pted sequence ofpre- The pottery recovered from these trenches
NBPW (black-and-red ware), NBPW Sunga- consisted mainly of red ware including slipped
Kushan and Gupta (?) periods. Among the important variety, black-slipped ware and black-and-red
shapes, mentionmaybe made ofbowls, basins and ware. The last being recovered in much lower
vases of black-and-red ware, bowls and dishes of frequency. Besides, a few sherds of corded ware
black-slipped ware, NBPW, grey ware. The shapes showing incipient cording strokes, rusticated and
in red ware include inkpot lids, knob-bed lids, mat-impressed pottery was also found. Though
carinated handis, specimen of sprinkler ( ? ), decorated pottery with applique design showing
various types ofbowls, vases and basins. Stamped- rope, thumb and nail impressions were recovered,
pottery with srl vatsa symbol needs separate yet the painted specimens were conspicuous by
mention. The antiquities recovered are limited in their absence.
number which include antimony rods and beads of Among fte notewortry finds oftris culfi.ual phase
copper, iron objects, glass and terracotta bangles, are edge ground pobh€rds. Otlrer antiquities included
bone points, beads of terracotta and semiprecious terracotta net sinke,ls, bone tools consisting of socketed

285
 _
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A REVIEW

Pakhanna-I (Bhairabdanga mound) : The

arrow-heads, points and pottery discs' A
large
with cut general nature and character ofthe archaeological
number of animal bones (charred and that here
remains unearthed atBhairabdanga shows
marks) were recovered from these trenches' layers
is a deposit of about 1.90 m covering eight
of occupation. Nevertheless, it is a single culture
WEST BENGAL
indicative of early village farming settlement
Blrcrunl associated throughout with black-and-red
ware'
90. Exc,qvATloN AT PlxruNNa, Dtsrnrcr
999-2000' Although, thd development couldbe marked
ln continuation of the earlier work (1
or
in some activities like metal consumption' one
pp.197-198), the Department of Archaeology' of
at the two new items were added in the later levels
University of Kolkata, resumed excavation
district of occupation.
unprotectld mounds of Pakhanna, in the
Bankura under the guidance A' Datta' R'K' The exposed layers of the earlier deposit
A' Nayak' (layers 8-5) containingthe occupational deposit
of
Chattopadhyaya and B. Basak, Dr' Maity'
about .97 mthick, are by and large associated
with
T. Gatait, M. Datta and T. Das'
and the
early phase of black-and-red ware culture
Pakhanna, generally identified with ancient ,"*uirrirrg (upper) layers ftom 4-2 exhibit highly
Pushkarana- the capital of king Chandravarman' disturbed habitational deposit containing
referredtointhesusuniaRocklnscriptionofGupta period along
antiquities, associated with historical
River
period, lies just above the right bank of the with the sherds of black-and-red ware'
was washed
Damodar. Virtually a large part ofthe site
of the river Two successive floor levels along with the
away by the river. The seasonal floods by ash'
mound' evidence of hearths/kilns accompanied
have also adversely affected the present
charcoal, a few lumps of iron slag and
bone
on of l '22
Only three trenches were laid - one trench fragment/cut bone/charred bone at a depth
the high mound of Bhairabdanga (Trench
AY 2) m and 1.43 m.At the earliest layer an interesting
on the metal working floor (copper as well as
iron) was
measuring (6m x 6m) and two trenches
Kalyanpur working
northeastern part of a flat mound at traced. But unfortunately the entire metal
part of it
(TrenchesA2 and,{3 measuring 3mx 3m each)' place could not be traced because only a
was available in the excavated area' A kiln
along
Apart from the university teaching with metal ore and slags, a fragmentary piece
of
the
programme for the post - graduate students' nozzlewith vitreous glaze due to its exposure
to
the nature
present work was aimed at : determining the furnace heat, indicates the major metal
working
and the character of cultural assemblage (both copper and iron) activity at the site' the
stray
particularly from the period of transition from evidence of which was also reported
earlier'
historical
black-and-redware cultural phase to the
The usual floor was found being superimposed
period at the habitation mound of Bhairabdanga
one above the other, survived only in
patches'
of urn-
besides ascertaining further the evidence layer of
earlier' However, the floor was r:unmed by a thin
burial in otherpart ofthe mound as reported

IzrrI
. . -,..],t-]ZO.\S AND EXCAVATIONS

plein r coarse sandy earth, occasionally traced with Pakhanna-Il ( Kalyanpur mound)
minre pieces ofpotsherds and lime nodules. Finally, The excavation work at the northeastern part
fu flus were rubbedby cowdung, commonly noticed of the mound of Kalyanpur which yielded an
h the countyside in Bengal. interesting remains of urn burial during the
excavation ofprevious year, confirmed that the flat
These floors perhaps formed the part of the
mound, only about a quarter kilometre away from
courtyard. However, there were some post-holes
Bhairabdanga downstream, the Damodar is highly
€rcountered at places sometimes associated with
floors.
disturbed by redeposited dump materials
containing antiquities of different historical periods
Plain and painted black-and-red ware, black including the sherds ofNBPW associated phase.
on red ware, red ware, plain black-slipped ware,
painted cream and brown ware, grey ware, dirty The habitational mound witnessed the
occuffence of seasonal floods.
buff ware, black ware with incised designs and
brown ware, pottery with beaded designs, The two trenches (A2, ,\3) which were
perforated wares, sherds of NBPW; terracotta
partially excavated, yielded the mixed cultural
figurine/balVbead/net-sinker/ dabber/disc with and
debris (thickness 1.58m) before the appearance of
without perforation; hopscotch; microliths made of
the natural soil (composed of river silt).
chert, quartz and j asper; stone bead/pendanV bone
tooV obj ect; animal remains; copper ring, fragments There was no further evidence of burial
of copper; iron slags/nail/chisel, arrow-head, recorded during the excavation. Therefore, it may
crucible, tuyere; charcoal etc, were recovered from be assumed that the urn burial recorded in the earlier
the different layers at the site. excavation was possibly stray in nature.

Black-and-red ware - the fabric of pottery The patches of floorings, hearths,

shows that these are wheel-made, generally coarse- accumulation of potsherds, mark the presence of
to medium, although in some cases fine pieces are pits at places. Besides numerous antiquities
also reported. Associated pottery including black- recorded from six layers during the excavation.
slipped ware, red ware, dirty buff ware, incised
ware, etc., were found. On the basis of the study on the available
excavated data. tentative chrono-cultural framework
Tools made of splintered bone and arrow-
forthis disturbed habitational mound is as under :
head, sometimes other types of cut-bones were
recovered. It may be noted that, the cut marks as Period I : Early NBPW phase-Pre-Mauryan
well as the finishing of the tool are so smooth
Period II : Sunga-Kushan
and well defined in most cases, that one wonders,
if polished stone tools or neoliths were used in Period III : Gupta
their manufacturing process. During the earlier Period IV : Pala-Sena
excavation of the site, a number of medium-sized
Pottery (fig. 39) and antiquities recovered from
polished stone tools were found in association
the excavation at Kalyanpur comprise NBPW, and
with black-and-red ware.

llzu)
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A REVIEW
-

T
---
r--
EXCAVATION AT PAKHANNA, DISTT. PAKHANNA
DEPTT. OFARCHEOLOGY uNtv. oF CALCUTTA
2001-2002

F
\,fi

5 0 5 loCM

lt.
E -YPL O RATI ON S AND EXC AVATI O N S

other associated ceramics, black- polished ware, red The terrace morpholory iswell preserved here
\\-are sometimes with basket design, grey ware, andthe statigraphy is astmder:
rouletted ware, stamped pottery, moulded and
decorated pottery, storage-jars, bowls, small and
Depth Lithologt Artefocts

shallow vessels with out-tumed rims, shallow dishes, 0-l.99cm Crrcyistt

fboted-cups with inverted rims; clay pot; temacotta alfuviwn
disc (perflorated and/ also without perforations), balV 2cm-3.99cm Brown alluvium lmplementiferous
bead/l id/handles/spouVnet- sinker/game obj ect/sealing/
animal and human figurines, lamp/bangle/plaque
4cm-8.5cm calichebearingdeposit
Implemenfiferous
(broken); copper ore (chalcopyrite), copper ring/fish-
hooks, copper fragments, iron slag/object/ nail; bone 8.6cm- Partially exposed
tools/objects; animal remains, beads of different types unknownbed-rock
of semiprecious stones including those ofcamelian;
pieces of mica; shell bangle/object etc. These finds finds
Acheulian artefacts were found as surface
came from different layers ofTrenches A.2 andA3.
from the brown alluvium and two cleavers were found
in situand some light duty artefacts loosely cemented
91. ExpronATIoN lN Dtsrntcr BaNlxuna
recovered from the caliche-bearing horizon. The
Suborata Chakrabarti, assisted by Banani Acheulian industry typologically shows Lower
Bhattacharya, of the Department ofAncient Indian Acheulian characteristics.
History Culture andArchaeology, ofthe Vsva Bharati
The Acheulian sites in the Silavati Valiey come
Universiry Shantiniketan, West Bengal, carried out
from Namokachanda and the Silavati bridge near
an exploration in the District Bankura.
Hatirampur. The site near the bridge yielded eight
The following areas were explored. Acheulian artefacts consisting ofcleavers, handaxes,
blade, one scraper, point and burin.
1. The Kumari-Kangsavati ValleY
around Ambikanagar (220 56'25" N; These artefacts are recovered from the gravel-
86046',l5"E) bed, which is covered with thick reddish brown
alluvium deposit.
2. The Silavati Valley close to Khaha

3. TheGtniadaHill Another site located on the right bank of the

Silavati near the Village Namokechanda yielded
The Kumari Kangsavati Valley around
seventy Acheulian artefacts consisting of cleavers,
Ambikanagar, yielded Acheulian material consisting
scrapers, scraperblade, burin, borers and, flake
ofhandaxes, cleavers, knives, choppers, scrapers,
blades, and a large flake. The artefacts unmistakably The Acheulian artefacts are found in the
show from typotechnological point ofview, the Lower heterogeneous boundery bed and in the reddish brown

Acheulian character. alluvium deposit. The tools show sign ofweathering

The open air Acheulian site is located on the but not of long distance transportation. Therefore,
northem bank ofa hibutary sheam ofthe Kasai known further work would help to locate the actual tool-
as Bansol Jor (BKBS). bearinghorizon.

I zsql
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

The main objective ofthis year's excavation was

The Guniadahillock is distant about 15 lcn west
to expose the southem part ofthe Buddhist monastery
of Batikora Primary Health Centre. The Acheulian
: Nandadirghi and accordingly alarge scale
digging
artefacts consisting of cleavers, handaxes, triangle,
A5,
operation was undertaken in the Quadrants : ,A'4,
points, flake, scraper,blade are foundfromthe eastem
side of the base of the Guniada hill. Further work is
A6,86, E5, XA6, XB4, XB6,XC4, XC5, XD5,
necessary for ascertaining the nature and character of
XE4, XE5, XE6, XF5 and XGl.
the assemblages ofthe Guniadahill site'
During the course of digging operation,
92. ExplourloN lN DrsrRrcr Haoru buried sfuctural components ofthe monastery similar
to the parts, were exposed, like verandah, cells with
In the course of exploration, T'J' Chakraborty, niches and openings, south-west corner bastion and
of the Kolkata Circle, of the Survey, located a
a staircase attached to the southern outer wall, etc'
mound in Dakshin Durgapur village ofBagnan Police Different sizes of bricks and fine-mud-mortar were
Station. The site is not very far from Bagnan Railway used for the construction ofthe structures'
Station. The mound is of moderate size and height
The excavation was conducted through the four
circular in shape with structural remains, evidenced
successive layers of deposit from the surface upto the
through the exposed bricks on the central portion
depth of 1.80 m.
ofthe mound. The mound is venerated as a religious
place by both the Hindu and Muslim communities'
Most of the exposed brick-structures are in bad
In a nearyby Siva temple, the enshrined deity is said state ofpreservation due to brick-robbings in the past'
to have been recovered from the mound and In most of the cases, the superstructures are missing'
installed by the villagers. Two phases of structural activities were traced clearly'
The nature of construction and the building-materials
93. ExcrylrloN AT Ja.ca"l.lInaNPUR' Dtsrntcr
of earlier phase are of better quality than the second
Mnlon
ofbumt-bricks
phase of construction. Different sizes
ln continuation of the previous year's (1999- and mud-mortar were used for the construction of
2000, pp. 204-207) work, the Directorate of the structure. Common brick-sizes are 32 x 18 x 6
Archaeology and Museums, Government ofWest cm., 30 x 16 x 5 cm,28x26x5 cm, 28 x 15 x 5 cm,
Bengal, resumed excavation atthe Buddhist site at 25 x l}x 5 cm, 23 xL7 x 8 cm and 17 x 6 x 6 cm'
Tulabhita (Lat25o 02' 24" N, Long 88o 22' 82"
Four cells were exposed during this year's
E), within the village Jagjjibanpur in Malda, under
excavation in the southem part of the monastery' Each
the direction ofAmal Roy, with the assistance of
cell measures 4.00m x3.25 m with an entrance of
Prakash Ch. Maity, Biswanath Samanta, Sanat
1.00mwide.
Ganguly, Tushar Kanti Sarkar, Hemanta Kr'
Samanta and TaPas Patra. The curved bricks were used for the
This site earned fame due to the discovery of
construction of the circular bastion at south-west
a copper plate charter of Sri Mahendrapaladeva
corner. Its circumference is 19'60m and the
available height is 2.50m from the surrounding
oithe Pala dynasty of circaninth centuryAD'
LYP L O RATI O N S AN D EXC AVATI O N S

t99

Jagajjibanpur: 198, terracotta plaque of Siva and 199, terracotta plaque of Buddha

tql
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 A REVIEW

t--.
Etr_____!=_i

200

d-Ft
201

Jagajjibanpur: 200, terracotta plaque of deer and 201,

terracotta plaque of composite animal figurine

lznf
L I
I

L\? L O RAT I O NS A ND EXCAVAT I O N S

ground level. It has also the mark of two phases 94. ExpLon-crro\ r\ Drsrnrcr MunsHrn,lsan
ofstructural activity, as the entrance of the earlier
phase was blocked subsequently during the In the course of exploration A.N. Jha and S.

second phase to elevate the floor level, probably

Maiti, ofthe Kolkata Circle, ofthe Survey, discovered
at Palashbati Mouza of Bhagwangola Police Station,
due to fluvial activities of the River Punarbhava
which was running close to the monastery. brick-built old structures in the form of trvo parallel
walls on the eastem bank of Gobranala, one of the
A small staircase, adjacent to the south-east old channels of Bhagirath. The structure is made of
corner bastion was also exposed. It was provided lakhauri bricks set in mud-mortar. There is an
to use it as a subsidiary entrance or exit and also elliptical platform attaohed to the outer side of both
for using to dump the refuse material on either the walls.
side of it.
From this place approximately 1.5 km to the
Apart form the structural remains, a large south-east at the juction of Palashbati and Ramana
number of antiquities like tenacottaplaques with Mouza, there exists a circular mound possibly with
figures (pls. I 98-201), sealings, beads, some religious affinity. At the precinct, here and there
hopscotch, ball, tablets, iron-nails etc. were few courses of well-laid bricks set in mud-mortar
recovered. The sizes of the terracotta plaques were also noticed. The area between the Palashbati
are not uniform. The common sizes are Ghat and this mound is full of scattered sherds,
28x24x6cm, 28x24x6.6cm and 2l x26x5 .8cm. represented mainly by red ware, black ware and green
glazedware - all datable to the late medieval period.
All the terracotta plaques were recovered
At present, entire area is under cultivation. It can be
from the collapsed debris of the monastic walls,
presumed that the entire site under consideration may
which were perhaps used for the walls of the
represent some late medieval habitation site.
monastery. The plaques show the figures of Siva
Buddha, foot-soldier, archer, devotee, deer, 95. ExplonauoN Ar Dum Dunr MouNn, Dum Dunr,
peacock, lion, human, wheel on lotus, kinnari, Dnrrucr Nonrn TwsNry FouR-PlncaNns
elephant, snake, vidyadhara, etc.
The Kolkata Circle, of the Survey, under the
The potsherds collected during the course of direction of S.B. Ota and subsequently by B.
digging comprise dull-red varieties which are more Bandyopadhyay, assisted by T.J.Baidya, T.J.
common than the black, grey and bright-red sherds. Chakraborty. S.Maiti, S.Ghosal, P.K.Nayek,
The predominant shapes are lid-cum-bowl and vase M.C.Joshi, P.N.Biswas. Tapas Sahana, P.Biswas.
besides a lesser quantity of bowl and dish. P.C.Das. Sankar Sarkar, K.Srimani, Tapas Datta,
Rajat Nath, conducted excavation at Dum Dum
The conservation ofthe dilapidated structures
mound(880 25' 30" Long; 220 37' 45" Lat)with a
have also been undertaken simultaneously. The
view to ascertaining-the gultural sequence of this
missing courses of bricks were relaid through the
area which forms a part of Kolkata Metropolis as
process of underpinning with the collected bricks
well as to detect the nature of settlement with the
and the combination-mortar as per original.
help of its antiquarian remains.

WzgzW
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

Plates 2O2AA3
--E

n l*..r.i

203

Dum-Dum mound: 202, beads of semiprecious stones and203, cast copper coins

lzvI-
 I

I
I
I

{TIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

\[ith an average height of 2.85 m from the encountered. It was observed that the earliest
srumding level, where recent urban settlement has settlement at the site took place just above the
e€@d in full swing, Dum Dum Mound (approx virgin soil which is compact yellowish clayey
III) m x 75 m x 75 m) stands in N-S orientation with river-borne silt. The other floors of Period I are
is souhern half being occupied by the dilapidated made of rammed brick nodules, potsherds, sand,
Euical Clive's House (one ofthe earliestbuildings sticky clay etc and possibly wattle-and-daub
h Kolkata), modem residential houses and a Siva structures were made in this period. While the floor
trylesnplex. The open portion ofthe mound itself levels are easily detectable, structures in the form of
L usd as a play-ground till date. The open and flat walls are untraceable perhaps due to prolonged
drygound sftewn over with innumerable potsherds, waterlogging. In Period II also, structures were found
hfotnodrles, etc being identified as an archaeological except different floor levels mainly made oframmed
mnd was considered worthy of excavation to throw earth and sometimes with lime coatings.
fthm fte development ofurban settlement at Kolkata
d iB adjoining areas. Pottery assemblage from Dum Dum mound is
indeed remarkable. The entire pottery repertory
Excavation was conducted in grid pattern with broadly falls into six groups, i.e., red ware, dull
a otiective ofexturding the trenches at any direction red-ware, black ware, grey ware, black-and-red
rwell as to co-relate stratigraphicallythe peripheral ware besides porcelain. Each group has its
rea wift the cenhal portion ofthe mound considering distinctive characteristics. Red ware dominates
ismryational deposit. Excavation was done in four over other wares in all the periods while porcelain
twtes viz.,XAl,XB1,XCl andYAl in l0x 10m is restricted to only Period II.
rca and except a few quadrants, natural soil was
reted in all the trenches at an average depth of4.00
Period I is represented by the red ware with
mfromthebasePegAl. and without slip, grey ware of polished and plain
variety; black ware, degenerated variety of NBP
Excavation revealed seven major layers Ware and black-and-red wares. All the wares are
mtaining relics of two broad cultural periods. of medium-to-fine fabrics. Coarser variety is very
Feriod I from c. second century BC to the eleventh- rare. Vases of differenttypes, lota-shapedpot, deep
twelfth century and after a gap of about three and shallow bowls, sometimes with ring base,
mturies, the site was occupied again in Period II miniature pots, convex-sided fine grey coloured
from circa fifteenth-sixteenth century AD and dishes of different sizes, storage-jars, handis with
remained occupied till the recent times. The upper carination and rounded body were found.
strata contain materials of late medieval and
colonial periods. However, due to constructional Mention may be made of some flower
vase-like pots with S-profile and flayed out rim and
and other activities, occasional disturbances could
ring or flat base. These are restricted only to Period I
be noticed in different layers and periods.
like the miniature pots and dishes with incurved rim
Structural evidences in the form of the brick in fine grey ware. Majority ofthe assemblage is wheel-
or mud walls were not encountered in Periods I made while few are hand-made and also ofmoulded
and II. But in Period I, successive floor levels were variery Some ofthe potsherds bear incised decoration

295
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

I
:
I
20s 207

Dum-Dum mound: 204, terracotta sealing,205, teruacottafemalefigurine, Period I,

206, lower part offemale figurine and 207 , upper half of female figurine

a2%
. \ P L O RlT I O N S AN D EXC AVATION S

n *ru
209

t--
2tl

Dum-Dum mound: 208, terracotta head of a malefigurine, Period 1,209, terracotta mithuna
plaque, Period 1,210, terracotta plaque and2ll, terracotta heads ofa couple, Period I

)zstf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI.O2 -A REVIEW

Plate212

t:T]f L l

Dum-Dum mound: stone sculpture of Mahishamardini Durga'

Period I

Jzsa!
 UTIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

."rmprise horizontal lines, sun motifs, figurines shou religious atflliation also. One
- - -. i:rokes. \\ avy lines etc. Howeveq all these terrracotta seal in Kutila Brahmi script of the eighth
rr ,-: - :'.
: : r arietr'of rims. In addition to the above, century AD contains an indiridual's name. that
-:
: ,;, :tlilped-sherds rvere also found in the course reads 'Samapasasya '. Mention mav also be made
-:',J:.\.ltiOn. ofa single stone sculpture of Mahishamardini Durga
(pl.2l2) datable to c. tenth-eleventh century AD.
Ptrtten assernblage of Period II consists of
-r: "' :re. dull red ware, black ware and grey wares, Bones of a variety of animals like birds and
- .:r.,. deroid of any slip with the fabric varies turtles, fish etc., were also found from this period
-- :-. :redinrn-to-thick. Spouted vessel, karahi, along with charred rice, pulses etc., indicating their
--;,:..'- saucer-like plates and knobbed-lids, pitcher, fondness for rice, fish and meat, etc. Remains of
:::::.s. etc. are the main types. Pottery with ring acquatic animals and food grains indicate existence
-:ii r--rr tboted variety, miniature pots are almost of river or swampy area including forest and paddy
::-nt in this period. The number of pottery of this field nearby.

-:rol is more than Period. l. The designs are mainly Antiquities of Period II include iron nails,
--,'de bv incision and moulding only on the shoulder beads, coins of East India Company, etc.
-.d nm portions. Some porcelain sherds were also The excavation at Dum Dum mound proved
.:!-L)untered in this period.
beyond doubt that in the peripheral zone of Kolkata
Quite a good number of antiquities found from there was a flourishing urban settlement,
Nth the periods include beads of semiprecious possessing characteristic features comparable to
iit)n€s (p|.202), medallion, terracotta animal and Chandraketugarh, a well-known early historic
luman figurines, hopscotch, wheels, toycart, bone urban centre of West Bengal.
discs. cast copper coins (pl. 203), copper antimony
96. Expr-onATroN rx Drsrnrcr PuRur-rvn
:od. amulets, vessel, terracotta seals and sealings
rpl.204), stoppers, sling balls, bangles, pendants, In the course ofexploration of the area under
lamps, mould, iron nails, arrow-heads, antlers, etc. Kashipur Police Station of Puruliya district, to be
tiom Period I. Some of the terracotta plaques and submerged due to Darakeswar-Gandheswari
figurines are exquisite works of art and they bear Reservoir Project, T.J.Chakraborty, of the Kolkata
close affinity with the Sunga and Kushan sytle (pls. Circle, of the Survey, located the following sites
205-211). Some of the terracotta plaques and of archaeological importance.

Police Station Site/Mouza

Rangamatia Manihara Brick-built Navaratan Narayana Temple, raised on a high

plinth, having three-arched openings and terracotta
ornamentations on either side ofthe door frame. Two other
deul-type old Siva temples in the village were thoroughly
repaired by the villagers.

lzsgf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A RET/IEW

Police Station Site/Mouza Nature af remains

Kashipur Rangarnatia Brick-built flat roofed Narayana Temple, raised on a high

plinth, comprising the sanctum cella and covered porch with
triple arched-entrance. There are ornamental mouldings on
the upper part of temple. There is an old Rasmancha on the
right side of the temple.

ImI
 SANSKRITIC AND DRAYIDIC INSCRIPTIONS'

ANDHRA PRADESH ond century AD is now preserved in the Archaeologi-

cal Museum, Amaravati. It begins with a salutation to
l. \'u..rr asacaRa lNscnrprloN, Nll-lun, Drsrrucr Buddha who is described with various epithets such
-trrrr.rpLn as s ama s ambudha (thoroughly enlightened), etc.

This inscription engraved on a big stone lying

3. Buunar lxscnrprrox, N.lc.lRJUNAKoNDA,
rxr a small reservoir outside the village, is in Telugu
DrsrnrcrGrxrun
hrguage and characters. It is dated in Saka 1475 (AD
I 553 ) and refers to the reign of Sadasivadevaraya. This inscription (712000) from Macharla, in
It contains a communication issued by Mahaman- Prakrit language, of Virapurusha Datta, Regnal year
dalesvara Konappadeva maharaja to Tirumala 6 va.pa. 6 day 10, begins with the Prasasti of
Tatacharnrlu ofNallur. It states that Konappadeva Mahasenapati Mahatalavara Khanda Siri, son of
maluraja having considered the antecedents, ordered Vasishtiputra ofPuki clan who was the grandfather of
that as per the prevailing custom, the water supply Vishnusiri on the occasion ofconsecrating the stone-
dtould be regulmized probably from the main resenroir, pillar during the reign ofMrapurusha Datta.
to th€ tank at Roddam till the amavosya day ofthe
nronth ofAsvayuja and to the tank atNalluru from the 4. Bn,rnrur lxscnlprrox, NaGIRJUNAKoNDA,
fint day ofthe first fortnight ofKarttika. It also states Dsrnrcr GuNrun
that the concerned officer visiting Roddam should
restore the earlier system ofwater supply forthe merit
This insciption in Prakrit language from
ofRamaraju Timmaraju. It furttrer refers to restictions Nagarjunakonda, Macharla, mentions a certain
for the use of water or digging a sluice to the main Mahachoda Mukha and Revatinikaya Incidentally the

tank called Ayyavaricheruvu.

record also mentions the constnrctionsof mandapas
and maha-chaitya in Kantakasaila, Velagiri and
2. Pnarnlr INscRIprroN, Anr,lRavarr, DrsrRlct Pushpagiri ets. (912000). It is preserved in the Island
Gulrun Museum at Nagarjunakonda and belongs to the time
of Ikshvaku king Ehuvala Chantamula
A single line inscription, engraved in Prakrit
language and Brahmi characters of about the sec-

IInformation from: K.M. Bhadri, assisted by M. Jayarama Sharma, T.S. Ravishankar, N. Nanjundaswamy, C.A. Padmanabha Sastri, Jai
Prakash, D.M. Nagaraju, S. Nagarjuna, S. Swaminathan, K. Karuppaiah, S. Rajavelu, K. Munirathnam, K. Panneerselvam, of the
Epigraphy Branch, Mysore, Southern Zone, Chennai and Northem Zone, Lucknow and nos. 3-7,9, 17-'18, from the Department of
Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh.

30r
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

5. Ixssvaxu Ixscnmrron, NacnRJUNAKoNDA, is in Brahmi characters and Prakrit language. On

DrsrnrcrGuxrun palaeographical grounds the record could be assigned
to the second century AD. It records a gift (danam)
This Ikshvaku inscription (8/2000) from
made by the mother of Pathala, the gahapati (the
Nagarjunakonda, Macharla, now preserved in the
house holder).
Island Museum at Nagarjunakonda, is in Prakrit
language and Brahmi script. It belongs to the time of 9. Qurun Snlur lNscnrprrox, KoNll-Par,lr,
Ikshvaku king Chantamula and records the gift (not DrsrRrcr KRrsnN,r
mentioned) by Mahatalavari Khad asagar a si ster of
The Department ofArchaeology, Government
Chantamula.
ofAndhra Pradesh, reported the discovery of a Qutub
6. Ixsnvaxu lNscmprrox, N.a,GaR.luN.l,roNn.n, Drs- Shahi inscription ( 1/2000) near the steps leading to
rnrcrGuxrun the fort on the hilock, belonging to Qutub-il-mulk (Quli

Qutub Shah-I) S.l452Khara, Chaitra, Su:2 Monday

This inscription in Brahmi script and Prakrit AD1530 in Telugu. It records the conquest of
language (10/2000), is now preserved in the Island Kondapalli fortby Quli Qutub Shah-I, when some
Museum, Nagarjunakonda. It mentions the gift of gift of lands were made in the village, Keedarbad,
Mahachaitya in Chuladammagiri, to the east of South ofKondapalli to the Tiruhar and Darivesus i.e,
Vij ayapuri, to the up as akas, by the' Bodhisiri' and saints of Islamic faith.
gift ofthe village'Gova'. It also mentions the number
of Nikayas such as Mulanikaya Bodhinikaya, 10. Sun INscnrpuoN rRou KoNoApALLr, Drsrnrcr
Viranikaya, Naganikaya, etc. and also mentions KnrsHNl
Kulahavihara and Simhalavihara in Mahadammagiri. An inscription was noticed on slab inside the fort,
by the Department ofArchaeology, Govemment of
7. Pnaxnrr lxscnrprrox, N.LcaR.luNlroNn.a,, Drs-
Andhra Pradesh. This inscription, in Telugu language
rnrcr Gurvrun
and script is datable to the seventeenth-eighteenth
This Brahmi inscription (6/2000) in Prakrit centuryAD, states that, whoever observes, it would
language from Macharla, belongs to the Ikshvaku attain the merit ofVishnuloka and whoever defies it to
dynasty and is now preserved in the Island Museum him would accure the sin ofhell in the form ofinsects
at Nagarjunakonda. It records the name of Kadasiri, throughout the Brahmakalpa. The details ofthe donor
son of Madhariputa, probably on the occasion of and the donee are not available (3/2000).
erecting a pillar in Greeshmapaksha.
11. Vr"uyauAGARA lNscRrpuoN, GuNoALa, Dlsrnrcr
8. Puxnm lNscnrprron, Duur,rx,rrra, DrsrRrcr KunNoor-
KanrnaNaclR
This Telugu inscription, engraved on aboulder
This label inscription now preserved in the lying in the field of Ramaiah, belongs to the
Golden Jubilee Museum, ofthe Department ofAr- king S adasivaraya. Dated S aka 1 49 1
Y ljay anagara
chaeology, under the Govemment ofAndhra Pradesh, (AD 1569), it refers to the gift of some land in the

r(f '
 :, !!\

tfuaryonda-bhoga by an officer called Dodala village belongs to the Kalyana Chalukya king,
htatanayanigaruto one [Bairaya] towards con- Tribhuvanamalladeva. Dated Saka 03 8 (AD 1 1 1 6),
1

lltrtion of gopura, prakara andmandapa of the itrefers to his subordinate mohamandalesvora

fukaavaperumal TemPle at Gundala. Uttamachola Maharaja as ruling over the province of
Hidkal-S0O and records some grant of land to a god
LL Srov IxscnrrroN, Mlnulvl,Rllt, DIstntct (name lost) which was entrusted to one Singarasi-
l(rrxool pandita, son ofRaj masinga-pandita on the occasion
of Uttarayana Sankranti.
This Telugu inscription, in characters of about
ft thirteenth century AD, found in the field of 15. K.lr-vlNl Cnar,urvl, IxscntPTIoN,
fmatappa in the village is intere:,ting from the point
GluntcnnRr.6 Drstruct Mrox
dmedical treatment (Vrinayaidyam). ltstates that
during the reign of Maharajadhiraja This inscription, engraved on the four sides of a
Wharqiulawa, a local chief called Gollamorri
big slab situated in the middle of the fields at the
fbigaru rnade a gift of land to a certain Chinamallay4 entrance ofthe village, is written in Kannada language
m of Devoja of Mamggali Ramggapuram for the and characters and belongs to the reign of
!reatrnent ofhis son Timappa who was suffering from Trailokyamalladeva. Dated in Saka 986 (AD 1064),
aboil. it refers to the construction of a temple (name not
mentioned) situated on the western bank ofthe main
13. K,cJ-vlNl Cn.lr,uxv.q lNscRrprrox, Kunxool',
tank called Piriyagondakere by Maramayya and
Dsrmcr Kunxoot
frtrther records a gift of l0 mattars of land, probably
This Kannada inscription, now preserved in the by mahamandelesvara Chandrasekhara Chola, a
Andhra Pradesh State Archaeology Museum at Telugu-Choda chief of Karikala lineage'
Krrnool (findspot not known), belongs to the Kalyana
Chalukya king Bhuvanaikamalla (Somesvara II)' 16. Kar,vlNe Crulurvl lxscnrr-nox, MlMtDrPltLY,
Dated Saka 997( AD 1075). It refers to Somesvara DrsrmcrMnnlx
and his subordinate dandanayakaMahipalayya' The
latter is stated to have made the grant of the rights This epigraph is engravedinKannada language
(prabhutv a) of the tax-in come brahmadeya withthe and characters on a pillar kept in front of the Nandi
privile ge s ( a s ht a- b ho g a- t ej a- sv amy a) to a certain image, near a tank outside the village, and it is dated
Mallikarjuna Jiya belonging to the temple ofkugesvara in the 1 1th regnal Year AD 1 08 7 of
at Mosalamaduvu on the occasion of Uttarayana Tribhuvanamalladeva, i.e., Vikramdaditya VI rul-
Sanlcranti. ing from KalYana. It records that
Brammidevayyanayaka of Piriyakandi, a close as-
14. KllYlNl CHnr,urYl INscnlrttoN, sociate (sahavasi) of the king, made provision for
Mucncnlrl4 Dtstntcr KunNoor' the supply of drinking water to the cattle (danagalu)
pillar and other animals (mrigagalu) from a tank called
This Kannada inscription, engraved on a

set up in front ofthe Mallikarjunasvami Temple in the Kandi.

 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI -02 - A REVIEW

Tellapur : Telugu inscription

Iloll
 !.t
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.f

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'qtl

ffi;

Gangapatnam : Telugu ins criPtion

I3osl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

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o'

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i06
 Somesvara qs devabhogafor the merit of his mother
Machaladevi by Nannechoda, son of
Mahamandelesvara Tribhuvanamalla Deva Choda
hb inscription, engraved on a stone-slab, kept
Maharaja. Another record contains a gift made by
Em two big pillars outside the village, is in
Kannaradeva measuring 8 puttis of land to the south-
rlmguage and characters (p1' 213). It is dated
west of the temple of Somesvara Maha Deva as
a 1340 (AD 1418) and refers to the king
devabhoga. Also contains another gift of land made
rslrah Sultan. It records the construction of a
by their sister comprise d8 puttis ofland in Katepalli
,ell (nadabhavi) with provision of water
village. The second side of the record contains the
gJevice (etamu)
details of the services tenures like Sanivrittis
i. Irrc Rtptlor' oF- Vu,t-ucoot CHte n, Sthanapatisj etc. The third side contains the date, i.e.,
I "-s, , rPrTr rtt, DlsTRtct NpLlORr S. 1033, i.e., AD 1111, Vishnusankranti, which
mentions that ruiling by Tribhuvanamalla, certain
This Telugu inscription in the characters of about
Kosanaya Setti, son of Vasaya Setti resident of
nnaenth cenflrryAD, is engravedonthe eastem door-
Chennugonda caused a tank and built a temple for
lu*' ofthe CharumundammaTemple andbelongs to
the God Somesvara.
hennapa-nayanimgaru ofVelugodi. It refers to the
.-Lrrstnrction of a temple and installation of the deity
lharumundamma and the dvarapalakas .at HARYANA
-r.:ngapatnam bythe above mentioned chiefwho was
2 1. Bnannat lNscntpuox, KunuxsuETRA' DrsrRtcr
- *m ofoneNayanayya and grandson ofTimmanayani
c.I-t). KuRtxsnrrnl
This incomplete inscription is engraved on the
I9. Ptrl.rn INscRtprtoN, Cut,NN,I,PALLI, Dtsrnrcr
pedestal of a broken Jaina image kept in the Krishna
PR\h\s.lu
Museum. It is in Sanskrit language mixed with Prakrit,
This Telugu inscription from Martur, of the in Brahmi characters ofthe second-third centuryAD.
eler enth centuryAD, belong to Telugu-Choda dynasf. It seems to refer to the making of the image by a fe-
This is much abraded and eulogizing the Telugu Cholas male disciple of AryyaYudhadasi Crl. 215).
oiKonidena (5/2000).

10. Tslucu INscRtprloN, CunxNaPnLll. DIStRlct

KARNATAKA
Pnrx.rslvt

This inscription(412000) on apillarnear Siva HlnEMlRALt, DIstRlcr

22. SroNp IN-SCRIPTION,
temple, Martur, belonging to the Telugu-Choda dy-
MnNuvn
nasty of Konidena ofNanne Choda, is datable to S.
AD 103. This contains a series This Kannada inscription, engraved on a slab
I 025 Vshnu sankranti 1

setupbythe side ofMallesvaraTemple. is in characters

of gifts of land made by Nannechoda and his family
of about the tenth century AD. It refers to the death of
members. It records the gift of 72 marttars near
Buddhisenakanti of Mullevasapura through s anrudl i.
Enugurayi in the villageAmmalapundi to the God

307
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

It eulogizes his noble character and generosity and Bijjanadevarasa at the request of mahopasatya
states that he was the follower ofAychasenakanti, a Kemga-nacheya-nayaka to the same god.
disciple of Mallisenadeva belonging to Malanam-gana.
The last record registers a gift of land, a certain
23 SroNn lxscnlpuox, KnRncotu, Dtstnrct tax on cart load ofbetel leaves, oil mill, etc, jointly by
Mlxnvl the Ayyavole - 500 and Mummuridandas for the
worship and services ofthe same god.
This Kannada inscription, engraved on a slab
kept on the left side ofthe Panchalingesvara Temple, 25. K.LI,va,x.t Crur,uxva INscRtrtlox,
is in characters of about the eleventh centuryAD. It Mlusm.qvn o.n, Drsrnrcr RlIcnuR
states that certain Polleyya. a subordinate of
This inscription, set up ne ar the gothana in front
Mummadicholadeva, enlarged the tank named
of the agas i, is in Kannada language and characters.
Polleyasamudram and built a temple for goddess
Itbelongs to the reign ofTrailokyamalla (Somesvara
Bhagavati and granted some lands.
I) and dated in Saka 9 4 Vrisha, Uttarayana-
161
24. K,cLvnNn Cuu,urvl lNscnprroNs, Htru-Brnrcr, sanlcranti (AD 1041). It registers the gift oftaxes on
Drsrnrcr Rarcsun cart load of salt, probably to the goddess (name lost)
of the village Megala-Sirivura jointly by Perggade
These fourinscriptions, engraved on a stone set
Marasingha and his younger brotherAyyana. The
up towards the eastem side ofthe KallesvaraTemple,
record was written by Dekimmayya.
are in Kannnada language and characters. The first
one, belongs to the reign of Hemmatraya 26. K,lLvlNl, CHu,uxva lNscmpttoN, RaICHUR,
(Vikramaditya V[), ruling from the capital Kalyana. lt Drsrmcr Rxcnun
is dated in Saka 1 023 (AD I 100) and registers a gift
This inscription originally brought from the
of land to the god Svayambhu-Sri-Kali devafor anga-
Ramalingesvara Temple but presently set up inside the
bhoga and ranga-bhoga,jointly by the feudatory
Navaranga Darwaz4 is in Kannada language and
Mamneya-Bacharasadeva of Kadamba lineage,
characters. It belongs to the reign of the Chalukya
Mulige Hampeya-nayaka, Bacheya-nayaka and
king Jagadekamall4 ruling from his capital Etagiri while
Rajaya-nayaka. The gifted lands and four sites were
his new feudatory Lenkarasa was administering
made overto KavadiyaKeti-setti, who was the priest
Edadore 2000. Itregisters a gift oflandof 24 mottors
ofthe god Svayambhu Kalideva. The second record
ofblack soil, measured in 44 genagadimbada-kolu
states that in the fourth regnal year ofTiibhuvanamalla-
of Kalapriyadeva and also a few more land grants,
Somesvara (Somesvara IV), (AD 1186), such as gardde of four hundred and frfty knmmas , a
mahapradltanaMtrariKesavadeva made a gift of
garden oftrvo hundred andffiy knmmas, and thirteen
land for the same god for the same purpose. jointly by
houses to the godAyichesvara ofAsamki

The third inscription records a gift of land by Kodimmayya, Jagadekamalla-Pollapayya-bhattaraka

mahamandalesvara, Bhu.ia-bala Bhima Yrra and Permma-Lokarasa of Manne.

!:osf
L
I

I
I

MPHY

. MADHYAPRADESH
1203). It records the perpetual obeisance ofKayastha
Sihada ofthe Gauda lineage, his son (name not clear)
and pandita Gayadhara G,l. 217 ).
!". J.ura lxscnrprroNo DEwAS, DIsrrucr Duwes
30. Srrr-Sroxn lxscnrp, rox, Soxx.a,cu, Dtstruct
This inscription, engraved on the pedestal of
Drwas
r broken Jaina image, now preserved in the State
\luseum, is in the local dialect and Nagari This inscriptiion, engraved on a sad-stone fixed
r-haracters and dated in Vikrama l22l (AD 1 I 63). opposite toNadivali Masjid is in local dialect and
h mentions the name of acharya Prabhachchandra, Nagari characters and dated inVikrama 1438 (AD
*flhu Chanda, sadhu Gaidhara, Mehindi, Sekenhi, 1330). It records that the wife of Rajarajesvara
sadhu Ralha, sadhu Papa and sadhu Thala, all Narayanasimha committed sati in the above
helonging to Paliv-anvya and probably records their mentioned year, and that a shelter (ot al a) over her
rrbeisance (pI.216). memorial stone was erected by Ka (Kayastha)
Jt. Janl INscRtprtoN, Nnu.lwl,R, Dsrruct Dnwns SavaisimhaBaghela.

This inscription, engraved on the pedestal of 31. Two Nac.lnr lxscntpuotts, Nrn,tlcn, DIstRtcl
a broken Jaina image kept in the sculpture-shed of NIlrlcn
dre Survey, inthe SiddhesvaraMandir, is in Sanskrit
The first inscription, engraved on an octagonal
language and Nagari characters and dated in
stoneanddated(Vikrama) 1913 andSaka 1778 (AD
\'ikrama 1 I 90 (AD ll3z).It records that the Jaina
1856), is in Sanskrit language. It records the making
image was caused to be made by Krishnaraja, son
of paduka (foot-prints) of Ulichandaji by his disciple
of Lakshmanaandgrandson of Sripala belonging
Puranachanda and their consecration by Vimalasuri.
to Paurapatanvaya, who was endowed with
qualities of Ratnatraya (accrttate perception, Another inscription, engraved on a stone slab
complete knowledge and correct conduct). and dated Vikrama 1927 annd Saka 1792 (AD
1 870) is in local dialect and records the consecration
29. Two Nlclnt IxscRrptIoNS, NEMAwr.R,
of the step-well of the Mahadeva Temple, probably
Drsrmcr Dnwas
by MisatriNavalajiand refers to Mimacha (Nimach).
One ofthese inscriptions, engraved on a stone
slab fixed on the wall of the arddha-mandapa of
Siddhesvara Mahadeva Mandir, is in Sanskrit language ORISSA
and Nagari characters and dated in Vikrama 1253
32. Bnanlrt l:qscnlprtox, LnxcuDI HIIL, DIsrRtcr
(AD 1195). It records perpetual obeisance of
J.q,rpuR
Kayastha tha" Bhudhara of the Gauda lineage and
his sons Devesvara and Hirasara. Another inscription Engraved on the back side of a portrait sculpture
fromthe same temple is also in Sanskrit language and flankedby chauri-bearen, this inscription in characters
Nagari characters and dated in Vikrama 1 261 (AD ofthe first-second cenfuryAD refers to kingAtaka.

I:oqI
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 216-217

(*r

,-1!sftffi-'
217

Dewas:216, Jaina inscription and2l7, Nemqwctr: Nagari inscription on a stone slqb

-1lt)
 ' :i'HY

ninth regnal year (c. AD 855), it registers a grant of

TAMILNADU
two plots ofland inclusive ofa garden to the temple
called Cheruvanai Isvaragriham by a ladyAnsadigal,
-13. Prrnve INscnprroN, K.LnrlrKAvuDNANUR,
the mother ofGunapperumanar, the wife ofAndurai-
IL.;rrucr ComsAToR-E
Araiya Buddha Perumanar, a native of Kumarapadi
This Tamil inscription, engraved on a stone set in Vaiyyavur-nadu in Kalattur kottam, for the
ry in a field, is dated in the fourth regnal year ofthe enjoyment of the temple.
Pmdya ruler Sundara Pandya twelfth - thfuteenthAD.
37. PnNova lxscRtpnox, KununmALUR, Dlsrntcr
h mentions that this land was the devadana of the
PuRq.MB,{run
god Manniyur-aludaiya-nayanar of Kulimangalam
dizsMrapandyanallur. This inscription, engraved on the south wall of
Panchanadisvara Temple in the village, in Tamil
31. \-rravaNAGARA INscRprroN, AMBUR' Drsrrucr
DnrRrrapuRr
language and characters and is dated in the seventh
regnal year (AD 1303) of the Pandya king
Dated in Saka 1496 (AD 1574), this inscription Tribhuvanachakravarti Sundarapandyadeva. It records
engraved in Telugu language and characters, refers to that the merchants of several divisions gathered at
the reign of Virapratapa Sadasivadevaraya of Viladapuram inVembar-nadu and agreed to provide
Vijayanagara dynasty. It records the donations in the forthe various services to the go( Tiruvaiyyarudaiya-
fum of magana (contributions by merchants) to the nayanar at Kurumbalur in Vembamadu.
temple of Varamula Hanumanta situated at Haruru
38. Taurl lNscRtprtoN, KlvumtINAM, Dtsrntcr
constructed by the mercantile community. Haruru is
TuuconrN
said to have been situated inthe dharma parupatya
ofRamganayaka. This epigraph, found in a graveyard in
Kayalpattinam is written in Tamil language and
35. Ta.narr- INscRtprtoN, Katattun, Drsrnlct
characters ofthe fifteenth centuryAD. It refers to the
I(r.:qcnrpuRau
demise of SadhuNayinar,Sayyad Ahmad Nayinar,
This Tamil inscription is engraved on a loose Vrapandya Mudaliyar and Kamal Nayinar in Kollam
stone lying inside a cow-shed. Engraved in Tamil year825 (AD 1440).
characters of the ninth-tenth centuryAD, it records
39. Cnola INscnrptrorq, KoNG,TnAyAKURICHCHI,
the setting up of a sluice to the lake at Kalattur by a
Drsrnrcr TurrcoRrN
lady Nangarasiyar, the wife of Sri Pottaraiyan
Kon garaiyar Kal laperumannar. This inscription, engraved on the stepping-stone
ofthe VinayagarTemple, is in Tamil language and
3 6. Pallrya I n-SCRtprIoN, Kuntlnavn ot, Drstnlct
Vatteluttu script of the tenth century. Dated in the
I(q,NcurpuRAl\,l
twelfth regnal year ofthe king Rajaraja I (AD 987),it
Th is Tamil inscription engraved on the south wall refers to the gift by a certain Kilavan forburning a
ofthe cental shrine oftheAlagesvara Temple belongs lamp in the Munrurai-Mrapperumpalli Temple at
to the Pallava ruler, Nrupatunga-varman. Dated in his Kontr in Tiruvaludi valanadu (pl. 2 1 8).

3ll
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO 1-02 - A REVIEW

t!,
t9- j.
{.f .,..

I.q
hr
ir"

Kongarayakurichchi: Chola inscription

!:rzl
 ,.,\
.))

I- Cnol-.r lrscruprtox, VnNNIvrou, Dtstntct 43. Par-I-.cva Irscnlprto\r S.rn.llt, Dlsrnlcr

l-u-lom VtluppuRlrrr

This Tamil inscriptiorl found engraved on a slab

This Tamil inscription, in Tamil characters
qraved on the north wall of a ruined Vishnu tenrple, lying in front ofa Sivaternph, is inTfnil languags rd
6 dded in the fifth regnal year of the Chola king characters. It is dated in the twenty-fiffh regnal year
(AD 87 I ) of the Pallava ruler Nnrpatungavarman- It
Frakesarivannan and can be palaeographically
*;grred to the eleventh centuryAD. It records that records the gift of one uri of icedaily by the chief
priest Perunambi Nagarayan ofSaramto the temple
b sabho of Ranavikrama-mangalam received
futeen kalanju of gold from Sivakurikkamadi authorities of the same village, possibly for providing

pGlrrman, the madhyastha (meliator) ofthe village food offerings to the deity (pl. 219).

fuhrrning a perpetual lamp to the god in the Mshnu 44. Cuou INscmpuox, TexstnuvALUR' Dsrntcr
qle of the village. The sabha undertook the VrlupruRlu
rspmsibility of buming the lanP.
This inscription, engraved on the south wall of a
{1. CHor-l IxscnrprtoN, Krr,roNouR, DtstRtcr ruined Siva temple, is in Thmil language and charactrs-
l-u-trpunau Dated in the tenth regnal year of the Chola king
Parakesarivarman, it may be assigned on
Inscripion is engraved in a bolder lying in a field" palaeographical grounds to about the tenth century
Darcd in the fifth regnal year of the Chole emperor' AD. It records that Parasaran Tayan Sattan, in order
Xutotnmga tr (AD ll23),it ribords that an individual to provide food offerings on the occasions of
Amul*al KambanAtkondan a
residentofNaraiyur
sankranti and new moon days, to the god
reclaimed a quarter veliof fallowJand bclonging to Yamadagnisvaratt-alvar of Seruvalur in Oyma-nadt1
the Tinrvagnisvaram-udaiya Mahadevar Tkrplc at donated one cheruw ofland. The land was enmrsted
Naraiyur in Udaikkattu-nadu in Venagoppadi, for to the temple managers who received the gift and
poviding food offerings to the god. agreed to carry out the charity (pL.220).

{2. Cnoll lxscnrprloNr S.nuu, Drsrnrcr 45. Cnor,l lxscnrruox, Tnxstnuvruun, Dtsrnlcr
Vnuppunalr Vrr,uppuRau

This Tamil inscription, inTiamil ctraracters ofthe This Thmil inscriflion is found engnved ortlre so.di
tenth centuryAD, is found engraved on a lmse stone wall of a ruined Siva temple. It is in Tamil characters and
in front of the Mariamman Temple. It is dated in the dated in tre tenth regnal year ofthe Chola nrler, Rajarqia

eighttrregnal year ofthe Cholaking Rajakesarivrman. I (AD 95). ft records flrat an individral by nanrc Kaliyrt
ofthe
It records that Kundanan Desivalli, the mottrer Kunran ofNandyarnalhlr in Sonafu nxade a gift ofland
queen, made a gift in order to purchase one na of after purchase from the assernbly (rrr) of Selalur to tre
land forproviding food offerings as well as frbuning god Yamatangisvaratt-alvar as kolobhogarn (for the

a perpetual lamp to the god Tiruvagattisvaratt-alvar. maintenance ofapersonblowingtrrrnpet intte temple).

ffilr:ffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO 1-02 - A REVIEW

soram: 219, Pallava inscription and 22o, Tensiruvalur: chola inscription

!:r+!
GrllPHf
-f
I r., lin, II()\. t..rsrntrt.,rt.tiR. DIsr RI("r. in the temple ofJayarnatankisvararrndaiyar in Selurur
alias Jayangondacholanallur, a village in Oyma-nadu
-- .:scnption, engraved on the south wall of a sub-division of Jayankondachola-mandalam by
ra -* -,:J I.r era temple, is dated in the sixteenth regnal Talai-Kilan Tiruvenkadavan Ponnaiyanathan and
:i ' :.-... king Kopperunjingadevar(AD 1248).It another lamp by his son-in-law Vayiravanalluran
-:"- - -: ::e gitt of twelve hundred coins (pudukasu) Sivatalaipperumal. The amount was entrusted to the
r -" ' .. i:ning nvo twilight lamps (sandhi-vilakku) Sivabrahmanas of the temple.

ARABIC AND PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS1

records, is datedAH 1067 (AD 1657) mentioning

ANDHRA PRADESH
the name Sayyidatana Bibi Ummatur Rahim, mother
of Hadrat Makhsusu 'z-Zaman and wife of Miran
\t .r r r.r. \\l-<ltis INsCtilpTloNS, G()t,r<tNun,
-r . rlr Hadrat Sayyid Khund Mir Bara Bani Israil. The second
tHturn,,rgno
death - record registers the death ofMiran Sayyidna
.\mong the miscellaneous inscriptions from this Hadrat ShahNusrat, the son and successorofMiran
: i;e. couple ofthem are epigraphic records worth Hadrat Sayyid Khund Mir Bara Bani Israil, inAH
:.:nrioning. One of them records Shite Durud in 1079 (AD 1 668). The third one pertains to the grave
\:rbic. and provides the date ofthe death of (name of Sayyidatana Bibi Aisha entitled Bibi Piyar
Khansahiba, the second wife of Miran Shah Nusrat,
::ctrrd inArabic registers the Quranic text 'Ulaika who passed away inAH 108 I (AD 167 l).The fourlh
)::,nr Khairu' I - Barfi,yahthatformsthe chronogram record from the grave ofMiyao Sayyid Khund Mir, the
:-r n'ell yielding the yearAH 1170 (AD 1756-57), son of Sayyidna Shah Nursrat registers the year ofhis
rpparently the date of the death of a saint (Gunde deathAH I 090 (AD I 679). While the fifth one registen
Shah ?). the death ofBandagi Miran Sayyid Sharil the sonand
successor of Bandagi Miran Sayyidna Shah Nusrat in
l. \lrsr r:r.r.ANEous Ir.-sc-Rlp'iloxs, LAt,GnnHl, Dls-
the year AH I 096 (AD I 685). As per the sixth death-
rHtt l RaN<;AREI)DI
recor4 Sayyidatana Bibi Umman il Aza wlf,e ofHadrat
Quite a good number ofPersian inscriptions have Bandagi Miyan SayyidYadullah Bare Shah Miyan and
come to light from this particularplace from the local daughter ofHadrat Makhsusuz Zaman breathed her last
graveyard called Mehdawi Daira, providing in the year AH 1097 (AD 1686). The seventh
information about the Mahdavi spiritual leaders, sarcophagus records the death ofHadrat Miyan Sayyid
i n c luciing the ir female members. Chrono I o g ically Yusufl son ofHadrat Miyan Sayyid Khund Miri Hadrat
speaking, the earliest among the present death- in AH ll10 (AD 1698). The eighth record is from

I Information from: M.I.

Quddusi, assisted by M. Yassin Quddusi, G.S.Khwaja and M.A. Zeya, of the Epigraphy Branch (Nagpur) of
the Survey. Two hundred and nine inscriptons were copied, examined and reported during the year under review, out ofwhich important
ones are noticed here.

I3rsl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

the grave of Hadrat Miyan Sayyid Mubarak, the away in AH 880 (AD 1475). Another epitaph in
zuccessor ofHadrat Miyan Sayyid Sharifmentioning Persian from the compound ofanother local mosque
his death-yearAH 1 161 (AD 17 48).The last one is records the demise ofa saintly figure Tajul Murshidin
datedAH I 190 (AD 177 6)recording the demise of Shah'AMunNabi, inAH 1039 (AD 1629-30). From
Hadrat Miyan Sayyid Khuda Bakhsh, the son and the saneplace, mentionedabove comes an epigraphic
successor of Hadrat Miyan Sayyid Mubarak. record in Persian that mentions the death of Sayyid
'Alam inAH I 2 10 (AD 1795-96).
Dls-t{t Among the epitaphic records from Shahi Bagh
Qabrastan ofthe city, a few ofthem deserve our notice.
3. MrscerlANcous Vrsrron's Rnconns, Du,Hr
One oftlrese inscriptions mentions the demise of Shaikh
Among four visitor's records copied from the Husain, son of Shaikh Madar Khan Bahadur, the
world-famous Qutb Minaq Delhi, two of them are resident of village Chikodi in Belgaon district, i.e.,
worth noticing. Both are recorded in Persian, Belgaum, Deccan, in the yearAH 1309 (AD I 892).
complementing each other. They record the name of Though the deceased lies buried atAhmedabad, but
a visitor to the monumen! Radha Kishan, son ofNain the inscription highlights his original native place in the
Suk[ specifying the particular date ofhis visit to Qutb Deccan. Probably, he had established himself at
Minaron Sunday, 186of Safar AHL}4I duringthe Ahmedabad in certain capacity where he breathed
month of Kuwar (October 2, AD 1825). This piece his last. Another epitaph from the same place belongs
ofinformation found inthe form ofinscriptions from to the grave ofRisaldar SayyidAhmad Hussain, who
the Qutb Minar, indicates the factthatthis monument passed away in AH 1305 (AD 1888). One more
had been attractingpeople to visit it and leave their inscription in Persian from the same place, records
mark as visitor's record. the demise of Haji Salih Muhammad, son of Bangal
Khan, resident of Tabela Patthar Kunwan,
Ahmadabad. He was horse-trader by profession. It
GUJARAT is further narrated that Baluchistan Mastung was his
original native place. The date ofhis death is recorded
4. MrscnlLANEous InscnrprroNs, DrsrRrcr asAH 1315 (AD 1898).
Anrreoanlo

During the year under review, a good rurmber of

Arabic and Persian epigraphs copied from different MAHARASHTRA
parts ofAhmedabad, referto the names ofdeceased
5. Mrsc'r:l.r,A\rious InscRlp-nox, AKr)r., f)rsr.nrr-r'
with dates of their death. The earliest one inArabic
Aror.,r
though damaged, records the death of one Khwaja
Mihr, son ofMusa?, son ofYusuf, son ofAli... AMullah A beautiful metrical record in Persian in Nastaliq
inAH 875 (AD 1470).Next inscription inArabic (not city, registers the demise
characters, copied from the
in siht\ fuoma local mosque in Kalupur localrty, points of an excellent scholarly personality Muhammad
to the grave ofal-Haj Kamalul Mubarah who passed MamininAH 1078 (AD 1667-68).

llo!
I I

- l -'r''

l, lfucEr-r-ANEous Errrnrrrs, Kartrru, Drsrmcr Karigiri, registering its construction by an

Ircrt n anonymous king (Shah-i-benam) inthe yearAH
1166 (AD 1752-53). The second inscription
A good number ofepitaphic records have come reported from the entrance of the local small fort,
bltht from the old Muslim graveyard in Kamthi refers to the same builder. The inscription provides
llrytee) town, once the military headquarters of very interesting information about the construction
L Britishers in the Nagpur region, i.e., Central of the citadel as an excellent resting-place (Darul-
horyinces. Afew ofthem are worttry of menton. An qarar) forthe anonymous king whose name is not
Udl inscritrion records the deattr ofHusain Bibi, wife specified. The citadel was constructed in the year
dShilrh Ismail, the overseer of tlle court (Kachheri), AH 1168 (AD 1754-55). As per the two above
hAH 1308 (AD 1891). Another epitaph in Urdu records in situ the present Jami Mosque and the
lralrs aboutthe deathofBibiAisha, wife ofthe late citadel were most probably constructed by the
fuhi Muhammad Rada of the Seventh Madras Nawwab ofArcot Muhammad'Ali Walajah (AD
Rcgiment. She died inAH 1312 (AD 1894-95) at 1749-9s).
h age of forty-five. Another member of the same
imily, i.e., 'Abdul'Alim, son of late Muhammad 8. Mrscor,LANEous INscntprIons, GINGEE,
lada also passed away inAH 1313 (AD 1895) at DrsrRlcr Vrllupunarr
he age of 2Tyears as p€r another epitaph in Urdu.
\ccording to the epitaph fixed at the grave of Chandni There are fourinscriptions from Gingee, all of
fe of Pensioner Darugha Jan Ahmad, her death took them are historically quite important. Of these, a
place inAH 1315 (AD 1897). Anotherdeathtook single-line Persian inscription records the
place in the same family, in the same year, i.e., AH completion of the (bastion named) Burj-i-Busaini
I I I 5 (AD 1897). The deceased was the wife of
inAH 1063 (AD 1652-53).It may be added that
'-{zimuddin and daughter of above-mentioned Adil Shahis of Bijapurbrought Gingee undertheir
DarughalanAhmad. One more epitaphic record in subjugation inAH 1058 (AD 1648). Itremained
Persian provides information aboutthe death of one under them for about four decades. During this
Waziruddin inAH 13 17 (AD 1899-1900). The slab period many additions in buildings were made. The
r*'as installed by Tajud Din, probably the father of the bastion on which the present inscription under
&ceased, native of Mau (Mhow) in Indore district. reference is carved, was built in the year AH 1063 .
The second Persian inscription is from Sa'adatullah
Khan Mosque in the Gingee Fort. It records the
construction of the mosque by Sa'id, the successful
administrator or governor at Nusratgarh (i.e.,
TAHLI{Alru
Gingee) inAH I 130 (AD 1718). This fact may be
highlighted that after the fall of Gingee Fort in 1698
7. I.lscnrplroNs oF N,q$$,Ass opAncot, K,tRlGuu,
at the hands of Dhul Fiqar Khan, Emperor
Dlsrnrc'r VRr,r,<lRr:
Aurangzeb had named that town as Nusratgarh. It
Of the two metrical records in Persian in became an important centre of Mughal rule in the
Naskh style, one pertains to the Jami Mosque at Deccan, and a mint was also established there. The

317
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO]-02 * A REVIEW

third Persian inscription pertains to the water- 11. MrscuLANEous ErmlrHS, DrsrRlcr JluNpun
reservoir to the south of the above mosque in An epitaph in Persian dated AH 1268 (AD
Gingee Fort. It purports that Sa'id, the adorner of 1 85 1-52) from Jaunpur, registers the death of some
the world, increasedthe water-supply of the city pious person, whose name is not mentioned. Another
ofGingee by (the construction) ofthe canal inAH epitaph from the same place, records the death of a
I135 (AD 1723). The last one is a metrical Persian young and talented man Warith'Ali Khan in AI{ 127 6
record in elegant Nas taliq characters, copied from (185e-60).
the main gate (Pondicherry Gate) of the Gingee Fort.
It records the conquest of Gingee Fort by the 12. Eptraps, M,rcnnlrsHAHR, Dsrnrcr JauNpuR
dignified noble Sa'adatullah Khan inAH 1 125 (AD
An epitaph reported from a graveyard of this
1713-14). The text of the inscription was composed
place, registers the death ofa lady named Hukki Bibi,
by one Ghulam 'Ali. It may be added that the
wife of Sayyid Hasan Rada in the yearAH 1227 (AD
conqueror of the fort Sa'adatullah Khan, is none
1812-13).
other than the first Nawait ruler ( 1710-32) in the
Carnatic. It was under him that the successful 13. Tucsr,aq IuscnrrrroN, Ma,uoea, DrsrRrcr
administrator and governor of Gingee or MaHona
Nusratgarh, Sa'id, carried out the above-mentioned
building activities in the fort. Historically ofgreat importance is the Persian
inscription, couched inNasfrft style, pertaining to a
9. MrscrlLANEous InscRrprroN, TINDIvaNaM, local tomb at Mahoba, a district headquarter. This
DrsrRrcr Vllr-upunanr metrical record registers the foundation ofthe dome
(obviously the tomb) of Shaikh Khid, grandson ofthe
A Persian record in versified form from an old greatShaikh, Pole-StaroftheWorld,FaridMalik
mosque in Sabzi Mandi of the place, assigns the inAH 779 (AD 1377) duringthereignofFiruz Shah
construction ofthe Kaba-like mosque to (areligious
G,t.22r).
person)'AbdunNabi in AHll42 (AD 1729-30).
WEST BENGAL
\
UTTAR PRADESH
14. IuscnrprroN oF THE SulraNs or BnNcar,
HanucnlN.{, Drsrnlcr Mar-nl
10. MlscsLr,ANEous INscRrprroN, PHULpuR,
Drs'rnlc'r AzANTGARH Amongthe fourrecords fromthe Jami Masjid
at Harugram two belong to the Sultans of Bengal.
This inscription from the Jami Mosque refers to These dynastic records are not in situ. One is dated
the foundation-stone laid for the construction ofthe AH 881 (AD 1476-77), recordingthe construction
Jami Masjid Jadid (i.e., New Jami' Masjid) at Phulpur of a mosque by Malikul Mu' azz,affi... dwing the reign
in A zamgarh (District) in AH I 294 corresponding to ofAbul Muzaffar Yusuf Shah (AD 147 4-81 ), son of
AD 1904. Barbak Shah, son of Mahmud Shah. The other

-1 lr
 222

Mahoba: 221 Tughlaq inscriptian and 222, Harugram: Persian epigraph

 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 *A REVIEW

m anArabic and Persian record ofAbul Muzaffar

is 16. lNscnrprroN oF THE SulraNs or BnNcar,,
Fath Shah, recording the erection of a mosque by MruorruR, DrsrRrcr Malul
Khan-i-Mu'azzam.-. in AH 887 (AD 1482-83) as AfragmentaryArabic inscription in thin hands,
per the tentative reading. is a loose record deposited with the Gaur Social
Welfare Mission at Mehdipur. The extant portion is
15. MrscoLLANEous InscRrpuoN, HaRUGRaM,
too convoluted to admit of satisfactory reading or
Drsrrucr Mlt,oa
providing its theme or gist. It is datedAH 847? (AD
There are two fragmentaryrecords copied from 1443-44), assignable to the time of Nasirud Din
the local Jami Masjid at Harugram. One ofthem is a Mahmud Shah I (AD 1442-59').
damaged Arabic record, bearing Quranic verses, 17. MtscnLLANEous INSCnrprroN, MrHDrpuR,
partial date, reference to the mosque? and the name Drsrrucr Malo,l
Ytsuf?' as per the tentative reading of the available Another epit$dc fragmentary loose record was
extanttext. The otherone refers to the foundation of copied from the sanre place. It records the martyrdqn
amosque by Iftan-i-A zamHasan l<han{6i.222). ofsome one (name los$ inAH 935 (AD 1528-29).

3:0
L-
I
I
I
I

III. NUMISMATICS AND TREASURE TROVE

a copper box covered with lid and datable to circa

ANDHRA PRADESH eighteenth-tenth century AD. The box bears the
remnants of cloth in which the coins were secured.
i. ( orrs rnou Vrr,r.,tces PERucANCHIpItot.tl ANU
\ r\r)\L. DlsTnrc'r KnrsHt r,t
MANIPUR
The Department ofArchaeology and Museums,
4. ANcmNr BBrl Mnml CotNS, TeNtnl, Dlsrntcr
Gt-r\ erflrn€flt ofAndhra Pradesh, acquired fifty-nine
Tsounal
Roman gold coins as treasure trove from
The Superintendent ofArchaeolory and his team,
Peruganchiprolu and Nandal of Krishna district.
Government of Manipuq during field survey at
'Kangla Chingdong hillock at Tentha, discovered a
MADHYA PRADESH medium-sized handmade, red pot with thirty two an-
cient bell-metal coins ofManipur. These circular coins

l. Golo axu Goln coATED slLvER cotNs, with the legend'Shri and'RA' inNagari andAssamese
B \RG \O\, Drsrnrcr K,trNr are assignable to the eighteenth centuryAD.

H.C. Verma, ofthe Bhopal Circle, ofthe Sur-

\ e\'. recovered coin hoard containing two hundred TAMILHADU
and eight gold and gold coated silver coins ofKalachuri
5. ColNs FRoM KunrNr.ltplot Tnlux, Dlsrntcr
krn-e Gangeyadeo ofeleventh-trvelfth centuryAD dur-
Cuoou,onr
ing conservation work of "Khandahar" located near
Somnath Temple at Bargaon. Raja Raja Chola copper coins (l1.3 kg) from
Kurinjipadi taluk, Cuddalore district and an one anna
metal coin from Bharathi Girls College, George Town,

MAHARASHTRA Chennai, were received as treasure trove; seventeen

Hongkong coins (1980), one 5 dollar, seven 50 cents
coins, eight 20 cents coins from the Superintendent of
3. SrI-vsn ColNs, PaNualo Kll Cn'rs, DISTRI{:I
the Cenhal Jail, Chennai as unclaimed properties were
RrrN,qcrRt
received and addedto the collection ofNumismatics
A hoard containing Indo-Sassanan coins also section inthe Govemmentmuseum, Chennai bythe
known as Gadhaiya coins was discovered nearthe Department of Archaeology and Museums,
Panhale Kaji group ofcaves. The coins were found in Govemment of Tiamilnadu.

!rzrf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

6. Corxs lxo TntlsuRn Tnovn, Drstnlct (1.741grams) and gold piece (3.00 grams) from
Pnneunnr,u& DrnruvrapuRr AND Cormnlronn Devastanapudaiyur village, Virutachalam taluk,
Cuddalore district; a silver ingot (10 grams) and a
A gold Amm ankasr (2.21 3 grams), twisted old gold ingot (10 grams) fromArumbarampaatu village,
wire (4.590 grams), two gold wire pieces and two Sankarapuram talulq Villupuam disfrict were received
gold sheets ( I .2 I I grams), and a metal container with as treasure-trove objects and added to the collection
lid from Nochikulam village, Kunnam taluk of ofAnthropology section.
Perambalur district; a silver talisman (12.21 grams)
and a broken piece of a pottery from Thenkarai kottai Forty-three Indo British old starpagoda gold
village, Pappireddipatti taluk, Dharmapuri district; coins, an ingot (gold) and a copper container from
three gold sheets andten Kundu fromAnandimedu Uthukkottai taluh Thiruvelltn district; two lndo British,
village, Lalgudi taluk; two twisted gold wires from Mctoria silver coins fromNaripalli village, Harur
Unniyurvillage, Thofiiyammtalulc four sheet like gold Taluh Dharamapur district; eighty-four Raj Raja Chola
coins with holes and a small piece ofgold chain from copper coins, from Thirumangalam village, Lalkudi
Angadu village, Ponneri taluk; two broken gold taluk,Trichi district were received as treasure-trove
bangles, a gold ring with four red coloured stones, a objects and addedto the collection ofNumismatics
ear stud with three stones fromAlagulalai village, section.
Tiruppur talulq Coimbatore district were received and
added to the collection oftheAnthropology Section One gold ingot (10. 123 grams), one silver ingot
of the Govemment Museum, Chennai. (10.017 grams) from Arumbarampattu village,
Sankarapuram taluk, Vilupuram district; two broken
7. Goln ORulur,xrs AND Mnrll On.lncts, silver containers (551.4 grams), damaged pieces of
Drsrnrcrs Turtconrx, Kaxcrmunau, CuooALoRr, silver wires (38 grams), one inferior silver ring, (37
Vrllupunru, Ttm.tnnu-un, Drun lu,lrun, Tnrcur, grams), broken pieces of anklet (83.52 grams) from
Trnnuvar.r,AMAr.Ar, Nacamrrnv.cM axo ERonr Sri Muthumariamman temple, Vettavalam vi llage,
Thiruvannamalai district; one copper saradhu (5.6
Two gold chains Q3.210 grarns) and a gold ingot
grams), one golden pendent (4.350 grams), one
of 4.5 cm length (25.190 grams) from
peacock pendent (4.850 grams), one broken gold
Padavarmangalam village, Koilpati taluk, Tuticorin
pedestal (1.150 grams), thin pieces of gold (0.190
district; one brass container without lid and a gold
grams), from Siyalam village, Sirkazhi taluk,
wire (3 grams) from Thinnanwvillage, Madurantakam
Nagapattinam district; two gold ear omaments (2.178
talulq Kanchipurarn district; nine small silverballs, two
grams, 2.248 grams) and a small broken mud
broken anklets, two small silverrings (Metti), a small
container from Vanipudur village, Gobi taluk, Erode
nanal kuzhal, four small beads and sixty small broken
district were rceived by the Department of
bones from Perumanchery village, Cheyyar taluk,
Archaeolory and Museums, Govemment ofTiamilnadu
Kanchipuram district; broken pieces ofcontainer (86
as treasure-trove objects and added to the collection.
grams), bits of gold; 4.854 grams, pieces of gold
 Hyderabad Circle, ofthe Survey. These include seated
ANDHRA PRADESH Lakshmi-Narasimha sculpture, seated devi icons and
a kirita.
l. R.c.rnRA.rESwARA Tnurlr Couprnx rx Lownn
FoRT, CHlt{oRActRl, DsrRtcr Cnrrroon 3. VntovlNADHAsvAMv Trupln, PusuPlctRt,
DrsrRtcr Cunolpln
Bronze images offour-handed standing Ganesa
1pl- 223),Uma-Mahesvara, Somaskand a (pl. 224), While carrying outthe workofdebris clearance,
a brass makaratorona wrth kirttimukha, a brass abror:r:e image of Somaskanda consisting of seated
kirttimukhawith prominent eye lids, two brass plate Siva, Parvati with standing Skanda, all fixed to the
nsed forrituals, three brass legs of pitha, shaped like rectangular pedestal and a trident with circular pedestal
legs ofa lion and eight iron chains were discovered were discovered at Sri Vaidyanadhasvamy Temple at
dning the clearance in Rajarajeswari Temple-complex Pushpagiri by the Hyderabad Circle, of the Survey.
in Lower Fort of Chandragiri by the Hyderabad Circle, Further a stone image oflakshmi (Vaishnavi) was also
ofthe Survey. Further clearance workhere exposed discovered on the southem side ofRaghavendrasvamy
ritual objects consisting of a five-hoodednaga in Temple in Vaidyanadhsvamy Temple-complex-
copper, a copper naga standwith rwo rings, a brass
4. Buoottlsr REMAINs, Sat tttuxDAMr DISTRIcT
incised stand, a brass lamp stand, a copper pot with
inscription, a bronze Somaskanda holding lotus Sruraxutma
flowers in both hands, a brass spoon with stand A small brass (?) casket was discovered at
lharati dipam) for buming camphor, a big brass hand Salihundam while conserving the fallen ancient stone
bell, a small brass hand bell, two brass bell handles, a revetment on the southem side of the chaitya {61. 225)
brass ladle (forpouring ollinhoma), two brass lamp by the Hyderabad Circle, ofthe Survey.
stands each with provision for twenty-seven bronze
mythological figures holding a trident andharati. 5. WlnaNclr. FoRr, WlRlNca,r, Dtsrntcr
Wmmtcal
2. Snr SluuvaNlrHAsvAMY Trmnm, Nlxouunu,
Three hundred and seventy-four stone cannon
Dtsrntcr CunnlplH
balls were found in pit dug for the construction of
a
The following bronze antiquities were discovered toilets in the southeastem corner of the complex in-
while carrying out the conservation works at Sri between the torana andKushMahal in Warangal Fort
Saumyanathasvamy Temple at Nandalur by the by the Hyderabad Circle ofthe Survey G,1.226)-

ltztl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _A REVIEW

Plates 223-224

224

Chandragiri: 223, bronze image of Ganesa and 224, Somaskanda panel in bronze

lzz+l
. . :..'()RT.I-\,'T DISCOVERIES

225

t
Qlr J
-!

226

Salihundam: 225, brass casket (?) and 226, Warangal Fort: stone cannon balls

I rr.1
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

feature having a raised circular carving at the central

ASSAM
upper part of each and measures 50x23cm,65x17 cm
6. SroNn INscntpltou, DunlR.tNl, DtstRICt and 6lxl7cm.
Got-.tcslr A wooden figure of choturbhuja Yishnu
Alvo-line stone inscription in Brahmi character measuring 22xl}cmof late Ahom period is found at
Vasudev than, Pubtharia, Kaliabar in Nagaon district.
datable to c. AD 500 on palaeographical
The figure is datable to AD I 800.
considerations was found and collected during field
exploration by the team ofDirectorate ofArchaeology, A tank measuring I 00x55m, exists at Pubtharia,
Govemment ofAssam, Guwahati. The inscription was in Kaliabar, Distict Nagaon. The tank is known locally
located with the help ofAtul Konwar oflengani village asBharali Barua tank. The tank has a peripharial outer
ofAjit Shyam (no. 1 Dubarani village,
in the compound bank attached with a ditch. The ditch is 8m in width
Barpathaq District Golaghat). The inscription is and the outer bank is 7m in width. The height of the
engraved upon a stone boulder (0.52x0.48m). There principal bank is 5 .4m and the outer bank is lm. The
aretwenty-five inscribed letters ofthe inscription which tankhas anothertringulartankto its front. There exists
are mostly defaced due to wear and tear and poor another tank called Roumari Pukhuri, dug up during
quality ofthe stone. theAhom rule nearby.

7. Trnapm Rrltc, AsltcuRt Sarrnl, Dtsrnlcr 8. TBrrpLB Rnnnltxs axo Inaacns, CHarlNnu,,
Naclox Drsrrucr NlcloN
of
The Directorate ofArchaeology, Govemment The Directorate ofArchaeology, Govemment of
Assam, Guwahati, discovered the following Assam, Guwahati, discovered remains of a stone
antiquarian remains at Ahatguri Sattra in Nagon temple comprising an gasikhara measuring
district. 0.27 x0.43m, 0.3 8x0.36m, 0.55x0.3 5m, 4 1 x3 5m,
33x28m and twelve numbers of other architectural
A stone temple relic carved with horizontal
fragments at Chowang forest inNagaon district (to
mouldings (60x35cm) is found at SriAhatguri Sattra,
be reached via Jiajuri tea state).
Pubtharia in Kaliabar. The fragment has a number of
holes used as sockets to slot other sfructural members.
Arectangular stone fragment with unifacial
carving ofGanesa is found in the residence ofRamesh
Two images were reported from Sri Soubhagya
Gowala atNalbari basti ofJiajuri teast*n. A.chaturbhuj a
Madhab Devalaya at Kaliabar in Nagaondistrict. Of x7 . 8cm) seated on a lotus pedestal in
female figure ( 1 3
these, a mutilated stone image of chaturbhui aMshnt
rojalilasana, holding a baby in her left hand. She is
measures 165x80 andthe other chaturbhuja figure
adomed with a tilaka onher forehea4 accompained by
of Vishnu measures 24xl2cm.
a devotee, worshipping with her folded hands, to her

Lowerbasement ofcolumns of a stone temple bottom right .The vahanaofthe deity is probably a bull,
stylistically datable to c. AD 1100 are found at depicted below. The figure is now in the possession of
Soubhagya Madhab Devalaya in Kaliabar, District Bubai Hembram ofNalbari Kalibasti nearJiajuri tea
Nagon. These basements ofcolumns are squarish in estate.

fne
 " : /R T.1_\'T DISC'OVERIES

I r - s! Ir-(RIpTToNtJAKHALABANDHA, Dtsrrucr cannons of Ahom period in Kaliabar tea estate at

\. Silghat. The length and diametre ofthese cannons ile
1.53x19cm, .5xl9cm ,2.35x29cm (at mouth and
1
1. ]:, ,ne inscription inAssamese was found by
30cm atbase), 1.70x0.21cm and 1.53x0. 19cm. The
trrc - ::-.-rt'rrate of Archaeology, Govemment of
cannon measuring 2.35x29cm, is inscribed in
r-::rr-- u uri ahati, while digging the foundation ofthe
Assamese character in Sanskrit legend as follows "sri
- r..* '.l:.1har Devalaya, at Jakhalabandha, Nagaon. sri svarganaroyana deva maharajadhiraja
- : - - Jrf,\ ed stone fragment preserved in situ ts
ch j oy al ab d h an tu s a n gr am e
akr adhv aj a s in gh en a
:lr rri-d and the characters hAssamese are engraved
jabanakshaye punahpraptamastramidam
n r-: -.-ih in 18 lines andthe stone fragmentmeasures
bhupajasuharihana nam dhrubam sake 1590.
-,ll ': -:,:l-1.

.r,r\E 12. TnrvmLn RnlrlIxs, GoslrrurHURI, Lalur,

- I\IAGES, KaLtlnnn, Dlsrnlcr Nacaon
Drsrnrcr Nonrn LlrnrnnpuR
I:re Department ofArchaeology, Govemment
: :. : im. Guwahati, discovered a chaturb huj afi gure The Directorate ofArchaeology, Government
-. a stone
' ..:nu tn samapada-sthanakaposfure, standing ofAssam, Guwahati, reported the discovery of
,- : lt'rlus pedestal, is found in Vasudev than at temple, datable to c. AD 1100, from Gosaipukhuri
l' . :arichuk, Porabheti, Hatbar, KaliabarinNagaon known as Yubanagar in no. 2 Islampur village, in
- ::r.-t. The figure carries a sankha, a padma, a Dharmapur Taluk, District Lakhimpur. The site is
. --.i .. r'rr and a gada respectively from the left lower located near a large tank measuring I I 5x90rn. Among
-r--c cloclovise with figures of Lakshmi and Sarasvati the fragments now survive are a temple kalasa
ofVishnu. The frgure hasakirita-
,- :.-,e nght and left measuring 44 x42cm, temple remains with mouldings
-' :..::,ttt. a vanamala, a kaustttbha, a yajnopovita measuring 55x36x35cm found in the compound of
.: d rr ears a kativastra. The flaring lower part of the the office of the Yubanagar village panchayat. Some

"*.':ri.r!/,'a reaches his ankle. The figure has a stelae of the fragments of the site were shifted to the
with panels of sculptures along its Inspection Bangalow at l.aluk which include fiagments
=amented
-.:.'umference and at its bottom. The top ofthe stelae of a door-jamb of a temple measuring l20x50x30cm,
:lnished withakirttimukha.The sculpture is datable has a relief of Gaj ar5tala in an omamented framework
'
:,-. .. \D 1000 on stylistic consideration. having arch and pillar designs. A round stone slab
measuring 90cm in diametre bearing a horizontal
A chaturbhuja image of Ganesa datable to c.
carving of lotus is found at Laluk Higher Secondary
\D I 000, seated on its vahana, amice,measuring School. All these architectural members belong to the
-t-rr30cm, is also found together with the figure of
same site at Gosainpukhuri.
Vishnu from Vasudev than. The figure holds an axe in
ieft upper arm. The other ayudhas are not distinct. 13. Mnralltc loor, Or Ganuol, THaoRnH,
Dtstnlcr Drsrmcr Srvasncln
I l. C.rNNoNs <lr AHowt PERIrlo, SIL{;unro
\ \GAON A metallic idol of Garuda measuring I Ox4crn was

The Directorate ofArchaeology, Govemment of collected by the Directorate of Archaeology.

Govemment ofAssam, Guwahati from Durga Gogol
Assam, Guwahati, reported the discovery of five
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2001-02 4-REVIEW

16. AucrBNr Strr, GlNoHaR, Dtsrnlc'r BHanucs

ofThaorah village, Rajmal, Distict Sivasagar' The idol
is of brass and is mutilated. The idol is reported to After getting report from a local resident, D'R'
have been collected from the tank attached to the Gehlot, assisted by S. S. Parekh, N.K. Pathak, N'A'
Thaorah Temple. B oth the wings of pedestal of the Saiyed and GV. Pillai, ofthe Vadodara Circle, of the
idol are absent, and the figure is datable to c' AD Survey, discovered seven Jaina sculptures made of
1700. marble and schist (pls-228'229). Three among them
are inscribed at pedestal in Devanagari script of early
14. RnruaINS oF Tomrln, Bunul ManHa'v
fifteenth and seventeenth century @ls. 230-232\'
DnvlllY,l, Dtsrnlcr SoNtrPun
During the exploration ofthe area, the team identified
The Directorate ofArchaeology, Govemment of a seriesofancient mounds in and outskirts ofthe village
AssarrL Guwahati, reported the discovery of stone temple and picked up pottery and glazed wares of medieval
remains datable to c.AD 1100 at Burha Madhav period. During the previous explorations in the area
Devalayaat Sakomato in BiswanafrrChariali in SoniQur' the early historical remains were reported (1965-66,
Some ofthe fragments foundhere are seen with iron p.r2).
dowels in them. The site has a brick mound partly
damaged"Architect'lalmenrbers fowdinthis site consis6
of an omamented door-jamb measuring ll7 x25v32qu JATilItiU & T(ASHMIR
apranala oftemple with a grotesque m ottf of maknra
in its mouth, measuring 9lx22cm;large stone slabs 17. CoppBn PLIIB or VtRnntnnv (vnln 777)',
measuring 64x39x7 .5 cm, 86x32x24cm; tvt o kal as as B HlLwaL, Dtsrmcr Jln'rtlru
measuring 44x43 cm and 38x36cm; floral lotus design
measuring 8 2v32v'24cmand several other fiagments of B.R. Mani, ofthe SrinagarCircle, ofthe Survey,
the temple also exist here. Excavation ofthis site would discovered a copper plate in possession ofone Lekh
reveal the foundation ofthe existing temple' Raj, resident ofvillage Balwal @halwal) which measures
26x1 0.5 cm (pl. 233-234).The plate contains eight lines
GUJARAT ofrecord engraved on it in Dogri dialect which at some
fint copperplate
places is quite tlrintelligible. This is the
I5. J.q.rNA, Sculprunr, WAt Mt, DtsrRlcrANa'Nn
found so far which mentions a Dogra ruler Viramdev
D.R. Gehlot, assisted by S.S. Parekh, of the who known fromtlre genealogical list ofnrlers ofJarnrnu
is

Vadodara Circle, of the Survey, discovered one mar- and from other literary sources. The year 7 7 7 searns to
ble stone sculpture of Jaina Tirthankara (headless) in be nthe laukikaera which may even coffespond to the
the agricultural farm ofWater and Land Management Harsha era which tallies with the date ofViramdev who
Institute,Anand. ruled over Jammu in the fifteenth centuryAD' Mramdev
is mentioned alongwith Perozedev (Firozdev), both wifll
JainaTirthankara (Panvanatha) is shown seated in
padmasanawith depiction of"srivatsa" on the chest the titles of Parama Bhatarakai-mata-sri-Raje'
and lanchhana snake on the pedestal. The sculpture Maladev is also mentioned inthe sixth line who was great

engraved with Devanagari inscription is datableta circa grand father of Viramdev and who ruled as per the

twelftlr century AD G,1.227). genealogical list aroundAD 1 360 to I 405.

!rzs!
PORTANT DISCOVERIES

227

*r'_-_;i
% h

J+

L*
-*,&*

%---,

228

Walmi: 227, inscribed marble Tirthankara (Parsvanatha)

and, 228, Gandhar: Jaina Tirthankaras

329
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

t-
,,'

229

230

Gandhar: 229, inscribed marble image of Vimalanatha

and 230, inscription on pedestal of Jaina image

!::o!
L
I
I
I
I

t,l DISCOVEMES

Plates 231-232

.,. -.. ..--,.. ... .,. ...-'&*,.,....-,,,-

231
'
I

232

Gandhar: 231-232, inscription on pedestal of Jaina image (Vimalanatha)

331
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

U
q

a)

\L
a)

\ S

>z
O_
aa

: t'}

lii?
't
lt
:,/.
1

rr*
.4

i-.
frl
'(

!:lz!
OTH E R I MP O RTANT D I S C O VE RI E S

.AT-qqS .i*qQfY"q*u r ,"*r.=od:

s$i""'s#blfr'*ht*fl#ffiti75E",
61a ra i {,.a,s
xq'advtr3r1
g-, 1i t i a tirt;TH$$f, ff
*t+riE.t ry S.q s.v! iT *e
?

u tr q ,a-
i ;-x& w1fl iri,/ *=r-ilr/,.-o-
a- -] ,_r, q,

Y*T[, =j'^C; .', {fty{.si{l ts,., 1t

235
Bhalwal: 234, tracing of Jammu copper plate inscription, and 235,
Shankaralinganagundu: line drawing of Ganesa with inscription

aaa
JJJ
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

KARNATAKA
The site displays anumberbf line-drawings of
divinities like Ganesa (pl. 235), Mahishamardini, Siva-
It.AxcrrNr Qulnnv Srrn, PITmDAKAL, DrsrRrcr linga.Nandietc. animal figures oflion, camel (?) and
BAc.c.Lror peacock besides a variety of architectural and
decorative motifs like pillars, arches, chaitya-motifs
A team of archaeologists headed by
and mandalas. A number of horizontal strokes in
S. V.Venkate shiah, assi sted by M.V. Vi swesv ara and
groups, possibly indicative ofthe attendance of the
S.Lingaraju of the Dharwad Circle, of the Survey
artisans employed, are also found at manyplaces along
discovered a rare quarry site where from quality rock
with mason-marks, which were identified both at the
material was extracted for the construction of the
quarry site as well as in the temple-complex at
celebrated Badami Chalukyan edifices ofthe eighth
Pattadakal. Yet another urique aspect ofthe discovery
centuryAD atPattadakal. The significance ofthe site
is the high quality rust-proofwedge and hammer-gun
lies in the fact that it exemplifies the technical skill of
used forthe large-scale quarrying operation during
the architects in selecting the site yielding the finest
the Chalukyantimes.
rock material in close proximity to the construction
spot, knowledge ofthe qualities of stone suitable for 19. Kmrxao,l Tnr,ucu INscnrrrroN, Hmru, Drsrrucr
tempte constructton, translatlon or the requlslte Bnr,r"my
measurements for fashioning the architectural
members, mason-marking each carried block based
The Bangalore Circle, ofthe Survey, noticed a
on its suitability for conversion into specific Kannada Telugu inscription engraved on the bed rock
architectural member and imparting training to the
while clearing the accumulated debris covering the
artisans by engraving illustrations of sculptures,
basement of the mandapa of Sasuvekalu Ganesa at
architectural members etc.
Hampi. The inscription engraved in ten lines records
lnvestigations in the vicinity ofthe State Reserve the construction of Siri Mnayaka Temple in Saka 1 428
forest located about five kilomefes north ofPattadakal (AD 1 506) by a person hailing from Peddapadu village
in the sandstone hilly outcrops locally called Motura of Chandragiri during the time of Vira Narasimha
Mar a di and S h ankar al in g an a Gundu, located at an (1495-1506). This is the first inscription refering to
altitude ofover 300 feet from the surrounding ground Chandragiri- the provincial capital ofVij ayanagara and
level, have brought to light, evidences of large-scale appears to be the first inscription ofthe rule
ofVira
quarry activities during the Badami Chalukyan times. Narasimha of Tuluva lineage. It also refers to
The site still has a number of quarried stone-bricks of Hemakutahill.
various sizes, scattered all around which could be used
for fashioning of pillars, beams, architrave, pillar- 20. Sronn KrrrlroRuu (?), HrREnuNlral,
capital, roof-slabs etc. of a temple besides weathered
DrsrRrcr Kopplr,
waste-blocks. The site also yielded eight label
inscriptions inthe characters ofthe eighth cenflrryAD, S.V. Venkateshaiah, assisted by M.V.
perhaps recording the names of the craftsman Visweswara and S. Lingaraju, ofthe Dharwad Circle,
employedforquarrying. ofthe Survey, discovered aunique stone kettledrum

!:u!
 ,",.T I\T DISC:OVERIES

rei --,- --
-'::lithic burial-complex at Hirebenakal (pl. As the work proceeded. several structures
-
.- --- . : 'lghlr hernispherical stone, positioned in built in rubble masonry and mud-mortar with thick
- ;:-. - : , . lf,tiorl amidst the hillocks, has a diameter lime-plaster were found. The important ones
- - -' :rd a nraxirnum radial height of 1.5 m. It include, a circular - lime grinder rubble platform,
-- i. - : ...1e 10 m high monolithic boulderwiththe open courtyard paved with rubles, both open and
-
--. - - - -:.'rce. tbnning a convenient angle of about concealed drain for carrying water etc. In total, five
' : -- -' .::' l:trrizontal plane. Asphericalor spheroidal structural phases were unearthed, of which the
- . --- ' :.i.' hillock appears to have been chamfbred earliest goes back to the fifteenth centuryAD.
.. - - - . J: -rnsle tbr fashioning this solid percussion
' - - -' : : rs er idenced by peripheral chisel marks. Skeletal remains of a horse was also found
'- ---:'.. uhen beaten by a stone or a wooden during the clearance work underlying a depth of 40
".- -- --
r: r':nanates musical sound, which could be to 60 cm thick deposit of brownish grey earth mixed
.
-. - '. :eard beyond a radius of I km including the
-
with typical pottery of Sultanate period which include
glazed ware, porcelain and thick black and grey
:.*- : :.,';r I r opposite ends. Thi s kettledrum mi ght have
I
wares. One of the porcelain sherds carry a Chinese
r* ,'r ::r.'pLupose of cautioning the inhabitants ofthe inscription. The preponderance of iron objects of
-
:_-:inst invaders or for inviting them for daily use including weapons are noteworthy. More
- -::isation of socio-religious or ritualistic
-
than two hundred metal objects were recovered.
-- ::.-ance. Tentatively, the authorship of this
' :- iJrur.n can be assigned to the megalithic folk ln general, the early structural phase was
: --:::-sirth century BC) who had gained requisite
contemporary with the main Jahaz Mahal building and
-.:-.,.-,Iogicalexpertise to fashion such stone objects
--
the structure relating to the water system found in the
-
- ir3 acquaintance of musical knowledge.
excavation was a part ofthe later water system, which
was lifting water through Persian wheel and providing
MADHYA PRADESH
to the upper floor to fill the cistem. It was supplying
I 1 . \lromral RrlrarNs, J p;r,szMarul CourouNo, water to various structures on the ground floor.
\t rror'. DrsrRrcr Duan
During the scientific debris clearance carried out 22. INscnrprroN, Curcu^Lr-r, Tuux Klsnaruo,
:', G.S.Gaur, of the Bhopal Circle, of the Surey, DrsrRrcr KslncoNn
::..ught to light, terracotta pipe drain, open drain,
: - :ntain and rubble structures, etc. in front of Jahaz Excavation Branch-I, Naglrur, ofthe Survey, after
\tahal. This scientific clearance was undertaken to chemical treatment brought to notice a small one line
:-{enain the nature ofburied structures before initiating inscription on a copper bracelet strip with total five
garden activity in this area. The clearance work letters (pl. 237). On palaeographical grounds the
'rr
.i as carried out in an area measuring 120 x 20 m inscription can be assigned to second century AD
-.riented north-south parallel to Jahaz Mahal. which reads as " Sridha (Rohoto )" .

l::s!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

Hiredenakal: 236, stone kettledrum and237,

Chichali: copper bracelet strip with inscription

!rr!
 -,.? ! \|PORTA|'{T DISCOVERIES

}, r i, I\E I\IA(;ES, GURGI, DISTRICT RSIVN discovered iron chisel and an engraver, embedded in
\.K. Dixit, ofthe Bhopal Circle, ofthe Survey the deposit in the right side of Cave 29, datable to
-:r, :i3d the discovery of five beautiful stone circatenthcenturyAD.

- - rr.ire of the ninth centuryAD from the villages

S 28. Tnnnacoru Hr,.tn or VrsHNu, Ellona Clvus,
- -::. and Rehunta, in District Rewa, which are DrsrmcrAURANGABAn
:r-s.:led in the sculpture shed at Rewa. These were
-:- '' V. D. Jadhav and Mohd. Salahuddin, of the
e red fiom the field during cultivation, near the
Aurangabad Circle, ofthe Survey, found a terracotta
:.. ;:cted site.
head of Vishnu, datable to circa eleventh-twelfth
l-l . rtorr- I\r.rrGES. Dt-tR.l,trpuR,t, DIstRt{'r Vtnlsun centuryAD, during the excavation for grilled fencing
S.K. Verma, ofthe Bhopal Circle, ofthe Survey, dwarf wall near the office of the Conservation
- . .ected a sculpture of Ganga belonging to the post- Assistant.

-:-*: period from the village Durjanpura nearMdisha 29. SroNs lNscruprtoN, MnuuN, Drsrmcr Jar-cloN
- -:ch is presentlypreserved inthe sculpture shed at
3 -::landal.
S.K. Mittra, V. D. Jadhav and P. G.
Deshmukh, of the Aurangabad Circle, of the
MAHARASHTRA Survey, collected a thirty-two lined Sanskrit
Inscription consisting oftwo records which speaks
::. 5t<lrr: SCut.plLr RESr NE\',\s,\, Dtsrnlc'r of Sun god Ugraditya during the reign of
\'riIt l)\ \(iAR Vikramaditya I (AD 654to 681) ofVatapi, deals
Stone sculptures of Laxminaray ana, Vishnu, with the donations given to the Sun temple. The
\ ["rhishasuramardini, Garuda, torso of seatedAdinatha secondrecord also contains the donationto the Sun
' . datable to c irc a elev enth-twelfth century AD were temple in the reign of king Amoghavarsha I of
:=-t-rr ered by the Aurangabad Circle, of the Survey, Rasthrakuta dynasty (AD 814 to 878). The
:+m river Pravara,adjoining the protected site known inscription is already published by Late V. B. Kolte
-. Ladmod Tekadi. All the sculptures are carued in (Retd. Vice Chancellor, Nagpur University) and
D€r--can basalt rock. subsequently B.S. Deshpande ofAurangabad.
I n. ['r lppt:n An n<lu -u c,qn, El.t,<x.q C,t r.s, Dts'ln t<'r

\r. R \\(;.\ttAI) MANIPUR

S. K. Mittra and Mohd. Salahuddin, of the
\urangabad Circle, of the Survey, found a copper 30. ANcrpNr Bnll-Mnrlr- CorNs, TnNrrtl, Drsrmcr
:rrorv-head measuring I 1 cm in length and 1.2 cm in
THousnL

idth, datable to circa tenth-eleventh centuryAD

-,r
The Superintendent ofArchaeology and his tearq
during digging operation, for the foundation of a Govemment of Manipur, Imphal, during field survey
:etaining wall near Cave 30A. at Kangla chingdong hillock atTentha, discovered a
l -. lnor Clltst,:1. ,tsu Fh<;n.rt Iitt, E,t.t,<lll,t C,rt'l':s, medium-sized hand-made red pot with thirty two
Dr. t nt('t Atrn,tx<;,rn,rtr ancient bell-metal coins ofManiptr. The circular coins

S.K. Mittra, assistedbyV.D. Jadhav and Mohd. with the legend shri andra in Nagari andAssamese
S al ahuddin, of the Aurangabad C ircle, of the Survey,
are assignable to the eighteenth centuryAD.

aa-
JJ/
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Sroxn Toors lr BaNonupalr

ORISSA
A small well polished stone-celt and large
31. Rocx-SnrRnns, Arrmutur, Drsrrucr Alcul number ofmicroliths were noticed lying on the surface
near the confluence of Sureshwari jor and Bandhupali
Arakhita Pradhan, of the Agra Circle, of the
jor. The celt measures 4.5 cm X 1.6 cm x2.1 cm x
Survey, along with Prajnya Pratim Pradhan of the
1 .2 cm (length x width ofbutt end x width ofworking
Sambalpur University, Orissa discovered the following
edge x thickness). The celt has rounded butt end and
archaeological sites in Athamallik tehsil, DistictAngul.
convex working edge and well polished ends.
Rocx ExcnavrNcs ar Bl.nA,KHol-
RAJASTHAN
The rock-shelter locally known as Barakhol lies
ofAunli Jor, north-west of Pathargarh
on the left bank
32. Mnnrnval Moi,luMENTS, Banl, Dtsrnlcr
(84032' 25"8;200 03' 40" N) village in Baur
DHor-pun
Panchayat ofAthamallik tehsil, DistrictAngul, where
a few cup marks and engravings were discovered on M. K. Pundhir, ofthe Centre oftheAdvanced
the rock-wall. Besides, there are about half a dozen Study, Department of History, AMU, Aligarh, sur-
grinding holes on the rock-floor. There are two large veyed the medieval monuments at Bari, District
rock-shelters on the either bank ofAunli Jor near the Dholpur, which include amedieval gravitational dam
confluence of anala coming from Pathargarh village locally known as Talab Shahi, one pleasure garden
side andAunli Jor. However, there is no trace ofrock outlet and two Mughal garden palaces. The study of
engravings and paintings in these two rock-shelters. these structures encompasses the analysis into the in-
tricacies ofMughal architecture and building technol-
Sronn Toot-s ar Rn.l KnnoRn Nacan
ory.
Large number of microliths were noticed lying
on the surface near an out crop on the right bank of TAMILNADU
a small river known as chhelikhai nala (Sureshwari
33. INscrupuoNs AT Ptt,l,NIGlRt, Dlsrnlcr N,q,LcoNoa
Jor), about half kilometer east of Kishore Nagar
(84028' 35"8;200 57'35'J.{) Post Office chowk. A The Department has conducted epigraphical
small polished neolithic celt measuring 5. 1 cm X 1.5 survey and copied several inscriptions belonging to
cm X 2.1 cmK l.l cm (length X width of butt end the various dynasties. The inscriptions from Phanigiri
X width of working edge X thickness) was also (Nalgonda District) in 2nd-3rd century Brahmi
discovered. The celt has roundish butt end and curved characters are some ofthe important epigraphs.
working edge and roughly triangular lateral section.

!::s!
 ] -.- \ \ OF I,TONUMENTS

PALAEOBOTANICAL AND POLLEN

ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS1

The present report incorporates the work done at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow,
rfu trrtanical remains recovered from the excavations at Raja Nala-Ka-Tila, District Sonbhadra and
fhrnum,i Saritr in a Village Trilokpur of District Sravasti, in Uttar Pradesh. Raja Nala-Ka-Tila was
trem"arically excavated during L995-96 and 1996-97 by the State Archaeology Department,
qjcrnrrrent
of Uttar Pradesh, under the direction of Rakesh Tewari, and the large-scale floatation recovery
mlfuched by K.S. Saraswat andAnil K. Pokharia almost at the same time along with the excavations.
Cs'r-aions Privitani Sariffwere set afloat by the Department ofAncient Indian History andArchaeology,
at
[g13:l5 University, Lucknow, under the direction of D.P. Tewari. Systematic floatation recovery of
bli:at remains from this site was put into effect by Chanchala Srivastava.
biflorus), til (S e s amum indicum), field-brassica
UTTAR PRADESH
(Brassica juncea),linseed(Linumusitatissimum)and
Onion(A,lliuncepa).Abrokenstoneof date(Phoenix
i - , \ rt.r-K.r-Ttt..r ([,,rr'210 1?/5! &211t 4y ct. dactyffira) and a seed of grape (Vitis vinifera)
: \ [-, r\{, 83" lY 41y & 8Jo 19/ 26! E), were also encountered.
_ r, \r r\tJll \l)R \
The associated remains of the seeds and fruits
l: : er idence of plant remains from a wide range of rveeds and other wild taxa were identified as
-'- '-:el deposits, amply demonstrate a rich and belonging to Chenopodium cf. album, Leonites
*-: - :rir--ultural economy, during 1700-700 BC. nep at a efo li a, G ar denia sp., Z izip hu s nummular ia,
-': -:ririfls of crop plants have been found in Ziziphus oenoplia, Amaranthus sp., Cyperus sp.,
-:-- ,-..rirrrl *'ith weeds and other wild taxa. Crop Eleusine indica, Fimbristylis tetraSona, vicia
-:- -"r.S belong to rice (Oryza sativa), barley sativa, Mimosa himalayana, Dactyloctenium
- '-.'. ttrtt t'ulgare), dwarf-wheat (Triticum aegyptium, Rumex cf. dentatus, Oldenlandia sp.,
, -.--' ttoccufit)> bread-wheat (Triticum aestivum), Celosia agentea, Setaria cf. glauca Indigofera
,:- n i let (S orghum bic olor), green-gram (V gna
1 hirsuta, Perilla frutescens, Coix lachryma-iobi,
'-, .;.-; r. moth (Vgna aconitfolia), grass-pea Murraya sp., Cleome cf. gymandra, Trianthema
-. - :-. cf. portulacastrum Meliotus indica, Polygonum
rr.\ saln,rrs), lentil(Lens culinaris),ragi-millet
: , ".:rrc coracana), field-pea (Pisum aruense), sp, P oly gonum plebeium, E chinochloa crus - galli,
- - ,i.-pea gram (Cicer- arietinum),horse- Pani.cum sp. Paspalum cf. scrobiculatum,
-----.r \l acrotyloma- uniflorum:sytt. Dolichos C ommelina cf . benghalensis, Argemone mexicana,

ffiuted by K.S. Saraswat, Chanchala Srivastva andAnil K. Pokharia, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road,
],tuw2?5O07,U.P.

!:se!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 ' A REVIEW

Nigella sativa, Corchorus sp., Vtis trtfulia, (Paspalum scrobiculatum), pigeon-pe al arhar
Tbrminalia beleric, krminalia chebula, Emblica (Cajanus cajan), Chick pealgram (Cicer
officinalis, Buchanania lanzan and Crataeva a r i e t inum), horse- gram (M a c roty lo m a unifl o r um,
magna. syn. Dolichos biflorus), linseed (Linum
2. PmvrraNr Sanrnn, Vn-r.acn Tnrr,oxpuR (Lx 270
usitatissinum), tll (Sesamum indicum), field
5y30-50y N; LoNc 810 36/ 40-45ji E), Drsrnrcr brassica (Brassica juncea) and cotton (Gossypium
Snavasu arboreum herbaceum). Associated seeds and fruits
of weeds and other wild taxa have been identified
The carbonized remains of seeds and fruits as belongin g to E chino chloa c r us - galli, C henopo -
fronn a wide range of cultural deposits, datable from
dium album, Eleusine indica, polygonum
about 800 BC to AD 300, reveal the presence of
barbatum, Ipomoea pes-tigridis, Asphodelus
field-crops belonging to rice (Oryza sativa),bar tenuifolius, Indigofera hirsuta, Melilotus alba,
ley (Hordeum vulgare), bread-wheat (Triticum Desmodium gangeticum, Silene anthirrhium,
aestivum), dwarf-wheat (Triticum Dactyloctenium aegyptum, Bombax ceiba,
sphaeroco c cum), lentil (L ens culinaris),grass-pea Argemone mexicana and the species of Cyperus,
(L athyrus s ativus), field-pea (p isum arv ens e), Fimbristy lis, Andropo gon, Amaranthus, Grew ia,
moth (Vigna aconitifolia), green-gram lmung Vicia, Panicum, Sida, Lathyrus, Euphorbia,
(Vi gna radiata), black-gram/ ur ad (Vgna mun go),
Ziziphus, Cleome, Trianthema, Commelina,
ragi-millet (Eleusine coracana), kodon-millet Rumex, Poa Elaeocharis, etc.

I34oI
I

ilf5Efi U4 TI O N S O F M O NUM ENTS

VI. MUSEUMS

of gems and the Jewellery of Deccany; QFrench

ANDHRA PRADESH
adventure in Hyderabad: the story of Monsieur
' \lr .r.r rr.Ar \r\ I \r,tin. I)rs'r'nrt"r .{r \Nr \r,r r{ Reymondy; QEvolution of Orissan Arty; $Kakatiyan
Templesy; $Globalization: Museum & Heritagey;
{ Sakti sculpture from Penugonda (86 x 53
$Dating the Vedas & Vedic; $Archaeological
.: - :rtable to the late Vijayanagara period and a
Discovery at the Harappan site Rakhigarhi
:l ':':tr: s$'ord, antenna type (46 x 5 cm) found at
(Haryana); $Cultural significancey; $Preservation
:* -:r ca\-es, were added to the museum collec- of Indian Heritagey; and $sufismy were also
.r 't -i the Department of Archaeology & Muse-
arranged.
u:-> Gr'rvernment of Andhra Pradesh
- t ri-tr \(i \It,sl,:t lt. Ht llt,:lt,ttr.tD
Re-organization and re-arrangement of
galleries on modern and scientific lines was taken-
During the year under review, the museum has up. So far, four galleries i.e., European marble;
ni:rized temporary exhibitions on $Prominent Bronze; Western paintings; and European glass
: -: rean personalitiesy' a mobile photo exhibition galleries have been completed. On 18th December,
: St)me glimpses of History and Culture of 2001 two galleries in the western block i.e.,
r,.r.rrns Dominiony; $Engravings on Islamic
European glass and Western painting galleries were
- .-.rrraphyy; Special exhibitions on $Engravings inaugurated.
-'r the collection of Salar Jungy; and QNumismatic
. , ,lection of Salar Jung Museumy. Akgendary collection of Nizanr,S Jewellery
was brought to Salar Jung Museum from the
3eside, workshops and seminars were National Museum, New Delhi during the month of
::rnized on $Digital Technology and copyright
November, 2001. The Jewellery is presently
..:es in museum collectiony; $Delivery of Book
displayed in the eastern block of the Museum. A
-.;: & Conservation of Documentary Heritagey and
Diamond centre describing the importance of the
\luseum Education in Indiay; QNational seminar
Golconda diamond mines as well as the ancient
,. tsuddhismy; $XII Annual South Indian and modern techniques of diamond mining was also
' .imismatic Societyy and $Tantrismy.
arranged. The entire collection was shown on
Some special lectures on the {Temples of translites accompanied by explanatory labels which
--:mpurVi $The life of Buddhay; tsuddhism in enables the viewer to understand their typclogy,
: -,ohraciesa; CDiamonds of Deccanlr: QThe Historv craftsmanship and techniques.

34t
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1.O2 ' A REVIEW

HARYANA KARNATAKA

3. AncuaEolocrcAr, Musnuu, TuaNnsaR, 5. Ancrunor,ocrcAr, MusnunarAuror,n

Kumxsrnrna Amodel was prepared showing the geo-
graphical, geomorphological features and the pro-
During the period under review, the organization
tected monuments so as to enable the tourists to
of new museum by displaying the excavated materials
have a glance of the surrounding environs and the
of Harsh-ka-Tila, Thanesar was resumed besides
monuments. Spotlight illumination was provided
improving the flooring of the museum and preparing
in the galleries for highlighting the displayed sculp-
translites and blow-ups on important objects. Also
tures. New wooden pedestals for installing sculp-
undertaken the work of electric fittings, preparing
tures were prepared and displayed.
write-ups and captions. The museum also set up a
Souvenir-cum-sales counter $is. 238-24t). 6. Ancnarolocrcar. MusEUM, Banaul
During the period besides repairing the toilet-
Apart from this, the excavated objects of
block, the open space in the museumverandahwas
Bhagwanpura excavations were also displayed in
covered with iron grills for safety of the displayed
three table show-cases ffis.242-243). Translites and
sculptures on the wall show cases.
blow-ups of important objects of the excavationwere
7. Ancnanor,ocrcAr, Musnuvr, Buapun
prepared and displayed in the hall. Write-ups were
The work of relaying floor with fresh stone
prepared and fixed at the appropriate locations. TWo
slabs in the gallery was carried out besides
folders, one onArcheological Museum, Thanesar and
replacing the background cloth in the showcases
the other on Bhagwanpura were also prepared and
in Galleries 5 and 6 as per original. Focus spotlights
broughtout.
for displayed sculptures were provided besides
Both the galleries were opened for public on fibre glass shutters and metal frames to the doors
LOth February,2002. and windows of the cell.

HIMACHAL PRADESH KERA1A

4. Ancnnnot,ocrcAI- Musnurra, K.rNcna Fonr, 8. MarmNcnnny Pu.ncr Musnuivr, CocruN

KaNcna In addition to the reorganizing of the Museum
During the period under review, the remaining gallery and exhibits, inverters were fixed in case
display work was taken up and wall show cases of frequent power failures for the benefit of the
for display of Palaeolithic tools were made along visiting tourists.
with their write-ups, through translities and blow-
MADHYAPRADESH
ups. Selected miniature Kangra paintings were also
displayed in free standing wall show-cases. The 9.Ancnaror,ocrcAr, Musnulr, SmcnpuR Par.a,cr,
heavy sculptures were displayed on masonry CulNorxr
pedestals outside the museum. Replicas of two During the period under review tlre following
important rock-inscriptions of Pathiar and Kanihara new acquisitions were made in the museum and
were also prepared (fl.2aa-2a\. the objects were duly accessioned.

a3/.zI.
SEUMS

Plates 238-239

239

Archaeological Museum, Thanesar: 238-239, inner view of galleries

I 343
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIE'IT

Plates 240-241

ffi

Ld@

4rchaeological Museum, Thanesar: 240-241, inner view of galleries

3M
 PORTANT DISCOVERIES

IrrrGES. Guncr, Drsrntcr Rnwa discovered iron chisel and an engraver, embedded in
Dirit. ofthe Bhopal Circle, ofthe Survey the deposit in the right side of Cave 29, datable to
rhe discovery of five beautiful stone circatenthcenturyAD.
r-rithe ninth centuryAD from the villages 28. Tnnnncoru Hrao or VrsnNu, Er,r,ona Cavrs,
I Rehunta, in District Rewa, which are Drsrnrcr AURANGABAD
in the sculpture shed at Rewa. These were
i

trom the field during cultivation, nearthe V. D. Jadhav and Mohd. Salahuddin, of the
;ite.
i
Aurangabad Circle, ofthe Survey, found atenacotta
head of Vishnu, datable to circa eleventh-twelfth
ll . .i Irt rr;n-s.Dt'n.tANpuRA! DtslnlcrrVIotsg,l,
centuryAD, during the excavation for grilled fencing
{ \'emta. ofthe BhopalCircle, ofthe Survey,
> dwarf wall near the office of the Conservation
- ,:- ;j a sculpture of Ganga belonging to the post- Assistant.
-r -rrL -:: GJ trom the
village Duq' anpura near Mdi sha
29. SroNn IuscmprroN, MruuN, Dsrnlcr JarcloN
!- ,- - : rresently preserved in the sculpture shed at
-- i.t
:.. ,- iut-
-nd
S.K. Mittra, V. D. Jadhav and P. G.
Deshmukh, of the Aurangabad Circle, of the
MAHARASHTRA Survey, collected a thirty-two lined Sanskrit
Inscription consisting oftwo records which speaks
-: r', r\ [ Sc t t.p.l't.Hr:s, Nu\',\s.,\! f)ts't nr<"1
! - . . \ \(, \R
of Sun god Ugraditya during the reign of
Vikramaditya I (AD 654to 681) of Vatapi, deals
S:.-'ne sculptures of Laxminarayana, Vishnu, with the donations given to the Sun temple. The
''.
L--{;rruramardini, Garuda, torso of seatedAdinatha second record also contains the donation to the Sun
.i, ;::rle to circa eleventh-twelfth centuryAD were temple in the reign of king Amoghavarsha I of
-:- ', ired by the Aurangabad Circle, of the Survey, Rasthrakuta dynasty (AD 814 to 878). The
: r: ::\ er Pravara, adjoining the protected site known inscription is already published by Late V. B. Kolte
i. , =,imod Tekadi. All the sculptures are carved in (Retd. Vice Chancellor, Nagpur University) and
l.:-::.n basalt rock. subsequently B. S. Deshpande ofAurangabad,
: - f , ri,t,il{.\nn<l$-ltt;,u1, Et.t.OR,{ C,tt l,:s, Dlsrntr-r
l. - \\(,\ll\l) MAN!PUR
S. K. Mittra and Mohd. Salahuddin, of the
:.-:.ingabad Circle, of the Survey, found a copper 30. ANcrsxr Bnu,-Morar CorNs, TrNrru, Drsrnrcr
--.,* -[966] measuring I I cm in lengthand 1.2
cmin THousaL
::h. datable to circa tenth-eleventh century AD The Superintendent ofArchaeolory and his tearrL
--:rns digging operation, for the foundation of a Govemment ofManipur, Imphal, during field survey
-: --:r ning wall near Cave 30 A.
at Kangla chingdong hillock at Tentha, discovered a
l -, IHor Crrrsl,:r. ,r:u Flrr;n.u l:n, [,r,l,on,r (] .s r,.s. medium-sized hand-made red pot with thirty two
-]l . t Htf L\t R,\r(;,\l],rD ancient bell-metal coins ofManipur. The circular coins
S.K. Mittra, assistedbyV.D. Jadhav and Mohd. with the legendshri andra in Nagari andAssamese
> :. ahLrddin, of the Aurangabad Circle, of the Survey. are assignable to the eighteenth centuryAD.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Sroxo Toor,s ar BaNnsupa.lt

ORISSA
Asmall well polished stone-celt and large
3 1. Rocr-Snorrnns, ATHAMALLIK, DIsrrucr ANcul- number ofmicroliths were noticed lying on the surface
near the confluence of Sureshwari jor and Bandhupali
Arakhita Pradhan, of the Agra Circle, of the
jor. The celt measures 4.5 cm X 1.6 cm x 2.1 cm x
Survey, along with Prajnya Pratim Pradhan of the
1 width ofbutt end x width ofworking
.2 cm (length x
Sarnbalpur University, Oriss4 discovered the following
edge x thickness). The celt has rounded butt end and
archaeological sites in Athamallik tehsil, DistuictAngul.
convex working edge and well polished ends.
Rocx ENcnavncs .Lr Banaxsor
RAJASTHAN
The rock-shelter locally known as Barakhol lies
ofAunli Jor, north-west ofPathargarh
on the left bank
32. Msnrrlll MoNUMENTS, BaRt, Dlsrnlcr
(84032' 25"8;200 03' 40" N) village in Baur
Duor-ptrn
Panchayat ofAthamallik tehsil, DistrictAngul, where
a few cup marks and engravings were discovered on M. K. Pundhir, ofthe Centre oftheAdvanced
the rock-wall. Besides, there are about half a dozen Study, Department of History AMU, Aligarh, sur-
grinding holes on the rock-floor. There are two large veyed the medieval monuments at Bari, District
rock-shelters on the either bank ofAunli Jor near the Dholpur, which include a medieval gravitational dam
confluence of a nal a coming from Pathargarh village locally known as Talab Shahi, one pleasure garden
side andAunli Jor. However, there is no trace ofrock outlet and two Mughal garden palaces. The study of
engravings andpaintings in these two rock-shelters. these structures encompasses the analysis into the in-
tricacies ofMughal architecture and building technol-
SroNn Tools ar R,l'.l KtssoRn Nacln
ogy.
Largenumber of microliths were noticed lying
on the surface near an out crop on the right bank of TAMILNADU
a small river known as chhelikhai nala (Sureshwari
33. INscnrpuoNS AT PHa.ntctru, DtsrRtcr Nalcotoa
Jor), about half kilometer east of Kishore Nagar
(84028'35"E; 200 57'35'\l) Post Office chowk. A The Department has conducted epigraphical
small polished neolithic celt measuring 5. 1 cm X 1.5 survey and copied several inscriptions belonging to
cm X 2-l cmX 1.7 cm (length X width of butt end the various dynasties. The inscriptions from Phanigiri
X width of working edge X thickness) was also (Nalgonda District) in 2nd-3rd century Brahmi
discovered. The celt has roundish butt end and curved characters are some ofthe important epigraphs.
working edge and roughly triangular lateral section.

-t-18
 . . .,i( )\.S OF I,IONUMENTS

PAI,AEOBOTANICAL AND POLLEN

ANALYTICAL INVE STIGAIIONS I

Tbe present report incorporates the work done at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow,
a fie botanical remains recovered from the excavations at Raja Nala-Ka-Tila, District Sonbhadra and
ktrfoani Sariff in a Village Trilokpur of District Sravasti, in Uttar Pradesh. Raja Nala-Ka-Tila was
ssematically excavated during L995-96 and 1996-97 by the State Archaeology Department,
{fuarnment of Uttar Pradesh, under the direction of Rakesh Tewari, and the large-scale floatation recovery
s l,runched by K.S. Saraswat andAnil K. Pokharia almost at the same time along with the excavations.
Itur'l-dons at Privitani Sariffwere set afloat by the Department ofAncient Indian History andArchaeology,
lrc*rrcr*' University, Lucknow, under the direction of D.P. Tewari. Systematic floatation recovery of
hnfual remains from this site was put into effect by Chanchala Srivastava.
b iflo ru s), til (S es amum indi c um), field-b rassica
UTTAR PRADESH
(Brassica juncea),linseed (Iln um usitatissimum) and
Oruon(Alliuncepa).Abrokenstoneof date(Phoenlr
" \u-r-K,q-Trr.,q (Lxl211t 4y5j, &240 4y
R '-r r cf. dnctylifera) and a seed of grape (Vitis vinifera)
-: - ; \ I Lort; 830 ltV 4lj, & 830 19/ 26j, E), were also encountered.
I r--:
- il,-.r SoTSEA.DRA
The associated remains of the seeds and fruits
Theevidenceofplantremainsfromawiderange of rveeds and other wild taxa were identified as
doltural deposits, amply demonstrate a rich and belonging to Chenopodium cf. album, Leonites
vrid agricultural economy, during 1700-700 BC. nepataefolia,Gardeniasp.,Ziziphusnummularia,
The remains of crop plants have been found in Ziziphus oenoplia, Amaranthus sp., Cyperus sp.,
srciation with weeds and other wild taxa. Crop Eleusine indica, Fimbristylis tetragona, vicia
remains belong to rice (Oryza sativa), barley sativa, Mimosa himalayana, Dactyloctenium
lHordeum vulgare), dwarf-wheat (Triticum aegyptium, Rumex cf. dentatus, Oldenlandia sp.,
qluerococcum),bread-wheat (Triticum aestivum), Celosia agentea, Setaria cf. glauca Indigofera
irar-millet (Sorghum bicolor), green-gram (Vigna hirsuta, Perilla frutescens, Coix lachryma-jobi,
dian), moth (Vgna aconitifulia), grass-pea Murraya sp., Cleome cf. gymandra, Trianthema
ll-athyrus sativus),lentil(Lens culinaris),ragi-millet cf. portulacastrum Meliotus indica, Polygonum
lEleusine coracana), field-pea (Pisum arvense), sp., Polygonumplebeium, Echinochloa crus-galli,
chick-pea/gram (Cicer- arietinum),horse- Panicum sp. Paspalum cf. scrobiculatum,
gtam(Macrotyloma- uniflorum: syn. Dolichos Commelina cf. benghalensis, Argemone mexicana,

rC-mtributed by K.S. Saraswat, Chanchala Srivastva andAnil K. Pokharia, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany,53, University Road,
Ltuow226007,U.P.

l::ef
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 'A REVIEW

arhar
(Paspalum scrobiculatum), Pigeon-pe al
Nigella sativa, Corchorus sp., Vtis trifulia,
Tbrminalia beleric, krminalia chebula, Emblica (Cajanus caian), Chick pealgram (Cicer
offi.cinalis, Buchanania lanzan and Crataeva ar ie tinum), horse- gram (M a c r o ry I om a uniflo r um,
magnn. syn. Dolichos biflorus), linseed (Linum
usitatissinum), (Sesamum indicum), field
til
2.Pnvmaxl Samrr, Vrr,r-acn Tmloxpun (Ls 270
brassica (Brassica iuncea) and cotton (Gossypium
5y30-50y N; Loxc 810 3940-45y E), Dtsrmcr arb oreum herb a c eum). Associated seeds and fruits
Snlvlsrt of weeds and other wild taxa have been identified
The carbonized remains of seeds and fruits as belongin gto Echinochloa crus-galli, Chenopo-

fronn a wide range of cultural deposits, datable from dium album, Eleusine indica, Polygonum
about 800 BC to AD 300, reveal the presence of barbatum, Ipomoea pes-tigridis, Asphodelus
field-crops belonging to rice (Oryza sativa),bar- tenuifolius, Indigofera hirsuta, Melilotus alba,
ley (Hordeum vulgare), bread-wheat (Triticum Desmodium gangeticum, Silene anthirrhium,
aestivum), dwarf-wheat (Triticum Dactyloctenium aegyptum, Bombax ceiba,
sphaerococcum),lentil(Lensculinaris),grass-pea Argemone mexicana and the species of Cyperus,
(L athyrus s ativus), field-pea (Pisum arv ens e), Fimbrisrylis, Andropogon, Amaranthus,Grewia,
moth (Vigna aconitifolia), green-graml mung Vicia, Panicum, Sida, Lathyrus, Euphorbia,
(Vi gna r adiata),black-gram/ ur ad (V gna mungo), Ziziphus, Cleome, Trianthema, Commelina,
ragi-millet (Eleusine cor ac ana), kodon-millet Rumex, Poa Elaeocharis, etc.

I34oI
FlfSEfi IiA TI ON S O F M ONUM ENTS

VI. MUSEUMS

of gems and the Jewellery of Deccany; $French

ANDHRA PRADESH
adventure in Hyderabad: the story of Monsieur
\ \ I r .r.r u.,A,r \N'r \r,r irr, I)rs't'nrt"l Ar \N'r \t't itt Reymondy; $Evolution of OrissanArty; QKakatiyan
Templesy; QGlobalization: Museum & Heritagey;
r Sakti sculpture from Penugonda (86 x 53
QDating the Vedas & Vedic; QArchaeological
: :rtable to the late Vijayanagara period and a
Discovery at the Harappan site Rakhigarhi
:r-rr<: ss'ord, antenna type (46 x 5 cm) found at
(Haryana); $Cultural significancey; QPreservation
:': -:r caves, were added to the museum collec- of Indian Heritagey; and QSufismy were also
:-* i r) the Department of Archaeology & Muse-
arranged.
:.::-:. Gtr\ e rnment ofAndhra Pradesh

' . ',irrt \(;\'tt'sr,;r.,rr. [Il'rrun,tn.ul Re-organization and re-arrangement of

galleries on modern and scientific lines was taken-
During the year under review. the museum has up. So far, four galleries i.e., European marble;
r.:::rized temporary exhibitions on 0Prominent Bronze; Western paintings; and European glass
:-::,rran personalitiesy' a mobile photo exhibition galleries have been completed. On 18th December,
-, Soln€ glimpses of History and Culture of 200L two galleries in the western block i.e.,
'..r:ms Dominiony; $Engravings on lslamic European glass and Western painting galleries were
- .-lieraphyy; Special exhibitions on $Engravings inaugurated.
: rn the collection of Salar Jungy; and $Numismatic
-.-'ilection of Salar Jung Museumy. Alegendary collection of Nizanr,S Jewellery
was brought to Salar Jung Museum from the
Beside, workshops and seminars were National Museum, New Delhi during the month of
.:Eanized on $Digital Technology and copyright November,200l. The Jewellery is presently
.:sues in museum collectiony; QDelivery of Book
displayed in the eastern block of the Museum. A
-;t & Conservation of Documentary Heritagey and Diamond centre describing the importance of the
\luseum Education in Indiay; QNational seminar Golconda diamond mines as well as the ancient
:r Buddhismy; $XII Annual South Indian and modern techniques of diamond mining was also
umrsmatic Societyy and QTantrismy.
" arranged. The entire collection was shown on
Scme speciai lectures on the 0Temples of translites accompanied by explanatory labels which
r..amoury; QThe life of Buddhay; Buddhism in enables the viewer to understand their typc,logy,
:..tdhradesa; QDiamonds of Deccanlr; QThe Historv craftsmanship and techniques.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 ' A REVIEW

H,TARYAiIA K,lNRilAfA(A

3. AncuaEoLocICAL Musnuu, THANEsAR, 5. Ancnaror.ocrcar, Musnuu, Aruor,n

Kunuxsnrrm A model was prepared showing the geo-
graphical, geomorphological features and the pro-
During the period under review, the organuation
tected monuments so as to enable the tourists to
of new museum by displaying the excavated materials
have a glance ofthe surrounding environs and the
of Harsh-ka-Tila, Thanesar was resumed besides
monuments. Spotlight illumination was provided
improving the flooring of the museum and preparing
in the galleries for highlighting the displayed sculp-
translites and blow-ups on important objects. Also
tures. New wooden pedestals for installing sculp-
undertaken the work of electric fittings, preparing
tures were prepared and displayed.
write-ups and captions. The museum also set up a
6. Ancnanor,ocrcAr- Musnuvr, Bannur
Souvenir-cum-sales counter (pis. 238-2a\.
During the period besides repairing the toilet-
Apart from this, the excavated objects of
block, the open space in the museum verandah was
Bhagwanpura excavations were also displayed in
covered with iron grills for safety of the displayed
three table show-cases (p1s.242-243). Translites and
sculptures on the wall show cases.
blow-ups of important objects of the excavation were
7. Ancnanor,ocrcAr, Musruu, Buapun
prepared and displayed in the hall. Write-ups were
The work of relaying floor with fresh stone
prepared and fixed at the appropriate locations. Two
slabs in the gallery was carried out besides
folders, one onArcheological Museum, Thanesar and
replacing the background cloth in the showcases
the other on Bhagwanpura were also prepared and
in Galleries 5 and 6 as per original. Focus spotlights
broughtout.
for displayed sculptures were provided besides
Both the galleries were opened for public on fibre glass shutters and metal frames to the doors
L0th February,2002. and windows of the cell.

HIMACHAL PRADESH KERAIA

4. Ancnanor,ocrcAl- Musruu, KlNcna FoRt, 8. Mm'raNcnnnv Par.ncr Musnuu, CocHrN

KaNcna In addition to the reorganizing of the Museum

During the period under review, the remaining gallery and exhibits, inverters were fixed in case
display work was taken up and wall show cases of frequent power failures for the benefit of the
for display of Palaeolithic tools were made along visiting tourists.
with their write-ups, through translities and blow- MADHYAPRADESH
ups. Selected miniature Kangra paintings were also
displayed in free standing wall show-cases. The 9. Ancrmnor,ocrcAr, Musnuu, Snlcnpun Par-a.cn,
heavy sculptures were displayed on masonry CHlNnnm
pedestals outside the museum. Replicas of two During the period under review the following
important rock-inscriptions of Pathiar and Kanihara new acquisitions were made in the museum and
were also prepared (fl.2aa-2a\. the objects were duly accessioned.

43424
t-l
t_
I

Plates 238-239

.'tJ :

239

Archaeological Museum, Thanesar: 238-239, inner view of galleries

343
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

241
Archaeological Mus eum, Thanesar: 240-241, inner view of galleries

3M
 Plates 242-243

ffi
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--d
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243
lrchaeological Museum, Thanesar: 242-243, inner view of Bhagwanpura galleries

345
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

Plates 244-245

I I
I
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24s
4rchaeological Museum, Kangra: 244, general view and 245, inner view of the gallery

346
\
L.
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Archaeological Museum, Kangra: 246-247, inner view of the galleries

ffi:+2ffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02
-A REVIEW

b-

ffi
249
Archaeological Museum, Kangra: 248-249, inner view, displayed paintings

348
 - \1S

Sandstone pillar (AMC/11112001) is found The museum collection was enriched b1'
-.-::bed with Persian and Nagari inscriptions acquiring twenty terracotta and three stone sculptures
- -:!.rring I 82x49x30 cm. The lower shaft of this in fragments, received from the office of the
- "
-nrental records isbroken, however, the inscribed Superintending Archaeologist, Bhopal Circle, Bhopal.
-, : is intact. The record mentions the ruler as
,,rn Two wall showcases were provided in Gallery I and
,, antiquities ofPawaya and metal objects, recovered
'.h Shah who was Sultan of Mandu Sultanate
r the fi fteenth centuryAD. It was found near Mata from Sarad baoli,locatedat Gwalior, were displayed.
,-
-- .

.:.Jir area at Chanderi. Photo blow-ups and laminated maps showing the
neighbouring monuments were exhibited in the
Intricately carved grave-stone, broken in two museum.
: - - 3s and inscribed withArabic and Persian records
.'. iC 1 l2l2}}l)measuring l45x65x14cm. Damaged ceilingportion ofthe Galleries 1 and
3 ofthe museum were replaced. Information on the
Dhota orNal (AMC/11312001) made ofhom, museum exhibits was affixed in the museum galleries.
, :r're parl of old style-loom, measuring 22x2x3.5
To provide natural light, wooden ventilators in
-r: . re to late medieval period, from Chanderi.
Gallery I were provided with glasspanes. Metallic
Stone Image (AMC/11412002) of Jaina chicks were also provided to the two arches in the
gallery.
-,: :ess Ambika, measuring 55x34x 1 6 belong to the
- : . 3nth centuryAD, from Chanderi. 11. AncHlsoLoGICAL Musnunt, SaNcut

Standing stone image of Vishnu (AMCi 115/ During the period under review, nine pedestals,
-' I r of twelfth centuryAD, measures 160 x 90 x damaged due to termite action were repaired and

-.. :n. tiom Guna. reveneered. hon railing was provided along the newly
constructed pathway for easy movement of visitors.
Jaina Tirthankara (AMC/1 1612002) belong to The running showcases of Gallery 2wereprovided
- ih centuryAD and measures 152x7 lx2}cm, ftom with shutters. Index card and data sheet of antiquities,
"
*-l
along with contact prints were prepared. Four hundred
contact prints were prepared for indexing.
Stone Image of Saraswati (AMC/1 1712002),
-: .,ngS to the seventeenth century AD, measures For organization of new gallery false walls on
' ,-:-ir9 cm. from Guna. wooden frame was provided with kit ply on eastern
and southem sides ofthe gallery. Painting ofnew gallery
\Hr il,rr..ol.o(;t( AL Mt st,tt,tl, (lu;rt.lttn Ftltt'1,
was done to make the gallery more presentable.
L, I I0R
Horizontal panel 4' wide with kit ply and sunmica
surface was provided on all the four side walls of the
During the period under review a new museum
gallery with a view to display photographs, drawings
-: r'r\ rvas opened in the guard room pofiion of the
etc. Almost eighty-eight old photographs and drawings
l,:: Singh Palace-complex wherein nineteen
published in books/joumals of about one hundred and
-.- -.:tures were displayed on the specially prepared
fifty years ago were scanned, enlarged and laminated-
- --.sed stone pedestals.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIETL/

Nine drousandcopies ofbrochures on Sanchi museum National Seminar on 'Vedic Culture, on I 6- I 7 March
rvere brought out. Pedestals and showcases were 2002. On 6th December 2001,a colloquium on the
chemically cleaned and bilingual brass etching plates book 'Vedic Sanslwili 'by GC.pande was organized.
were provided in all the galleries. Also installed. Besides, lectures by prominent scholars were also
C.C.T.V. and electronics security system. Vast area arranged on various aspects of Indian culture,
in front of the museum was developed into garden archaeology and art.
with permanent and seasonal flower plants. For annual
maintenance, painting ofall the galleries including the Apart from that, a specially designed p.G.
verandah, were done with a view to make the museum Diploma course in Indian art, culture and tourism
always presentable. meant forthose interested in the field ofculture and
tourism service is also held.

UTTAR PRADESH 14. AncnaEoLoGrcAL Musnuu, J.LcrsuwaR,

Alnrou
12. Tn"r Musnum, Acna

A newly organized gallery at the eastem Naubat Display of sculptures on wooden pedestals was
Khana was inaugurated and a brochure entitled completed in one gallery of the museum. The work of

"Shahjahan Art Gallery-Eastem Water pavilion, Thj erection drawing inthe courtyardofthe museum is in
progress.
Mahal" was brought out on the occasion of Mu-
seumDay.
15. MBmonrar Musr,utr, RosronNcy, LucxNow
I 3. Alr-nHaeao Musrunr, ALl,l,Hlenn
Display ofantiquities and other objects, related
The Museum undertook surface exploration to the First War of Independence, AD I 857 was done
work along with photo documenting of large number and the museum is now ready for inauguration.
ofrock paintings depicting in various rock-shelters in
Miruapur, Allahabad and Sonabhadra district in Uttar
Pradesh and Rewa, Satna district in Madhya pradesh.
During exploration a large number ofprehistoric tools WEST BENGAL
and fossils were collected as antiquity, Afragmented
rock painted piece which was chipped-off from the 16. AncHnEoLoGrcAL Musnrnr, KocH BtHtn
rock-shelter ceiling was acquired for tlre museum. One Pnr.ncn, KocH BrHnn
big elephant fossil and some other species were also
acquired, The collection ofprehistoric materials and During the yearunder review, majorworks for
documentation ofrock-painting along the Kaimurrange
arranging four archaeological galleries in addition to

ofthe Vindhyas for the museum were also taken up. two ethnological galleries in two rooms ofthe ground
floor of the palace were completed by the
During the year, the museum organized a Anthropological Survey of India.

!rsof
 Plate 250

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

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 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEW

In Gallery 1 i.e., Durbar Hall (pl. 250), wall respective galleries and direction boards were also
panels were converted into wall showcases with fixed.
glass covers and proper lighting arrangements for
17. Inu.rN Musnum, Kolxnrn
displaying photographs, antiquities and other During the period under review, the entire
objects and documents pertaining to Koch Bihar collection of Ganesa (one hundred and one pieces)
Raj family and Rajpat excavation. The photographs
donated by late Vasanta Choudhury has been displayed
were fixed on the show cases and life-size digital at the south-west comer of the Bronze Gallery. The
paintings of kings and coronation ceremony were reconstruction ofpre andproto historic gallery is still
fixed on the respective places. under progress. The showcases of the Gandhara
In Gallery 2 (Billiard Room), repaired and Gallery effected by the termites have been replaced
displayed the billiard board with all its accessories by new components. Regular mainenance and upkeep
vlz., sticks, balls, score boards etc. after providing ofthe galleries are being maintained along with proper
proper lighting affangements (p1. 251). Four life- illumination, repairing, painting, polishing of the
size digital paintings ofthe kings and queens were showcases and replacement of labels as and when

also fixed on the walls. Wooden arm chairs of the needed. The reserve collection of the Gandhara
Raj family were repaired, polished, knitted and Gallery has been shifted to the Gandhara reserve room.

preserved in the said gallery. Renovation of Celler godown is under progress. The
connection ofthe section has been enriched through
Wooden railings were provided in Galleries
the acqisition of one stone sculpture of Vishnu
5 and 6 (Gallery of Sculptures) for safety and acquired from Sadar court, Krishnanagar, Nadia, West
security and also provided with iron grill and Bengal. One Gold coin of Shahjahan (purchased) and
collapsable grill gates (p1.252). other gold coin received as gift. Under the
In Gallery 7 on the first floor (Raj Gallery), documentation programme the section has undertaken
damaged roof ceiling was restored as per original a project of digitization of manuscript with the help
wherever required by using plaster of paris, cement, ofthephotogaphyunit.
sand and duly painted. The painted floral motif on the Two manuscripts from the collection of the
false roof ceiling was retouched as per original. In Archaeology Section were sent for an International
this gallery rectangular table show cases with perspex exhibition organized by the National Library of
cover were prepared and kept in order for displaying the Australia at Canbera, Australia. Inter-state
antiquities specially associated with Koch Bihar Raj. exhibition on 'Krishna, the god of the people' was
held at Utkal University, Bhuvaneswar in the month
Anti-termite treatment was done in all the
of September,200l. A seminar and exhibition on
galleries of the museum to protect the show cases,
'Call of the elephant'was held on 18th-26ft August
ceiling, exhibited objects and photographs.
2001, at the museum exhibition hall organized
To improve the lighting alrangement in the jointly by Indian Museum and Pugmark. The
galleries, adjacent verandah and corridor, high voltage exhibition on painted icons was held on l3th-30ft
cables were fixed with suitable main switch, February 2002 (Buddhist scrolls from Tibet, Nepal
distribution panel and other accessories. Brass plates and Darjeeling) at the museum exhibition hall,
depicting the name of each gallery were fixed in organized by Indian Museum, Kolkaffa.

354
MUSEUMS

18. Vrcronr.r IIerronl,qL HarL, Kolx,rra photographs, conserve eight paintings, restore four
The rich and varied collection housed in the paintings and digitize as many as one thousand
memorial are being enriched regulary. Setting up forty-one maps, plans, sketches and blue prints.
of the National Leader's Gallery and collections The memorial also organized four seminars
of other artefacts like Bankim Chandra's writing during the period.
desk, Mahatma Gandhi's ashes, Jamini Roy's
An exhibition based on twenty-nine aquatints
paintings signifz that, if initial collections were seen
from John Fleming'sAlbum ofeighteenth century birds
as composite representation ofthe empire, the post-
and animals was mounted. Another exhibition on
independence collection can be termed as a quest
"Heritage at risk" based on Daniells' Oriental Scenery
for Indian Identity albeit national identity.
andA. Martinelly's recent photographs was mounted.
A unique encapsulated history of three
In order to promote art and culture, the
centuries is preserved and displayed in various
memorial also partronized "sit & Draw" and quiz
galleries thatattractlarge number of visitors from
contest, organized by Nikhil Banga Nababarsha
all over the country and neighbouring countries of
Utsav Samity, Employees of Union Bank and UCO
Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka as well as from
Bank organized two similar programmes of "Sit
Europe and North America.
and Draw" competitions in the district town of
Apart from the immense treasures possessed, Burdwan in collaboration with the Children's
the memorial has also picturesqe gardens that add Cultural Centre, Burdwan.
to the grandiose appeal ofthe memorial and create The memorial took active part and extended
a lasting impression on the mind of the visitors. all sorts of cooperation in the work on a permanent
The Library of the Memorial - a special exhibition in Tripura Government Museum,
reference library continues to have its emphasis on Agartala, the developmental schemes for
the Indo-British History eighteenth and nineteenth Williamson Sangma Museum, Shillong and
centuries and the history of Calcutta. During 2001- Mizoram State Museum, Aizwal.
2002, fhe library has enriched its collection by two To facilitate better and more scientific display
hundred and seventy-eight books worth Rs. of the huge treasures, the memorial also carried
2,37,014.32 thus bringing the total number ofbooks out the work ofmodernization ofgalleries for which
to 11,716. The rich collections of the library include NID, Ahmedabad and the Survey will be working
George Lyell Collection, Bhabani Charan Law in collaboration.
Collection, Prof. D.C. Ganguly collection, etc. The
19. H,rz.tnoulru Parncr Musnum, MuRsnrnasA,n
library catered to the need of many readers and as
Two new galleries viz., 'Gallery of Paintings'
many as thirty-one scholars in so many ways.
and' Gallery of Religious obj ects' were organized in
Though maintenance and upkeep of such vast the museum. In the gallery of paintings, walls were
number of artefacts is a huge task and the memorial, painted and distempered as per original. The original
yet during the year under review, it could prepare
decorative floral band motif below the ceiling was
one thousand six hundred and fourteenphotographs
retouched aestheticallyas per original design. Wooden
including four hundred and forty-three colour bits were fixed on the walls to hang the paintings for

!:ss!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

display. Concealed electrical wiring was done in etc. were enlisted and documented and kept
the gallery and tube-lights and chandeliers were systematically in the wooden almirah and shelves'
fitted in such a manner so as to provide indirect Repair and Polishing of six wooden
light on the exhibited paintings. Labels, charts, etc' bookshelves in the library room were carried-out
on perspex sheet andbrass were prepared and fixed as per original. These were provided with sliding
in the newly organized gallery ofpaintings including glass, covered with locking arrangements for
the labels in the gallery and direction boards' keeping the chemically treated books to check
In the gallery of religious objects, the walls further deterioration, caused by weathering effect
were painted and distempered as per original, and dust.
colour and polishing was done to the beams and
Anti-termite treatment was carried out
rafters ofthe ceiling, doors andwindows' The floral
periodically in all the galleries, record room and
band below.the ceiling was also retouched and
other rooms maintained to protect the objects,
painted as per original' Nine wall showcases with
antiquities, records, from termites and other insects'
sliding glass covers and proper lighting
arrangements were prepared for displaying 20. AncnasoLoGICAL Musouu, T,t llt,ux
religious objects.
The Tamralipta Museum and Research Centre
In Armoury Gallery 1, six wall showcases at Tamluk, District Purba Medinipur was taken over
with sliding glass covers and proper electrical by the Kolkata Circle of the Survey. The museum is
outfits were prepared and fixed for displaying the extremely rich in its collection ofvariety ofterracotta
arms, one hundred and fifteen damaged old objects, coins, beads, sculptures, manuscripts, stone
paintings were treated by retouching, painting, and bone tools and objects, etc. belonging to the
polishing and re-framing as per original according different culture periods. The museum is presently
to the requirements after physical verification' To functioning at two rooms in the Tamluk Municipal
protect these restored paintings from dirt, dust and
office building and selected antiquities were kept
insect, etc. two large-size wooden boxes were reserved for future display in the galleries to be
made to keep the paintings inside the boxes' arranged in a rented house. Inventory of antiquities/
Repairs to seventy-five old furnitures were objects ofthe museum was prepared. After taking over,
undertakenwhich comprise sofa sets, desk, chairs, the antiquities and objects were affanged in proper
tables, etc. besides painting and polishing' The order in the show cases and labels were provided'
velvet cloth for some of these furnitures was Proper lighting arrangements were also made in the
replaced as Per original. show cases and the galleries' Dayto-day maintenance
and upkeeping ofthe museum including the antiquities
Eight hundred and trvelve archival documents
are being carried out.
of the record viz.,formanns, maps, charts, records

I3s6 I
 }1I ARCHITE.CTURAL SUR\TEY

Tnprplr Sunvrv (Nonrnrn:,i RrcIor), Buopar of the teinple, an inscription appears in Devanagri
script in some unknown character. The temple is under
The Temple Survey Project (North)
the protection ofthe State Archaeological Departrnent
undertook the exploration of brick (Brahmanical)
Orissa.
temples of Orissa State under the direction of
D.Bhengra, assisted by R.Moovendran, CruNuTnlmln, SarNnala
accompanied by Lakhan Kumar, K. Shrivastava,
S.

R.S. Shambharkar, Ashok Singh Tomar, Sumer The Chandi Temple (c. tenth centuryAD) is
Prasad andArun Kumar. situated in the village Sainitala at a distance of 35
km from Titlagarh on the way to Bolangir. The
In Orissa Sate there are two groups of
ancient brick temple mound with the sculpture
monuments, one is in the upper Mahanadi valley
besides some fragments of architectural remains
while the other in Prachi river valley.
like door-frame, lintel etc. of medieval periods is
P.rur-nsvana Trltrlr, BtmnmromNa noteworthy. Some of the loose sculptures like
The Patalesvara Brick Temple at Buddhikomna, Vishnu surrounded by dosavatara panel, Surya-
locally known as Patalesvara Temple is facing east, Narayana, Ganesa, Gaja-Lal<shmi, Siv a-linga with
with danl, antrala andj agamohana. Tltej agamohana worshippers. Vidydharas, mithurza couples and
was recently removed by the villagers. In elevation dancing female figures are significent.
the temple has pitha, j angha and gandi. T\e p oga of SorraLBsva,RI Tunmm, PArN,q,cARH
the temple is on the ground level and only three
mouldings are above them. The two-storeyed.jangha Somalesvari Temple at Patnagarh is situated
decorated withchaityamotifs are in lower level and 40 km from Bolangir District Headquarter. The
vojramundi designs are in upper level. The gandi rs ancient name of Patnagarh is Brahmapura-the
decorated with anga sikhara followed by larger settlement of the Brahmana. Nearby the modern
amalaka and kalasa. Above the antarala the Somalesvari Temple this brick temple built on
sukanasika is decorated with miniature sikhara.The laterite stone exists of which only the jagati
star-shaped pancharatha deul, square in plan, is portion is survived. Showing in plan deul and
installed with a small Siva-linga on ground level pendant and antarala, adhishthana and part of
known as Svayambhu-linga. The door-frame of the jangha in elevation. The north facing temple is

templewas decoratedwiththree sakhas. The lintel l:av ng triratha, deul, star shaped in plan having niches
is decorated with navagraha panel, Gaja-lakslwi, in all the three sides of thejangha which is without
Ganga andYamuna. On stylistic ground, the temple is any sculpture. On stylistic ground the temple may be
datable to the ninth centuryAD. On the door-frame dated to the eighth-ninth centuryAD.

frszf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Ironrleru TEMPLE, Naw,tplna Sna Teupm, Trrr,ac.LnH

Indralath Temple is situated at a distance of Belonging to the eighth-ninth centuryAD, the

25 km from Khariar tehsil headquarter in village Siva Temple at Titlagarh contains only the garbha-
of Ranipur, District Nawapada. This brick temple, griha and small mandapa. The temple shows the
facing east, is raised above a high stone platform signs of recent renovation, might have been done
which is now lost. In elevation it consists of paga, by the local villagers. On the way to the hill top,
jangha, gandi, amalaka and kalasa. The paga of there is a cave temple, dedicated to Lord Siva with
the temple has khura, kumbha and kalasa loose sculptures of Siva, Parvati and Sapta-
mouldings. The jangha is divided into two, the matrika. A few kilometres away from the Titlagarh
upper one is decorated with the figures of Nagini there is a small village known as Sunani with the
and kumbha panjara while the lower portion bears remains of three stone temples in a field. There are
the figures of Narasimha, Lakulisa, Hanumana, two loose sculptures of male and female possibly
Trivikrama and Chamunda in the niches. The paga sati or hero-stone locally known as Kharavela of
of the temple is decorated with anga-sikhara Kalinga and his army. The female figure is having
followed by large amalaka and kalasa. The knife in her hand who might have died fighting
amalaka is partly damaged. against with her enemy or committed suicide (Sary'
after her husband's death.
The square deul is decorated withtrisakha door-
Kusmrsvau TrmrLn, BNnynNATH
frame. Inside the deul aSiva-linga is seen while the
sculptures in the niches of the outer walls depict the Kusalesvara Temple, situated in the village
incamations of Lord Vishnu. The temple is perhaps Baidyanath, at a distance of 3 km south-west of
originally dedicated to Vishnu which was later Sonpur-Bolangir Road, from which an approach
converted to a Siva temple. On stylistic ground this road leads to the village, is east facing. It is on the
temple belongs to the tenth-eleventh centuryAD. left bank of Tel river, dedicated to Lord Siva in the
form ofKusalesvara. The temple with its renovated
Sryl Tmrple, Bnlxn.rNor deul is of brick containingjagamohona with bal-
conies on either side. The original roof of the
This Siva Temple at Belkhandi is situated at
mandopa is totally collapsed and renovated with
the right bank of the Tel river at the confluence of
modern RCC work. The pillars of thejagamohana
its tributary. Built of bricks, it was renovated are decorated with Lion capitals and the figures of
recently. The temple, facing east, has deul, antarala
nqgas and nagis. The northern balcony is deco-
and jagamohana on plan and in elevation
rated with half pillar and the sculptures of
adhishthana, jangha and sikhara. In the vicinity
apsorases, etc. The southernbalcony is decorated
ofthe temple, are found sculptures, collected during
with the figures of Salabhanjikas and warriors.
the excavation. Notable sculptures show the images
The wall ofthe arddha-mandapa is decorated with
of Siva, Chamunda, panchamukha Siva, Parvati, the figures of Ganesa and Karttikeya. The
Andhakasura, dvarapalakas and apsarases. The
adhishthana of the mandapa is having the mould-
fragmentary pitha, jagati, jangha, sikhara and
ings of khura, kumbha, patti and karnika. The
amalakas are also noticed at the site. jangha is decorated with niches and vajramundi

!rss!
ARCHITECTT]RAL SURVEY

designs. Maximum part ofthe temple is conserved platfonn of two feet height (pl. 253). The door,
and protected by the Department of Archaeology window, pillar, bnacket and each wooden panel of
and Museums, Government of Orissa. The temple this building are richly decorated in traditional
belongs to the tenth centuryAD. Gujarati style. The entrarce door is constnrcted with
hear,y vertical and horizontal timbers placed over a
Varsmtala Tnurln, KoNanm
layer of planls and riveted to thern with spikes. In
Vaishnava Temple at Konarak is situated at a
addition, iron staps were usedto bindboth the planks
distance of66 lan from Bhubaneswar. In the year 1 909,
and the timbers. The jambs are plain btt todla are
during the course of the excavation behind the Sun
decorated with floral and geometrical bands which
Temple, the basement of a beautiful brick temple was
ofan elephant head. The parts ofpillar-
are in the form
found, locally known as the Vaishnava Temple, which
like base, kanda and, bharanu etc. are also richly
is east facing. It has a deul, jagamohono and nata-
decorated. The capitals with floral designs are
mandapa on plan, while in elevation it contains
subordinated by bead pattern and its head is flanked
adhishthana and jangha only. The moulding of the
withfolna wlttch have curved indented form. Another
adhishthana is badly damaged because ofthe weather
most important feature noticed here isthe decoration
and salt action. The well ornamented jangha with
on brackets, each richly and beautifully decorated in
niches on all the three sides is devoid of its original
the form ofhuman figure, animal figure (pl. 254), bird
feature due to the conservation. The nata-mandapa
figure (pl: 255) and richly designed floral motifs-a
contains windows for ventilation. During the time of
form oftraditional Gujarati style. Here every bracket
excavation, the site yielded some Brahmanical
contains a different proportion with different variety
sculptures also, indicating thereby the existence of
ofomamental designs.
religious exclusiveness in this centre. On stylistic
ground, the temple is datable to the second quarter of Another h w e I i that di sp lays the Guj arati style,
thetwelfthcenturyAD. is located in the village Vadthall (pl. 256). The
pillars and doors are simple having two side
Buu.nrNc Sunvny (Nonru)
windows. The superstructure of the first and the
The Building Survey Project (North), of the second floors are having beautifully carved pillars
Survey, undertook the architectural survey and in linear designs and floral motifs. The gallery is
documentation work of the buildings of surrounded by beautiful jali workin two different
Ahmedabad, Vadtal and Muli in Gujarat. Due to style at the lower end. The sloping roof is having
earthquake the work had to be discontinued and tv{o kolasa designs at the top.
a fresh work of surveying the Agra region was
Another double-storeyed wooden haveli is
undertaken, under the direction of O.N. Chauhan
located in Muli village, just 80 km from
assisted by V.S. Badiger, Sudhir Kumar and
Ahmedabad. Situated in the temple-complex having
Jatinder Kumar. Ofthese a few important specimens
otla, approachable by the steps with covered roof
of domestic architecture were noticed. Of these
(pl. 257). The roof is supported by four pillars in
some buildings are discussed below.
Gujarati style having beautiful struts of
The Sai-Bagh Haveli in Ahmedabad city is a mythological Gods and Goddesses. The pillar with
double-storeyed building, built over a masonry strut, depicting lord Ganesa

3s9
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

ry
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ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

rr--
Plates 2fl-255

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254

255

Sai-bagh Haveli; 254-255, decorated wooden brackets

!m!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

?
? ?

n
Vadthal: wooden Haveli

Irzl
ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

258

Muli: 257 , wooden Haveli and 258, bracket depicting Ganesa

363
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _A REVIEW

Plates 259-260

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260

Agra : 259, Lol masjid and,260, Nagar: Lala Janaki prasadb

Haveli

I tonl
ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

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36s
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 A REVIEW
-
is one of the examples. The carving of rats, bricks with red sandstone. presently it is in
snakes, headgear of lord Ganesa reveals the identity dilapidated condition. Only some of its arches,
of its as in Gujarati style (pl. 258). The wooden domes, square chhatri in each corner on the roof
door containing intricate carvings with side and fine Mughal plaster on domes are now
windows having pane with net design, is a present.
remarkable feature of the haveli. Inside the structure
there is an open square chowk having a fountain. The haveli of Lala Janaki prasad (pls. 260-
All the sixteenpillars on each side of the verandah 26 1) at Nagar village, situated just 3 km away from

run as a cover enclosing the middle chowk. Each the World Heritage Monument ofFatehpur Sikri to

side having four rooms. The upper roof is in the north ofAgra. It contains very beautiful remains

slanting shape having superstructure of four of Jat period. After careful examination of the
balconies on each corner. Two different types of construction of haveli, it is observed that almost
beautifiljharokho are showing the marvel of the all the material used there were brought from the
structure which adds a panoramic view of the capital city of Agra. The present building,
superstrucfure. constructed with lakhauri bricks, contains fine
specimens of architectural features ofred and buff
A good number of domestic architectural
sandstone with delicate and intricate designs in
remains were observed in differentparts oftheAgra
Mughal and Rajput style. This haveli has a
region in Uttar Pradesh. More than two hundred
rectangular plan with three storeys. It has fine
years old building remains of Lal Masjid at
Mughal lime-plaster. The arch opening ofthe hweli
Balkeshwar, Mubarak Manzilat Belanganj, Zoltra
has small niches on either side of the entrance. The
Garden at Katra Wazir Khan, Darashikohhaveli at
first entrance is richly decorated with fl oral, faunal,
Motiganj, Shahi Masj id at Mall-ka-bazar, Hij idonki
geometrical and criss-cross designs. The balconies
Masjid at Lohamandi, Akbar Church atWazirptr,
of haveli are having beattifu,ljalls in Mughal style.
Akbar Masjid at Kinari Bazar, and Lala Janki
The row of the arches are in systematic manner as
Prasad's haveli at village Nagar (near Fatehpur
marking the floors of the haveli.All these arches
Siki) were noticed.
are decorated with floral designs. The projected
The Lal-Masjid (pl. 259) is located ar chhajja with eye catching width is supported by
Balkeshwar near Javahar pool, on the right bank carved brackets underneath. At present it is under
of Yamuna river. Aurangzeb built it of lakhauri the occupation of Gulab Singh.

I366I
 MONUMENTS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE

Acnn Ctncle replaced. The underpinning, plastering and

watertightening of the roof of the gate\+,ay \4'ere
UTTAR PRADESH
also taken up and completed.

1. Acne Fonr, Acn l, DrsrRrcr Acna

4. J,l,un Mas;rn,AcRa, DtsrRrcrAcna
ln continuation of the previous year's (2000-
The broken stone chhajja and pinnacle of
01, p.214) work, underpinning, pointing and
subsidiary domes were replaced. The dome and
replacement of plaster in Birbal's House were
parapet wall were replastered. The decayed and
completed. The ornamental plaster of northem dolan
missing stone railings with muttaknwere replaced.
of Raja Ratan Singh's Palace was restored as per the
original. At Moti Masjid, the work of pointing, 5. JnsuaNr STNJcH-Kr-CHHATRT, Acnn, Dlsrnrcr
underpinning and watertightening was taken up and Acnr
completed. The Mughal pattem doors at the basement
cells of Moti Masjid were repaired and painted. Underpinning of the decayed and missing
Wooden grill railing all along the walls in Shish Mahal portion of the enclosure wall with lakhauri bricks
was provided to prevent the decay of stucco and and lime-mortar was done. The missing and bulged
mirrored srirfaces. The broken jali work of the kangoora portion of the enclosure wall were
Mussaman Bu{ was replaced ffis.262-263). The restored with lakhauri bricks and lime-mortar. The
outer portion of the Diwan-i-Am was plastered. decayed lime-plaster of kangoora andpillars were
Construction of dwarf wall and fencing towards removed and provided with an average of 30-40
Madhogarh was taken up. The work ofproviding red mm thick lime-plaster.
sandstoneT'a/i of Machhi Bahwan is in progress.
Lime-cement concrete work on roof and
2. Gnuar loacln, AcR,a,, DrsrRrcr Acu platform was carried out to stop seepage of u'ater.
Recessed pointing on lakhauri bricks and red sand-
The decayed part of the eastern wall was
tone veneering wall after opening joints rvas
conserved by underpinning and pointing.
undertaken. The broken and missing chajja stone
3. Irnrno-Uo-D,ruu's ToNrn, AGu, Dmrmcr Acna was replaced with a new one having 7.5 cm with
butt joints. The missing red sandstone jali panel
,' The decayed and missing white marble pieces (1.10mx 2.0m) with fine geometrical design work
in red sandstone surface ofnorthern gateway were was provided.

367
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _A REVIEW

r
,l
I

.d

Agra Fort, Musamman Burj: 262, before and 263, after restoration of broken marble jali

I36sI
PRESE RVATIONS O F MONUMENTS

6. KnNcn M*rar, Acm, DrsrRrcr Acna all along the cause*'av by masonry and plastering.
The missing and broken red sandstone chajja of
The work ofunderpinning, relaying concrete
the main dome u'as replaced.
flooring, roof terracing, besides pointing was
completed. Restoration work of arch was also 10. Gnotp or \Ior[\tr\TS. F.rTrspt'R SrxRr,
completed (pls. 264-265). DrsrrucrAcnr
In continuation of the previous work (2000-
7. Rant BacHrAcnn, DrsrnrcrAcnl
01, p.2la.), the restoration ofTreasury building is
Twenty-six red sandstonejali(6.5 cm thick) in progress. The missing portion of the wall on the
railings, supported with muttaka over the ground western side was reconstructed. The missing roof
cells towards riverside, were provided. The jali of the western portion n'all was provided with
contains geometrical hexagonal design. Missing valuated roof using undressed red sandstone,
parts of arch of the underground cells were strings and slabs by making grooves, butt joints
underpinned with lakhauri bicks and lime-mortar. and lap joints in red sandstone and was fixed with
Later this was plastered with 30 to 40 rnm average copper clamp. On the roof top lime-concrete was
mounting lime-plaster. The roof terrace was relayed with proper slope. The r*'ork of restoring
provided with lime-concrete after removal of the the decayed and missing plasers of the chambers
decayed flooring. The work of providing stone was completed. Red sandsoneT'a/i in geometrical
pathwaywas completed. pattern in the opening niches. jali and ventilators
was provided. The structure on the first story of
8. Ta"r MlHalrAcru, DrsrRlcrAcnn
the Treasury building r*'as repaired and the roof
In continuation of the previous year's work was re-laid with red sandstone slabs and
(2000-01 , p. 215),the underpinning and plastering watertightened. Provided dwarf r*'all and railing
of collapsed portion of goushala was completed. between langarkhana and Buland Dan*'aza. The
The work of watertightening, pointing and missing and buldged portion of the boundary wall
replacement of broken stones of the fagade of the of Abul Faizi and Fazl's was reconstructed. The
western Naubat Khana was completed. The broken missing, broken and decayed "dasa" stones were
chhajja of south-east Saheli Burj were replaced replaced and fixed. The broken red sandsone slabs
with new ones and the stones of the pathway were were replaced with the help of propping and
reset. The decayed plaster of the wall of the south- packing of dislodged porion and laying lime-
east Saheli Bu{ was removed and replastered with concrete in the traditional mortar. The missing and
special lime-plaster. Provided boundary wall and broken red sandstone door-frames and choukhats
railing around Kali Masjid. The work ofproviding were replaced.
boundary and railing around Rouza Diwanji Begum
The work of pointing, edging, underpinning
was also completed.
at Tansen's baradari was completed. The red
9. Bunsll-Kl-Ts-, ErlrloruR, Drsrnrcr Acnn sandstone edging of the pathway of Tansen's
baradari was provided. A dwarf wall to the north
The arches of the causeway were underpinned of the road near Tansen's baradari was provided
and plastered in lime. Parapet wall was provided for the environmental development.

l:oe!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

. ;.r
265

Agra, Kanch Mehal: 264, before and 265, after conservation

o.f dilapidated arches in the plinth

!rzol
P RE S E RVATI O NS O F M O NUMENTS

The work of the roof and replastering of the 16. Gnoup or Mom.nrnnrs, Marcna, Ihsrruo
ceiling of the front verandah and rooms, and MuzarranNacan
recessed pointing of the walls of the Dak Bungalow
Underpinning, pointing and replastering of
was completed.
decayed portion were carried-out.
11. AKBARIs Tovrn, SrxaNoana, Drsrnrcr Acna
Auna{cleao Crncle
The missing white marble inlay pieces of
ii/$nR/ASHTRA
geometrical designs on the eastern faEade of main
entrance gate were restored. The arches of the main L7. Axcmm Srrr, Nrvas,r, DsrrucrAr*raoxacan
entrance gate were plastered with lime. The work
The barbed-wire fencing around the ancient
of strengthening, replacing the decayed red sand
site was completed.
stone members and pointing of the eastern faEade
of main entrance gate was completed. The decayed 18. Fan qrBAGn Pan ec& Dr,srnrcr AmaaoNAGAR
concrete of the roof of the main mausoleum was
The entire protected area of the monumentwas
removed and relayed.
taken up for providing GI. chain link fencing over
L2. DaNnrsvana Gnoup or Trupr,ns, Jacrsuwan, dwarf U.C.R. masonry wall.
DrsrnrcrAlMoRA 19. ANaxpEsvARA Tourln, Llsun, Drsrnrcr
Arw{nAvarr
The main temple was provided with canopy
roof. The boundary wall was provided by raising Watertightening the roof of the temple-complex,
dwarf wall and M.S. grill railing. Recessed point- providing concrete flooringwere taken up.
ing of retaining wall all along the river was taken
up and completed.
20. fuavraCavr, Alavre, Drsmrcr Aunaxcarao
The following works were attended to under
L3. Gnoup or Tnnnpr,rs, hcrsnwan, DrsrRrcr Ajanta-Ellora Development Project, phase I,
Amrona funded underloan agreementby JBIC.

The work of providing plinth protection of Nearly 730 square meter area near the
group of temples were taken up by providing R.C. parking at the foothill was paved with basalt stone
masonry platform in Kubera temple. over RCC bed and rubble soiling by maintaining
the proper gradient. The fibre optic lighting system
L4. Gnoup on Tnrupr,rs, BauNarn, Drsrnrcr was provided for the painted Caves 1,2, 16, 17
B.q.cBsvA.RA
and 1,9. The cable having 50-100 fibres each were
provided to achieve a better and uniform
Boundary wall was provided along the riverside.
illumination level. Nearly 350 numbers of fully
15. Sna Rawr Tnlrrln, SonoN, Drsrnrcr Eran adjustable lenses were provided at the end of the
cables whereas the conve.ntional lighting
The collapsed retaining wall was replaced. arrangements were set up in other caves for proper

!m!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 , A REVIEW

illumination with the help of Dichroic lamp luminaries

The pillars of Cave 27 were restored
of 35/50 watts and reflector lamp luminaries of
to provide additional support to the already
complex type conserved
75 I 10001 750 watts suitably located to
lintel of the verandah. The pillars were designed
provide minimum illumination level for better in a
similar fashion as per the available clues at the
appreciation of the caves. Besides suitable pathway site in
steel reinforecement in RCC and plastered
lighting was also provided from Caves 7 to to a rock
27. finish.

First M.S. footbridge of totallength span To protect the sculptural panel to the right
of 60m of
with 2.5 m carriage way was completed from parking Cave 1 9 the missing roof of the cell was provided
for
place to the pathway across the River Waghora proper safety and longevity ofthe sculptured
and panel of
the designs were made keeping in view the heavy Buddha. Sufficient evidence was available
at the site
for finalizing the design and shape of the cell.
discharge and high velocity of
water flow in the This
river during monsoon season. Each span consisted was also possible with the original cell available
of to
a 20m length for a load of 500 kg/sqm the left of the cave overlooking the damaged
resting on two one.
piers and abutment on either side. The bridge In order to make it bat proof certain quantity
consists
of two YVtype permanent trusses made with of fly mesh was provided to the painted caves
a pair and
of angle iron spaced at 2.5 m connected with iron teakwood logs were procured form the Forest
channels and cross angle iron section supported Department and for use were cut in required
on size.
pier and abutment cap}}mm thick M.S. bearing
is
provided for the trusses 5 mm thick with chequered 21. Bru-Ka-Maenana, AuRaNcauAn, DlsrRrcr
plate covering the carriage way of 2.5m AunaNcanan
width which
is finally covered with 37 mm thick teakwood In continuation of the last year/s work (2000_
planks.
01, p.21,6), the barbed-wire fencing (east
side) and
The second footbridge in front of Cave g providing M.S. grill fencing were completed
in the
across the river was completed to provide front and eastern part of the monument.
alternate circulation path to the visitors in Watertightening of roof, side wall, pointing
order and
to divert the tourist traffic during the peak underpinning were carried out of Hathi dav. providing
hours
of tourist visit in the season. The bridge measures GI. mesh fencing over dwarf wall in R.R. masonry
the same as no. 1 explained above. of the backside of the monumentwas done.

The badly damaged and fallen faEade of Cave 22. Er;-or.n Caws, Er,r,ona, Drsrnrcr AuRANcARAn
23 was taken up for conservation and part UCR masonry retaining wall was provided
resortation on the basis of clues available with from Cave 3 to 1 and beyond upto the gate, fixed
the
original at the site. The fagade was extended with the grill fencing with dressed capstone. This
with
the help of I section channels fitted at regular was necessitated to retain the original width
of
intervals across the fagade with well designed land in front of the cave, which was otherwise
steel
reinforcement finished in RCC by keeping threatened from erosion, during the monsoon
the inner
core hollow to reduce the weight and externally season. The surface ground was provided
with
plastered in rock finish. grass turf to give a natural look.
PRE SE RVATI O N S O F M ON UM ENTS

Based on the recommendation of Geological 24. Ganrtrur TElm-u, I-orrn Drsrnrcr Buloruua
Survey of India6 Geo Technical Studies, the
GI. chain link fencing over drvarf wall was taken
surface water management from Cave 1 to 34 was
up around the p,roteOed area C-onsnr6ion of retaining
attended on priority basis to check the water
wall towards the valley side was completed.
percolation/leakages inside the caves and to divert
surface flow of water over the faEade during the 25. LaxuniAR{yr\ TErpr r, S.rrc.rol, Dsrmcr
monsoon season. In the process, the existing drains Bumuaxa
repaired in UCR masonry for the sidewalls and by GI. chain link fencing over dwarf wall was
providing U cement channels at the bottom for easy taken up around the protected area-
flow of drainage water. The drain work was
26. LN,prnt Mororrru. Drsrnrcr CnrronA,pun
completed in lime-mortar instead of cement. At
couple of places the earlier parapet walls and In continuation of the last yearls work(2000-
culverts were also repaired with similar mortar. 01, p.216), the frontage barbed-wire fencing over
U.C.R. masonry dwarf wall was completed along
In Cave 16, the concealed drain around the main
with side walls in U.C-R- masonn'.
monolith temple was opened to replace the cement
drain covers with dressed basalt stone covers to 27. CH,qNuxa Drl-l Trrrpr-e. Bs-rv.ui Drsrnrcr
provide nearhomogeneity to matchwith the original. CuaNonapun
Iron grill fencing was provided from Cave 1 to GI. chain link fencing over U.C.R- dwarf wall
the main gate built in low UCR masonry wall with masonry with pointing, plastering and coping was
ashlar masonry pillars placed in-between two grills completed.
with conical capstone over the pillar. Each grill
28. Daularanao FoRr, D-rrurr.rn-ro. Drsrmcr
measures 2.25 m x 2.00 m in length and height
Dauuranan
respectively. Each masonry pillar measures
approximately 50 cm square with a maximum height The ongoing barbed-wire fencing in front of
of nearly 2.20 m above the wall. A sliding iron gate the fort was completed. Removal of rankvegetation,
matching the grill fencing, was provided near Cave 1 cutting trees, bushes, dismantling of loose portion
along the state highway. of the rampart wall, foot walk of first fortification
Provision for Bat Proof Mesh to Caves 2,5,8 from main entrance towards south is undertaken.
and 12 were made by procuring teakwood logs from 29. MuRr,ruaxoHARA TrrrpLr. Drsrnrcr
the Forest Department and were cut in required size CnaNnnapun
for use.
kon grill raitingwas prwided toprotect fte area
23. Pmnar,KHoRA Cavrs, Prrunlxnonn, Drsrrucr
30. ANcrnvr Srrn, Balrr, DsrnrcrJrrcaox
AmaNclun
Providing barbed-wire fencing with R.C.C.
Deposit work is awarded to the Geological
posts for the entire ancient site was undertaken.
Survey of India towards the cost of Geological
and Geo-technical, Geo-physical and Geo- 31. PaNnar-a, Foxr, Prrrur-r Dr-srpucr Kourapun
environmental studies of the Pithalkhora Caves Reconstruction of fallen portion of the fort wall
and the surrounding. near Naikinicha Sajja repairs to dome and debris

373
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 ' A REVIEW

clearance were undertaken. Construction of parapet 39. Rarcan Fonr, Rlrcao, Drstnrcr Rarcnn
wall of the ramparts, stone pitching of the floor at
In continuation of the previous work (2000-
Barood Khana and Sajja Kothi were taken up.
01, p. 2L7),laying out of C.C. pathway and
32. Srxnnuounc Font, Drsrnrcr M,qLvAN providing steps from the Hathi Khana to
Mahadarwaja including repair/ construction of
LayingP.C.C. pathway upto Dood vav (well) parapet walls and watertightening to Mahadarwaja
and watertightening the ramparts of fort wall at and path plastering were completed.
north-eastern corner were completed.
40. Par,n Cavrs, Drstnrcr Rarcan
33. KoNorvrrn Cavns, ANourRr, Dlsrnrcr Muunx
Widening of pathway after constructing a
GI. chain linkfencing over dwarf wall around retaining wall and parapet wall in front of caves
the protected area was taken up. was undertaken. Provided pipe railing at valley
side of caves for safety of visitors.
34. Manaorv Toupr-nr Jnoocr, Dlsrnrcr Nesx
41..fxcann Fonr, Jxcann, Dlsrmcr RarNacrnr
The ongoing chain link fencing work of the
protected area was completed. Chain link fencing was provided over dwarf
wall in the frontage of the fort.
35. Par.mumNe Cnvns, Drsrnrcr Nasm
42. Vuavnunc Font, Drsrnrc, SrNnnuuunc
Constructions of retaining wall and flight of
steps in rubble masonry were taken up. The balance repair work of out-of-plumb wall
of horse stable and providing stone flooring were
36. Bnara Cavrs, BnaJa, Dlsrnrcr PuNn
completed.
G.I. chain link fencing over dwarf wall of the TntNr
43. Nau-soPARA, Dtsrnrcr
protected area was completed.
GI. chain link fencing over dwarf wall around
37. Snammnwana, PuNr, Dlsrnrcr PuNn the protected area was completed.

The closed arches of the cluster wall were BarcruonE CTRcLE

opened, conserved and provided with grilled
doors. Patch repairs were completed for eastern KARIUffiAK/A
enclosure wall and repairs to the Chimanbagh wa-
ter tankwas completed. 44. Ktt-t-nsHvARA Trurr,n, B.lcut, Drsrnrcr
Bru-anv
38. KHuraru GuunaJ, Munun, Drsrnrcr Rarcm
Pavement and apron were provided in schist
GI. chain link fencing over dwarf wall around stone around the temple. The protected area was
the protected area is under progress. fenced over a dwarf wall.

!:z+ 1
P RESE RVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

45. Kaoamxaru GaNnsa Snnmr, Hamrr, Drsrnrcr 49. Er-epH.rrr's Strels. K.rrrrL.rplRA, H,rurl,
Bru-aRv Drsrnrcr Brll.rRr
The out-of-plumb and dislodged portion of The floor of the chambers is paved with
the retaining wall of the shrine was reconstructed dressed granite slabs over a sand bed.
by using the original members. The floor of the
50. Tns..rst'Rr. Btlrotrc. Z{\{\{ Exc'Lost'Rs.
mukha-mandapa was paved with granite slabs.
Klur.rL,rpun (H rrlpr ). Dlsrrucr Brll rRr
The roof of the mukha-mandapa was
watertightened by providing a course of lime- The missing porrion of the parapet wall on
mortar mixed with brick jelly and waterproof four sides of the building is restored to match with
compound (pls. 266-267). the adjoining portion bv using bricks of original
pattern with lime-mortar. The damaged lime-
46. Sasur,'srcrlu G,rNesn, Hanrrr, Drsrnrcr Beneny plaster of the chhajja portion rr'as raked off and
The debris covering the basement ofthe shrine fresh lime-plaster s'as pror-ided and the missing
and its surrounding hillocks was systematically stucco decoration s-herever necessary was restored
removed for exposing the oiiginal level. The as per the adjoining porions (pIs.268-269).
missing moulded members of the plinth of the
temple were provided as per original to match the 51. SunrasAR.{\{\r Trrtpu. \[.rcrl.r. DrsrRrcr
adjoining portion. Stone pavement was provided Bsllnny
around the shrine. The roof was watertightened by The courty'ard around the temple was paved
providing a fresh course of combination mortar with stone slabs and the joints \\'ere recess pointed.
mixed with brick jelly and waterproof compound.
52. Grrr.ql.r \[rrrrpr. \'rrx,rrrrrn.r (Hrlrer),
The archaeological area was fenced with crimped
DrsrRlcr BsllrRr
mesh over a dwarf wall.
The buried basement of the Gejjala Mandapa
47. T TtavtRAGHATTA Glru, Hanrrr, Drsrrucr
was completelyexposed and the surrounding areawas
BcllaRv
levelled. Foundation protection course with 8 to 10
The fallen portion of the northern cm thick granite slabs s'as provided all around the
fortification wall was completely dismantled and
mandapa over a sand bed. The joints are pointed in
reconstructed with original members and the core
cement-mortar. Stone pa\-ement in granite slabs was
is filled with rubble and grave. provided around the mondapa over a sand bed and
48. UNusn Gnouxo Srvl TrlrprE, HAMpr, Drsrnrcr an approach path$'a\'\\'as laid rvith granite-slab upto
BrnlRv the road. The leaky'dead lime-concrete over the roof
The ugly looking masonry steps provided at was removed and fresh s'aterproof course in combi-
the entrance of the temple was removed and new nation mortar mixed u'ith s'aterproof compound was
steps in rectangular stone blocks were provided provided to the roof and s'atertightened. Fencing in
with suitable gradient. The newly acquired area crimped wiremesh o\.er a du'arf wall was provided
around the monument was fenced with crimped to the protected area around the monument (p1s.270-
mesh fixed to 'L'angle posts over a dwarf wall. 27r).

3'.ls
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

I
--
---

Hampi, Kadalekalu Ganesa Shrine: 266, before and267 , after conservation

f ro!
PRESERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

Plates 268-269

ilc"tl
.. t.
;\.

W a t.
r .-*,!

* ;wi#$hrryr I

268

TI

269
Hampi, Treasuty Building; 268, before and.269, after
conservation
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

53. Olo Srva Truplr, Vrxxemruna (Hm'rl), Dts- and the pathway leading to the southern entrance
TRrcrBnu,.mv were paved with stone slabs.

The buried medieval pathway leading to the 57. MusarrRKHANA ,r.No HoNon, SaNtHEBaNNUR,
Vitthala Temple and the basement of the mandapa DrsrRrcr DnnNcsRn
flanking the pathway was exposed by scientific The missing and damaged portion of the
clearance ofdebris. The fallen architectural members parapet over the roof was reconstructed in brick
of the mandapa found in the debris were documented and lime-mortar as per original and the surface was
and collected. The dead and decayed lime-concrete finely plastered.
over the fl oor and roof ofthe mandapos was removed
58. HovsnLES\ARA TrutLo, Halretn, Dtsrnlcr
and the disturbed mandapa was dismantled after
HAss,qN
thorough documentation and by mending the broken
beams and pillars. The roof was watertightened by The barbed-wire fencing was removed and a
providing concrete in combination mortar mixed with fresh fencing with crimped mesh overthe dwarfwall
waterproof compound. was provided around the archaeological area. Stone
pavement was provided to the pathway leading to the
54. KununEGoMBE MlNulra, Vtrrnl.La Bnz^l,aR,
main entrance ofthe temple (p1s.272-273).
Hamrt, Dtsrmcr BBr,r,lnv
59. Gnoup or MoNumrNts, SnavaNABELAGoLA,
The buried basement portion of the
Drsrrucr Hassln
monument was exposed by removing the debris. A
foundation protection course was provided around The pathway leading to different monuments
the mandapa in granite slabs of l0 cm thick over a on the small hill (Chandragiri) was paved with
sand bed. An approach way paved with granite slabs and pointed. The manastambha in front of
slabs was provided from the monument premises the Parsvanatha Basadi was chemically cleaned and
to the bazaar street. The joints were pointed in a pavement was provided to the floor around the
combination mortar. The dead and leaky lime- pillar (p1s.274-275).
concrete overthe monumentwas removed and fresh 60. PnNcnaLTNGESvARA Tenl rlE, GovrNoa.Na,HALLI,
waterproof course in combination mortar mixed Drsrnlcr MaNnvl
with waterproof compound was laid and the roof
is watertightened.
The damaged barbed-wire fencing was
removed and a fresh fencing in crimped wire mesh
55. Fonr, Cnnnaouncl, Drstntct CrurnqDuncn over a dwarf wall was provided to cover the
The fallen portion of the fort wall as well as protected area. The plinth protection course was
the retaining wall of the moat were reconstructed provided on the eastern side ofthe monument.
by utilising the original stone members. The leaky
roof of the Hidambesvara Temple was 61. Souuva Kssava TrueLr, Naclntlut;.Lla,
watertightened. Drsrnrcr MaNova

56. HarunaRESvARA Tomrlr, H.a.ntHan, Dlsrntcr The stucco of the sikharaandthe merlons over
D..*..trcenr the prakara wall were mended in lime-mortar and
The floor ofthe courtyard on the westem side a waterproof course was applied.

I:zsI
P RE S E RVATI ONS O F MONU ME I\ITS

Plates 270-271

# 'l
/4
I

H.?2iJ
K-
L.

'*-

ffi
:1
--! I

d -i
271

Venkatapura, Gajjala Mandapa: 270, before and27l, after consertation

379
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

{',w",

il 272

273

Halebid, Hoysalesvara Temple: 272, before and273, after conservqtion

I rso
P RESERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

Plates 274-275

f .i

--

275

Sravanabelagola, group of monuments: 274,before and275, after conservation

 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

62. RaIcaNATHASVAMv Trnrem, Snrn n NcararNa, provided to the structure. Wherever necessary steel
Drsrnrcr MeNnya clamps were introduced between the architectural
members to provide extra strength to the structure.
The stucco figures of the brick vimana and
The roof was watertightened by providing a layer of
the entrance tower were mended by using lime-
mortar (p1s.276-277).
combination mortar in brick jelly mixed with
waterproof compound (p1s.280-282).
63. VUanNARAvANA TotrrLn, GuNoLuprr, Drsrrucr
68. Sorussvlna TsnrpLE, BANn,rlrxn, DrsrRlcr
MysoRE
Sumocr
The uneven stone flooring ofthe navaranga
The dilapidated and disturbed navaranga and,
andmukha-mandopawas removed and relaid over
the entrance mandapa were reconstructed by
a sand bed after levelling the area. The joints were
utilising the original members and the roof was
recess pointed.
watertightened.
64. LarsnnlKANTHA Trurre, MulLun, Dlsrnrcr
69. KnnanESVARA Tenrem, BELLtGave, DrsrRrcr
Mysone
Sulyoca
The floor around the temple was provided
The dilapidated structure to the south of
with stone pavement and recess pointed. The
Kedaresvara Temple was reconstructed by mending
missing veneering slabs of the outer wall is
provided afresh to match with the original (pls.27g-
the damaged and cracked pillars, beams and
capitals by introducing 'I' section girders and using
27e).
epoxy resins. Wherever the original members are
65. SnToxANTESVARA Trmrr_8, NaN;aNcuo, missing new members were provided to match with
DlsrRrcr MysoRr the adjoining ones (pls.283-284).

Mending ofthe stucco figures on the western 70. MlNclLADEvr Tenrrlu, MaNc,rlonE,, Dlsrnrcr
face of chikka-gopura in lime-mortar as per Sours l(apurr
original is completed.
The damaged wooden rafters and Mangalore
66. Kesuara TEl,rrt-eo Sonr,qNarHaruR, Drsrnrcr tiles of the roof were replaced.
Mysonr:
71. M,rlrx RrnaN Dnnca, Sruo Drsrnrcr TutrxuR
The leaky vimanaofthe shrines were grouted
The archaeological area is fenced in crimped
with lime-mortar to arrest the leakage.
wire-mesh over a dwarf wall veneered with stone
67. Krenrt:lARAvANA Trnmlc, Tlt-axKln, Dlsrnrcr slabs.
-\[r sonr.
72. Aru,tNrHApADNrANaeHa TeN,rpLE, KaRKALa,
The dismantled mahodvara of the temple is DrsrRlcr Uoupl
completely reconstructed by utilising the original
The damaged wooden rafters, beams and the
memben. Asfrong foundation in cement-concrete was
broken tiles of the roof of the cloister mandapa and,

& :sz
P RE SE RVATI ONS OF MONU MENTS

fr,
t-r*f

271
Ranganathasvamy Tbmple, sluccofigure: 276, before and,277, after conservation

lrml
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

T
-

279

Mullur Lal<shmikantha Temple: 278, before and279, after conserttation

IuoI
PRE SE RVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

Plates 280-282

ry&
280

'
*-W7*
*:ba.

tt,{
\{

,,tgr-" -' "'rti "o )

282
Tolakad, Keertinarayana Temple: 280, before,28l, during and282, after conservatiort
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

284
Belligave, Kedaresyara Temple: 283, before and284, after conservation

lrso!
tltt
L

P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

the main temple were replaced with new ones. Bxopal Crncle
Colour was applied to the walls and wooden
gopura. The missing and fallen portion of the MADHYA PRADESH
enclosure wall was reconstructed in laterite bricks.
76. Bloal Maual, Cu.lrorRl. Drsrntcr
Assorcracnn
73. CTLc,TURMUKHA Bls^lnr, Klnxr.La, Drsrnrcr
Unupr The settled debris on the \\'estern side of the
fortification wall, i.e., towards the road side u'ere
The disturbed and fallen steps leading to cleared to make the monument more presentable.
the southern entrance of the basadi was reset to Besides, a 30 m long chain link fencing on ds'arf
the original portion. In additon fresh steps wall was provided on this side along the protected
matching the original was provided upto the road limit to stop any encroachment in future.
and a railing with M.S. iron rods was provided
on either side of the steps. The laterite enclosure 77. Gnoup or Tnrrprns, KaoruHa,, Drsrnrcr
wall wherever fallen is reconstructed as per the Asnorc{,c,cAR

original. Stone pavement to a width of 2 m was The resetting work ofthe out-of-plumb sikhara
provided around the monument. portion ofthe southem most temple of group 4 locally
known as "Murayata on Talab bank" at Kadwaha was
74. GolrumEsvARA Srlrur, Knnxll4 Drsrnrcr undertaken. After dismantling the sikhara at places,
Unupr architectural members were reset as per their original
position. In addition to the above works apron around
The undulating area in the courtyard around
the temple was provided and steps repaired. Besides,
the Gommatesvara statue on the hill was levelled.
a paved pathway was provided connecting both the
Underground water drainage covered with stone
northem and southem temples.
slabs was provided to drain out rain-water.
Providing stone pavement in the laterite bricks 78. Tr*rprB op Kornsvnna, K,q.srurouL, DlsrRrcr
as per original moulding to match the extant Baracsar
portion is in progress. The silt accumulated in
The underpinning work with stone masonry
the tank on the eastern side of the enclosure was
inside the garbha-griha of the temple was carried
removed and the inner veneering of the wall in
out. Brick masonry pillar was also erected below
laterite bricks was restored (pls.285-286).
the temporary shed. Barbed-wire fencing on dwarf

75. J.q,rNA, Tonrns, Mooonmrnr, DrsrRlcr Unupr wall was provided along the river bank side for
better safety and security ofthe monument.
The tombs were watertightened with lime- 79. FonrrArrR, Dsrnrcr Bumo
mortar and the wide joints wherever necessary were
Stone paving and side drain on either side of the
pointed. Fencing in crimped mesh over a dwarf
entrance between first and second gateway were laid
wall in laterite was provided to the protected area.
after removal of settled debris near the main entrance.

Ils,a
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW'

Plates 285-286

I
I
\

?
-rt'
-h

Karkala, Gommatesvqra statue: 285, before and286, after conservation

!g8s!
P RE S E RVATI ON S O F MO NU ME NT S

Chain link fencing was also provided around 84. Jmasrmsrca,n Forr, D,uroH, DrsrRrcr Davron
the protected area for safety and security of the
The fallen parts ofthe outer and the rnner wall
monument.
of eastern side of Rani Mahal were conserved us-
80. Kanrutpnrr M.q.Har,, BHopAL, Dlsrnrcr BHopu ing the original fallen materials ofthe wall.

The stone embankment on the back side ofthe 85. Rlxc Mrur.ll P,lr-lcE, H,ffrl, Dsrnrcr DnuoH
palace, overlooking the lower lake was exposed. workofproviding chain linkwire fencing
The
Pointing work was also carried out to the joint of with angle iron post around the palace was
stoneblocks onthe embanhnent. The original floor completed for safty and security ofthe monument.
level on the front side of the Mahal was exposed
after the clearance of debris which were sealed
86.Tmtrln or Kaxona BaRl, K.luona Banr, Drs-
with sandstone slab flooring over cement-concrete
rrucrDrvron
base. Besides, a mini display gallery equipped The damaged compound wall of the temple
with electronic security surveillance system which was being used for illegal entry to the
displaying the excavated artifacts was opened up monument premises, was repaired for better safety
in the Mahal. In addition to the above chain link and securitypurpose.
fencing with angle iron post was provided on the
87. Om Tnprpln Koo.a.r,, Drsrnrcr Dlnron
front side of the monument for better safety and
security. The existing dwarf compound wall of the
temple was providedwith iron grill forbetter safety
81. TsB Plra.co srruATED rN THE FoRr, Bunn.Lnrun,
and security of the monument as well as to make
Dmrnrcr BunH.qNpun the monument more presentable.
Public amenities were provided within the
88. Nosu Tnurln, NoHra, Drsrmcr Dauos
monument area at the westem side ofthe Hammam.
Stone slab flooring on cement base was
82. Javanr TonrLr, KHa,.luR.ruo, Drsrnrcr provided on the pathway in-between the temple and
CuHrrranpuR the northem gate.
The work ofproviding compound wall in C.R.
89. BlcuCrvns, BacH, DnrRrcr DHm
stone masonry with M.S. grill for safety and secu-
rity of the monument was undertaken. Watertightening the terrace part ofthe painting
shed with Shalimar Tarfelt sheet was undertaken.
83. LrtxsHtrr,rN,q TBN{pI-E, Kua.luRauo, DIstRrcT Doors, ventilators and false ceiling along with the
CHH,qrrlpprlR
electrification work inside and outside the shed
In continuation of the earlier work (1997-98, were provided in consultation with the experts from
p. 275), the resetting of the sikhara portion of the Science Branch ofthe Survey and Philips India Ltd.
southeastern sub-shrine of Lakshmana Temple
90. Bm Srxcn PalacE, Dlrn, DIsrrucr Darrl
which was earlier tilted to southern side due to
settlement of the platform and the foundation was Wooden doors were provided at the entrance
carried out. of the Bir Singh Palace and at the openings of the

389
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

painting room which is located in the western to Hathi pole was cleared. Further the area between
side of 4th floor of the palace for better safety the Nahar Jharokha and north-west corner of
and security. To prevent the entry of birds/bats, Gadashah Palace was also subjected to scientific
12 x 12 mm welded wire mesh was fixed at the debris clearance.
openings of the monument. The roof of the Vth
96. Jxta,z MaH,r.Lo MaNou, Dlsrnrcr DHnn
floor of the Palace was watertightened and
plastering was attended to the IInd floor of the During the gardening activity at Jahaz
Palace with lime-mortar. Public amenities were Mahal, traces of terracotta pipes were found.
also provided near the Annexe Building. Therefore, the complete garden area was
subjected to scientific debris clearance which
91. Buo.rsuALA AND Klult- Ma.ula's Moseun,
has revealed a number of structural activities of
Du^lR, Drsrmcr Duln
R.R. masonry with mud mortar. Traces of lime-
The work of dismantling the uneven stone plaster were also noticed at many places. To
flooring of the open courtyard and its subsequent drain out the rain-water from the newly exposed
resetting was carried out. Besides chain link area proper levelling was done.
fencing around the proteited area was provided to
ensure the safety and security ofthe monument. Besides the above works, two numbers of
M.S. gate were provided at the entrance of the
92. Lrr-Kr-M.ls.rro, Dunn, Dlsrnrcr Dnln western side of the Jahaz Mahal from Munj
Chain link fencing around the protected area Talab. The lotus-shaped tank on the northern side
ofthe monument for its safety and securitywas done. of JahazMahal was provided with chain railings
all around to stop throwing garbage into the tank
93. Bltz Bluloun's Par,acn, MlNou, DtsrRtcr by the visitors.
-I-'HAR
Further in continuation ofthe last year's (2000-
To stop the entry of cattle and to ensure
01,p .221) work, sandstone railings were provided
security of monument premises after the sunset, five
in place of wooden railings which were already
nos. of M.S. gates were provided at five different
rotten. It is provided on the staircase located on
places of Baz Bahadur palace which lead directly
the eastern side ofthe JahazMahal which is leading
to the outside.
to the roof and on the parapet at the arch opening
94. Hmrunu, MANDU, DrsrrucrDrlq,R of domes, located on the southem end of the roof.
To ensure the safety and security of the
97. LoruNr Cavns, Ma,xou, Dtsrmcr Duan
monument, the damaged compound wall on the
north-east side and south-west side ofthe Hammam The dry masonry wall on both sides of the
was repaired. stair case leading to the monuments was repaired.
In addition to it, settled debris in the cave and the
95. HrNoor,a Man ql AnuA, MANDU, Dsrnrcr Dsln
tank located at its western side was removed. An
The settled debris at the eastern wall ofNahar Iron gate was fixed at the entrance point of the cave
Jharokha upto the gate of Royal-complex leading to ensure safety and security ofthe monument.

IrqoI
tl
tt

P RE SE RVATI ON S O F MON UMENTS

98.Nlrun Juanoxna CoupouNn'Walr,, MlNou, 104. Tapsl \Irru. BIru rnt. Drrrarc r K rr rr
DlsrnrcrDtr.n
The sikhara and the ceiling portion ofthe math
The compound wall of the royal-complex was plastered with lime-mortar and dama_sed
which was damaged at different places and was chhajja stones were replaced w'ith nen' members.
being used for illegal entry to the monument area Besides, for safety and security of the monument
was repaired for better safety and security of the chain link fencing with gate was provided.
monument.
105. BnaHuANrcAL Rocr-Cur Trrrplr. DH rrrr rR.
99. Rupuarr P,lvrr,roN, MaNou, Drsrrucr Drun DtstRrcr MaNosaun

The work of restoration of the southern side Logging of rain-water in front of the temple
dome, by providing bracket and chajja continued was causing dampness in the monument. To divert
following the pattern as noticed on the northern side the rain-water away from the monument, a drain
dome ofthe monument. was provided on the frontage of the temple.

100. MaN SrNcH Par-.lcn, GrulroR, Drsrrucr 106. Buoosrsr Cavos, DuaunlR, Drsrnrcr
GwlrroR MnNns,tun

Flagstone flooring over cement-concrete base The cracks noticed on the roof of Caves l3
was provided at places to the Guard Room of the and 14 were filled up with lime-mortar to check
Palace. further deterioration of the monument.

l01.ANcrrNr Snn, P.lwayl, Drsrnlcr Gwllron 107. YnsnoDHARMAN Prlllns or Vtcronv,

SonoulN r, Dtsrnlcr MaNosaun
Chain link fencing with angle iron post was
provided around the protected site for safety and
Yashodharman Pillars of victory were lying
security.
in pieces at the original site at Sondhani. It is
mn Rocr-Srmr,rnns, ADaMGARI,
102. ANcmNr Srrr interesting to mention here that even during the time
Drsrnrcr HosruNcauo of Gwalior State, original base points of both the
Pillars A and B were marked, showing their
To ensure safety and security ofthe monument,
understanding of archaeological value. With a view
chain link wire fencing was provided around the
to re-erect the pillars, the work was taken up by
protected area of the site.
laying R.C.C. foundation at the original bases.
103. Tovrpr,n or SoNrNArH, Bmc,roN, Dlsrnrcr K.flNr
108. KIxINMATH Tnmelo, SuuaNra, DrsrRrcr
After dismantling the out-of-phtrbj agati of the MonENa
temple, concrete based foundation with RR masonry Chain link fencing with angle iron post was
upto the ground level of the temple was provided. provided to the protected area of the monument for
Subsequently thejagati portion was reset. its safety and security.

!u!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

109. AlHcnRs FoRr AND rrs REMATNS, A.lnrc.LRtt, the area in-between the Pameya Temple and the
Drsrnrcr PINNI Madagan Tank was provided with chain link
fencing with one iron gate and a turn style gate.
The settled debris between Gate I and Gate 5
of the fort was cleared which has unearthed many 113. Exclvnrno SrrR, SaNcHl, Drsrnrcl R.trscN
original features of the fort. Further chain link
fencing around the Rangmahal Temple was Excavation at Sanchi between 1 994 and 1998
provided for better safety and security of the has brought to light many structural remains. The
monument. remains are mostly located between Building
number 8 and the compound wall, i.e., on the
110. Rocr-SunrrnRs, Bnrnanorxa, Dmtnrcr R rtsBN southern side of Stupa 1. Clearance of vegetational

Edging stone was provided by the side of the growth from the excavated remains has brought to

approach path connecting the earlier road between light the precarious condition of these structures.
the entrance and rock-shelterNo. rock-shel-
1 and
Hence, conservation ofthese structures were taken

ter No. 28. G.I. chain link fencing with R.C.C post up with some definite purpose. The local mud which

were provided along side the metal road cover- originally belongs to the same structural area was
ing the Group III of Bhimbetka to check the unau- used as mortar for binding stone members. By doing

thorized entries, growth of vandalism and safety so the structure was allowed to grow grasses in-

and security ofthe monument. will check

between the stone member which in turn
further erosion. During previous year's
111. Srvl Tnuruu,, Bno.rruR, Drsrnrcr RlrsBN excavations, this mud was dumped within the
compoundarea.
Rubble stone blocks were lifted with the help
of chain pulley block to the top of the ceiling to 114. Truplp No. 18, SlNcur, DrsrRrcr Rlrsnx
place them at the circular ring portion where ear-
lier members were missing. Stone members were Temple 18 at Sanchi is an apsidal structure with
clamped with each other with steel rod. large monolithic pillars but Pillars 1 ,5 and 6 counting
from the south of the western side of the structure
Further to beautifu the complex, plantation
were noticed in fallen condition. With a view to re-
work was carried out within the protected area.
erect these fallen monolithic pillars the work was

112. Fonr, RlrsoN, DtsrRtcr RatsnN

initiated. Digging offoundations to the bed-rock level
have brought to light many important evidences. As
The Madagan Tank within the Fort limit is a observed, rubble stones with mud-mortar were used
major water source but deposition of debris, silt for the errection of these pillars. [n course of time
and growth of vegetation in the tank had affected it due to settlement ofthe platform perhaps the structure
adversely. With a view to restore the beauty of the was collapsed. Secondly, lime with rubble stone was
tank, clearance of vegetation work was carried out also noticed, which suggest that some attempt was
initially. Simultaneously, the fallen portion of the made for the erection ofthese pillars perhaps before
eastem side wall of the tank was repaired. Besides, lndependence.

a3vzf,
 P RE SE RVATI O N S O F MO N U ME NTS

115. MoN,rsrrny, RlNoo, DrsrRrcr Ssrvpunr 120. Blou Glus Alr KunN, FaRRuxnr*.rc_rn
Drsrrucr GuRcaon
The work of construction of compound wall
in C.R. stone masonry around the protected area of Debris accumulations were removed besides
the monument was carried out. Besides, an iron attending to the repairs to brick/stone masonry. M.S.
gate and one turn style gate were fixed with the sections were fxed along the road to guide the tnaf-
compound wall on its western side forbetter safety fic. The decayed plaster was removed and pointed.
and security of the monument. The sunken and decayed flooring was also repaired
(p1s.287-288).
116. MouAJMATA Tnnarr-n, Tnnlnr, Dtsrnrcr
SHrvpunr l2l. MouNorAcRoHA,DrsrRrcrHrssan

The protected area on the roadside ofthe mound

Chain link fencing was provided on dwarf
was taken up and floor fencing with chain link panels
wall of C.R. stone masonry around the protected
area of the monument. Besides, an iron gate and a fxed over brick dwarf wall. The loose, damaged and
turn style gate were fixed on the eastern side for decayed portions of the exposed structures were

better safety and security. repaired and top watertightened (pls.2g9 -290).

122. PRrrsvr Ra"l CuauHANrs Fonr, HaNsr,

Cxenorclnn CrRcle Drsrnrcr Hlssan

I{ARYAIVA The baradari inside the fort was taken up for

repairs. The dead and decayed plaster was removed
117. Kos MrNaR, GunneuRr, and replastered. The fallen patches ofbrick masonry
Drsrnrcr F,qRroAB,{n
were restored. The accumulation of malba outside
The protected area around the Kos Minar
the baradariwas removed and original brickpaving
was fenced with M.S. grill panels fixed in con_
and drains were exposed. The steps and side wall
crete blocks.
were also repaired. The openings were closed with
ll8. SuR,+..lxuNo, LaxunRruR, Drsrnlcr M.S. panels Qis.29l -292). T-ttedilapidated structure
FnRln,qeao known as Ghoraghar was also repaired by removing
The work ofproviding chain link panels along the debris, attending missing brickwor( pointing,
the protected area was further extended. M.S. grill brick paving to the floors and fixing grill gates
gate was fixed. The dry stone masonry wall around (pis.293-299.
Surya Kund area was also repaired as per origi-
123. Bansr Glrn, HaNsr, Drsrrucr Hrssan
nal. The rank and weeds growth was also cleared.
The cracked gate was taken up forrepairs after
ll9. Ancrr:xr Srre, BaNawalr, DrsrRlcr giving framed support ofM.S. sections. The vertical
Farr:u,rn,rn
cracks ofthe arched gate were stitched. The top was

The damaged shed provided on the ancient watertightened after removing the dead and decayed
well was repaired. concrete. The parapet walls were also repaired and
water outlets made functional (pis.295-296).

Irg3l
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 287-288

rl,

-.*/

et I I .
-,.
.,

ffi

.{i-
iif,

t
ril
',;i i 1f4,Cr' "
#\
,lflJ
r{:1.
,,i

288

Farrukhnaga4 Baoli Gaus Ali Khan: 287, before and 288, after conservation

-
194
P RE S E RVATI ON S O F MON U MENTS

Plates 289-290

-1 I

==--\i"

.l
I
289
__l
-...xar-::_

__ t
I

290
Agroha, ancient mound: 289, before and290, after repair of exposed structures

395
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

Plates 291-2gz

--

t. f:

iltll.

\
I

T
292
Hansi, Prithvi Raj chauhan's Fort,29l, before and292, after repairs of baradari

I:q6 f
L- .l
I

P RE SE RVATI ON S O F MONU ME NTS

Phs 293-294

--

il
tj -

l
ri
lJ
.,rF
-r.il,,
293

a F*

I' I}-

294
Hansi, Prithvi Raj Chauhanb Fort: 293, before and294, after repairs of ghoraghar

:Ll-
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO]-02 _A REVIEW

Plates 295-296

I
ei
,il

il ,1., 1ril' II
ll

il 1

lt 't
\

I ,t
\'.
II

Hansi, Barsi Gate: 295, before and,296, after repairs

398
tl I

P RE SERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

124. FBRozsua,u's PeLecE, Hrssan, Drsrnrcr 129. SrvlTrcurur, K.l,Layrrr lhsrp.rr K,mrll
HrssnR The steps leading to the tank were exposed
In continuation ofthe last year's work(2000- after removing the malba, etc. The exposed brick
01, p.224), the ruined portions of the palace- steps were watertightened. The approach
complex were taken up for repairs by underpinning pathway was also paved with brick-tiles. Proper
the damaged portions, pointing the joints and drain was also provided.
watertigtening the open top (pls. 297-298). The
130. Cuuncn Townn, K.mr.lr,, DrsrRrcr K.mx.lr
remaining left out portion of the protected area on
the backside was also fenced with M.S. grill panels Open area was fenced with M.S. grill panels.
fixed over dwarf wall. Brick masonry repairs were also attended at few
locations. The site was cleared of vegetational
125. Gulnr MnHnI,, Hrss.Ln, DrsrRrcr Hrss,rn
growth and other undesired accumulations.
The protected area on the right side of the
monument was taken up for fencing and completed 131. Eunorrlx Sor,ornn's GR,rvEs, K.lRNlL,
by fixing M.S. grill panels over stone masonry Drsrnrcr Knnr.lr,
dwarf wall. The ruined structures were also In continuation of the previous year's work
repaired. The thick growth ofbushes and vegetation (2000-01, p.224),the damaged and broken graves
was removed and the area made presentable. The were repaired. The dislodged stones were reset
arched chamber of the Mahal was also taken up and decayed plaster surface was replastered after
for repairing. The roof top was watertightened after raking-out damaged plaster. The pathway was also
removing the dead and decayed concrete. repaired. The thick growth ofjungle was removed
126. Lar-Kr-Mns.lro, HrssaR, DrsrRrcr Hrssan and undulated areas levelled and dressed.

The damaged portion of the dome was re- 132. Two Kos Mnuns, T.m.loru,Ihsrrusr K.mnlr,
paired and the top surface watertightened. The plinth
The Kos Minars were repaired and M.S. gdll
portion of the tomb was also repaired (pls. 299-
fencing provided around the protected area.
300).
133. Kos Mrr,m, Aonox, I)rsrnrcr Kunuxsnrrna
127. GnnnAUNDA Sanar, GHaRauNoa, Drsrnrcr
KlnNar- The protected area of the minar was fenced

M.S. grill railing over dwarf wall around the

with M.S. grill panels.
eastem gateway was provided. The fallen patches 134. Kos Mrr,l,nrAurx, Drsrnrcr KunuKsHETRA
of the gateway were also repaired by underpinning
M.S. grill panels around the Kos Minar were
and pointing the joints. The cracks and holes were
provided.
also filled up (pls. 301-302).

128. Kos Mrn.l,n, Gsnnauxoa (NonrH), Drsrnrcr

135. Kos Mrn,,rn, Bnrmxr Kurnn, I)rsrnrcr
Kanxal Kunursrernl
The Kos Minar was fenced with M.S. grill The protected area of the minar was fenced
panels and gate. with M.S. grill panels.

I3eel
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

Plates 297-298

f r
+,1 J

298
^
I r
Hissa4 Firoz Shah Palace and Tbhkhana 297, before and298,
after repairs
P RE S E RVATI O N S O F MO N U ME NTS

I
r

Hissar, Lat-ki-Masjid: 299, before and 300, after repairs

Iaor f
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

Gharaunda, gateway of Mughal sarai: 301, before and 302, after patch repairs

IoozI
P RE SERVATIONS O F MONU MENTS

Plates 303-304

.{
":** 7*
il
,"ttr^ t
I'I ffiffr

EET
*J
T
I ^-
n
il

303

I
I L

304

Yarnaul, Shah Quli Khan's Tbmb: 303, before and 304, after.fc
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

k
I
T

-&. 'l

/
'i .l;.*rltrl*.
.,1:fr:1jl:1i"

305
I
/.lL
IP.}-
t', rt'
rlxlr
.J

Narnaul, Shah Quli Khan's Tomb: 305, before and 306, afier repairs ofiali

Io+I
P RE SE RVATIONS O F MONU MENTS

Plates 307-308

-II

ta
307 a
I

iiirl

308
Narnaul, Shah Quli Khanb Tomb: 307, before and 308, after repairs o.fjali

ffi+osffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

136. Kos MrNan, SHa,nle,{u, Drsrntcr stone 7alzs of the windows were restored as per
Kt'nt'xsHrrnq, original (pls.305-308). The flooring ofthe platform
was reset wherever found damaged and sunken.
The protected area of the minar was fenced
u'ith M.S. grill panels. 141. K,teulr Bncn Mosque, P.nNre.tr, Drsrnrcr
Pasrpnr
137. Hansu-Ka-Trr,l, Tu.rNrsln, Drsrnrcr
The flooring of main mosque was repaired.
Kt-R.uxsnnrnr
The voids, cracks, etc., in the dome were also filled
The exposed excavated structures wherever up and stitched. The joints were pointed and M.S.
found damaged and dislocated were repaired and grill gate was provided. The pathway from outer
top watertightened. The deposits of malba and gate to the main entrance of mosque was paved
debris etc. were removed. with bricks. The barbed-wire fencing wherever
found damaged were also repaired.
138. Surrxs CurlLr's Toun, THaNnsa,R,
Drsrnrcr KuRxssnrRa 142. Kos Mlxan, Koua,u, Drsrnrcr Pn:rrpar'

The damaged brick parapet wall and M.S.

The damaged and out-of-plumb portions of
grill railing on road side were repaired.
cells of the sarai and its gateway were repaired
by removing the debris and additions, restoration 143. SH,tu JnslN-Kl-BaoLr, MEunnr, DrsrRrcl
of the missing brickwork, pointing the joints and Roumx
paving the flooring. The roof top was In continuation of the previous work (2000-
watertightened. Some of the cells of the madarsa
01, p.226),the collapsed portions of the side walls
on the west side were also repaired and replastered
of the baoli were restored as per original.
and the flooring provided. M.S. railing was fixed
over the dwarf wall. 144. Kuw,nza Kurznos Totrn, SoNrrar, DrsrRlcr
S<lNnpar
139. Jar- M,a,Hnr,, NlRnlur-, Drsrnrcr
In continuation of the previous work (2000-
M,qurNnoRclnH
01, p.226), the construction of boundary wall
The front portion of the protected area was around the protected area continued further and
fenced with M.S. grill panels fixed over stone barbed-wire fencing was fixed. The plinth
masonry dwarf wall. M.S. grill gate was also protection on the backside of the tomb was also
provided. The ancient structure including well in provided. The damaged graves in front of the tomb
front of the gate was repaired. were also repaired.

l-10. Srun Qulr Krm's Tomn, NlRNaul, DrsrRrcr

\[rHeroeRcaRH HIMACHAL PRADESH

I 45. G,,trrs,r TRnrnr,n, BH,tnrroun, Dls'l'nrrl Crrnrr g,r

grill
The protected area was fenced with M.S.
panels fixed over stone masonry dwarf wall The decayed wooden members and brokerVmiss-
r rls.-10i-304). The missing, damaged and broken ing slates of the slanting roof of the temple were

IlmI
 P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONU ME NTS

replaced with new ones. The detached plaster s as 150. Csrrrr ro.r Drr r Trrrplr. CH.{rrs.l. DrsrRrcr
also repaired. Cnrrtg"r

146. Mmr Mlurs.l Tr,rrplr. Bn,rnrrot R. Drsrrucr \I.S. gnll t'encing o\er masonn'ds'arf wall
CHaMsA on the right side of the temple s'as provided and
f-rxed. The repairs to the store room of the temple
The damaged and decayed u.ooden members
are in progress.
of the canopy of the temple rvere taken-out and
replaced with neu' ones as per original. The 151. Laxsnnrr-NaRayall Gnoup or Teuplss.
damaged and missing slatestone slabs of floorwere Cuartn.L, Drsrnrcr CHaMsa
replaced with new ones. The canopies of the temples were repaired
147. N,qn.\strtu,q Teltpt-r, BuaRmouR, Dlsrrucr by replacing the damaged and decayed wooden
members. Broken roof slabs were replaced and new
Culrml
slates provided at missing places. The sunken/bro-
The decayed wooden members of the canopy ken flagstone flooring was reset and replaced wher-
of the temple were replaced with new ones and ever necessary. The miniature stone shrines were
missing, damaged and broken roof slates replaced. also repaired by resetting the loose and bulged por-
The kitchen wing of the temple was also taken up tions, watertightening the top and pointing the joints.
for repairs by replacing the damaged roof mem- M.S.grill gates were provided to all the temples
bers, stitching the cracks, pointing the joints and for safety purposes (pIs.309-3 I 0).
attending fl ooring work.
152. Srrn-Rnua Terrple, CH,t\rB,\. DrslRlc'r
148. B,qrsr Gopll TelreLe, Cunlrn,r, DrslRrcr CH.rntsn
CH.tmsa
The sunken and damaged flagstone flooring
The chhatri of the temple was repaired by was removed and reset as per original.
replacing the decayed wooden members. Broken 153. SH.txrr Dnr.'r Trrrpr.c, CHurrnrnr, DrsrRrc-r
roof slabs were replaced with new slabs. The shed CHann,q
where loose sculptures were kept was repaired
The decayed and damaged wooden members
and provided with grill panels and gate for safety
of the roof on the front shrines were replaced as
and security purposes.
per original. The open area on the right side of the
149. Bnl;psraRr Dsvr TrueLo, CHRmn,lo Drsrnlcr temple was provided u.ith M.S. grill railing.
CH,tntsa
154. Rocx-Cur Sc'r lprr- RES. S rnor u r. Drsrnrc'r
The decayed and damaged wooden members Cull{sa
of the canopy of the temple were replaced. The In order to reduce the u'eathering effects a
roof slates were also replaced wherever found shed over the rock-cut sculptures u'as provided.
missing and broken. The remaining open area was
155. KarocH P,qr..r('s, TIm SrJ.\\ptR, DrsrRrcr
fenced with M.S. grill panel and M.S. gate
Hlurnpun
provided. Flagstone flooring wherever damaged
and sunken was also replaced and reset as per In continuation of the previous work (2000-
original. 01. p.228), the roof oi the side rooms on the left

I
-l( )'l
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A REVIEW
-

310
chamba, Lakshminarqyanq kmpre; 309, before and 310,
after repairs oJ roo.f

Ioosf
P R E S E RVAT I O N S O F M O },' L-.T18.\'T5

side ofthe gatewaywas strenglhened. \1.S.gnll gats structures at the top ofthe palace-complex were also
were provided to check entry to upper f'loors through repaired and s'ateniehtened. The pathu.ay leading to
stairs. the museum \r'as pared sith t'lagstones. The
Vegetational _ero$fh etc.. hom the cemetery area was
156. N.tns,u)cs\..\R \ Trrrpr.r. St.r rrpt n. DrsrRlc r
removed and benches provided.After scientific clear-
H,rrunpun
ance and removal ofdebris, original temple stmctures
The remaining portions ofthe flooring ofcourt- and loose architectural members were exposed from
yard were taken up for paving. The loose cables of the east side oftheAmbika Devi Temple.
the lights were replaced. The protected area on the
left side was fenced with wire mesh panels.
160. Rocr INscRrprloxs, K,rNln.lRn, DlsrRlcr
K,r:,1<;Rr
157. Asn,rpuRr TsnrpLE, Asu,rnuRt, Drsrnrcr'
K,tXr;na The dislodged stone paving along the inscriptions
were reset andmissing and damaged stones were re-
The dilapidated and damaged miniature sikhara placed. The protected area was fenced with M.S. gril
near the north gate of the temple was reset as per panels. Signage was also provided at prominentplaces.
original. The open windows were provi ded with grill
161. Korr-n Fonr, KorLn, Dlsrnrcr Ka<;nn
panels for safety and security reasons. The M.S. panels
were provided over the parapet wall and collapsible The cells on the right side ofthe temple in the
gate provided. Pipe railings were fixed along the ma- fort-complex were repaired after removing the
sonry steps on the north side ofthe temple. The loose vegetational growths and debris of fallen portions and
wiring inside the temple was replaced. the top watertightened. The cracks and holes were

I58. B,qrrNllu Trtrpr.r:, B.rl.l:l,rru, Drsrnrt:r filled up. The flooring was lime-concreted.
K,tNt;nn 162. Rocx-cur Tsnrplrs, MasnuR, Dlsrnlcr
The exposedkunda was repaired and fenced
K,tlcna
with wire net panels. The acquired land was lev- Approach pathway ofthe temple was paved with
elled and dressed. The approach path from the main flagstone. M.S.grill panels were fixed along the path-
road to the boundary wall ofthe temple was paved way and tank. The damaged and fallen boundary wall
with flagstones. The damaged and dilapidated ofthe sculpture shed was also repaired and wire net
boundary wall with grill fencing of the park was re- panels fixed at the top. Ticket counter was constructed.
paired and refixed. The antiquities kept inside the store The tank was cleaned and fallen side walls were re-
were sorted out and outstanding ones were displayed paired.
in showcases in one of the cells recently vacated by
163. Nunpun Fonr. \r npt n. DlsrRrcr K.trr;R.r
theTemple Committee.
The side towers of the main entry gate of tt
159. Knr.-<;n,r Fonr, Knxr;nn, DlsrRlcr Knxr;nn
fort were taken up for repairs. The damaged and o,
The cells ofthe temple-complex were repaired of-plumb portions were taken-out and reset. T
and top watertightened. Wire net panels were fixed dilapidated top portions of the towers were repair
along the pathway near the hammam.The ruined and Kanguras reproduced. The cracks were stitche

409
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

The sunken and damaged flooring ofthe gate was on exterior walls of the temple was raked out and
taken-out and reset at uniform level. M.S. grill gates surface replastered. To improve the environs
were provided at three points. In order to check plantaton work was done. M.S. grill gates were
trespassing, the entry points were closed by barbed- also fixed at entry points.
wire fencing. The vegetational growths and
accumulation of malba etc. were removed and
L68. G.q,uRr-SlNxlu Tnlttln, Nlcln, Drsrmcr
Ku,r,u
underlying structures exposed at many places.

164. Basns,lRl Maruonv TnnarlE, BAJAUna, The pathway on the right side below the
DrsrnrcrKuu,u platform of the temple was improved by paving
with stone slabs. Pipe-railing along the pathway
The boundary wall was further extended and
was also provided.
M.S. grill panels over the masonry wall fixed. M.S.
grill gate was also fixed. Sikhara of the temple 169. Buonrusr MoNlsrnnv, Tmo, DrsrRrcr LlruuL
was made waterti ght after raking out the dead and lNn Sprrr
decayed mortar and pointing the joints. Pathway of
the temple was also improved and extended on The damaged and decayed mud-plaster from
the northem side. the walls ofthe monasteries was raked out and sur-
face replastered. The drainage ofsurrounding area
165. G.q,uRr-SaNx,lna Tnurln, DasHLl, Dtsrmcr
was improved by providing proper slopes, laying
Kur,r,u
hume-pipes and construction ofcollection pits. The
The construction of retaining wall on the back wooden flooring to the Gonkhang was provided.
side was extended and completed. Construction of
170. Pnoo Guurrr.l, Tlno, Drsrnrcr Llnlur, axn
shed for the visitors was also taken up and is in
Spnr
progress. The surrounding ofthe temple was im-
proved by levelling and dressing the area.
The retaining wall damaged by landslides was
166. Mnr,rrunn Srva Tnurlr, Ja.c.lr SurH, Drsrnrcr repaired. The check walls were consfructed to prevent
Krl,r,u land erosion. The outer walls as well as roof top of
shrine were replastered afterraking-outthe dead and
M.S. grill fencing was provided on the backside of
decayed plaster. The pathway of the shrine was
the ternple. Drinking water facility was provided.
improved by extending the stone paving.
167. Hrorrrls.a Drvt Trnmln, MnNnlt, DtsrRlcr
Kuu,u L7l. Mmrura Drvr Tnltrlr, Un.nruR, Drsrnrcr
Lanaul.lxo Spmt
In continuation of the last year's work(2000-
01, p.229), fixing of chain link panels on the The boun dary wall of the back of the temple
remaining area along the pathway was completed. was furtherextended. The flagstone flooring inthe
The sunken and damaged flagstone paving of the remaining area on the front side was provided. A
platform in front ofthe temple was repaired, sunken drain on left side hall was constructed to drain out
portions were reset and stone slabs replaced. The rain and snow-water. The open joints of stone
bulged-outwall was also repaired. The mud-plaster masonry walls were pointed.

loo!
P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

Plates 311-312

"J

flm ilr\ 311

\

3t2
Mandi, Trilokinath Temple: 3ll, before and 3I 2, afier repairs

4n
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 313-314

,b

r#ffi
I
rry' *Effifrf Hg-{, i 1-
...." -*,._ ,

t)

'."-" ,..fr
r; }!
.*, ;ij"l"rI!F e
313

IT I
I I

*',&
-

*{:d
iEi
tt

3t4
Shimla, Vice Regal Lodge: 313, before and 314, ofter repairs

lltz!
P RESERVATIONS OF MON U ME NTS

Plates 315-316

fr=i\&. tj -

ffi

.t
315

7
7
.l
\

Shimla, Vice Regal Lodge: 315, before and 316, after repairs of opproach pathwoy

4t3
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

,,

r'-." /

3r8
Amanat Khan, Sarai Amanat Khan; 317, before
and 318, after conservation of steps to the mosque

letr!
PRESERVATIONS OF MON U MENTS

319

a-

320

Amanat Khan, Sarai Amctnctt Khan; 319. belbre

and 320, afterfencing ofthe area around mosque

f +rsl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

172. PaxcHvAKTRA MaHnorv TnMrur, M.rNor, roofofthe public Enty

on wooden frame along the flat
Drsrnrcr MeNor Building was also restored. Choked drains were
cleared at some locations. Leakage problems from
M.S. grill railing ofthe back and left side ofthe
the roofwere attended wherever situation arised. Title
Bhairava Batuka Temple was provided. G.I. pipe
letters on the front side ofthe building were restored.
railingon eitherside ofthe steps leadingtothe temple
Fountain on the back side lowerterraces was restored
was also provided and fixed. The boundary wall of and made functional (pls.3 I 3-3 I 6).
the right side was furtherraised.

175. Srvl Trnpmo MlucaRu, Drsrnlcr Srnmaun

173. TnrloxrNarH TnnaprE, MlNor, Dsrnlcr Mnxor
The accumulated debris around the temple was
In continuation of the previous year's work
removed and original stone apron was exposed. The
(2 0 0 0 - 0 1, p.23 l), the fl agstone paving fu om' b ao I i to
exposed portions were watertightened and the missing
the main gate and outside was completed. The retaining
stone slabs of the paving were replaced. The steps
wall was further extended. The main entrance was
leading to the miniature temples were also repaired
also repaired (pls. 3ll-312).
andjoints pointed. The decayed wooden members
ofthe temples were replaced as per original.
17 4. Y rca Rncnr LoocE, SHrMra, DmrRrcr SHtltr,r

In continuation ofthe previous work (2000-01, PUNJAB

p.23 1), ttre strengthening ofthe kirchen wing was taken
up and M.S. frame supports in the basement was 176. Gare rvays op MucHaL SlR,u, Anrnrnr KHnl,
provided. The back side area of the public Entry DrsrRrcr ANrRtrsAR
Building was improved by removing the additions,
The loose, decayed and damaged portion ofthe
restoration ofdrainage, removal of debris, restoration
side masonry of eastern gateway was removed and
oflow heightretaining walls and stone paving ofthe
repaired as per original. The work is in progress. The
pathway. At the first terrace ofthe back side of the
available space on both the sides ofthe gateways was
Mce Regal Lodge, M.S. wire mesh panels along the
fenced with chain link panels over dwarf wall. The
pathway, stone paving of the pathway over base
front courtyard ofthe mosque was also improved and
concrete, providing sheds over sun-dial watch, map
the accumulation ofthe debrislmalbd was removed
and emblem was attended. Stone railing was restored.
and the available space was provided with chain link
Repairs to the bulged and cracked walls, decayed
fencing to check misuse ofthe space. Underground
and damagedwooden windows, stitching ofthe cracks
pipes were laid to drain out rain-water from the
at different locations were also attended. The toilet at
mosque-complex (pls.3 1 7-320).
the first floor ofthe Public Entry Building were made
functional by replacement ofbroken fittings, making 177. Rnlr Bnr;u Gnre, ArrRrrs,tn, Dlsrnlcr
outlets from the floors and providing tiles. The chain Anrnlrsrn
link fencing along the back side of the garden was The salt affected, decayed and pulverized
also provided. The metal sheet sun shade supported ornamental and plain plaster of the inner and outer

loo !
P RESERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

wall surfaces were removed and replastered as per cornerbastion and main entrance were taken-up and
original. The rooftop was made watertight after completed b1" rmderpiffrin_e the fallen patches, pointing
removing the dead and decayed concrete ofthe roof the joins and s'atertightening the top porion. Apron
and reconcreting. The decayed wooden members of was provided and steps repaired. The vegetational
the rooflceiling, doors and windows were also repaired growth was remor-ed
as per origin al.The malba and other rubbish materials
182. Dnxnxl Seru. Drxurl. Drsrnrcr JaLlNoH.q,R
dumped inside the side rooms of the gate was
removed. The garden was also improved. The ln continuation of the previous year's work
sewerage system was also improved by making (2000-0l,p.234l.the damaged and fallen cells ofthe
connection to the sewer line. The loose electric wiring right side ofthe eastern sare \\'ere also taken up for
etc. was repaired and replaced. Brick-on-edge repairs and completed as per origin al (p1s.323 -324).
flooring was provided with base concrete ofthe front Apronwas alsoprorided One ofrhe central pavilions
and back sides ofthe complex (pls.32l-322). on south ofthe saa uas also repaired by underpinning

178. BurrrNnn FoRr, BunrlNoa,, Drsrnrcr BrtarrNon

the fallen patches. pointine the joints and
watertightening the top. The accumulation of waste
The lowerportion ofthe bastion on right side of materials/debris etc.. n'as also removed and surface
main gateway was also repaired by underpinning the
levelled. Seasonal plans s ere also planted
fallen patches, pointing the joints and providing apron
for plinth protection. The front portion of the main 183. Kos MrlaR, JrHrrclR- DrsrRrcr J rr-rroHrR
entrance was also levelled and M.S. grill railing and The protected area ofttre Minar*'as fenced with
gates were fixed. Drains were also improved. The M.S.grill.
repairs to the dilapidated, out-of-plumb and bulged-
184. Kos MrxaR. \rxoorn. Drsrnlcr Jrr.rroH.rn
out portions in the inner side of the rooms above the
main gate were also taken up and are in progress. In order to check tnespassing and misuse ofthe
179. Muo Fonr., AuoHlR, DrsrRlcr Fsnozpun protected area, M.S. grill ferring uas [ted-

To check further encroachments, the available 185. TUB Gslrrr. \,rccrn. Drsrrucr J rLc,roHrR
area free from encroachments was fenced with
In orderto check encrwrchmetrt the protected
barbed-wire.
area was fenced with barbeilwire md M.S. griU gates.
180. ANanx,+,Lr, BARADART, BarAla, Drsrntcl
The grovrth ofvegetation etc., uas also rerrrcved from
Gununspun the site.
In order to check encroachment and trespassing,
186. NnxoDAR Torrn. \rxoorR. DtsrRrcr
the protected area was taken up for wire net fencing.
J.q,r,aNoHan
Vertical angle posts were fixed onthe front well as
as
partly on the back side. The work is in progress. In continuation ofthe lastyear's wo*(2000-
01, p.234), the repairs to the side walls of the
l8l. SHnnnsusn KHIN's Tonrn, Bnrlla, Drsrnrcr platform ofMohammad Momin's Tomb were taken
Guno,q,spuR up and completed by underpinning the fallen portion,
In continuation ofthe previous year's (2000-01 , pointing the joints and plasering the decayed and salt
p.n$ work, the repairs to the front compound wall, affected portions. The pathway on the backside of

)+n j
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 321-322

$:,
a.'l
t,
1:' ;'.

il,i

t f:;
il',
"'

t
I I
T
1

X I i

1 t H

l
322
Amritsar, Rambagh Gote: 321, before and322, after replastering of wolls of Ranjit Singh Deorhi

418 I
P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

Plates 323-324

>:. *^-nl
\l
I

323

324
Dakhni, Dakhni Sarai: 323, be.fore and 324, at'ier repttit'\ t)l i t'i, r.i,,'c ;'ri .{c/Ie,

419
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIE'T-

the tomb was also extended upto Chowkidar,s 190. Qurra MuraRax, PanaLl, Drsrmcr plrrlla
quarters and park. The pulverized plaster of drum
portion ofthe dome was also raked out and replastered In continuation of the previous year,s work
(2000-01, p.234),the restoration work ofthe timber
as perthe original. The decayed floortiles ofthe raised

plinth were replaced (pls.325-328). floors was done in the front side wing of the ranvas .
The floors having decayed wooden members were
187. Kos Mnan, Turx.u-aN, DrsrRrcr hurNouln taken out. The corbelled brick work with lakhauri
The protected area around the Kos Minarwas bricks for the bearings of the wooden beams was
fencedwithM.S. grill. attended. Forthe restoration ofthe floors ofthe roomV

188. Clocx TowoR, KA.punru.q.r-1, Drsrnrcr galleries, wooden scantlings

of first class sal wood
KnrunrHru,a were provided overwhich a layer of deodarwood
planks was fixed. Afterproviding necessary filling with
The decayed plaster from interior as well as
layers ofthe bricks and concrete, the top was finished
exterior surfaces of the tower was raked out and
with lime-concrete, forintermediate floors and a layer
surface replastered on lime-mortar. The domical roof
of brick tiles for terrace. For the terra ce m:udp hu s ka
of the tower was restored by repaires of the inverted
is also provided under the top layer of the tiles.
lotus and concretiny'replastering the dome surface.
Necessary plaster work ordinary as well as
The decayed wood work from the openings was
decorative was also attended. The debris
removed and replaced with new wooden members
accumulated afterremoval ofthe decayed floors were
as per original. The growth of tree overthe outside
disposed.
walls was removed after taking-out the damaged
masonry. The brick work was restored as per original In the painted chamber at ground floor on the
(329-331). The work is in progress. south side of the ranvas, the repair work to the
damaged floor having decorative ceiling was
189. Juocs's CouRr, K.LruRrn.u.l, DrsrRrcr
attended (p1s.338-339). The wooden ceiling panels
Klpunrruul
and small carved pieces were removed very
The restoration work of the portico roof is in carefully and stored at appropriate place. After
progress. Special carued bricks forthe restoration ofthe which the decayed floor was taken out. The
brick masonry ofportico walls were prepared. Cracked corbelled brick work to the bearings was attended.
portion ofthe masonrywas taken outandreset asper To strengthen the back side floor above the plaster
oiginal. Kangurc$ ofthe parapet wall were restored. ofparis decorative ceiling overthe seat ofMaharaja
Floral designs in stucco work over the walls were on I-Section beam was inserted underthe wooden
reproduced. I-section beams were placed after beams after making entry hole in the back side wall
restoration ofthe corbelled bearings in brick masonry. because this floor is totally inaccessible. After this
Forthe restoration of tiltedchhajja onthenorth side, the floor of main chamber on the front side of seat
carved bricks were prepared. Masonry wall above the was restored by providing first class sal wood
chhajja removed and the scaffolding was erected beams, wooden planks, layers of brick tiles and
{;1is.332-337). The work is in progress. finishing top with a layer ofthe lime-concrete. After

!+zo!
P RE SE RVATI ON S OF MONU MENTS

325

jl
,-/:
,': . ::.
:lr:'
JJ

-
l/
lr
i;

ll

326

Nakodar Mohammad Momin s Tbmb: 325, before arrd 326, after repairs to the platform

l+zrf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO 1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 327-328

- ffn
q a
iq t.
"..--T..
6
f"r

fqt
-).
, m
aaa

l!m] *
ffi;#:.,
s
:1 .::::.
-.-,
_.r"--
i: =.:r
trsi
t "r*imt b=
!flri
EII

GCe- ffi
I

*ru
328

Nakodar Mohqmmad Mominb Tomb: 327, before and328, after repairs to the platform

+__
P RE S E RVATI ONS O F MO N U ME NTS

329

-JH
330

I er
331
Y'apurthala, Clock Tbwer: 329, before, 330, during and 33 l, afier conservation

423
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A RE''IEJJ-

r
r-

ry

333
Kapurthala, Darbar Hall: 332, during and 333, after repairs to the porch of Judgeb court

ale,+l
P RE S E RVATION S OF MON U ME NTS

Plates 334-335

ry
M
LEtrrry
ET
anh*t
"r iSJE'--;
--.trl =
-l

I!
;
ii
t

33s
Kapurthala, Darbar Hall: 334, during and 335, after
repairs to the ceiling of the porch of Judgeb court

Jlesl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

---

--
-

336

337

Kapurthala, Darbar hall: 336, during and337 , after

repair to the chhajias of the Judgeb court

lazaI,
P RE S E RVATI ONS O F MO NU MENTS

Plates 338-339

_ ",*_*.:_
b

I
I
rl
'''
,t
I
-d
t

Patiala, Qila Mubarak: 338, during and339, afier

repairs to the ceiling of the painted chamber of the Ranvas

)+ztl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIE'I

was removed and replastered besides applying col-

were
restoration of the timber floor the ceiling
our wash to the exterior'
provided under the beams over which decorative'
*ooden pieces producing different floral and 192. Cr,rvs's ButlotNc, Fonr Sr' Gnoncn' Dtsrnlcr
"a*"d designs were fixed' The ceiling was
creeper CsnNNnl
to the
restored as per original without any damage floors
The interior walls on the first and second
paintedwall surfaces.
ofthe Clive's buildingwere plastered with combina-
The dam-
The painted chamber at first floor on the
north tion mortar afterremovingthe dead plaster'
and wooden
side ofthe ranvas,having decorative
metal sheet aged flooring was also re-laid' The walls
Here the
ceiling in panels and pieces was repaired' members were Painted'
due to
wooden beams were decayed and broken of
A brick toe wall has been constructed in front
which the decorative ceiling was falling'
The
into the
after proper the Clive's building to prevent rain-water
decorative sheet pieces were taken out all alongthe
that the monument apart from laying a flowerbed
documentation and stored properly' After
out' saidwall.
decayed and crumbling floor was taken
were
Necessary corbelled bearings for beams I 93. C nuxNARAYAPERu n'ral TBlmlEo ADtv'tMl'x -
placing
prepared. The floor was restored after KorrAL, D tsrrucr DnenrltlPuRt
*ood.n b.ams, planks, layers of tiles and finishing front
packing was done Pointing was done to the stone walls ofthe
top with lime-concrete. The stone
wooden g op u r a w rthc ombination mortar'
in the long wall after taking out the decayed
In the side
beam embedded in the brick masonry' 194. Fonr, Palt-.tp,trrt, Dtstrucr DlNolcul
room the deep space of the floor was
filled with
of The decayed plaster on the vimana of the
earthen pots as per original' After restoration replastered
on the temple inside the fort was removed and
timber floor the wooden planks were fixed
sheet was and stuccos were mended wherever required
bottom of the beams over which metal
(pls.340-341).
fixed as per original' The work was completed
work the
without causing any damage to the decorative Similarly, the dead plaster on the fort near
of plaster of Paris on the walls' eastern entrance was removed and
replastered with
were
combination mortar' All wooden members
Gnexml Gncu painted.

TAlf,ILNADU 195. DunNUPURIsvARA Tnntrlr, MaonMnaKKln't'

DtsrRtcr K,tNcntPun'tvl

191. Br,ocx No. XXXVI/2 (Fonr Musrun)' The dead plaster on the exterior walls of
the
CnnNN.lt, Drsrnrcr CnnNNl mainshrine,Alffnanshrine,andtheNatarajaShrine
was
north- were removed and fresh coat of lime-plaster
The damaged plaster ofthe walls on the designs
room applied. The stucco figures and omamental
west corner ofthe building and the antiquity

llr
PRESERVATI ON S OF MONU MENTS

were properly strengthened. Finally two coats of coat of lime mixed u'ith sandstone powder and
weather shield paint were applied. properly toned. nas applied over the damaged
kumudo and pdo portions of the adhishthana of
196. Hrr,locx MoNUMENTS, M^LHaraltpuRAM, the main shrine and brought to its original shape. The
Drsrmcr K.lxcnrpunau disintegrated sandsilone blocks onthe pada portion
were replaced *'ith n€s-(xl€s u'herever required
An accretionary screen wall and a platform in
underpirmed- grufid ard poirnod-
front of the Varaho-mondapa were removed. The
drainage was properly cleaned and made functional. The damaged life size sculptures on the
M.S. grill fencing over a dwarfwall was provided devakoshthas *'ere carefulll' mended. The broken
in front of Krishno-mandapo and Dolotsavo- sandstone steps leading !o th€ main shrine were re-
mandapa. placedwithn€s'qE-

197. In,rylrESvARA Tnurln, KlxculruRnvr, The decayed plaerm the chhojja of the front

Dnrmcr KlxcnrpuRltvt mandapa $'as rerrxrred and replasered. To drain

out wateracovered &airyrn-ith due gradientwas
The vimano, gopurd and the nandi-mandapo constrrrted ad fte silcn sur flouing at the main
were replastered after removing the decayed and enharrce ofthe mple ra
rElaid The appnoach from
dead plaster and mending the stucco and water- the road to tlr terryk md a @ru-ay to the nondi in
tightened. The sculptures of nandi onthe prakora front ofthe tenple *crc potiled ui0r brick flooring.
walls were mended. The bas-relief sculptures on
199. SHonr Tnanr. lfrnrrrrrLR{\I, Dlsrmcr
either side of the antorala, Somaskanda panel on
.'^,.IfucHIPLRttI
the back wall of the gorbha-griha were
strorgthored. The original triangular sockets to keep The damgrd ftring yith R.C.C. posts and
lamps on the pada portions were restored after barbed-wire was rmved ad replrced with P.V.C.
removing the brick bat fi llings. coated chain link fre o a drrrfwall.
The dead plaster on thep rakara wall, madapalli
200. Trctn H:.roro Rocx-cur Tnunln,
(kitchen) and maha-mandapa were removed and Sll{vANKl'pprrt Dsrrucr K.rrcmpun *t
replastered. The approach to the temple was provided Barbe&wirc fmingwasprovided on the east
with brick jelly concrete pathway in the west and and southern sidcs ofihe rmtumelt with a gate on
existing babed-wire ferrcing arormd the monrnent was each side.
provided with new posts whereverrequired.
201. NanaslvnlsrAltt Trrtnlr, Nllt^lxxlt,,
198. KaTT.ASANATHA Trltrln, Kaxcutrunam, Drsrnrcr Nrrreroclr
Drsrrucr K,qNcHtpuRAN{
The damagod and $mken flooring around the
The weathered and deadplasteron the surface main shrine was rerrpved and rehid over a stone jelly
ofthe lotus design on the vimana of the main shrine concrete. To prcvert ffi@tlment M.S. grill fencing
was removed, the surface chemically cleaned and a on a dwarf wall was provided a the north-west side,
coat ofhand ground limepaste was applied.Athin outside the tirumadil (prakara w all).

429
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 _A REVIEW

Plates 340-341

__l
I

ffi@
Pallapatti, Fort Temple: 340, before and 341 , after conservation of vimana

!llo!
P RE S E RVATI ON S OF MO N U MENTS

202. Fonr, RnN.rmtcunt, DIstRtct PnnausALUR like kudu, nasika and sala on the vimanas were
restored as per the original. The moss and lichen
The damaged flooring ofthe mosque situated
over the vimanas were removed and treated with
inside the fort was re-laid. The walls were cleaned
thin coat of lime-mortar matching the original
with mild chemicals and pointing was done. The
(pls.342-3a3).
weathered plaster of the arch of the gateway of
fort was replastered. The main shrine was provided u'ith new teak
wood door. Collapsible grill doors were provided
203. Srva Tnutln, Vlt rxlnnaPURAMr Drsrmcr for navagraha andBhairava. The broken beam and
PTnaMsALUR ceiling slab of the maha-mandopa were replaced
The damagedprakarawall on the south-west with a new one's.
corner was dismantled and reconstructed on stone 206. Srva TemeLn, AltnraNruRtcHI' DtsrRlcr
masonry after strengthening the base. The joints Puuumormt
were pointed in combination mortar. Reconstruction
The moss and lichen over the brick masonry
of damaged pillar is in progress.
entrance gopura was chemically removed. The
The undulated side stone-walls of the missing and broken brickportions ofthe stucco figures
tirukkulam (temple tank) was underpinned and were mended and applied thin coat of lime-plaster
reset. matching withthe original colour. The rotten wooden
The mandapa is provided with fiberglass planks and rafters in the inner gopura were replaced
by new ones. The entranc e gopura waswatertightened.
sunshade and safeguarded using diamond mesh.
The weathered and leaky terrace ofthe vagasala (*ore
The bronze safe was provided with welded mesh
room) was racked out and re-laid on brick-concrete
and painted.
with lime-mortar and rendered watertight.
204. PusnpAvANEsvAna Trupr,u, Puvll,lKUDI'
DsrrucrPuDUKKorrAr 207. Fonr,AttuR, DIstRtcr Salutr

The earthwork was done around the fallen The damaged and cracked arches were
madapalli to drain out the stagnated water. The strengthened by introducing stainless steel 'I'
out-of-plumb and missing portions of the stone section, the dead plaster on the fort wall and arches
walls were reconstructed with combination mortar were removed and replastered with hand ground
afterproviding proper foundation and the roofwas lime-plaster.
watertightened.
208. Fonr nNo Tsnrplos, CHINNIKKAvUNDANUR.,
205. Rocx-Cur Ssruxr, Mlt,lYaron, DtstRtcr Drsrnlc'r Snlrnr
Puoutc<orru^t
The decayed and dead plaster on the gopltra
The roof of the structural mandapa of the and Amman Shrine were removed and replastered
main shrine was watertightened by laying brick with hand ground lime-plaster (pIs.344-345). The
jelly concrete with lime mortar. The vimanas of stucco figures on the gopura were mended
the main shrine, Vinayaka and Muruga shrines wherever required and watertightened. The terrace
were grouted, the broken and missing portions ofthe madapalli (kitchen) was also watertightened-

Illrl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A REVIEH'

Plates 342-343

I M
x
RMffiF#
ffi :11;,-l ]

342

Malayakoil, Rock-Cut Shrine: 342, before and 343, after conservation of vimana

I+rz I
P RE S E RVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

209. BruuorsvARA Trtmlo, TruN"l.wun, Drsrrucr mortar. The damaged brick masonry pillar (southem
TslNravun side) u'as Cismantled and reconstructed with
The broken ornamented stone beam of the combination mortar and plastered. The undulated
nandi-mandapa was mended by inserting'I' section flooring of verandah ofmain guard gate and south
girderwith suitable adhesive and the top closed with wing ground floor was provided with stone flooring.
stone chips, concrete and given proper colour The damaged Mangalore tiles on the roof were
matching the original surface. This was done without removed and replaced with new ones.
causing any damage to the ancient paintings.
The rotten wooden beam and rafters were
The damaged stone steps ofthe Ketu sub-shrine
replaced by new ones and painted. The south wing
were mended by inserting thick rod with suitable
Main Gtrard Gate was provided with new wooden
adhesive andpointing tlre stonejoints with combination
doors and windows.
mortar as per the original.

The undulated old stone flooring ofthe Amman

211. \Irc.{LtrHrc Srrr, Nnvvnlr, Drsrnrcr
(Devi) Shrine, northern side drainage and nandi- TrRur..rurr
mandapa werereJaid with 1 00 mm thick bed ofbrick
Barbed-*'ire fencing was provided to the
jelly concrete in pure lime and fixed the stone slabs in
protected site.
combination mortar and the stonejoints were pointed.
212. Jar-cKrr-rs$..rrr Trvpln, Vnr,lonr, Drsrnrcr
Accretionary brick walls in-between the pillars
Vrr,ronr
in the southern side corridor were removed and
replaced with new M.S.grills. The undulated old The leaky roof on the northern side of the
flooring was removed and re-laid with 1 00 mm thick cloister+no@was watertightened. The undulated
brickjelly concrete in pure lime and the surface was stone flooring on the eastern, westem and northern
plastered with combination mortar. Brick masonry sides of the cloiser-motdqawas levelled.
chambers were constructed for easy flow of
213. Mosolrrslc Rocx-cur Tnnarln,
obhishekn milk and water through an underground
Maunxon*'loq Dr-srnrcr Vrlronr
drain without causing any damage to the adhishthana
mouldings of the nandi-mandapa. For easy flow of A random rubble stone pavement was
rain-water from south err. prakara and varaha sttb- provided on the southern side to prevent water
shrines an underground drain was made. A water stagnation in front of$e monument- The damaged
channel was provided to the cloister rn andapatenace and rusted barbed-wire of the fencing post was
for the easy flow ofrain-water. replacedwith newwire- Thepathway leading to the
monument was re-lai{ and a wicket gate was also
210. MalN Guano G.Lro, TrnucncnrRAppAr,r,r, provided at the entrance.
DrsrRrcr TmucucnrRApAI,I-r
214. ApxssAyEs\-AR4, Tu-vrlq SsyoauatcAlAM,
DrsrmcrVu-ltpt- ,tu
The'damaged and decayed plaster on the
southern side (inner wall) of the main guard gate The vimana of the main shrine was in a
was removed and replastered with combination dilapidated condition. The vegetation growth on the

ffi +rffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEII-

Chinnakkavundanur, gopura: 344, during and 345, after conseryation

InvI
t.l
tl

PRESERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

vimana was removed and the structure was 3rd floor of Kalyou mahal were removed and fresh
strengthened. The damaged salas and kutas were coat oflime-rnortarwas applied The flooring on the
remodelled (pls.346-347). The out-of-plumb 3rd, 4th and the 5th floors was redone in combination
veneering stones ofthe main shrine, Dakshina-murti mortar. The existing drain was cleaned to drain out
Shrine and the Chandikesvara Shrine were dismantled therain-water.
after proper documentation and reconstructed.
The out-of-plumb fortification wall near the
Besides, the broken door-jambs and beam of the
Vellore Gate in Rajagiri-complex was dismantled and
entrance to the main shrine were properly mended.
reconstructed as per original. In the Krishnagiri com-
The terrace of the Dakshinamurti Shrine was
plex, the flight of steps leading to the top was taken
watertightened. A wooden temple type door was
up for conservation. Arough stone bed was laid be-
providedto the main entrance.
tween the 2ndand3rd gate and a side wall was con-
215. Bnlr*rlpuRrvARA Tnurln, Bnl,numnsau, structed. Watertightening ofthe roof of Pondicherry
Drsrnrcr VnLTJPTTRAM Gate andplastering ofthe toe wall were executed in
PondicherryGate.
The damaged and out-of-plumb stone
veneering wall at the north-east and south-west
corners of the main shrine were dismantled after
PONDICHERRY
proper documentation and reconstructed as per
original. The out-of-plumb main entrance of the 217. PlNCEANADrsvml Tnwr,n, Tm.uvlxomxon,
garbha-griha was also reconstructed. The dead Porvorcrmnny

plaster on the vimana was removed, replastered The damaged bricks on the prakara walls were
and watertightened. The accumulated earth around replaced with new ones and replastered with
the garbha-griha was removed to fully expose the combination mortar. The accumulated earth in front
mouldings of the adhishthana. An apron was of the Amman @evi) Shrine was removed.
provided to prevent rain-water from seeping into
the foundation. 218. SvIvIMBEUNATEI Tnurr,n, NnouNc^lnu,
Porvorcmnny
The damaged veneer stonewalls of the maha-
The moss and lichen growth on the main shrine,
mandapa, Dakshinamurti and Chandikesvara Shrines
were dismantled and reconstucted. The lealcy terraces
Amman (Devi) Shrine, Chandikesvara Shrine, were
cleaned.
of mukha-mandapa, maha-mandapa, Chandi-
kesvara and Dakshinamurti Shrines were
The damaged stucco figures on the vimanas
watertightened.
of main shrine and other shrines were mended as
2 16. Fonr{onmur, Gnvcnq Drsrnrcr Vl,lupunau per available clues and finally plastered with lime-
mortar and colour wash was given. The decayed
The cracks developed in the arches of the plaster on the north and southem exterior walls of
fortifications were properly conserved by replacing the maha-mandapawas removed and replastered
the damaged joists. The dead plaster on the Znd and with combination mortar and colourwashed.

I€5I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEII'

k
3-,'- rl
I

-
".c . *l'
("*'lo"

346

347

Sendamangalam, Apathsayesvara Temple: 346'

before
and 34'7, after conservation of the vimqna

l+rl
P RE S E RVATI ON S O F MO N U ME NT S

Accumulated earth in and around the monument stone blocks 6d filling the accretions as per
was removed. The wooden doors and grills were qigimt
painted with suitable colour.
223. Gormem GuDqAEorz' Dsrrrr BAGALKoT

219. Towx GltowlY, TuxqunnaR, Poxnrcnrnnv The dislodged and out-of-plumb northern
portion ofwall oftre temple was di$nantled after
The out-of-plumb parapet wall over the proper documentation and the materials were
gateway terrace was dismantled and reconstructed stacked for reuse. Earthwork excavation for
and the sub-structure of the gateway was formdation [6vslling the area is in prcgess.
underpinned. The weathered and damaged lime-
-6
mortar plaster from the wall was removed and 224. Lsoxnlx Tnrrpr,n, Atnoln, DIsrnIcr
replastered. The terrace was watertightened. The
Blcar.xor
entire gateway was conserved properly.
Newly fabricated sandstone steps were
provided to the entrance of the temple for easy
Dxarnmo Gncu
movement ofthe tourists. Aramp of dressed stone
KARNATAKA blocks in rubble stone masonry set in combination
mortar was also constnrcted.

220. Annnrcnn Guu, AIHoLE, Dlsrmcr Blclrror

225. Rlcm GuorrArnolr, Drsrntcr Blcx,xor
As a preamble to reconstruct the temple, Size stone masonry wall was consfiucted on the
which was dismantled earlier, foundation ffench was westem side. The undulated area is levelled. Grill gate
laid and uncoursed rubble masonry foundation atthe entrance was fixed andpainted.
courses were laid over a raft foundation of suitable
thickness. The dismantled architectural members up
226. Srrprrn Wrr,r,, Vrntvln Gunt-CorvrPlrx'
to adhishthanalevelincluding the floor slabs were
Amoln, DIsrrucr Blclr,ror
reset as per original plan and elevation. The dislodged and bulged-out portion ofthe well
was dismantled after documentation of the stone
221. Dunca TrlrmrAmoln, Dtstrucr Blcar-xor members and the useful materials were stacked. The
well is reconsffucted using combination mortar in the
Lightening conductors were provided to the
south-east and western sides (p1s.3 48-349).
temple to avoid damages during the rainy season.
Flood lamps with waterproof gear boxes at suitable 227. Sunu Nln.lvaxl Tnrrrln, Auror,n, I)rsrnrc.r
places were fixed for enhancing the aesthetic beauty Blclr,ror
ofthemonument.
Construction of stone masonry wall using
cement-mortar was completed. Joints ofthe roof slabs
222. Fopr Wlr,l, Dunca Tnurr,n, Aruor,r,
and sikharawere pointed with combination mortar.
Drsrmcr B.lcllxot
The undulated stone flooring ofthe interior offte teryle
Fallen portion ofthe fortificationwall inthe north- was levelled and relaid using new stones wherever
east corner ofthe temple was constructed using size necessary.

!+:r!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEIT'

22t. Acasrvl, Tornrrn T,lxrq Bloltvrl, DrsrRrcr 233. Cn,c,xDRAsEKIrARA Trurlr, P,lrr.lo.lxer,
Bec.lr,ror I)rsrnrcr Baclr,xot

The missing stone members ofthe roof and the

on the northern side of Durgamma Temple was wall freshlyprepared. The out-of-plumb
are being
dismantled and reconstructed to plumb after providing westernwall ofthe temple was carefully dismantled
suitable foundation in cement-concrete. The retaining and reconstructed as per original.
wall was reconstructed on stone foundation after
dismanting the bulged-out portion ofthe earlier wall. 234. Paplxlrsl Tprwr,r, Prtuo.lxlr,, Drsrnrc.r
The joints were suitably pointed (pls.350-35 1). Baclr-xor
229. ExrnNsIoN or Musru*r Butlonvc, Blnaur
I)rsrnrcr Bacer,xor The deadmortarofthe joints ofthe leakyroof
andsikhara ofthe temple was raked out completely
After due earthwork and laying ofP.C.C. bed,
and was rendered watertight by filling the joints with
U.C.Rmasonery foundation courses were laid for
combination mortar combined with waterproof
extending the existing museum. Pillars, pillarbases
compound and pressure grouting liquid cement
and the capitals as per approved designs are being
wherever necessary. The top surface was colour
prepared.
washed to match with the original. The damaged and
230. MArEcrrrI Suwauvl,, Bloltut, Drsrnrcr broken stone perforated windows (jalandharas)
Blcs,ror were provided afresh. The sunken and undulated floor
slabs were levelled and relaid overthe concrete bed.
The damaged flight of steps ofthe temple were
removed and reconstructed using new stones Concealed wiring, electrification and lighting
wherever necessary. Sunken stone slabs were arrangements were made. Missing roof slabs were

removed from the pavement and relayed over freshly provided both in the temple and to the front of
concrete bed and the joints were pointed. The bed- nandi-mondapa.The old and damaged fencing was
rock was cut in the southem and northern sides of the removed and new crimped wire fencing was fixed over

temple to provide stone apron. thecompoundwall.

231. Pl-ltrvl lxscmprroN, Bloaut, I)rsrnrcr

Bacr,ror 235. Scur,prunr Glr,r,nnv, P,rrru^mx.lr,, Drsrmct
B,lcar,ror
Garden with lawn bordered by flowering plants
was laid in the open space in front of the rock
The dead lime-mortar overthe roofwas removed
containing the inscription.
and new R.C.C. of suitable thickness was laid besides
232. Ttppu's Tnusunv, Urron Font, Bloeul, painting the wall surfaces and electrification. U.C.R.
I)rsrnrcr Blcar,xor masonry pedestals of required dimensions were
The dislodged and fallen portion ofthe wall near prepared for erecting sculptures and wooden pedestals

the monument was dismantled and the usefi.rl materials with sunmica veneering for installing exhibits in the
were stacked for reuse. interior were also made.

!+ra!
P RE S E RVATI ON S O F MONUMENT S

Plates 348-349

348

W
#t.
--
Eq

349
Aihole, stepped-well: 348, before and 349, after conservation

f+:l!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

350

351

Badami, Agastya Teertha Tank: 350, before and 351, after conservation

IgoI
PRESERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

236. VTnupAKSHA Tottrloo Parrnol,KAq DlsrRrcr Plinth protection n'as laid on \r'est. north and south
Bacnlror sides ofthe temple.

The missing stone capital and ceiling slabs ofthe 241. M,tonns,c, or \[ou\\t\t\D Grr rr. Bto.rn.
porch were replaced with newly fabricated ones. New Drsrnrcr Blnnn
flights of steps were provided to the Virupaksha The damaged ground fl mr and ceiliqe offrre tomb
Temple on the eastern and southern sides. Newly
were replasteredwith suitable material and ne\+'stones
designed teakwood door-frame was provided on the
were used wherever necessary. Ne* concealed
east, south and north sides ofthe temple.
electrification was provided after removing the old
connections.
237. K,qnalla Bnsatt, BEtcauna, Dts.rRlcr
Bnr-ca,un 242. ArN-UL-MuLr's Tonte, AttaeuR, Dlsrnlc'r
BruapuR
As a preamble for laying out garden in open
space near the monument, rank vegetation growth Barbed-wire fencing was done on the southern,
was removed completely and the surface eastem and westem sides of the ru ahal to avoid entry
undulations were levelled for fixing pipelines to ofcattle andmisuse by public.
ensure continuous water supply.
243. Bnrull,r Ks,qx's Moseua, BllaeuR,
238. BnuvaRaH,q, Nannsttrrrn ToMeLr, Halnsro Drsrnrcr Br.lnpun
Drsrnrcr Brrclunr
The existing dilapidated and out-of-plumb com-
The old and leaky concrete of the roof of the pound wall on the south-east and westem sides was
temple was removed and fresh waterproof lime-mortar dismantled carefully and reconsfiucted as per the origi-
mixed with jaggery and ladukai w as laid after fxing nal pattem, besides erectingadwarfwall on the north-
the damaged and missing roof slabs. New lighting em side and fixing M.S. grill over it.
arrangements were also made.
244. CuaNo B,lr,aol, Bt.laeuR, Dtsrnlcr Bunpun
239. JlrNa Trmrlo, WnrxuNo, DrsrRtcr BrLc,quN4
A compound wall was constructed over ce-
After due earth work excavation and laying of
ment-concrete inthe eastem andwestem sides ofthe
P.C.C., a retaining wall was constructed along with
monument. The vegetation in and around the ancient
new flightofsteps in chloritic schiststone.
well was removed and desilted.
240. Asrnun Gnoup op MoNumentso BInaR,
f)rsrnrcr Btoan 245. Gol.cuNtBAZ, Br.lRpt-rn, Dlsrnlcr BI.l,tpun

The decayed lime-plaster from the exterior UCR masonry compound wall was raised over
surface of superstructure ofNur Jahan Begum's Tomb the northern periphery of the protected area. The
on all four sides were removed and replastered with underground vault was provided with electricity and
fresh lime-mortar. The roof of the tomb was lighting besides installing an elecfronic metal detector
watertightened. The lightning conductor was fixed at the main entrance as a measure of security and
overthe tomb to avoid damage fromthe thunderbolt. safety.

Ia+rI
 I]{DIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEI4

246,. Hlzr H^lsan Toun, BI.l.lrun, Drsrmcr 251. MsuraRl Mau.tL, Bl;.Leun, DIsrRtcr
Buarun Bulpun

The out-of-plumb and dilapidated compound The dead and decayed lime-mortaroverthe roof
wall on all the southern, eastern and westem sides of the tomb was removed completely. The work of
were dismantled and reconstructed as per the providing new waterproof course is in progress.
original. Electrifi cation and li ghting arrangements
were made. 252. Musrnnn KuaN Mosquo, Bl;nRUn, DIsrnlc"t
Bl.lnpun
247. Ilvomv Bunz (Urlr), Btl.nrun, Drsrnrcr
Bulrun U.C.R masonry comPound wall was
constructed along the eastem, westem and southern
A compound wall ofrequired height was con- boundaries besides erecting a dwarfwall with M.S.
structed over cement bed besides a supporting wall grill on the western side for checking the entry of
and the joints were pointed. cattle and misuse of protected premises.

248. hmunraRluzarBr.nrunrDrsrrucrBuarun 253. Sxr KHlsnRo BuApuR, DlsrRlc'r BIl,q.pttR

The damaged joints of the floor stone were The sunken and damaged plinth portion of
raked and freshly pointed with combination mor- the structure was removed after proper
tar. The dead lime-mortar plaster over the walls documentation and reset with combination mortar
was removed completely and replasteredwith fresh as per the original, the damaged floor stones were
lime-mortar. Cement-concrete bed was provided also replaced with fresh stone slab wherever
to the adjoining tank. The damaged portions ofthe necessary and the joints suitably pointed.
ancient well was also dismantled carefully and re-
constructed with available materials. 254. SaNcerr.lNn NaRl M.tHalo ToRvt, Dlsrnlcr
Brupun
24g. Jon Gurumz, BuAPURT l)rsrnrcr Br.rlpun
The water tanks were desilted and the missing
The dead and decayed lime-mortar laid over portion of lintel and wall were reconstructed using
the leaky roof of the tomb was completely raked U.C.R. stone masonry. The undulated area in the
out and replastered with finishing by colour wash premises was levelled.
to match with the original surface.
255. Somsswa,na TEntrLE, D,r.usa.L, Dlsrnlcr
250. Junnvr,t MAsnDr Brrarunr l)rsrmcr Br.llrun Ga,oac

M.S.grills were provided to the ancient arched The damaged cement-concrete apron was
openings and dalans on the western side of the removed and relayed with schist stone on the south,
masjidto avoid entery of the cattle and misuse of west and northern sides of the temple to avoid the
themonumentbypublic. seepage of rain-water into the foundation. The

Jap,zj
P RE SERVATIONS O F MONUMENTS

exposed joints over the roof the temple was 260. Jtrrarp.r \ rt rxr Trrtplr. Bxarxa,L,
pointed and undulated portions were levelled by Dtsrnrcr Ut.ratqxrxx.{or
brick masonry in combination mortar. The
weathered stone pillars of the mondapo were The damaged compound s all u as dismantled

strengthened by plastering and chiselling to bring and reconstructed. The decal'ed lime-concrete o\-er

the appearance of stone. the roof of the temple was removed carefullv and
watertightened by using brick jelly and lime-mortar.
256. MlrmonvlTnurr,nr lrmcr, Drslnrcr Glnlc The damaged stone floor slabs \ryere remo\ed and
reset by using fresh combination mortar.
The broken stone beams of the pillared
mondapainthe temple-complex were removed and 261. TunBB Eunopnax Gn^nvns, Bu.lrKeL,
reset with fresh ones as per the original and the Drsrnrcr UruRlxlxnnnl
joints were suitably pointed with combination mor-
tar. The damaged and missing stone flooring was A compound wall was constructed using
removed and reset with suitable new stone slabs. laterite stone blocks over stone masonry founda-
The damaged roof slabs were carefully removed tion. The approach road was levelled and repaired.
and reset with new ones as per the original. A fresh
262. Gnoup or Moxuvrnxrs, Bu-acr, DrsrRlcr
granite stone apron was provided over the cement-
Uru,RLxaNxloa
concrete bed on the western side of the shrine.
The undulating area around the Virupaksha
257. Tnn Fonr, Gwnanca, Drsrnrcr Gur,nmcl
Temple was levelled to avoid stagnaton of rain-
The dislodged and out-of-plumb stone water.
members pertaining to the mandapa in the south-
263. AN Irrlcn on Trcen, Kurura, Drsrnrcr
east corner of the fort was dismantled and
UrraR.rx.cwNADl
resetting work is in progress.
Dwarf compound wall was constructed using
258. Hlrr Guunlz, Gur.slncl, Drsrnrcr
laterite stone blocks over the stone foundation.
Gulrmca
264. Fonrr Mrnrallr Drsrnrcr UrrnRtx,{Nxaoa
Decayed lime-plaster over the super stmcture
of Mujhad Shah Tomb was removed and replastered Barbed-wire fencing was provided all around
with lirne-mortar and the work is in progress. the fort and the protected area to avoid entry of
cattle and misuse by public. The dama-eed portion
259. Scur,prunn Snno NEAR THE Srune,
KaNlcaNaHlr,lr, Drsrrucr Gulnancl of the ancient well u'as removed after proper
documentation and reset in original usin_s combination
A temporary sculpture shed was constructed mortar. The damaged and missing portions ofthe fort
near the stupa at Kanaganahalli to accommodate u-all \\'as removed carefullv after proper
the loose sculptures at the site. documentation and reconstructed as per original.

Il+:I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Guwaxen Gncu removed and a new lime-surkhi coat provided as per

original. Adwarf wall with M.S. railings was also
ARUNACHAL PRADESH provided around the monument.

265. RenrAtNS tN BlsHn'tnx NaGlR, MlsHn'tl 270. Ioclu, PaNraRt, DtsrRtcr DHusnl
VILLncn, Dlsrnlcr DnsAN(; Vnlr,eY
A store shedwas constructed inthe complex in
A temporary shed was provided overthe brick orderto keep the materials foruse of conservation
structure No. 1, with the locally available mate- works.
rials like wood and thatch to preventthe weathering
effect ofthe brick stnrcture due to excessive rainfall' 271. R,qNcAMATI Mosgue, PaxuaRt, DtsrRtcr
DHunnt

ASSAM Lime-surkfti plaster was applied on the

compound walls around the monument in order to
266. Rocx-Cur Clvns, Joctcuoen, DIStRtct prevent the direct soaking ofwater on the brick-built
Boxc.q,lc^toN compoundwall.

In continuation of the previous year's (2 A00-0 l,

272. Snr SuRvap,q,H,aR RurNs, DaslnHula
p. 252) work, the construction of the approach Drvlsrnax, DtstRtct Go.qlPaRa
pathway-cum-staircase was taken up connecting the
road and the group ofrock-cut caves along the bank of the newly excavated
Conservation
of the River Brahmaputra.
panchayatona temple-complex was completed- The
267. Easr Wlt t- (Clculnt RurNs), KrusruR, small brick shrine near the excavated brick temple-
Dlsrntcr Caculn complex was restored with the combination material'

Some portions ofthe ancient enclosure wall which

Restoration of the ancient channel near the Ganesa

runs western side of the'East Wall' was scientifi cally

hmda and theconstruction of dwarf wall-cum-railings
werecontinued.
exposed and partially conserved. Rest ofthe work
will be taken up in Phased manner.
The constuction ofthe pedestals and showcases
268. Rlx,lcHANDI TuMpLs (Clculnr RulNs), for the display of the excavated antiquities is
KHasrun, Dsrnlcr Clcu,qn completed. The display work is in progress.
Completed the consfruction of dwarf wall with
273. MoxoltrHs' K-tsolrnru PetH.tR, Dtsrntcr
M.S. railings around the temple in order to prevent
Gor,.tcH,tr
the rmauthorized constuction within the complex'

269. Srxcru Dm.n (C.lcn,tm RutNs), Kulsrun, Erected the fallen and brokm carved monoliths
Drsrnrcr Clcunn in its original position aftermending (p1s.352-353).
The damaged and peeled offplaster ofthe char- Approaches along the monoliths were provided.A
chala roof of the'singha Dwar'monument was dwarfwall with M.S. railings were provided on the

lo,gI,
P RE S E R'I/ATI ONS OF MONU ME NTS

Plates 352-353

:r*

_l

353
t
Kasomari Pothar monoliths: 352, before and 353, after conservstion

)usJ
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEII'

front side for keeping the area free from 278. Drvrnor,, Gn unrs.n cl.nr.Drsrnrcr Srnslcm
encroachment. Construction of the temporary store
The northern side ancient enclosure wall of
shed was completed in order to keep the materials
the temple was renovated with the help of special
forconseryation.
size bricks matching the original.
274. Srvlooq Nncrmrurrxc, Drsrmcr Gor,lcnar
279. Srvloor,, Glunrslcm, Drsrnrcr Srnsacm
The renovation of north-east corner of the
The ancient enclosure wall was restored with
ancient compound wall was completed with the
the help ofspecial size bricks around the monument
help of special size bricks. Drinking water
complex.
facility was provided at the back side of the
complex for the use of the visitors. 280. VrsnxuDol, Glunrslcm, Drsrnrcr Srnslcan

275. Gnoup on Rocx-Ctrr FIcunrs, Krttl,xnya Fallen portion of the mukha-matndapaof the
flrr,r,, Drsrmcr Knvrnup temple was repaired duly matching the original (pls.
3s6-3s7).
Approach pathway to the 'Dancing Bala-
Bhairava' and grill fencing of the area with the help 281. VrsnuuDol, GluRrslcan, Drsrnrcr Srnslcan
of RC.C. pillar posts and general cleaning works
were completed. Provision of staircases levelling, New lime coating was applied on the surface
flooring and pathway leading to the rock<ut figures of of the sikhara of the shrine after removing the de-
Ganesa and miniamre strines on ttrc western side of tlre cayed old plaster.
hill were provided RC.C. pdestals were made for
282. GTuNAsHyAM's Housn, Javslcln, Drsrnrcr
dirylay ofilre sculpural and architochml merrfters fotud
Srnsacln
during tlre clearanoe and povision fon visitor's anrenities
like drinking water frcility etc. were providd-
Dwarf walt with railings and barbed-wire
fencing was provided around the monument-
276. Gnoup op Marnrus, Cnm,mno, Dlstntct
complex. Abrick paved pathway was provided from
Srnslcm
the mainenhance to the monument.

Restoration of the octagonal brick enclosure

283. KanTNGHAR (Tululcnln), J.lvs.lc.Ln,
wall is in progress in the maidam No. 2.
Drsrnrcr Srnslcm

277. Attona R ul's Plt'r,lcn, Gmnclox, Drsrnrcr

Removed the damaged plaster covering arches
Srnslcm
and walls of the monument and applied a new [ime-
surkhi-plaster as per original. Restoration of newly
Restoration of the fallen portion of the westem
excavated structures is simultaneously in progress.
verandah with the help of combination material
was completed. Multifoliated arch openings of the Shifting of the eight numbers ofAhomcanons from
the bank ofthe SivasagarTemple to this complex was
doors and windows were restored as per original.

luel
P RE S E RVATIONS O F MONU MENTS

Plats 354-355

&. 'i

ryffihf il

.!t:{, I . ..: -.'1 .

. -' .._

Garhgaon, Ahom Raja s Palace. 354, during and 355, afier consemation

Aap;.a
 INDIAN AR

-E*
s

:fr:

357
357 after conservation
Gaurisagar, Vishnudol: 356, before and '
of collapsed roof of the mukha-mandapa

-l-+s
PRE SERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

done. R.C.C. pedestal bases were provided for the 289. Slricnl Hrlr. Trzpt ru Dr:rRrc'r Sorl'rpr R

display ofthe cannons on either side ofthe approach

Scientific clearance ofthe debris helped to find
road near the entrance gate. Drinking water facility
out the outer plan of the ancient temple-complex.
u as provided for the visitors.
P.C.C. laid pathway is provided to the site tbr the
convenience of the visitors.
28.1. Rnx<;H,rn Pnl'rr-loN, J,rys.rcaRo DrsrRtcr
S rss rr;an 290. SuxnESWAR oN THE Islaro. [-rrrr[ \r\\r.
DrsrRrcr SoNrrpun
Fresh lime-surkhi-concrete was provided as per
A temporary tin shed was provided over the
original onthe parabolic roofofthe pavilion.
remains in order to protect the rock-can,ings,
inscriptions from the rock surface popularly known
285. VlsuNUDoL, hysacan, Dlsrrucr SresacaR
as'Sukreswar'.

Construction of the retaining wall is taken up 29l.Tr'a Mouxo Rurns or a Sroro TrnreLe,
a,Nn

towards the tank side in order to prevent erosion of Da-Pnnvarr,r, D lsrRtcr SoNtrpu n
the earth. The work is in progress.
Completed the construction oftemporary shed
with transparent comrgated sheet over the stone door-
286. Srr,'nor)L, SresacaR, Drsrnlcr SlsscA,caR
frame in order to preserve the beautiful carvings
from weathering due to hear,y rainfall. Landscaping,
Some portion ofthe ancient compound wall was
drinking water facility, sitting arrangements are pro-
partially conserved. The works undertaken are
vided for the use ofthe visitors.
pointing, resetting and watertightening etc. to
strengthen the wall. The work is in progress.

MANIPUR
287. DHnNrrr TenrrLr, GoHpun Mou.ll, DrsrRlcr
So.lrrpuR 292. TrstpLE oF VrsH\r. Blssrrpun. Drsrnlcr
BIsHe:,{upun
Completed the conservation of the octagonal
brick temple remains with the help of combination M.S. grill overthecompoundu'all u'as mounted
material. A dwarfwall-cum barbed-wire fencing was in the front side during the period under revieu'.
also provided around the ruins.

288. Guvss oF Lr. Tsonrns KsNNr,;oy nNo Lr. MEGHALAYA

Lswrs Vnxt SnnunN, Brsuwa,Naru, DrsrRrcr
293. Scorr's Mruonl.,rL. CHsRnr.pt r;r. Drsrnrcr
SoNr rpun
Emr Kunsl Hrlls
P.C.C. floor around the memorial was provided.
The two graves were renovatedwith the help of
A drain along the outside edge ofthe dwarfwall was
combination materials and pathway, grill fencing around
the structures were provided.
provided in order to keep the area free from
waterlogging.

luga
-
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEII

294. Sroxp MBlrorulls or U-Mlw-Tulw-Dun- TRIPURA

Bnnw, NlRruxc, Drsrmcr Jarxru Htt't'
298. SculpruRES nuo Rocx-Cur Rn,llsFs oF rHE
Some of the fallen menhirs were erected to UNxorl Ttntu,,r, UNlrorl RlNcs, Dlsrrucr NonrH
their original position and the fallen dolmens were TRlpunn
also reset in its original position' Construction
of
Some ofthe loose stone sculptures of Unakoti
P.C.C. laid pathway is in progress'
were displayed in wooden pedestals in the newly
constructed sculpture shed near the site'
Tem-
NAGALAND porary shed over the chaturmukhalingas was pro-
vided to restrict the weathering effects' All the
295. RsrullNs oF a FoRt, DtNtaeuR, Dlsrntcr cracks of the colossal Bhairava were filled with
Dtulpun combination materials, after removing the
vegetational growths from the cracks'
Kotastone paved pathways were provided
the 299. BnusA,NES\\ARI Te MeLe, RlJx'lc'tn, Dlsrnlcr
through the midst of the group of monoliths for
convenience of the visitors' A store shed
has also SourHTntPunn
been constructed at the site in order to keep the
tools Outer side of the compound wall was plas-
under tered with combination mortar matching the
colour
and plants in the shed which generally come
the use for regular maintenance of the site' ofthemonument.

296. MeutlRlAls oF Mn. GH' Daut'rNt' M'qJon 300. G uN nva.rtGnou p oF T enplts'

Coox a,No SusroA,n NunelR Slul, Kuoi'"tlNtn' DIs- Rq,oHA,rlsHoREPUR' Dtstntcr Souru TrupuR'q

rntcr KoHtlr'ta Plastering of front side compound wall was

done matching the colour of the temple'
The memorials of Britishers including a Native
Indian were retraced near the village Khonoma'
The 301. SHvalr SuxoanTtu, Ptur, Dtsrnlct SourH
memorials were conserved properly after stone Tntpuna
pitching and watertightening' Vegetational clearance The work like resetting, underpinning'
was done and approach pathway was provided' watertightening and pointing was carried out to the
ma-
excavated stupa with the help of combination
297. Lr. H. Fonsr's GnN'e, Sucutnr't, Dtsrnlcr
terials. Dwarf wall with railing were provided
Konln.t
around the excavated stupa to keep the area free
from encroachment (pls'3 5 8-3 5 9)'
The cenotaph of the grave of a British
Lieutenant, who died on 22ndNovember in 1879 302. TuaxuRANI TtLn,, PtL'tx, DtsrRlcr Sotrtt
during an assault with the Naga villagers was Tntpun,t
reset with the help of combination materials
as
Four excavated brick shrines were conserved
per the original. An approach pathway made of
as per original with the help of combination
P.C.C. was also provided to the monument'

!+sol
t.l
tt

P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

Plates 358-359

e
f,

';l

"!

358

359

Sh.yam Sunder Tila: 358, before and 359, after conservation of excavated stupa
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIW

to and the teak doors and windows of the Rani

materials. Resetting, underpinning, watertightening
Mahal were repaired and also replaced wherever
and pointing measures were taken' A temporary
the necessary The deteriorated lime-plaster over the
shed is provided over the shrine containing
chhajj asand roof of Sri Lakshmi Narasimhasvamy
colossal image of Surya which lies on the south- it
Temple was removed and repla-stered to make
west corner of the site.
waterproof.
HvoenaeADGncu
307. RBuAINs oF Buntnl Jltxl Tortrm'
ANDHRA PRADESH Da.N.wlt .lplnu, Dlsrnlct Cuou'tpl'n
Rank-vegetation grown in the protected areawas
303. Snr MnnnlvmlYlsvAMY Tnlrrlr, Goru'xrr"l' the
removed. The bulged-out retaining wall around
DTsTmcTANANTAPUR
temple was removed for reconstruction of the same'
The work ofwatertightening and plastering
of The deteriorated plaster over the wall of the temple
the mandapas of the temple was attended
to' The was removed for replastering the same'
southem entrance of the temple was provided
with
temple 308. GlxuIKorA Fonr, G'tNorxou, Dtsrntcr
M.S. grill gates. The protected area around the
fixing Cuonlpln
was fenced by constructing a dwarfwall and
M.S. grill over it. As part of beautification of
the The disturbed and undulated stones of the
monument, a lawn was laid around the temple
and pathway were removed for relaying them in their
over
for the supply of water to this garden a pump
was original position. The deteriorated lime-concrete
provided. The oldwell inthetemplewas also desilted' theroof of Anjaneyasvamy Temple and the main
The old
entance was removed for relaying the same'
304. Cnrxmu VnxxluRAMANASvAtltY TrMrr-n' the existing
and dead lime-mortar from the oints over
j
Tlurarru, Dlsrnrcr AnINTAPUR fresh
walls was scraped for repointing the same with
area
Fencing was provided around the protected lime-mortar.
oftheChintalaVenkataramanasvamy Templeby NlNonlun'
fixing of 3 09. Sm Soun'rvlNloHASvAMY Tnmnm,
constructing a dwarf C.R' masonry wall and
Dlsrnrcr CuoolPan
M.S. gri[ fencing over it.
Tnupln-CoMPLEx' The veneering stones ofthe bulged-outprokara
305. Ra.lanursvARI
wall on eastem side ofthe temple were dismantled
CHaNon q,crnr, Drsrntcr Cnrrroon
after proper documentation' The wall was
and
The debris aroundthe temple was cleared reconstructed after resetting its brick core in lime-
the
the ancient well was desilted' The area around mortar 1:3. The disturbed and damaged flooring
temple was fenced by constructing a dwarf
C'R' were
slabs around the temple and the mandapd
masonry wall with GI. mesh over the same'
removed and the same were replaced with newly
a

the
306. Lownn Fonrlxo SrnucruRrs, CII^IxDRAGIRI' dressed-slabs. For replacing the broken beams'
damaged and decayed brick jelly concrete over
the
DrsrRrcr Cnnroon
its
roof of the cloister mandap am was removed and
Rank-vegetation over the fort wall was cleared'
removed' roof slabs, beams, capitals, pillars were carefully
The fallen debris in front ofRani Mahal was
dismantled and then it was
The stucco designs on the Rani Mahal were attended

ltszl
tl

P RESERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

Plates 360-361

360

Sri Kodandaramasvamy kmple: 360, during and 361 , after conservation

ffi+stffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEII

rcconstucted using new beams and other architectural slab over a 10 cm thick concrete bed made of 20
members and its roof was relaid with brick-jelly mm HBG metal, including the work ofpointing the
concrete in pure lime 1:l:4 and plastered. The apron. The work of underpinning the brick masonry
damaged portions of the eastem gopura of the temple of the gopura was completed, including the
were repaired and the designs like pilasters, kudus insertion of specially made bricks. In the soutb
and offsets of the gopura were mended with well east corner ofthe temple the missing stone slabs of
ground lime-mortar. The damaged and disturbed steps the floor were replaced by neatly dressed nex'
ofthe small pushkarini were removed and reset with granite slabs. The plastering work of the gopura
available stones and also by replacing the damaged with hand grounded CLM 1:1:3 was completed-
ones with new stones. The work of recess pointing The re setti ng of dhv aj a- s t amb h a of the temple was
thejoints ofthe flightofsteps ofthe small pushkarini done to its plumb.
was also completed with LM 1:2 with 100/o cement
using a matching colour. The damaged and decayed
312. hvnnANADHASvAuv TnuplE, PUsHpAGIRI,
Drsrmcr Cunuapan
lime-plaster of the brick platform around the small
pushkarini was removed. .The architectural members like roof slabs,
310. Snl KooaNo,q,RAMASvAMy Tnmrln, beams, capitals, pillars etc. of the damaged
Poooauuotuu, Dtsrnrcr Cuooar,qH entrance mandapam of the temple were carefully
removed. The stones of bulged walls of entrance
Around the temple an apron was provided mandapamwere also dismantled. After completing
with 5cm thick Cuddapah stone slab to prevent the earthwork excavation, foundation was laid with
'the ingress of rain-water into the foundation. The stone boulders in CM 1:8 and then reconstructed
work of underpinning the brick masonry of the thebasement of entrancemondapam.The core was
vimana was completed using specially made filled with boulders in CM l:8 and then
bricks (size 0.23 x 0.14 x 0.05 cm) in place of reconstructed the basement of entrance mandapam.
missing portions. The roof over the temple was The core was filled with boulders in CM 1:8. Over
relaid with brick jelly concrete. The construction this basement the entrance mandapam was
of lime-stone parapet wall in CM 1:6 was reconstructed and its roof was relaid with brick
completed. The dry stone masonry wall existing jelly concrete in l:1:5. The unstable natya-
on the west side of the temple was removed and mandopa was also opened for reconstruction.
earthwork excavation was done for laying
3 13. Sru VNovnNloHASvAMy Tnmrlr, PusHmcrRr,
-,tuundation (pls. 3 60-3 6 1 ).
DsrRrcr Cuoolpan
311. Ucna NlRlsrnanAsvAMy Trmrln,
Prooamurtul.t, DlstRrcr Cuoo,q,pAH The damaged lime-concrete overthe roofofthe
temple was carefully removed and was relaid with
The construction of lime-stone compound wall brickjelly concrete in CM 1:4 and then plastered. An
around the temple was completed. To prevent the apron was provided around the temple with 5cm thick
ingress of rain-water into the foundation, an apron stone slabs to prevent the ingress of rain-water into
was also provided with 5 cm thick Cuddapah stone the foundation (p1s.362 -363).

I+s+ I
PRE SERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

362

;
*-44 I
_-'['
363
Sri Vaidyanadhasvamy Temple: 362, before and 363, after conser-vation of the roof

4s5
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A RE''IE

Plates 364-365

'n

t
I

365
Sri Kodandaramasvamy Temple: 364, before and 365, after conservcttion of stucco .figures

456
L ,l
I

P RE S E RVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

314. VrsvaNADHAsvAMy Tnprpr,n, Pusuru.crnr, constnrction ofa dwrfwall and fixing ofwelded grill
DrsrRrcr Cuoonplu over it, is in progress for ferrcing the area
The disturbed andbulgedtaki stone-wall atthe 318. SnBn VprRasH.{DR.{svA}r}' Trrrerr,
south-west cornerofthe temple was dismantled and Brccavor,u, Drsrnrcr Easr Goo.rr.rRr
reconstructed as per original.
The damaged barbed-wire fencing around the
3 I 5. Sru KoDANDARAMAsvAMv Tnurr,n, VoNTrMrrrA, protected area of the temple was removed. A dwarf
Drsrnrcr Cuoonpns
wallwas constructed apart from fixing welded grill
The deteriorated lime-concrete over the roof of over it. The work is in progress.
the maha-mandapa and cloister-mandapa was
319. Bunonrsr Rnuans, B^lrurRoLU! DrsrRrcr
removed for relaying the same afresh. The
Gurvnrn
achitectural mernbers like roofslabs, beams, capitals,
and pillars of the cloister-mandapa weredismantled The fencing work ofremaining portion around
for re-erecting the same on firm foundation. The dead the Buddhist stupawas completedby constructing a
lime-plaster over the mandapa, paksala and main dwarfwall and fixing existing iron I sections posts and
mandapa was removed and replastering was done GI. barbed-wire.
with fresh lime-plaster. The stucco figures overthe 320. KlporEsvARAsvAnry Trupr,n, CHn"lnRla,
gopura were mended with hand grounded lime- Drcrnrcr GuNrun
mortar (pls. 364-365). The existing damaged barbed-
Fallen breach of outer compound wall was
wire fencing around the temple was replaced.
reconstructed with available cyclopean stones to
316. KuNrAnan.c,lu,{ BHruBsvana Tnurr,n,
match the original. The outer prakara wall was
BuInrava.n.tnr, SAtulr,xor, DlstnIcr Easr watertightened and then coping was provided
Goorvlnr
followed by plastering. To prevent seepage of rain
Recess pointing with matching colourwas done water into the foundation of prakara, an apron was
to the cloistered-z andapa in the I st floor of the laid around inner prakara.Drainage was provided
temple after raking out the deteriorated plaster from to drain off abhishekawater and also rain-water.
thejoints. New stone flooring ofkhondalite varietyof The apsidal sikhara of the temple u'as made
sandstones was laid over the platform of western waterproof by laying lime-brick j e I ly-concrete aft er
mandapa,which is located outside the temple. The removing the dead plaster.
damaged coping over the otter p r akar a w all at the
321. INscnrsro PrLLaR, NE..IR Gop.rlrsr-.ltrr'
south-east cotner was removed and replastered after
Tnltrlr, Irunu, Drsrnrcr GrrruR
filling its core with brick jelly lime-concrete. The
vegetation from the area on the southern side of the GI. bafted-wire fancing with 'L angle iron posts
temple within theprakarawas removed and a garden over a dwarfwall was provided around the monument
was developed. and a gate was also fixed.

317. NmxalAcuDr, Brcc.lvolu, Drsrrucr Elsr 322. Farnn DaRwnza, Golcosn..r Fonr, Drsrnrcr
GooavnRr HroBunao
The damaged barbed-wire fencing around the The open area proposed for landscaping in the
protected area of the temple was removed.The frontage ofthe gatewaywas fencedby constucting a

)+stf
 REI.IEW
INDIAN ARCIIAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A

position'
it' The cell parapet wall was brought to its original
dwarf wall and fixing GI' mesh over
were ihe disturbed flooring slabs were removed and
openings on either side of Fateh darwaza lime-
platform relaid following the original pattern using
prwided wittr M.S- iron grills' The elevated
dorw aza concrete and lime-mortar'
orr routhem and westem side s ofthe
"*i*tirrg
** p.*ia.dwith flooring' The loose cannons lying 328. T.lRlnrarl MosQur AND AorotNtNc
there were mounted on newly constructed
pedestals' StRucrunns, Got coxoa Font' Dtsrntcr
Font' HvopntsAD
323. Krlwar AND ITS ExvrnoNs, GolcoNna roof
DrsrmcrHYonnanlo The deteriorated lime-concrete over the
of Taramati Mosque was removed and fresh
The fallen cyclopean walls were reconstructed with
The damaged lime-concrete was laid' The dead plaster
with available stones inlime-mortar' replasGred
blisters from the walls was removed and
floor was re-laid in hydrated lime-concrete in 1 : 3 :6
with matching colour as per original' The
dead
with 20 mm HBG metal (pls'366-367)' joints of the outer
mortarwas raked out fromthe
324. NAqAR KHlNa aNo Rnln Sror or Stt'-ltxuaN^t' surface of the walls of Taramati Mosque
and were

GolcoNnn' Font, Drsrnlcr Hvnnnasao naked

pointed with fresh lime-mortar' The fallen
the top
Thewolk ofwatertigtotening the top ofwalls and walls near the mosque were pointed and
platforms portion was made waterproof (pls'370-37 )'
I
roof, and laying oflime-concrete overthe
masonry on
near elevatedwalls, pointing cut stone
GI' diamond 32g. Ctt^tnMtN.lR, HYonRa'r'Ln' Dtsrnrcr
rear side of Silaikhana and providing
side of HroBnarlo
mesh fencing around the welVtank on rear the
The existing iron grill fencing around
Silaikfiana etc- were comPleted' refixed the same
Chamrinar was dismantled and then
325. Plrnwlvs FRoM RlNt Mllrlr'
ENrnaxcE To structure
at about 12 to 14 feet away form the
Orrtcn, Got coNo,l FoRr, Dlsrmcr HvoBRasAD proper. The old foundation was reinstalled
at its
thickwas laid from A chunk of
A stone pavement 15 cm o.igi"uf place and is made functional'
along the water corner
Rani Mahal upto the main entrance lime-concrete has fallen from south-west
the ground
tank(Pts.268-269)' minaret from a height of 175 feet above
stainless
326. RarN Ernncrnn Srnucrunrs, GolconnaFonr' and the same was repaired by inserting
rods of 15 mm dia into the core of the minaret
DlsrmcrHYUBUSAD steel
andthethicknesswasrestoredwiththickjellylime-
The fallen fort wall and bastion were stucco work
near Jamali concrete in three layers and then the
reconstructed with available stones
lime-mortar' is restored using finely ground lime-plaster
darwua andwas watertightened using
made waterproof (p[s.372-373)-
The entrance of Rani Mahal was
by laying 6 mm brickjelly in 1 :2:4
lime-mortar'
330. Durcn CnunrrRYr MlcrurnrmrNmt' DtstRlct
NIvaQUILLA' KmsnNl
327. Rq,iN Errncrnu SrRucruRns tn
fixed
Got coNu.t FoRr, Dtsrntcr Hvnnn'q'n'{o Pathways were laid andke'rbstones were
along the pathways' A lawn was also
laid for
The accretionary walls inside the Mustafa
fallen stone beautifYing fte monurnent
Khan Mosque were removed' The

458
P RE S E RVATI ON S O F MON U MENTS

366

i
I
.{ &J

Golkonda Fort, Kilwat: 366, before and367, after conserv'ation

459
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

" - ,- "**#B

G olkonda Fort, Rani Mahal-comp lex : 368, before

and369, after laying stone pavement

Iaro I
P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

Plates 370-371

r*r.

&
n
.ffmil frrh
Golkonda Fort, Tnrqmati Mosque: 370, before and37l, after conservation

Ieo I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

K]

l-,\--r.--a..
lr --tt,

l$tr tj$tfrfftl ^--a-L'taL---

1
c-

373

Charminar: 372, before and373, after conserttation

offallen chunk of southwestern minaret

aq6za
L-
I
I
I
I

P RE SE RT/ATI ON S O F MONUME NT S

33 1. Sru UNr,q,rvrA.HBsvARASvAMy Tnnrrln, YAGANTI, rock-crf sUpas were rwvpd od the rock-cut sfupas
Drsrnrcr Kunr.tool were strengthened with RR masoory and were
brought to their original shrye by laying cement-
The old dead lime-concrete w,N removed from
concrete and using suiabb olqrs" Asm finistr was
the leaky roof ofthe main temple and watertightened
given to the outer surface.
by relaying brick jelly lime-concrete and then
finished with pressed clay tiles over the bed of 335. Tsousaxo Pn r,anro Trupr r, IIlranLlKo\Dl,
cement-mortar.The disturbed taki stone flight of DrsrnrcrWauxcl'l
steps leading to main temple were removed and
rebuilt in proper alignment and gradient for easily The disturbed members of the basement ,/
climbingup the steps. jagati of pradakshinapatha at the south-east
corner of Surya shrine were dismantled. The
332. L,q.NoscAprNG aNo PRovrDrNG ParHw.tvs
modem stone members built into the basement were
\\ rrHrN rHn Gnoup or TnupLES, AllnnruR,
removed. After strengthening the foundation here,
DlsrRrcr SRrx.lxur,ana
the dismantled portion of the basement was
The work ofproviding pathways infrontage reconstructed as per its original patternincluding
and all around the temple-complex for easy the replacement of modern stones with newly
movement ofvisitors was completed. The work of cawedgranite stones.
laying internal PVC water pipe line within the
complex for proposed landscaping was also 336. R.uN Errncrnn SrnucrunEs oF Sroxp
completed. Fonrrrrc.LrroN, WanaNcll FoRt, DtsrRrcr
WA.Rc.NcA.r
333. Buoorusr RnuarNS, Snr,rnuNDAM, DtsrRlcr
Snxlxullm A portion of fsrtifrcaliolnwall at the sotttr-east
corner fallen due to rains was relaid and the b,reach
The damaged and fallenportions ofthe ancient
was rebuilt using the available cyclopean stones,
stone revetment walls of the terraces were
cernent<oncrete fomdation in I :4:8,
reconsmcted with available stones in CLM I :l :6 and
thurthe top course ofthese terraces was pointed to 337. Br,uorusr Mourns, AnUGoLANU, DrsrRrcr
prevent further sliding in future. The work of digging
Wrsr Goolr'enr
md lwelling the area in front ofthe sculpane shed for
laying lawn is in progress. T\e area around the Pedda Lanja Dibba
(Buddhis0 milnd) was fenoed by using preqst RCC
334. SrnucruREs oN LmcalAKoNDA, S.q.Nrannm, postsandbafiod-wire.
Drsrnrcr VTsAKHAPATNAM

338. Rocr-Cur Ceves AND SrRucrunrs,

rock<tf sfiryas
To faslitateeasy approach to the
GuNrupar,u, Drsrrucr Wrsr Gooavam
on Lingalakonda, steps and pathways were
constucted in RR masonry. The fallen stone chunks, Heavy jungle arormd the stupas and also on
dislodged and dislocated stone pieces of the the top of the upper caves was removed. The

m463m
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A MWN
_

cavities on the top of the upper caves were filled

in the wall, chhatris and pillars were stitched ]

up with concrete. AG.I. pipe railing was provided

with combination mortar.
along the approach pathway. Stone flooring was 345. AxcrnNr Srrr, Bruxcn'nn, DrsrRrcr Ar-u'rR
laid in front of Dharmalingesvarasvamy Temple witlt Repairs to the damaged portions of ramp of
available stones. Drinking water facility was mahal and adjoining stuctures, fortification wall were
provided at the booking counter. attended to. The damaged and worn-out plaster of
the s ikhara and s abha'mandap a of the Somesvara
JruPunCncle
Temple was removed and replastered'
RAJASTHAN 346. MmuALESvARA Tnnrrr-n, ARTHUNA, Drsrnrcr
BlNswlnl'
339. Aon,c'r-DN-K,c,-JIToNPRA' A'lunn, Drsrnrcr
The stairs ofthe main enffance ofthe ternple were
A.rvrnn
repaired by resetting the dislodged stones'
The disturbed andbulged-out stone wall was 347. BuInATPUR Fonr, Bn.lRarpun, Drstntct
repaired. Minor cracks were stitched and decayed Bnmlrpun
stones rePlaced.
Bulged-out and loose masonry ofthe fortwall
340. B.losnllrr Hlvrr,r, AJMnn, Drsrnrct A'lunn from curve no. 1 5 to ashtadhatu gatewere repaired
Decayed andpulverized plasterwas raked out and open joints pointed. The work is in progress'

and replastered with combination mortar' 348. B,lvaxl Fonr, Blvlx.l, Dlsrnrcr Bn'lrurrun
341. Glrrwlv or Tmlcmn Hu'r'rAnmn, Drsrnrcr The approach path between 1st and 2nd
A.nmn gateways was taken up for repairing' The work is in
Fallen patches ofthe wall of the gateway were progress.

repairedby underpinning and restoring the portions' 349. Dnnc Buam.N, Dnnc, DlsrRIcr BH'q'RATpun
342. Kosrunln, Arunn, Dsrnrcr A'rurn
The damaged andthe fallen chhaijastones of
Decayed and cracked plaster was removed and Sawan Bhawan were repaired by replacing the new
replastered. stones as per original. The roof between over head

Dlur"lr B'l'cn, tank and Hardev Bhawan was also repaired'

343. S,q.Hnr,r Blzln Burr,nrNc,
DtsrmcrA.rnmn 350. CuTTTAURGARH FoRt, CuITUURGARH'
Dsrrucr CntrrauncanH
The fallen portion ofthe wall were restored as
Barbed-wire fencing with M'S' gates at
pertlre original.
different locations were attended to. The ramp on the
344. Toun or AsouLLl KHAN Al{D Hrs wrFn, ANnn,
back side of Rana Kumbha's palace was repaired'
DrsrnrcrA.nmn The damaged flagstone flooring ofminiature shnines
The sunken and disturbed flooring of the near Samidhesvara Temple and Padmini Palace were
platform was repaired. The cracks developed also repaired.

I464 I
L I

I
I

P RESERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

351. BlN.lanoN-Kr-CnHATRr, Lar-sor, Drsrmcr 358. \IrrooR Fonr, MlNuoR, DtsrnrcrJoospuR

Dlusl
Exposing the buried structures through scien-
The work ofreplacement of decayedchhajja
tific digging in the Brahma temple was carried out.
stones with new ones and laying flooring with stone
slabs were completed. Stone pathway was provided to the Nahar
S ingh-Ji-Temple. The buried structures of Mataj i-
352. DnosoMNATH Trurun, SorrlN.rru, Drsrmcr
Duvcanpun
Ka-Temple were exposed through scientific
clearance.
The decayed lime-concrete in the 2nd terrace
of the temple were removed and relaid. 359. Trrrpr-E \\ rrH Irscnlprror-, KaNS$A, DrsrRlcr
Korq
353. JacmsrRoMANr Tnurun, Amnnn, Drsrnrcr
Jatpun The enclosure wall was raised and top
Restoration and reproduction ofdamaged and watertightened. The sikhara was replastered after
pulverized plaster on the walls were attended and raking out the decayed one.
completed.
360. Ktlreu.\LG.\RH Frxr. Kr rreH.rrcrRs. Drsrrucr
354. Janaa Mns.rrorAunnR, Drsrnrcr Jltrun Rarsarrrrn
Restoration of Garuda chhatri was taken up. The dead plaster of the Chogan pol were
355. SuN Tnnrr,n, AmneR, DNrRrcr JarpuR removed and replastered with fresh one. The
damaged chhajja stones were restored. Repairs to
Restoration and reproduction of damaged,
the wall adjoining the Chogan Pol by underpinning
peeled off plaster on the wall surface, stone slab
the fallen patches and the joints were attended.
flooring in lime-cementmortar, afterlaying ce-
ment-concrete were attended and completed. The damaged plinth, steps and niches of the
356. Excavlrro Srrn, Saunnan, DrsrnrcrJnpun Jaina temple were restored. The interlinking path-
way was provided.
Excavated structures were repaired as per
original and the top made watertight. 361. RqsrHA\rBHoRr Fonr. RrrrnrrreHoRE, Drs-

357. JlrsaLMER FoRr, Jl,rsaLN{Bn, Drsrnrcr TRrcr S.qu.,{r Nfunuopt n

Jers,tt,mrn
The disturbed and bulged wall of the main
The damaged and bulged-outportions ofthe gate and hide wall were repaired by underpinning
pitching walls were taken out and reset. The open andpointing. The top was also watertightened.
joints were filled up and top watertightened.
Repairs to the upper fortification wall by
362. HansnA\srH Trrrprr. Slxrn. Drsrnrcr SrxrR
dismantling ofbulged stones and resettingthe same The damaged flagstone slabs of the flooring
stone paving on base of concrete between bastion of the courtyard and the inner side of the temple
and upper fortification wall were attended. were repaired by replacing the stones.

465
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEII-

Kolrara Clncue 366. K.q,LlcHAxo Tnurr,n, BtsuNupuR, Drsrrucr

Bmrr<um
WEST BENGAL
Stone masonry work in composite mortar at the
main shrine was completed. Filleting work at required
363. Smoxnsvaru Tnrvrln, Bluuuna, Dlsrnrcr
places to retain the old plaster was also completed-
Bam<uu
Previous cement-plaster from the outer fagades ofthe
Filleting work was carried-out to retain the temple are being removed andreplacedby matching
old decorative plaster on the outer fagades of the materials. Damaged barbed-wire fencing around tlre
temple. Brick work with special size ornamental temple was also repaired.
bricks in composite mortar was done on the rear
side of the temple. Retaining wall was constructed
367. Llr,"lI Tnmrr-n, BIsnxupuR, Dlstntct
by brick masonry work on the southern side of the
Bm<unr
temple to stop erosion of soil near the tank-
Omamental brick work with composite mortar
364. Gmo or Olo Fonr, BrsnxupuR, Dtsrntcr of bhog-gharwas completed. Lime-concrete was re-
Bam<una laid on the floor ofthe sanctum cella as well as on the
frontal verandah. Brick apron was provided all round
Stone masonry work with laterite stone blocks wx
the raised plinth-platform of the temple. Murntm
in composite mortar was carried out on the platform
relaid on the existing approach road. For accumulated
attached with the wall of the main gate, roof, water, drainage system was provided on the eastern
cornices, arches, etc. Retaining wall on the right side ofthe complex.
and left side of the gate was constructed by brick
masonry work. A l0 cm thick concrete floor was 368. MaoaNc,opar,Tourr-rrBlsnnupu&DISTRrcr
relaid in the rooms, corridor, etc. of the gateway. BaNruna
Cleaning of vegetation from the structure was done.
Underpinning brick work was carried out on
365. Jonulxnm, Brsnxupu& Dtsrnrcr BlNruna the required portions of the boundary wall with
modern bricks in composite mortar.
After removing the cement-plaster from outer
and inner fagades of the temple, filling work was 369. Nlxot-.lt Tnun r, BrsnxupuR, Drstnrct
carried out by matching materials with composite Barvr<unn
mortar. The work of re-laying of floors of the
Damaged brick apron around the temple was duly
verandah of three temples with lime-surkhi was
completed. Repairing of barbed-wire fencing was repairedwithpointing. Approachroadto the temple was

also completed along with the damaged apron consolidated by mumtm, boulder and earth. After re-

around the temples. Approach road to the temples moving previors cement-plaster from the outer and inner

was raised and consolidated. fagades, filling was done with matching materials.

llrrI,
P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

370. RlonlcovrNol Trnrlo, BtsuNUpuR, 373. SHrlltn-lr Trrtple. Blsurupun, Dts.rnlcr

DrsrnrcrBaxxuru BlNruna

Re-laying ofbrickapronnearthe main gate and Ornamental brick work u'as provided on the
surrounding ofthe temple was completed with modem arches ofthe temple.
bricks in composite mortar. The work of restoration
of bhog-ghar with special size bricks was also
374. S*rlLL Glrnwev or Fonr, BIsHtt'eun,
DrsrRrcr BlNxunl
completed. Filling ofttre cores ofthe stone blockjoints
with lime-mortar in the inner and outer walls of the Stone masonry work in composite mortar was
temple as well as on the main tower and plinth- carried out on the platform, walls, cornices and
platform was also completed. Stone pitching was done arched dome ofthe gateway.
at required places to check erosion of earth in the
complex. Cleaning ofvegetation from the monument
375. Sal-nsvmllxnSmnsvm.lTurvrrr.psrf)pa1g
Drsrrucr BaNxuna
and its surroundings was done. Also attended to the
work of pointing of angle iron posts of barbed-wire The work of stone pitching with laterite
fencing approach road to the temple. boulders on the river side to stop the erosion of
soil was carried-out. Damaged brick aprons around
371. R.torrlN{A,oHABA Tnvrrr,n, BIsuNurun,
the temples were repaired with due pointing. A
Drsrnrcr BlNxuna
25mm thick plastering work on the walls of the
Brick apron with modem bricks was provided garbho-grihas of the two temples was completed.
near the main gate and surrounding of the temple.
The restoration work of bhog-ghar with special 376. GoxulcnaNo Truplr, Goxut-xAGAR,
size bricks was completed (p1s.374-375). Pointing DrsrRrcr BlNxuna
of stone joints ofthe walls on both outer and inner The restoration work of the southern wall of
sides with composite mortar was completed. the nata-mandapa was carried out by re-seffing
Pointing the stone joints of the tower and verandah the old and new laterite stone blocks in composite
of the main temple in composite mortar was also mortar. Cleaning ofvegetation from the monument
attended. Cleaning of vegetation from the temple and its surroundings was done. Near the frontal
and its surroundings was done along with the compound wall murrttm was re-laid. Damaged
repairing of barbed-wire fencing and painting of apron around the temple was also repaired.
angle iron posts.
377. SuvllrsusnlR TEueLe, MaonxRun,
372. RqsMAxcHArBIstNUpuRrDrsrrucrBaxruu Drsrnrcr BlrixrrA

To check the leakage of water, lime-surkhi Damaged bricks ofthe plintr ofthe temples were
concreting over the terraced roof of the main shrine replaced and pointing was done in composite mortar.
was completed (p1s.376-377). Restoration work Damaged barbed-wire fencing was repaired. Painting
of the superstructure with special size bricks in ofgrill-gate and cattle proofgate was done alongwith
composite mortar was been carried out. the painting ofangle posts ofbarbed-wire fencing.

lqatf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A RE'1E[

Plates 374-375

:'

l
375

Bishnupun Radhamadhaba Temple: 374, before and375, after conservation

,168
P RE SE RVATI O N S O F MO NU ME NTS

Plates 376-377

IF
{ 3'li
#ffi

376

lhh
.{-*
377
Bishnupuri Rasmancha: 376, before and377, after conservation

49
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 *A REVIEII-

Toprevent goat, sheep, etc., square nets were fixed with the construction of the retaining wall on eastem
surrounding the area and duly painted. Main side. Cleaning ofvegetation from the monument and
approach road of the temple was levelled and its surroundings was done.
dressed and murntm was spread over it. 383. R,t"rnlnr Tnnapln-CoMpLEx, KlLNa,
378. Rarxnsvau Tnnrpr,n, JlclNxATHpuR, Drsrnrcr BannsmrlN
DrsrnrcrBlxrunl After removing the dead mortar from the
The work of plastering the walls of the bhog- damaged floor of the Rasmancha, lime-concrete
ghar and main temple was completed. Fixing of floor was re-laid and plastering work around the
pillars around the protected area for demarcation basement wall of the raised platform was also
was also undertaken along with barbed-wire fencing. completed. After stripprng-out the dead plaster, re-
plastering work on the frontal gateway and attached
379. Rocx lxscnrpuox or CTUNDRAvARMAN, gateway rooms was done and the some was completed
Susuxrn, Drsrnrcr Blxxun l on the northem boundary wall of Krishnachandraji
Shed above the rock inscription was repaired Temple. Re-plastering work was also attended to on
by changing the woodenbeams withthe new ones. the exterior and interior fagades oftheboundarywall
The approach road to the rock inscription was of Lalji Temple on its westem side.
thoroughly repaired.
384. SrvlTorwr,nsrKx,xerDrstnrcrBanonanraN
380. R.anrmsvmLTnwr,nrBluuNnru.rDrsrnrcr
Renovation and restoration of the lime-concrete
BlnnnatraaN
road with brick edging inside the temple-complex
On the frontal raised platform of the temple were completed. Re-plastering work with composite
lime-concreting and the plastering work was done. mortar on both exterior and interior walls of some of
Lime-concreting on the approachroad ofthe temple the temples as well as of the gateway was done. Re-
was also completed. plastering work was also executed on the raised
381. GnouporFounAxcmvrTnvrr-nsrBncuNIA, exteriorplatform all roundthe complex as well as on
Drsrnrcr Bmnruulrv the chalaroofs of some ofthe temples.

The work of laying stone apron with available 385. PnNnuRl.rlR Dnrrr, PaNoux, Drsrntcr
stones atthe site aroundthe temples was done. The Bmorul,uN
restoration of underground drainage system from Barbed-wire fencing on angle iron posts with the
temple to temple by providing stone ware pipes provision ofgates atrequiredplaces was completed along
and soak pits at required places and covering of it the periphery ofthe protected area ofthe mound.
by stone slabs was completed.
386. Trrwr,rorBnsuuairurnrMotxnroGETrlER
382. JarNl Bnrcx Tnupr,n ALso KNowN As wrrn FounrnnN Ornnn Tenmr,rs, NlNooR, DIstruct
Srrnnur,, Dnur,ra, Drsrnrcr Banonlrvax Bmrmnr
Constuction ofthe dwarfboundary wall around After removing the decayed plaster mainly from
the protectedareaofthe temple was completed along the exterior surfaces re-plastering was done on the

! +zo!
 I

P RESERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

main temple and other temples of the complex. 390. Srmrm rro lllosett I(\-o\\\ as Dancau or
Stitching of cracks on the Basuli Temple and Zaran Kn lx G tztrTnmrrt, Dsrrucr Huct-t
Narayan Temple was also attended to. One hand
For the beautification of the complex,
pump was sunk in the complex to provide drinking
plantation and gardening was carried out. Low
water to the visitors.
lying area in the complex was filled up with earth
to stop stagnation of water. Laying of brick
387. DurcnMnMoRrAL Moxulmxr or Sus.lxxl
pathways, apron etc. within the complex was partly
Arwl Mmr4 Cnn{cHURA, Drstntcr Hucr,r
completed along with the lime-concrete floor inside
the mosque (pls.378-379).
The work of construction of brick-edged
pathway in the complex and apron around the 391. Rl.rpnr MouNn, GosaxrtrlRr, Drsrnlct
monument was completed. After removing porous KocH BrHm
and dead plaster from the walls of the monument re- The work of resetting and dislodged, damaged
plastering in composite mortar was done along with and out-of-plumb bricks ofthe exposed structure was
colour washing of the compound wall and memorial carried out as per original. Underground drainage
monument. One tube well was installed inside the system was provided at the site for draining out rain-
complex for providing drinking water to the visitors. water from the mound. Stuctural repairing ofthe wall
on eastem side was completed. Through repairing
388. BRrxoan.ls Cu.rNnm Tulrun's Mlttt, and renovation of one of the brick-lined well on
Guprrpml, D$tntct Hucr,r southwestern side ofthe moundwas carriedout.

Roof of the snana-mandapawas repaired by 392. Kocs Brunn P^Lt lcn, Kocn BtulR,
changing damaged beams andbargahs as well as Drsrmcr Kocn Buu,n
laying tiles over it. Construction of parapet wall at The workofplasteringthe walls adjacentto the
the top of the snana-mandopa was completed. Durbar Hall was completed. Fixing and resetting of
Decorative plaster work on the outer fagade of the the oldandnew stone slabs on the norttrem and eastem
snana-mandapa was executed as per original. side verandah of the ground floor were completed.
Repairing of damaged boundary wall was Plastering andwhitewashing ofthe walls at different
completed. portions of the palace and electrification work were
completed keeping in view the setting up and
389. Mnvln ,lxn Moseun, PlNuua, DrstRlcr functioning ofthe museum. For safety and security of
Hucr,r the galleries ofthe museum iron grills wereprovided
on the norhem side verandah of ground floor and in
The work of providing barbed-wire fencing the southern wing ofthe fust floor.
around the protected area of these two monuments
393. Mrrclr,rn Hlt,l, Kot xLt.L, Dlsrnlcr
with RCC pillars was completed on the northern
Kor,xlm
and western sides of the complex. Brick apron with
modern bricks was laid-out on the rear side of the After removing moss, lichen, dirt and dust frm
the outer surface ofthe monument washing was dm
wall of the mosque.

!+zr!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REYIEW

Dargah of Zafar Khan Gazi: 378,before and379, after conservation

472
L- I

P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

thoroughly. Construction of brick-on-edge pathway toilet block for public amenities in-between Chika
around the monument was completed. The work of Mosque and Gumti Gate u'as completed.
plastering on the interior walls of the first floor 398. Korwnlr D.rRu.r,.r r. Got R. Drs rnrc'r-
was completed along with the changing of damaged Mar.oa.u
old wooden rafters of the roof-ceiling by new one. Restoration of the collapsed brick rvall on the
Plastering on the ceiling of the gallery hall with western side was done with special size bricks in
composite mortar was completed. Restoration of combined lime-surkhi mortar as per original.
servant's quarters were completed.
399. Luxocsunr Glrowlr', Got'n. DrsrRrcr
394. Vrcronr,r MsN,ronrar Harl, (UNonn Cryrl MalonH
Drposn Wonx), Kor-xlrn, Drsrnrcr Kolx.rm
Clearance of vegetation from the monument
The work of replacing and relaying of marble
and its premises was done along with the spreading
stone and Kota stone slabs on the terraced floor ofthe of muruum on the pathway adjacent to it.
Mctoria Memorial Hall was completed. Plastering
work as per original was repaired. Pointing on the
400. Quonrr Rasul Mosquo, Goun, Drsrnlcr
Malnau
walls andceilings ofdifferentrooms was done along
with polishing of door and windows. Painting to the After cleaning the vegetation from the
miniature domes around the central dome were monument and its adjacent area, the work of roof
completed. Fixing of wire net mesh with glass fibre terracing was done by lime, surkhi andbrickkhoa
framing in the openings in front ofCalcutta Gallery is after dismantling the decayed lime-terraced roof. Coping

completed. Watertightening work on the dome on work on the top ofthe boundary wall was completed.
western side by pointing the joints of stones was 401. Tnnrtpana Moseue, GouR, Drsrnrc'r
attended to. Repairing ofthe barbed-wire fencing on Mar,onu
the western side of the Victoria Memorial Hall was
Clearance ofvegetation from the monument and
completed.
its surroundings was done along with the spreading
395. B,usclzr W.Lr-r-, Goun, Dsrrucr Mllolu of murn tm on the pathway adjacent to it.

Restoration of the collapsed brick wall on the 402. NrnrasnR,q,r Towen, Nrunsannl, DrsrRlcr'
western side was done with special size bricks in M,qLoaH
combined lime-surkhl mortar as per original. Clearing and removal of vegetation from the
monument was done. Barbed-wire fencing by fix-
396" BaR.rnua.Rr MoseuB, GouR, DrsrRrcr
ing angle iron posts along the protected periphery
Mamart
of the monument was done followed by the fixing
Clearance of vegetation from the monument
of a cattle proof gate.
and its precincts was done along with the spread-
ing of murrum onthe pahway adjacent to it. 403. Exlaxul Mausolsuu, PnNoua, Drslnrc'r
M,qLonH
397. Guuu Gnrn, GouR, Drsrnrcr MlloaH
The bricks of the salt-impregnated walls of the
Layingof stone apron around the periphery of Mausoleum at different locations have been changed
the monument was completed. Construction of a by underpinning brick work with new bricks in

+-'
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 - A REVIEW

I
----

iE
n
:ftr.-

Tomb and Mosque of Azim-Unnisa Begum: 380, belore and 381, afier conservation of the wall

l+ua
P RE SERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

oomposite mortar. Underpinning brick work has of the mosque was completed along with fixing of
dso been carried out at different portions where the Protection Notice Board and Cultural Notice
bricks were missing or lost. Board.
404. Qurnsanr Mosqun, Plxnu.l, Drsrnrcr 409. Toun lxo Mosqun orAr,rvlnor Krux exo
M.unlrr Srnar-Uo-Dlullln, Knosucn, I)rsrnlcr
Munsnmeulo
Laying ofstone apron around the mosque was
completed. Inside the mosque re-laying of floor Brick work with traditional brick was carried
with brick khoa and,lime-surkhi mortar in the ra- out in composite mortar on the mosque and
io of 7:2:2 was completed. boundary wall matching with the original structure.

405. TonmlxoMosqurorAzna-Unr.usaBrcuvr, 410. HazenouRlnr Pu,acE AND ftulun.l,u,

AZIMNAGAR, Drsrnrcr MuRSHIDABAn Munsmolsa,n, Dtsrrrcr Munsnmmao

Underpinning brick work in composite mortar Apart from day-to-day maintenance and
was carried out to repair the damaged portions ofthe cleaning of vegetation from the monument and the
wall at required places. Restoration and re-aligning adjacent protected area, lime-concrete flooring in
of bulged-out brick wall in the complex were also the newly organized galleries of first floor of the
done as per original (p1s.380-381). Brick joints of palace was done. After removing the old pulverized

the wall were also repaired to prevent seepage of damaged plaster of the northwestern corner room
water. of second floor, re-plastering was done. The work
of painting the doors and windows and electrical
406. BnauNrswAR Tnurlr, B.ln.LNac.ln, wiring of the room was completed. Renovation of
Drsrnrcr MunsHroarlo
old toilet block was completed. Repairing and
Barbed-wire fencing was provided around the restoration of the lime-concrete pathway of the
protected area of the temple. complex were also done. The fountain on the
407. Durcn CnunrrRy, Knr,rxlpun, Drsrnrcr southern side of the palace was thoroughly
MunsmnlsAD repaired and lime-surkhi plastering of the same
was done as per original.
Apart from clearing and removing the
vegetation from the tombs, graves, obelisks and Flush pointing of the black basalt stone joints
adjacent area in the complex brick-on-edge lining ofthe fountain ofthe Imambara was completed.
aoundthe graves was done. Brick-on-edging was also
done on either side ofthe pathways inside the complex. 4ll. Plr,plna Tnurln, PAlrau, Drsrnrcr
MunsrmnsAD
408. Mosqr,n, KurnuR, Drsrnrcr Munsrrmarm
Repairing of the damaged and missing parts
The work of providing barbed-wire fencing of the brick wall was completed by brick work in
on angle iron posts along the'protected periphery composite mortar.

l+tsl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A
trI
u
Construction of lime-concrete pathway
a-i
412. Toprn lxp MosQun oF Su'lauoutN'
completed.
RosHxrslc, Drsrnrcr MURSHIDABAn
417. GnouporTnuplns (UxunnCrvrrlhn
Apart from clearing of vegetation from
the
to the Wonr), Bonnvr, Drsrnrcr PunuuYl
mosque and its surroundings' repairs
side of the
damaged boundary wall on the eastern Cutting, cleaning and removal of
in
.orrrpi.* was done by brick masonry work from the temples were followed by the
of 5
composite mortar as per original' Relaying of the ornamental brick work with special
wall was Temples{
cm thick lime-concrete over the boundary bricks in clay mortar as per original on
completed. On the newly constructed
brick wall
& II. Grouting work to fill up the fissures on fui
25 mmthick lime- surkhi plastering was done
as
platform of these temples was also attended'
per the original to prevent seepage of
water'

SIKKIM
413. Tow.lxo MosQUE or Munstm QwI Kun'x
(Klrna. MosQus), Sln'rr K'lrnn' DrsrRtcr
Munsmnan,lo 418. Dunul Moxlsrnnv, KueoculDPHAl.rrl
Filleting work to retain the original plaster
DlsrmcrWnsrSxxtm l
was carried out at required portions of the The damaged portion of the boundaV waft
joints' Thcl
mosque along with pointing of the brick around Dubdi Monastery was repaired'
and its
Cleaning of vegetation from the mosque pathway towards the toilet block was upgraded'
thc
precincts was also attended to' including the pathway from entrance gate to
monastery. Apart from this, clearance of
vegetatim
414. Bau,ar,ouprrBAMANPUKUn,DrsrmcrNmu
also
from the monument and its adjacent area was
The work of stretching barbed-wire fencing completed.
periphery
through RCC pillars along the protected
4lg. Rq.nopNrsn Srrn on AxcrBNr Cn'prrll or
of the mound was comPleted'
Suoou, Fonnsr Anna or PnnvnvlNcrsn MoNASTERY'
415. CnnNuurETU's Fonr, BnR'lculMrl' DrsrrucrWnsr Sxxru
Drsrmcr Nonrn TwnNrv-Foun PARGANAS

Cutting, clearing and removal of vegetation

The work of providing barbed-wire fencing and
wall was and accumulated debris from the structures
through RCC poles round the fortification
grill gates' adjacent area were followed by the restoration
partly completed along with fixing ofM'S'
*ork of the fortification wall by re-setting the
partly
416. V.lunluIHIRER DHlrl, Dnur'rl 'lxo dislodged stone members' The work was
also
Klurnp.tRl, Dlstntcr Nonrn Twuxrv-Foun completed. Dislodged stone members were
set with combination mortar in the main
shrine
PaRca.N,ts
Construction of dwarf brick wall along
with chamber, palace-complex and other structural
and
fixing of mild steel ornamental grills over it
around remains. Besides, the work of upgradation
the exposed temple-complex was completed' construction of pathways inside the complex

476
P RE SERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

with the renewal of flooring in

\\ ere done along protect the paintings on the inner surlace of the roof,
some chambers and in front of three manes. the edging work was done.

423. Excrynrrn Stre, BuIr.r. DIsrRlcr -{.LLrHre.{n

Watertightening work and due pointing to the
srructures were also attended to. Atoilet block with The work of providing barbed-s'ire fencing
marble flooring and drinking water facilities was and an iron gate at the site, is in progress.
also provided as a part of public amenities. 424. MouNo, PBxanta.lsan Aro KurR.lst-
Hou,ever, clearance of debris brought to light many wANJHAR, DIsrRIcr BalR.Lnpu R
structural remains inside the palace-complex which
A boundary wall in brick masonry and an iron
ri ere duly preserved and gardening was developed
gate were provided all around both the mounds.
inside the complex.
425. Ka.r-rNl^ln FoRt, BaNo.l, DtsrRIcr BlNna
-120. Crlnrlr,tr'roN THRorr: or Nons[iGAN(;' Yuxs<llt.,
Resetting work ofthe main gate ofNeelkantha
D rslnrr:r' Wns't' Slxrlu Temple was done and the backside stairs leading
to temple were repaired by resetting the stone slabs
Clearance of vegetation from the monument
and pointing (pls.382-385). After removing dam-
and its surroundings was done. Gardening was
aged lime-concrete layer of roof and floor ofVenkat
developed in the complex.
Behari Temple, fresh lime-concrete floor and the
Lucxttow Ctncle pathway were provided. The work is in progress.

UTTAR PRADESH The fortification wall nearNeelkantha Temple

had gone out-of-plumb and collapsed. The
121. KHusRosAGH, At,laHABADe Dtsrnlcr resetting work of wall by coarse rubble stone
masonry is underway.
-\t.t.,tu,qgno
The restoration work of damaged and bulged-
Afte removing the old dead layer of lime- out western wall ofKoti-Tirtha Tank is in progress
concrete from floor and roof of Khusro's Mother's after dismantling the bulged-out portion.
tomb, fresh lime-concrete layer was provided. The
426. TenapLE AT Blnsa KorRa, Mau, Dtsrnlcr
stone flooring was provided after resetting and
Cumnq.xoor
pointing the outerplatform ofthe tomb. The M.S.
grill was provided on brick foundation on southern After carefully dismantling the fallen struc-
side of tomb at Khusrobagh. tures, the garbha-griha of the temple was reset
upto the platform or jagati level.
-l 2 2. Z,rl..tr,t P,lt.,tc ti. At. t-,1 H,tllnlr Ftlnl, D Is'rRlr"'l'
427. CHnNDELLA Tsnapln, Rq,N.{Nacen, Dlstnlcr
.{ t,t.,tl t,ttt,ttl
CHrrnqxoor
The decayed lime-concrete on roof was
removed and fresh lime-concrete bed was re-laid The platform of south and west sides of
to arrest percolation of water from the top. To Chandella temple was reset as per the original.

177
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO I -02 _ A REVIEW

Neelkantha Temple, main gate: 382, before and 383, after conservation

!+zr!
P RE SE RVATI O NS OF MONU ME NTS

I
fuIII
"t"

q
tr
'{fl
M
*l
" 1;.

Neelkontho Tempre:394, before fid3g5,afierrqairs ofstqs reading to the tempre

a4zqa
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIffi

Fltz'lnlo, Drsrmcr 432.GmnslTnurpln-Corurr,nxrJuanstFoRt, Ds'

428. Torvrn or Blrru Bncunn, I
Fumat rRlcrJnnnst
I
After removing the decayed lime-concrete' the I
Afterremoving old deadplaster from the main
freshlime-concretewasprovidedforwatertightening' l
grave and the inner walls of room, freshlime'surkhi
The lime-mortarpointingworkwas also done as per
l

plaster was provided as per the original' After

the original. The cracked arch of entrance gate was
grass
dismantling old flatbrickpathway and removing
also repaired by way ofunderpinning and replastering'
roots, the pathway with brick edging was relaid'
433. Bnrcr Tnupr,n ar Nrntvl KHnu, Dtsrntcr
429. T owsor Snura-Un-Dlur'^1, Gur'mn'mr, Drs- KaxpunNacln
TRICT Fxznsnu
The collapsed portion of boundary wall was
After removing dead lime-concrete plaster reconstructed in brick masonry with barbed-wire
from the roof of ground floor, a fresh lime- fencing fixed on the top of the wall' After removing
concrete layer and plaster was provided' modem enclosure wall, the onginal p anchay at ana
form ofthe temple was restored. The bulged portion
The parapet wall and chhatlris were re- of main temPle was restored.
paired and the moulding were reproduced as per
434. CnvrnrERY AT Susnoln-x'L-TL'nn, Dtsrnlcr
the original. KaNpunNlcm
:i

430. JltNl Tnupm Mouxn, SuunnruR, Dtsrmcr The graves were repaired by underpinning and
Haunpun re-plastering and apron was also provided around
them.
Barbed-wire fencing was provided all around
themound. 435. KnTcHEHRY CnnrnrnRv, Drsrnlct Klxpun
Nacm
431. Cn.q,uRASt Guntn^lJ, Kupr, Drsrnrcr JuauN
The work of repairs and replastering of the
graves with moulding and carvings was undertaken
The dead lime-concrete form the roof was
as per the original.
removed and re-plastered with fresh mortar to
arrest seepage of water from the roof' Apron of 436.Trnrpln lr KmcHULIPUR, Drsrrucr KlNpun
lime-concrete was also provided all around the Nlcm
main structure. Front wall of main structure was
A boundary wall in brick masonry and an iron
repaired by rich carved mouldings in lime-plaster'
gate for entrance were Provided'-
Sunshades were also restored as per the original'
437. Llxut NlnlrN Tnntrln, CulNoruR, Dtsrrucr
Boundary *uil of brick masonry was con- L..tlrpuR
structed besides lime-plastering the northeastern
A cut stone boundary wall along with flag
side of the building. M.S.grill of appropriate de-
stone apron was constructed all around the temple'
sign was also provided over the boundary wall'

480
 P RE SERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

.138. Vanaua Telrplo, CurxneuR, Drsrnrcr wall was repaired and M.S. grillwas pror.ided in
LrurpuR front side.
A new boundary wall ofcut stone and flagstone 444. N{oorl Room, RrsrnrNcy, Lucxr-os.
apron all around the temple was provided.
Drsrnrcr LucxNow
-139. Dlsavarana Truplr, DrvceRs. Drsrnrcr For entrance to the underground chambers of
L.rurpuR
Model room from the first floor of main Residency
After dismantling old, bulged and cracked building, there was a ramp way which was com_
boundary wall, new dressed stone boundary wall and pletely perished. This wooden ramp was restored
tlag stone pathway was provided. as per the original for the convenience of physi_

BalllrB Gunno Garr, RcsrorNcy, LucxNow,

{.10. cally handicapped visitors to 1857 Memorial Mu_
DrsrRlcr LucxNow seum.

ln order to repair the bulged and dislocated arch 445. Nausar KuaNa,Asarl Imame,{Rn, LucKNow,
of outer or eastern side, upper portion of arch was Drsrnlcr LucxNow
dismantled and rebuilt by lakhauri brick masonry. The front portion and side walls were repaired
The work is in progress.
by way of underpinning with the lakhauri bricks
CsuorsRy lrAIaMBAGH, Lucxow, DtsrRlcr
-141. reproducing the missing chhatri at south_west
LucxNorv corner. Decorative designs were reproduced in
lime-mortar, matching with the original (pls.3g6_
Dwarfboundary wall with omamental M. S. gdll
387).
x'as provided on the existing foundation ofthe origi_
nalboundarywall. 446. Rurrr Garr, Lucxrou, Drsrnrcr
142. Dnrcusua Paracn, Lucxnow, DrsrRrcr Lucrxow
LucxNow Afterremoving dead lime-concrete, fresh lime_
The northem tower of main palace building was concrete floor was provided. Iron grills were also
conserved by way of underpinning with lakhauri provided in the opening in ground floor to prevent
bricks and pointing. Moulded cornices were repro_ the encroachment. Thick lime-plaster in moulded
duced as per original. The wooden roofwas also pro_ floral design was reproduced on parapet wall.
vided. 447. STruNDERBAGH Glrn, LucrNow, Drsrnlcr
LucxNow
The height of existing M.S. grill was in_
creased by providing pointed arrows in square iron The wooden roof supported by wooden beam
bars on existing ones. was provided on the semi-curved verandah of
443. Manron CourrnRv, LucxNow, DrsrRrcr southeastem corner of Sikanderbagh, matching the

LucxNow original. The outer and inner surfaces of wall were

repaired by lakhauri brick masonry and pointing.
The decayed plaster was removed from the Plaster moulding work was also done on the inner
graves and re-plastered. The damaged boundary walls.

I +sr
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEH

386

'rrt
k&*

387

Asafi Imambqra, Naubqt Khana: 386, before and 387, aJier conservation

!+az!
P RE SERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

-l-18. Tonre or Gsazr-Uo-DrN H,rtorR, LucxNow, 454. CrupEL oF Sr. ClrsERI\E, OI-n Gol,
DrsrRrcr LucxNow DrsrRrcr NonrH Goa
The uneven surface in front and around the
The entrance gate offlre tomb facing River Gomti
chapel was levelled and the area was landscaped
had gone out-of-plumb and was in bad shape. It was
by developing a green lawn. Being located at a
dismantled and restored by lakhauri brick masonry
lower level, the chapel was provided with proper
as per the original. The doors were also repaired.
slope and guffers. A laterite pathway is provided
-l-19. Alr,na-Kr-Lar, Mlnon.n, DrsrRrcr M*rona from entrance gate to the chapel (p1s.388-389).
455.Cuunm nnu CoNl,nNr or Sr. FnANcrs oF As$s,
A boundary wall in stone masonry was
Or,o Go4 Drsrmcr Nonrn Gol
constructed to protect the monument.
The cellar with the arched-opening below
{50. JuNa Tourln, SuxoRL, Drsrmcr M.tnonl the museum had been blocked due to disuse for
a long time and this was causing dampness to
The construction of boundary wall was initi- the entire structure resulting in decay and peeling
ated. The work is in progress. off of the plaster. The entire blocked portion of
the cellar was opened and walls were provided
{51. Excal'nrnn Slru, Slner, Drsrnrcr Snavnsu
with fresh lime-plaster after removing the dead
\.rc,ln
mortar and applied with suitable colour wash.
A boundary wall with brick masonry was con- The cellar entrance was provided with a grilled
structed at western side of the site. The work is in gate (pls.390-391).
progress. The open corridors of the first floor of the
MrHr Crncle quadrangle (housing the Archaeological Museum)
consisting ofportrait panel paintings were provided
GOA with sliding glass shutters to avoid paintings getting
damaged due to rainldust.
-152. Aculoa, FoRrRnss (Urron), C.LNnolru, 456. Cnuncrr oF Sr. Aucusrrxu, Or-r Go,r,
DrsrRrcr Nonrn Gol Drsrnrcr Nonru Gon
The stagnated rain-water in the moat on The nave portion ofthe church consisted of stone
eastern side due to stacked soil was cleared and flooring laid with tomb stones. These floor stones
levelled by providing proper slope towards the sea. were damaged due to sinking of soil. To avoid further
The arches inside the fort were provided with damage, the stones were removed after proper
grills. documentation and fixed after providing concrete bed

453. Blsu,rcA oF Bou Jpsus, Oro Gono Drsrnrcr and sand soling (p1s.392-393).

Nonru Gol 457. Csuncn or Oun Laov or Ros.rnv, Olo Gol,

Drsrnrcr Nonrn Goa
A retaining wall with M.S. railing on the top
was constructed for the drain on the southeastern The roof of the side altar was leaking due to
side of the Basilica. damaged roof tiles which was watertightened and

I+arI
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 388-389

389

Old Goa, Chapel of St. Catherine: 388, before and 389, after conserttation

I +sal
--+ P RE SERVATION S OF MONU MENTS

Plates 390-391

\
-

I
I
,,'

390

I'

I c'&il

I
39r

Museum Cellar Church and Convent of St. Francis {ssisi

390, before and 391, after conservation

485
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 392-393

392

f,

l
I

393

Old Goa, Church of St. Augustine: 392, before

and393, after repairs of the stoneJlooring

!+so!
P RE SE RVATION S OF MONU MENTS

394

395

Tambdisurla, Mahadeva Temple: 394, during

and 395, af,er construction o.f compound v'all

181
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIE

repaired by replacing decayed beams, rafters etc. with by way of resetting, undetpinning and pointing
new rvood wherever necessary. The interior of the Pathway and the courtyard in front of the main
church was whitc washed, matching with the original. entrance were laid with lime-concrete as per the
458. Ss'CaruonRu, Oln Goa, Dlsrnlcr Nonru original. Boundary wall mounted with iron grill s a-<
Go,t constructed forthe site museum.

463. RpuarNS oF Tsnrplo ar Kunlsan,u, DIstRlct

The plaster over the ceiling and walls of the
Gava
transepts had weakened due to constant percolation
of rain-water from the roof. These walls were Boundary wall with M.S. grill was provided to
deplastered by raking and fresh lime-plaster was thetemple remains having acolossal image of Buddha
applied. The exterior walls were painted with in the sanctum.
waterproof cement paint. The ancient retaining wall 464. Exclvarn,p Rntralnso KoLuul, Dtsrnlct
built of laterite stones on the north and east sides were Muz^rpplnpun
damaged due to vegetational growth and
decomposition of stones. The same was reconstructed Recently exposedvotive stupas towards the north

by using good quality laterite stones ofthe same size, and west of the main stupa were consolidated b1

matching with the original. underpinning, resetting, pointing and watertightening.

459. Excalarrn Stre, CunNnoR, Dtsrntcr Sourn 465. Excryarrn RBnrltns nr NalaNol, DtstRtct
Go,r Nalannl

A laterite dwarfwall with railing is constructed Pointing, resetting underpinning, and water-
around the excavated temple site. tightening have been done to consolidate the monastic
complex Nos. 7 and 8 with the help of special size
460. MaHaorla Trnrplo, KuRot, DtsrRtcr Sourn
bricks and lime-szrrkhi mortar matching with the
Gon
original. Boundary wall with iron grill was constructed
A laterite stone apron is provided all around the towards the west and north side of the site. The work
temple with proper slope to drain offthe rain-water. is in progress.
461. MaHlnnl'a Tnupln, TlmnusuRLA, Dtsrrucr 466. Gnoup op MoN{uMENTS, Rl.lctR, Dlsrntcr
Sours Goa Nar.aNna
A laterite dwarfwall is constructed all around
Fencing with M.S. gnll was provided to the stupa
the monument (pls. 394-395).
at Giriyak, Jaina shrine on Vaibhar hill and recently
exposed stupa at Banganga. Top ofthe Son Bhandar
ParmGlncle
Cave was watertightened to checkpercolaton ofrain-
BIHAR water into the caves. The work is in progress.

462. ExcnvATED RnMl,tNs or VITRaMSHILA 467. Isnlntm Bavu's ToMB, BtunnsHaRlr,

MaHavtH,q,Ra, ANttcHlx, DtstRtct Bslcalpun Dlsrnrcr NallNol

North-west and north-east comers of lower and Decayed plaster of the inner and the outer
-and
upper terraces of the main stupa were consolidated surfaces of the main dome was removed

IcssI
 P RE SERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

replastered with lime-surkhi matching with the

172. Veorc Bunrnl MouNns AT L.rrRrrr
original. Subsidiary structures were also repaired.
Nrro.txcanH, Drsrnrcr Wosr Cu.tlrp,rnrr
468. ExcevATED RomarNs or parallpurRA, Three burial mounds were fenced u,ith
KunruHan, Drsrucr plrNa
barbed-wire to check exploitation of earth from
The boundary wall on the northern side was the mounds by local people.
raised and M.S. grill was provided. Low lying
parking area was raised and laid with pCC flooring JHARKHAND
to stop the stagnation ofrain-water.
473. Jnnra Mosqul:. HnoRr, DrsrRlcr SaHeecrr.r
469. Toun or Mlxoulr Sueu, M.l,NrR, DrsrRrcr
PrrNa The decayed plaster of dome of the mosque
was removed and replastered with fresh lime_
Lime-concrete flooring was laid on the
verandah and terrace of the main tomb as per the
surkhi mortar as per original. The ablution tank
was plastered with lime-concrete. Enclosure wall
original. Broken and weathered flag stones of
ofthe mosque was consolidated by way of point_
comer chhatriwerereplaced by fresh ones. Broken
ing in recess.
stones of staircase and entrance gate were replaced
by fresh ashlar stones. Boundary wall with iron
grill was constructed. UTTAR PRADESH

470. Tonrn on Has,qN Snau Sunr, Sasanlm, Dls- 474. S'roNs Pllr..rn a:lo MouNo, LArryA, DrsrRlc..r
rRrcrRonus Gu.tztpun
Damaged domes of kangooraswere repaired
The mound with ruins was fenced by a bound_
by fresh lime-surkhl plaster as per original. The
ary wall and wire-mesh over it.
steps of baoli were repaired by way of pointing
and minor restoration. 475.On Sulur F<lRr, J,+u:veun, DlsrRrr-r Jnulpr R

471. Tomr or SnnR Suan Sunr, Sas.l,uu, Drsrnrcr Decayed plaster of the wall and floor of the
Rourss mosque and hamam (Turkish bath) within the fort
was removed and fresh lime_surkhi plaster
Drum portion ofthe main tomb and.kangooras
applied as per the original. Apron to the mosque
were repaired by lime-surkhi plaster. Floor of the
was also provided to check percolation of rain_
terrace was also watertightened by lime_plaster.
water into the foundation.
Octagonal verandah was laid with flag stone
flooring over concrete base. Broken and missing 476. Tonre or, FrRoz SH,rn, JluxRuR, Drsrnlc r
stones of the steps of ghat near entrance were JluNpun
replaced by fresh ashlar stones.
eanati Mosque was
also conserved by way ofpointing and replacement Patches of decayed plaster was removed from
the walls and the floorreplastered with lime_surklti
ofdamaged flag stones ofwalls and floormatching
with the original. mortar matching with the original. The tomb ri.as
fenced by a dwarf wall with M.S. grill or er ir.

foseI
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEII

{77. Exc.*aron Remnluso KusHtNAGAR' Dlsrnlcr 482. Ja,l St:lcH's OesnRlnronv, M,rt'l M'rurt-'
Kusulracln DrsrRtcr Vl.naNA.sl

Platforms ofthe Nirvana Temple and stupa were Weak plaster was removed and replastered a-<
provided with a grill railing as a safety measure' The per original. Rotten wooden doors and windows \l'ere
monastery-complex to the south-west of Nirvana repaired and painted. For additional safety specialll
Temple was conserved by way of resetting, pointing fabricated grill doors were fixed.
and watertightening using special size bricks and
lime-
483. L.q.L KH,c.Nos Toms Ar R,qJcHnr', Dlsrntcl
surkhi mortar. The site was partly fenced with a
V,tRlNnst
boundary wall mounted with M.S' grill' The work is
in progress.
Western boundary of the site was fenced with
478. Usmnnpun MouNo, Cuuntlaox, Dtstnlct M.S. grill over dwarf wall for proper safety and
KusulNlcln security.

Extensive mound at Usmanpur near Chhetiaon SRlnaelnGtncur

was partly fenced with barbed-wire for security' The
work is in progress. JAMMU & KASHMIR

479. CuowKHANDI Stuen, S.tnNarH, Dtsrnlcr

VnnaNEst
484. ANcrn:{t Templ-e on M.tRr.qNon DtsrRIct
ANaNrN,qc
Eastern arm of the lower terrace of stupa was
conserved by resetting and watertightening with the A portion of protected area on the southem side
help of special sized bricks and lime-szrkhimortat' ofthe monument was provided with chain link fencing
Boundary wal I with M. S. grill panels was constructed over dwarfwall of random rubble stone masonry in
for proper safetY of the site. order to safeguard the protected area of the monu-
ment.
480. Excava.Tro RonaalNs, S.l,nNa.rH, DIstntct
Vlnnlrasl 485. Mucull AncloE, VERI'l'+{;', Dlstntct
Ax.tNrx,q.c
Votive stupa and other minor structures around
Mulagandha Kuti were consolidated by way of The arcade surrounding octagonal tank ofthe
resetting, underpinning, pointing and watertightening' natural spring was conserved by way of underpinning
and pointing ofthe damaged central portion of ceiling
481. Dnlnaunl Mosgue, V'lnaNl'sl, Dtstntct
of the arcade, restoration of damaged and broken
VluNast
chajj a stones including concreting and watertightening
Cracks on the lower terrace towards east was ofthe southem domicalroof aftercareful removal of
ed-up by pressure grouting. Decayed plaster of dead lime-concrete (pls. 396-397). M'S' grill fencing
lls and floor was removed and replastered with lime- was provided in the remaining portion around the
rkhimortat as Per original. spring.

I+mI
P RE SE RVATIONS O F MONU MENTS

-t

397

Verinag, Mughal Arcade: 396, before and 397, after conservation

ffi+otffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEII'

486. Arclnxr Tnnapls FarBHcnnn, DtstnIcl bulged-out portion was conserved with fine dressed
Beurrtr-u stone blocks reproducing the original mouldings
and ornamental carvings after removing the worn-
A portion ofthe protected area ofthe monument
out and pulverized stone blocks.
was provided with chain link fencing over dwarfwall.
492. TTIocHANNATH TemrLe, Blsoulr, Drsrntct
487. S,q,N'KARAGAURTsvARA TnmrLo, Parran, Dtsrrucr
Karuua
Banruurr-l
The protected area ofthe temple was enclosed
The chisel-dressed devri stone apron was laid
on two sides with chain link fencing over the tor*-
over the base concrete in the remaining half por- wall.
tion around the temple. Besides a stone pathway
493. Buoonrsr Monasroruu,s, At-cHt, DtsrRtcr LeH
was also provided along with M.S. grill gate and
turn style gate on the southern side of the monu- The height of the boundary wall of the
ment. monastery was increased after carrying out
necessary repairs. Tlte chortens along the northern
488. ANcrnrrn Snm @xcAvArED REMuxs), Usurun l,,
pradakshina-patha on the back side of the
Drsrnrcr BaRaMuu.q,
Manjushri and Lotsava Lakhang were repaired and
The existing barbed-wire fencing which was a retaining wall was also provided to strengthen
in damaged condition and missing at places was foundation of these chortens (pls.400-401).
removed and re-erected over dwarf wall of random Necessary repairs, watertightening and resetting
rubble masonry. were also carried out to the dilapidated porches
489. ANcrBNr Font, AxuNoon, Drsrrucr Jmruu of the Manjushri and Lotsava Lakhang. The
damaged, deflected, broken and missing wooden
The dilapidated and missing portions of the members of the roof of these porches were
southem and western sides ofthe fortification walls substituted with new ones matching the original.
along with arches, kanguras and bastions were
restored and conserved by way of underpinning The damaged wooden beams/rafters were
with brickmasonry and pointing ofthe open joints replaced after careful dismantling of the roof of
in combination mortar (pls.398-3 99). the Dukhang (assembly hall). Besides rotten and
damaged wooden planks of roof were replaced
490. RrnLq.INs or ANcmNt sttu,, ATTIBARAN, Dtsrrucr
with new ones and watertightening to the roof was
Jarr.rlru
also done. Additional wooden beams, columns and
Retaining wall in coursed rubble masonry was brackets were provided to support an important
provided towards northeastern side of the Ancient chorten believed to be containing the holy relics
site to check erosion of soil during rains and also to of Buddha located in the courtyard of the Dukhang.
prevent damage to the exposedbumt-brick structures.
494. Honrrs Guurura, Hnmrs, DsrRtcr Lsn
491. ANcrrNt Trmrln, Bu,r-lwnn, Drsrnrcr Karrun The fagade between main assembly hall and
southeastern side of the
A portion on the kabjima of the monastery with cracks and bulged-
adhishthana of the temple, with wide cracks and outportion were repaired matching the original after

lqgzl
P RE SE RVATI ONS O F MON U ME NTS

tlr

.t\

398

EItrr
I'T
ryM ;

399
Akhnoor Fort: 398, before and 399, after conservation

!o:!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEII

-#fl
\:i
d"
r1

400

,, 'l
401

Alchi, Buddhist Monasteries: 400, before and 401,

after conservation of Manjusri Lakhang and Lotsava Lakhang

-t9+
P RE SERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

is careful dismantling. The missing, decayed, and grass, etc., resting on the wooden columns, beams,
fractured wooden members of the doors, windows brackets and rendered watertight.
and balconies were substituted with new ones
The restoration of ruined double-storied
matching the original. The watertightening of the
Stakhang (horse stable) building near the entrance of
roof and floors ofthis portion was also carried out.
the palace was taken up after careful removal of debris
Similarly, the parapets were restored by providing
and exposing the original plan and structural remains
nvigs/grass with partial ornamentation on the front.
on the ground level and completed with rubble stone
The chhajjas with slate stone on the top were also
masonry in mud-mortar. The doors, windows and
provided as per original pattern matching the
other wooden members were also provided in
adjoining structures.
accordance with the prevalent style. The existing
pathway leading to the entrance of the porch ofthe
495. Bunonrsr MoNnsronv, Lamryunu, DtstRtcr
palace was widened afterremoval ofdebris and also
LEU
by constructing a retaining wall in rubble stone
In continuation of the previous year's (2000- masonry alongthe slope ofthe hill (p1s.402-403).
2001,p.282) work, the construction of retaining
wall was completed. Besides the restoration of 497. Buoonrsr Guvrpun, PuyaNG, Dtsrntcr Los
damaged and dislodged staircase leading to the
The leaking and damaged roofofthe Tsogskhang
monastery on southwestem side ofthe complex was
was repaired and watertightened after careful
carried out in original pattern with ruble stone
dismantling and rernoval ofthe roofterrace and relaying
masonry in combination mortar. Besides the
of the same as per original. The wooden rafters and
dilapidated structure of the porch above the
twigs were substituted in place ofmissing, decayed,
staircase was repaired with the sun-dried mud-
broken and cracked ones wherever found absolutely
brick masonry in mud mortar. Similarly the roof of
necessary. The mud concreting ofthe roofterrace was
the porch was also repaired by providing the mud-
provided after spreading yakzes overthe twigs layer.
concrete and rendered watertight.
Besides decayed wooden members of skylight and
496.ANcroNr P,lr-rcr, Lnn, Drsrmcr Lnn wooden ornamental carving overmain gate were also
restored. A wooden railing was provided in the
The collapsed and dilapidated portion of the
assembly hall of the Tsogskhang in order to prevent
palace from level 2nd to 4th on south-east corner
damage to the murals / paintings from the visitors by
was restored with rubble stone masonry in mud-
touching, scratching, scribbling, etc. All the u-ooden
mortarmatching the original byusing old traditional
members including wooden floor were treated u'ith
material and following original pattern and design.
wood preservative. Aretaining wall on the south side
The missing and decayed wooden members were
of Tsogskhang was also provided to support and
also provided in the doors, windows and balconies
strengthen the weak foundation of the stmcture.
as per original design. Besides roof terrace and
floors of each level were provided with mud In orderto provide support to the supers0:rrcture

concrete overwooden rafters, willow twigs, yakzes ofthe multi-storied Dukhang-complex, with wide

495
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEJT

vertical cracks, sagging floors at different levels, monastery was also provided in coarse rubble storx
bulged and out-of-plumb walls, etc. a series of masonry for strengthening its weak foundation in
props of random rubble stone masonry in mud- order to sustain the excess load of the lofo
mortar were provided inside the basement after superstructure.
filling the wide gaps between the walls and sagging 500. Srupa, TISSERu, Dtsrntcr Lru
roof. Additional supports were also provided
wherever found necessary. The weak foundation
In continuation of the previous year's wort
(2000-200 l, p. 28 1), restoration ofthe eastern and
was also stabilized by providing retaining wall of
rubble stone masonry in the Dukhang-complex to northern portions of the stupa from foundation to
level l st and 2nd on the southern side. the top of the level 5th and the level 6th was
completed as per original pattern. The foundation
498.ANcroNr Puacn nNo SunrNn, SHEY, DlsrRlcr wall of each of the above mentioned level to a
LEII height of about 1 m was restored with rubble stone
masonry in mud mortar and rest of the portion in
The restoration of remaining central portion sun-dried mud brick masonry in mud-mortar was
of the fagade of the palace towards southwestern also provided over the stone masonry on level 6th
side was carried out with sun-dried mud-brick on the east, 5th and 6th on the north and remaining
masonry in mud-mortar matching the original' The work in level 6th on the south side of the stupa'
roof terrace and floors were repaired in The mud-concrete over the willow twigs were
traditional style by providing mud-concrete over provided in the roof of the passage of the level 5th
wooden columns, brackets, beams, rafters, twigs and 6th on south, east and north sides of the stupa
and yakzes. The damaged and dislodged staircase and rendered watertight. Besides resetting of
of the main entrance leading to the interiors of random rubble stone and sun-dried mud-brick
the palace and Dukhang was also repaired and masonry in 5th and 6th levels along with mud
reset in combination mortar (pIs.404-405)' plastering were also carried out in the remaining
Dlsrnlcr Lon portion wherever necessary (pIs.406-a07)'
499. ANcrnNr Guurua, TmxsoY,
501. AleNus\AMIN TtntrlE, AraxrrpuR, Dtsrnlct
The damaged and bulged-out walls of the
PuLMM.q
exterior portion of the double-storeyed building in
front of the Lhamokhang were repaired after The damaged and missing barbed-wire fencing

careful dismantling of the same. The roof terrace was replaced with M.S. Grill fencing over the dwarf

and lst floor were also restored by using old wall towards south and south-east side of the
building materials except replacing the missing and monument. Its design was matching the existing grill

decayed wooden beams, rafters, columns, fencing inthe frontportion ofthe monument'

brackets, etc. with new ones wherever found 502. ANcrnNt Trmrln, L,toul', DtsrRlcr Pul$'A'm'q
absolutely necessary. The mud-concrete was laid
The remaining portion ofthe monument towards
on the roof terrace and rendered watertight' The
retaining wall below the base/foundations of north-west and north sides were fenced with chain
Lhamokhang towards riorth-east side of the link fencing over dwarfwall ofrandom rubble stone'

14%I
P RE SERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

a|f. :1, .'

Leh Palace: 402, before and 403, after conservation ofstakhang and approach road

l+ot!,
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 404405

-a F'T
Y I &-x
r-

ffi

405

Shey Palace: 404,before and 405, after conservation

498
L I

P RE SERVATIONS O F MONU MENTS

503. Arnun Mulla SulH Moseue, DrsrRrcr 508. ANcte xr Te uprrs. \ rro B raor n (Tuar-ona),
SnrNacan MnnwnL, DlsrRlt r L'oH rrrpr R

Underpinning of rubble stone masonry in Five courses of the platform of the temple
combination mortar besides pointing of the open facing south-west side were reset \\.ith matching
joints of brick and stone masonry were carried out stones as per existing pattern and design
in the upper courtyard and dallans. (pls.4l0-41 I ).

504. Gnoup op ANcreNr Tstrples, NaRlN,tG,

Drsrnrcr SnrN,qcA,n
509.ANcmNr Fonr aNn SlnrnnHr or Qt'rer- or Ru.r
SucHrr SrncH, RruNacan, Dtsrrucr Uosaupt R

The damaged G.I. Sheet of pyramidal roof of

the main temple (first group) were replaced, Structural repairs to the outer fortification
besides resetting the steps on the eastern face. wall towards south-east side were carried out.
The remaining portion of Samadhi adjoining the
505. Pnrnan Mas.lro, Z,rrNa KloaL, Drsrnrcr fort was provided with M.S.grill fencing over
SruNacln dwarf wall.
The open area in the front portion of the 510. ANcruNr Pal.lcro RanrN,rclR, Drsrnrcr
mosque was enclosed by providing M.S. Grill Uuuanrpun
fencing over the dwarf wall on its northern and
southern sides following the alignment of the The upper storeyes of the old palace-complex
mosque. M.S. Grill gates were also provided on were provided with wooden doors, u,indorn,s as
the east and south sides ofthe enclosed area and per matching design including replastering and
connected with a devri stone pathway. restoration of intricate stucco work. The flight of
steps leading to the fagade of the palace wall and
506. Gnoup or Toupu,s, Krnatrcnr, DrsrRrcr
the entrance to the old palace were restored.
UoHa.upuR
Besides the stone flooring of the central courtyard
Stone pathways were laid over base concrete of the palace was re-laid by following the existing
to facilitate the movement ofvisitors. pattern.Similarly the floors of the ruined and
collapsed cells on the northern side of the courtyard
507. ANcrsNr Trnrpres Kru Dsna I axo II, BasouR
were restored with chisel-dressed stone
(Tn,tlou), MANwAL, Drsrrucr UonaupuR
flooring(p1s.412-413). The inner face of the
Stone pathways from main gate to the temples adjoining northern wall were underpinned with
were laid over base concrete. Besides structural coursed rubble stone masonry and pointed. Stone
conseryation of platform andmandapa along with pathways were provided in addition to M.S. grill
apron on the south and western sides of the temple fencing over dwarf wall to enclose the outer area
were carried out (p1s.408-409). ofpalace-complex.

f +es!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEII'

Tisseru, Stupa: 406, before and 407, after conserttation

500
P RE SERVATIONS OF MON U MENTS

PIates 408409

W
.rl

. ::.

408

l
l

409

Manwal, Kala Dera II, Ancient Temple: 408, before and 409, after conservation

501
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REITET

\-t *rF,
efr,
ffiM
m
{

HH: I
4t0

tr
.4n
Manwal, Nand Babour, Ancient Temple: 410, before and 4l l, after conservation

!soz!
PRE SERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

I
i-

Ramnagar, Ancient polace: 412, before and4l3,

after
conservation offloor of the cells and northern
side wall

ffiso:ffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REI7Etr

.f *"

4t5

Kannur, Fort St. Angelo: 414, before and 415, after repairs to the roof of the Chapel

ffiso+ffi
 P RE SE RVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

TnRlssuR CrRcle 515. Beral Fonr, PaLLrxaRc, Drsrnrcr Kasancoo

The damaged bastion on the southwestem side
KERALA
was reconstructed with new laterite stones after
removing the accumulated earth. The missing
511. M,trrnNCHERy PnL,t'E, Kocur (Cocurr), Drs-
coping stone of the south-western wall was
lnrcl ERNaKULANT
reconstructed as per original design.
The room adjacent to Ramayana hall was in a
516. Pr-nxxao Fonr, Palaxxao, DlsrRlcr
precarious condition, the rotten wooden members
P,quxxao
were replaced with new ones and the floor was
The old undulated stone flooring between the
removed and relaid matching the original.
first and the second fort gateways was relaid. The
512. S'r. FRnrcrs CutRcH, KocHl (CocHlN), wooden door on the main entrance was damaged
DrsrRIcr ERN,rrullrt and the same was replaced by teakwood door as
per original pattern.
The roof on the southeastern verandah was
conserved properly and in addition removing and 517. Srl'n ToueLe, NornrnraNcALAM, DrsrRlcr
restoring the undulated stone pathway near the PnLlxx.qo
entrance was attended to. The damaged and missing portion of the
cloister mandapa on the eastem side of the temple
513. Fonr Sr.ANcelo, KAuNUR, Drsrnrcr KlNuuR
was restored as per original. The damaged temple
ln order to arrest the leakage of water in the door was replaced by a new teak wood temple
vaulted roof of the chapel, the dead weight of type door (pls.al6-417).
degenerated lime-mortar and brickbats were 518. VrsnNu Tntmrr, Kanavanun, Drsrnrcr
removed. The original shape of the roof was THrussun
exposed and restored properly. The cracks on the
The dilapidated eastern gopura ofthe temple
roof were grouted and stitched (pls.414-415). The
was conserved properly as per original afterproper
original drainage on the western side in-between
documentation (pls. 418-419).
horse stable and wall was exposed and conserved.
519. Sna Trmrlu, PpnuvnNnu, Drsrrucr THnrssun
514. Tpr-r-rcHERy Fonr, TrLlrcHeRv, Dtsrnrcr
The accumulated earth and debris inside
Kru\lun
garbha-griha of the Mudathilappan shrine were
The dead weathered plaster from inner side removed. The dilapidated roof of the eastern
of the vaulted roof and walls in the Magzine nadapura in front of the parvathi shrine was
building was removed. The roof and walls in the conserved after replacing the decayed wooden
Magzine building was removed and the roof was members.
watertightened. To the ancient buildings located 520. TTNxITLASANATHA (VaoaxxurwarHn) Tcmrlr,
inside the fort, the dead plaster was removed; TuRrssuR, Dtsrnrcr Tsntssun
laterite stone masonry was exposed; the joints were
The remaining portion ofroof ofthelower tala
pointed, besides exposing the original arches.
of the Srirama Temple shrine was conserved after

-s05
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO]-02 -A REITEJ

Plates 416417

f.i,, : dr!

".'.:- Nl
liLr- " ',ii":

iffir
1

E I

416

[,*

Netrimangalam, Siva Temple: 416, before and,417, after repairs

of the cloister mandapa

Isool
 -l

PRE SERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

Plates 418419

418

Kadavallur Wshnu Temple: 418, before and 419, afrer conservation of the eastern gopura

ffisozffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A RET'IEII'

420

il
& i";.lr.
*eru,6{tffi***r,
.,6Jllffi***
j X - .
r.ffi S

Sultan Bathery, Jaina Temple: 420, before and 421, after repairs to the stone apron

lsoal
 PRE SERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

removing the decayed wooden members with new 526. Y x-tsvARA Tnlrrln, Turnuvar,rswARAM,
ones as per original. DrsrRrcr Tmuxnr,vru
521. Jrrr.r TnrreLu, Sr,lls B.rruenr (B,trrenv), The out-of-plumb pillars and ceiling slabs of
DlsrRr<'r'Wtllau the mahadvara portion were watertightened
(pls.428-a2\.
A stone apron was laid around the main shrine
and proper drainage system was provided with
Vaoooana Crncle
available old and new stone slabs (p1s.420_421).
GUJARAT
TAMILNADU

522. PInTHASARATHI aNo KnlssNa Tnueln, 527. Fonr WalLs, Mor.r D.tlral, DRlra:ri
PaRrutrRpuunt, DrstRlcr KatvaxuMARI G.L barbed-wire fencing on angle iron posts
The vimana of the main temple was rendered with M.S. grill gate was provided around the
watertight after mending and strengthening the stucco open land near the Light House bastion. The miss_
figures properly (pls. 422-423). ing pipe railing was provided at the Light House
523. Fonr ar Varmrorrn, VarraKorrAr" Drsrnrcr bastion for safety of visitors.
KaNyaxunt,q,Rr
528. RulNno CHURCI, Morr Datrax, DaMaN
The decayed and dead plaster was removed
In continuation of the last year,s work (.2000_
over the gateway of fort wall and reproduced the
01, p.289), the damaged walls of the Church which
stucco figures as per existing ones. The open
was underpinned in lime, cement and sand mortar
mandapa inside the fort was exposed and
mixed with waterproofing compound and colour oxide
watertightened. Stone flooring was laid to anest
to match the existing surface. The dead lime_concrete
percolation of water.
flooring around central courtyard and open area on
524. BHarrA\ArsAt,A TEmelo, CHonaNnnHADEVr,
west of the sanctum was removed and relaid in lime,
Drsrnlcr TlRrrn elr,'or,l
cement-concrete using gravel aggregate. The missing
The secon d mahadvara oL the western rubble stone masonry wall corners, arches, niches,
entrance along withprakara (p1s.426-427) wall and etc., rvere restored as per original using matching
original stone flooring were exposed after removing stones.
the accumulated earth and debris. The out-of_plumb
529. THs CunpE,r- or Oun Laoy on.Ros.rRto, Morl
prakara on the north ofentrance was watertightened
DaM.rN, DnuaN
in the core portion and conserved properly. The
protected area was demarcated and fenced properly. In continuation of the last year,s work (2000_
0l , p.289), the decayed wooden ceiling of the prayer
525. ANcleNr Slre, KuNNaruuR, Drsrnlcr
hall (Nave), the ceiling of the choir, wooden staircase
TlRuNor-r,'sLr
and its decorative railing were replaced with fresh
To avoid encroachment and quarrying
Bulsar country teak wood members with moulding
operation, the remaining portion of the protected
work as per the original. The dead plaster of the
site was properly fenced.
walls was removed and replastered with lime,

-s09
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

5g%Ll
t
423
Parthivapuram, Parthasorathi and Krishna Temple; 422, before and 423, after conservation

f stof
 II I
mr
r"

clwomf i. Bhahavatsara: 424, before and 425, after

conservation of mahadvara

5ll
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEIT'

Plates 426427

---

w
427
x
Cherctnmahadevi, Bhaktavatsala: 426, before and 427 ,
after conservation of weslern outer prakora wall

5tl
 'd'
428

T h i r u v a I i s v ar a m, Va I i s v ar a Tb mp Ie : 428, b efo re
and 429, after conserttation of Mahadvara portion

513
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

cement-mortar with moulding wherever it existed as 533. An*rno SnnH's Mosqun, Autmoan^no,
per original (p1s.430-431). The damaged electrical DIsTnTcTAHMEDABAD
wiring was removed and rewiring was done using The fagade of the mosque above central arch
I.S.I. approved wires and fixtures. The work between the buttresses of Minars collapsed due to
remained in progress. earthquake. The fallen architectural members were
530. Tun CHuncu or Oun Laoy or Rnunnros, sorted out and stacked separately. Fresh sandstones

Morr Drvr.rl, Dlulx matching the original were carved out for
replacement of missing componens like highly omate
Two coab ofoil paint were applied on the doors,
brackets and bottom courses of southern Minar and
windows and other wood works after scraping the
other intricately carved stones. The loose and shaken
old paint. The Church walls were painted and white
stones were dismantled after numbering, video and
washed. The broken Mangalore rooftiles were also
photographic documentations were carried out
replaced with new tiles and roof was made water-
(pls.432-433).
tieht
Resetting of dismantled parf nlime-surkhi-sand
531. Fonr TocnurnnWrrn lxsmn BrmnrNcq Dru
mortar with l/4 part ofcement is in progress.
In continuation of the last year's work(2000-
534. Buaona Glrn lNn TownR, AHMEDABaD,
01, p.289), the dead cement-plaster was removed
DnrnrcrAHnrEDABAn
from the entrance gates and walls of Fort and
Major portion of the southern tower collapsed
replastered with lime, cement-mortar after raking out
joints. Decayed, damaged and highly wom out ashlar while many vertical cracks had developed in the north-
em tower as well as other parts ofthe tower, besides
stone masonry of St. George bastion and adjoining
causing majordistress to the monumentdue to recent
portions were taken out with the help of chain pulley
earthquake.
and reconstructed with new fine chisel dressed Bela
stone. Ashlar masonry in L.C.M. in I : I :6 lime<ement- The damages were thoroughly video/photo
sand mortar. Ashlar stone masonry was pointed in documented. The fallen debris was removed and
lime-cement-sand mortar matching the original. The disposed offafter sorting out useful bricks. Immediate
work remained in progress. preventive measures such as dismantling wlnerable
portions, grouting and stitching ofcracks were carried
532. Sr. Paul Cuuncx, Dtu
out (pls. 434-435).
In continuation of the last year's work(2000-
01,p.289), safety measures were taken up for the
535. RatpuR GATE, AHunnuln, DrsrRrcr
AHNrnoasAD
protection of the decorated wooden altar inside the
Church by providing copper strip in place of the This monument was badly damaged due to recent
missing wooden support behind the main wooden altar. earthquake andextensive stone decaywas also taken
Cracks developed on the ceiling and walls due to the place due to ageing. The stone and brick masonry of
earthquake were sealed and watertightened. The southern face ofthe gate (above arch) collapsed and
wood work was painted with enamel paint. Interior the eastem half was badly shaken and dislodged.
walls were painted with oil bound distemper and The loose, shaken and weathered north-east
exteriorwalls with snowcem. corner was dismantled and taken up for resetting after

f sr+f
P RE S E RVAT I ON S O F MONU M E N TS

,*.{

_.$ tu #il

Moti Daman, The Church of our Lady Rosario: 430, before and 431, after conservation

trr@@q i@rE
@@ ,., tu@E
*@_- )l) @
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

.r.=*
+-
. .^'J I I I .i ,l :

433

Ahmed Shqh's Mosque: 432, before and 433, qfter conservation

,51(r
P RESE RVATI ON S OF MONU MENTS

Plates 434435

;
435

Bhadra Gate and Tower: 434, before conservation (after earthquake)

and 435, after debris clearance

!srzf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 A REVIEW
-
replacing the worn-out stones duly dressed, carved
dismantled after proper documentation. The
to match the original. Matching sandstones from
dismantled steps, landing, paved embankments,
Dhrangadhra quarry were procured and thework of
miniature shrines and retaining walls were reset
dressing and carving is in progress forreplacement of properly in lime-mortar after replacing decayed stones
damaged ones (pls.43 6-438).
with new ones, duly dressed and moulded as per
536. Axclrxr Smn, Loruaq Drsrrucr AHMEDABAn original. The work remained in progress.
In continuation ofthe last year,s work(2000_01
,
*: 539. Mlrrsln T.lr,av ltrn Snnrxns, VrnlMcau,
p.291),the tilted western wall ofthe dock from south
DrsrnrcrAHvrBusAD
end comer towards north was dismantled partly, layerwise
and rebuilt in lime-cement mortar after replacing wom_ In continuation of the previous work(2000_
out bricks, with specially manufactured bricks in 01,p.292), the badly dislodged, sunk sand_stone
conformitywiththe original size (pls.43 9440).The silt steps along with landing embankment, miniature
deposit from the dock was also removed to the extent to shrines and retaining walls near south-east corner
which the repairs are attended to. The loose, dislodged of the tank was dismantled after proper
brick masonry structures ofAcropolis, baths, sewage documentation. The dismantled steps, landing,
lines were carefully dismantled after detailed paved embankments, miniature shrine and the
documentation, photography, numbering and sketching. retaining walls were reset properly in lime_mortar
The dismantled brrickmasonry ofexcavatedremains afterreplacing decayed stones with new stones duly
were
reset properly nlime- surkhl-sand mortar and thejoints dressed and moulded as per original. The work
pointed. Rough lime -surkhi plasterwas applied to mud remained in progress (pls.4a6-4a\.
brick walls wherever the same was found missing 540. DanraRGADH, Snron, Drsrnrcr Bruvn.lc,m
(;is.44l-442). The earthen soakjar ofthe drain near
Missing Mangalore tiles over the roof were
the well was mended with lime-surlchi mortar.
provided. The cracks developed due to the recent
537. Brnr.rr Mas.nn, Rn"rpun-coMTrpuR, Drsrnrcr
earthquake were also grouted, filled and sealed. Oil
AIIT4EDABAI)
paint was applied on the R.S.J. girders. The flag_stone
In continuation of the last year,s work(2000_ flooring was dismartled and relaid as per original. The
0 l, p.29 l), broken architectural members, dead plaster ofwalls were removed and replastered
columns,
lintels, capitals were also replaced with new ones as with fresh lime-cement mortar.
per original after giving masonry/wooden balli
541. Tu,a.ra Cavns, T.lr,,l"ra, Drsrnrcr BruvNacan
supports. The dead lime-concrete ofthe terrace was
removed and fresh lime-concrete was laid at south_ The missing rock-cut pillars and a wall portion
east corner to prevent leakage (p1s.443-445). were reconstructed in R.C.C. and plastered leaving
a
rocky look. The cavities ofthe rock ceiling and floors
538. Sarvnn Munanar Toun, Solalr, Drsrnrcr
werefilledup.
Arurnman
In continuation of the last year's work (2000_
542. Jamr Mlsrm, Cnauranrq Drsrnrcr Gonnna
01,p.293),the badly dislodged, sunk sandstone steps In continuation of the previous work (2000_01
,
along with landing embanlcnen! miniature shrines and p.294), the missing ashlar stone masonry of the
retaining walls near south-east comer ofthe tank was courtyard was restored with proper dressing and

lsrs!
 Plates 436-438

438

Raipur Gate: 436, before conservation (after earthquake),

437, during and 438, after conservqtion

f srel
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

I
-

-,

E-
fr**

439

'ri

440

Lothal, excavated site: 439, before and 440, after conservation of western wall of doclEard

520
PRE SERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

Plates 441442

441

ffi

..:.
442
Lothol, excavated site: 441, before and 442, after
conservation of structures of acropolis area

!szr!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

I
--

--

445

Bibiji Mosque, South Minar: 443, before conservation (after earthquake),

444, during and 445, after conservalion

aszzJ
PRESERVATIONS OF MONUMENTS

447
viramgam, Mansar Talav and shrines; 446, before
and 447, after conservation

523
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEH-

A,

.1"

449

Wramgam, Mansar Talqv and shrines: 448, during and 449, after conservation

lsztf,
 P RESERVATIONS OF MONU MENTS

moulding ofthe stones. The missing brackpts, pilasters

sculptures and architectural members are being
and lintels ofthe window were restored with moulding
sorted out from debris. Brick masonry supports
and carving as per original. The stone paved pathway
were provided to the damaged and precariously
was laid on lime-concrete base leading to entrance hanging parts of small chhatris in the complex to
porch ofthe mosque. prevent furtherdamage.

543. Parcs Meuuoa-Kl-Mas.lrD, pavAc.r,oH, Pointing to masonry wall of step-well was

Dlsrnrcr Goouna completed and approach path provided for the
monument. Dressing of the pillars, kumbhi,s and
ln curtinuation ofthe previous work (2000-01 ,
capitals are in progress to replace the highly decayed
p.294), the damaged aslarstone masonryplatform of
and weathered pillars ofadj oining chhatri. The work
the adjoining tomb was repaired as per original. The
rernained in progress (p1s.450452).
bulged-out astrlar stone masonry was dismantled after
docurnentatiffi ard reconshrsted as per origrnal. Some 547. Exc,wlrnu Srrn (Cruoor.)o DHoLAvTRA,
fallen achitecnral members were identifi ed and reset DrsrRrcr Kacucnu
in their uiginal position.
In continuation ofthe previous work (2000-01 ,
544. Runsrn Hrr-nu TrnrplB (Llxulrsn), pavr.Gaou, p.295), the repairs ofexcavated remains, particularly
DlsrRrcr GooHn-r the citadel wall from east gatetothenorthern corner,
eastem reservoir and pointing to the walls ofwater
In continuation ofthe previous work (2 000-01 ,
tanks located inside the citadel were attended to
p.zg4l.some fallen architectural stone members of
(p1s.453454).
the temple r*.ere identified and reset in their original
position. The roof of the sabha-mandapa was The highly deteriorated and loose un-coursed
waertigfitened by way ofcore filling with rubble stone rubble stone masonry veneering was dismantled
masoru,v and filling up and sealing ofthe cracks and carefully after photographi c documentation and
joins r*ith lime+ement mortar. numbering. The dismantled stones were reset in
their position in lime, white cement and sand mortar
545. THr Arclrrr Mouxn (BunHrsr Sme), fNrw,r,
added with colour oxide. The wom-out stones were
Dlsrnrcr JuucanH
replaced with stones of similar size which was
ln continuation ofthe previous work (2000-01 , available at the site. The wide masonryjoints were
p.2%), tre arrcient brick remains were conserved with recess pointed in lime, white cement and stone dust
limesnent mortar and watertightaned. mortarto make the structural remains watertight.
546. Rao Lnxsa CuHarnr, Buul, Dlsrnrcr The work is in progress.
KacucHH 548. Srva Tnunlr, Korar,, DrsrRrcr Kacncnu
The Rao Lakha chhatri collapsr;d leaving behind The random rubble stone masonry support to
the dislodged damaged platform andother chhqtris dislodged weather worn north-west corner of the
due to recent earthquake. The area was enclosed with temple was removed and provided ashlar stone
GI barbed-wire fencing on angle iron post for safety masonry in plumb with moulded carving as per
of sculptures and stone architecturalmembers. The original. The repairs and restoration of entrance

Jszsl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REI:IETI'

#F!ryY

452
Bhui, Rao Lakha Chhatri: 450, after earthquake, 451, during and 452, after conservation

f szo!
P RESERVATI ONS OF MONU MENTS

Plates 453454

x& 453

454
Dholavira, northern wall of eastern reservoir: 453, before and,454, after conservation

lsztl
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

mondapa in ashlar stone masonry remained in developed on the brick and stone masonry wall due
progress. to recent earthquake.

549. VrrnaLBHAr Havnu, V.lso, Drsrnrcr KHnoa The damaged portion of the monument was
In continuation ofthe previous work (2000-U, documented and debris was removed after
p.295),the south-west extension of this nineteenth salvaging useful materials for restoration. The
centrtry haveli consisting ofground and first storeyes damaged wall and the buttresses were
was in a ruinous state before commencement ofrepain reconstructed as per the original. The cracks were
due to heavy leakage, decay ofwood work and partial filled and sealed and the cavities were underpinned.
collapse. The roof concrete together with wooden The brick masonry in lime-cement over the main
fl ooring below and wooden beams, rafters, columns
entrance gate was repaired partly and work
and brackets were dismantled and the same was re- remained in progress (pls. 455-456).
erected after replacing decayed wooden members.
The wooden columns, pilasters, capitals and brackets
552. Ralll-Kl-V.w, Parau, Drsrnrcr plrnn
etc. for replacement of the old ones, were freshly
carved out from Bulsar country teakwood to match The entire acquired area around the Vav
particularly on road side was taken up for enclosing
the original. The roofwas laid in fresh lime-cement-
concrete using gravel aggregate
with chain link fencing on stone masonry dwarf wall
with a view to develop the area by laying a garden
550." Lruno.rr Mam Tnunr,n, Dnluaq Drsrnrcr by Horticulture Branch. The work remained in
PrrnN
progress.
Minor damage was caused to the monument
due to recent earthquake. The havan kunda, 553. SaHasrRar,lNca TlLao, ParlN, DrsrRrcr plran
torana gateway were damaged partly, besides
somscracks were developed andjoints of sabha- In continuation ofthe previous work (2000-01,

mandapa and main shririe were widened due to p.296), the decayed and missing stones of
earthquake, embankment near temple basement with colonnade
were replaced with chisel-dressed stones and reset
join6 were grouted, sealed and the s iffiura,
The
as peroriginal.
oftheternple was made watertight by filling up the
cracks and sealing tlrejoins in limemortar. The arched
554. Suarxu Flnlo Tomn, PlmN, Drsrnrcr par,tN
toranos of erfrancngate and the firc altar of mandapa
was rfrended with araldite and copperpin and later This structure over the grave of Shaikh Farid
restored irrtheir original positions. completely collapsed due to recent earthquake.
551. Gefty4v on KruN Smovan, Pam^x, Drsrnrcr The stone architectural members of the
PArti.rL : ,
monument such as lintels, stone carvedjalis,ceiling
Upper portion of arched gateway of the of dome, pillars, etc., have fallen down. The stone
monument was partially damaged, besides cracks architectural members were salvaged and debris

!szaf
P RE S E RI/ATI ONS OF MONU ME NTS

t.t

N
[,, ;

Paton, Gateway of Khan Sarovar. 455, before and 456,

after conservqtion

f szsf
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02
-A REVIETr
removed. The intactparts were separated
and each arches, domes, ceiling and walls were
member was documented and stacked properly. removed and
rep lastered in lime - s u rkhi _ sand mortar wi th the
The bulged-out wall of adjoining tomb intricate floral designs and motifs as per
was original.
dismantled and reset in plumb. The missing wooden beams above the
columns
were provided on four sides to support
555. HousB wHERE Masarnr,t GaNonr wAS the load of
BoRN, the masonry. The work is in progress.
PoRnaNnnn, DrsrRrcr ponsaNoaR
558. Fnesco Roonrs lN Bnau TanrnurlRwADA,
The walls ofthe house was provided with 15 Vaoonlna, Dlsrnrcr VanonaRa
mm thick waterproof lime_cement plaster
l:l:4.
Two coatings ofapcolite apexwhich is antifungus In continuation ofthe previous work (2000_01,
paint was applied and oil paint was also p.297), the decayed wooden planks of
applied the ceiling,
over the wood work. The cracks developed 2nd floor and top floor were replaced
in wall with Bulsar
due to the recent earthquake were filled country teakwood including oil paint as peroriginal.
up and
sealed. The treated portions ofwalls was Replacement ofwood carving and fixing
repainted. the same in
position including applying oil paints over
556. Olo Durcn lNn ARnrnxuN Touns, a coat of
SuRAT, wood preservative as per original were done.
Drsrnrcr Sunar The
wom-outplaster ofwalls was dismantled and
replaced
The old collapsed compound wall on the with fresh lime-plaster. The old wooden railing
eastem was
side ofthe cemetery was reconsfructed also replaced with new railing, as per
as per original original.
with coping, using old and new bricks. The work
of 559. Hazrna on euruauonrN Manuan
underpinning and replastering ofthe existing parts KulNrs
of Toun, VaoonaRa, DrsrRlcr Vanooanr
the compound wall was carried out. The work
remained in progress. In continuation of the previous work (2
000_0 I,
557. Orn ENcllsH Torvrn, SuRar, Drsrnrcr p.297), the decayed stone flooring was
Suur dismantled
carefully an d fresh dhrangadhra stoneflooring was
The cracks developed in the walls and arches
laid after cutting, dressing and pointing in
lime_cemenl
of tomb Nos. 8, ll
& 12 were opened, cleaned concrete as per original. Cutting, dressing
and grouted in lime, cement and sand mortars. and setting
The of fresh dhrongodhra
external faces of the walls were restored with for construction of
stones
old pathways in lime-cement mortar including
type bricks after inserting stainless steel bars mixing of
above colour oxides and stone powder were attended
the arch level. The dead plaster of the columns, to.
The work remained in progress.

! s:oJ
 TREATMENT OF MONUMENTS
AND PAINTINGS,

ANDHRA PRADESH heated for the removal ofmicro_vegetational

growth,
hard lime accretions and other
oily deposits using
1. Snr VnBnnBHd)RASVAruy
aqueous ammonia and teepol mixture.
Trurr,r, LrparsHr Drs_
2%o sodium
pentachlorophenate solution
rnrcrAmaNTApuR was applied as fungicide
followed by a preservative coat of
2yopMMA in
The chemical treatmentwork was toluene.
taken up on
the ceiling paintings of garbha_griha
and.about l3 During theperiodunderreview an
sq m painted surface as well as areaof30 sq
120 sq m of stone out of 329 I sq m area of prakara
surface was chemically cleaned, wall and croisters
before the actual running from north entrance to south
chemical treatment, the superficial entrance was
dust and dirt etc. chemically feated and preserved.
were removed from the painted surface The dressed granite
using sable and sandstone surface was in general,
hairbrushes. The gaps, joints and chemically
cracks etc. were treated with 3: I mixfure of aqueous
filled up with plaster ofparis ammonia and
andpolyvin ylacetate teepol for the removal ofmicro_vegetational
emulsion and mixed with appropriate growth
colours. A and othersurface deposits. Dilute
mixture of suitable organic solvents acetic acidwas also
was used forthe used wherever required for the
cleaning of soot and ingranined cleaning ofhard lime
dust from the painted and red ochre accretions. The fungicidai
surface and the treatment was stopped and
at a point preservative treatment was given
where it was difficult to achieve only to sfucco
beulr resutts. The portion of prakora w all.
stone surface was cleaned for the
similar type of
accretions with the help ofaqueous 3. Snr KunrlnaRanll BglursvanAsvAMy TnMrLn,
mixhre ofteepol
andammonia. Sanralrora, Drsrnrcr Ensr Gooavnnr
2. Snr KonaNoanAMASvAMy Tonrnlr, The chemical conservation work
VorrrMrrra, was taken up
Drsrnlcr Cuooapas on the eastern, western, northern
and southern
cloisters of the first floor as well
In continuations of the last year,s as inner prakara
work(2000_ walls. About 4100 sq m area was
01, pL.298) about 357 sq m area was treated for the
chemically removal of micro-vegetational growth
treated and preserved and work and lime
was completed. accretions from the dressed khondalite
During this period a part of exterior granite stone
and surface using mixfure of suitable
sandstone surface ofthe main temple concentration of
waschemically ammonia and non-ionic detergent
and acetic acid

' Information from : Directo. 1S.i.nffi

ffi s3l:ffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

solution, which was followed by preservative calcareous and siliceous deposits. Entire cleaned
treatnent on dried surface. surface was given fungicidal and preservative
treatment to arrest the reoccurence of biological
4. Cuan Mnvan, Hynnnanao, Drsrnrcr HvoERABAn growth on the exposed surface.
The lime-plaster surface of interior arches and
The exterior sandstone surface of Garuda
ceiling above the fountainwas chemicallytreated for
Brahma Temple was subjected to chemical trea(-
the removal ofingrained dust, soot and biological ment for the removal ofthick limc-coat. bat's c.r'e:r'ctit
accretions using mixture of ammonia and non-ionic
andoily deposits. Similarffeatrnentas above was givcn
detergent. 3olo solution ofammonium carbonate and
to remove the calcareous and oily deposits. For the
ammonium bicarbonate in 1: I was also used for the
removal of bat's excreta 3%o solution of ammonium
cleaning of stains. About 1 900 sq m area out of 2200
carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate in 1:1 ratio was
sq m area was chemically treated during the period
also used.
underreview.

Nrvlrnlnnnn Gnoup on Tnurr,ns,Alalru& D$.

5.
ASSAM
TRrcr Marrnoonxlcm

The chemical treatment work was taken up on 6. K,mrxcrun, Srnsacan, Drsrrucr Srnslcan
oftwo templesfor viz.,
the exterior sandstone surface This is a massive brick structure having
Garuda Brahmeswara and Kumara Brahameswara plastered surface at some places. The exterior surface
Temples, for the removal of micro-vegetational was chemically treated for the removal ofaccumulated
growth, hard lime, calcareous and siliceous deposits. dust, dirt and biological accretions using aqueous
Aqueous mixture of ammonia and non-ionic deter- mixture ofammonia and non-ionic detergent with mild
gent was in general used with mild brushing for the brushing. The chemically cleaned surface was
cleaning ofbiological growth. Dilute acetic acidwas preserved with suitable biocide and a water repellent.
used to soften the lime and calcareous accretion, which
was removedby mechanical cleaning. Entire treated
surface was given fungicidai and preservative treat-
ment using sodium pentachlorophenate and double
BIHAR
component preservative system ofRepelling super and
PMMA. 7. Sunn SuaH Sunr's ToMB, Sasauu, Drsrnrcr
Ronus
The exterior sandstone surface ofViswa Brahma
Temple was subjected to chemical treatment for the The exterior sandstone surface and plastered
removal of micro-vegetational growth as well as surface of domes, burjis etc. were subjected to
calcareous and siliceous deposits. Aqueous mixture chemical treatment for the removal of rich biological
of ammonia and non-ionic detergent was in general growth with the help of ammonia and non-ionic
used to facilitate the removal ofmicro.vegetation while detergent with mild brushing. The work is still in
dilute acetic acid was used for the cleaning of hard progress.

I 532 I
 ARC HA EOLOG ICAL CHE MISTRY

DAMAN Exterior sandstone and lime_plastered surface

of four chhatris as well as parapet wall were
8. Holv Jrsus CHuRcH, DanrlN chemically treated with aqueous mixtrne of ammonia
and teepol for the removal of the surface deposits
Besides the general cleaning of dust, dirt and of
pigeon droppings from the wooden altars, pulpits dust, dirt and biological accsretions. During
and the
treatment of parapet wall all care was taken
chapels old preservative coating was removed
chemi_ up to
cally from the wooden structures. The gilded and expose the beautiful paintings and floral designs
painted parts were suitably restored by underneath the lime-coat. The thick lime_coat
fixing, was
filleting and retouching work. softened with the help of suitable chemicals
and
solvents and was removed mechanically using
scalpel
and other similar tools. The exposed painting
DELHI was
finally given chemical treatment for general cleaning
using suitable solvents. Both stone and plastered
9. Run Fonr, Druu surfaces have been preserved with pidicote
WRS
Because of the heavy vehicular traffic on the while the paintings were preserved with 2o/opyAin
Ring road, the fortification wall between Khas Mahal toluene.
and Mumtaj Mahal was badly defaced due to
the
deposition of dust, dirt and particulate matter. The exterior marble surface of the Diwan_i_
The
chemical treatment was carried out for the removal Khas was chemically cleaned with the help ofthe
clay
of these accretionary deposits as well as micro_ pack method using fuller,s earth activated,with
lyo
vegetational growth using dilute ammonia solution Sodium bicarbonate. The metallic pinnacles were
mixed with non-ionic detergent. After thorough also chemically cleaned using toluene and Sodium
washing Sodium pentachlorophenate solution (2%) bicarbonate.
was sprayed as fungicide and the surface was
finally
preserved with Pidicote WRS (l:20). The interior marble surface decorated with
The Chemical treatment and preservation of paintings and inlay works was also taken
up for
rampart wall at Lahori Gate and two elephants cleaning to remove superficial dust and dirt using
at soft
Delhi Gate is done every year as regular conservation brushes and cotton swabs. The wet chemical
cleaning
measure before l5th ofAugust. During the period method was used only on the unpainted surface
using
under review the work was taken up for the removal dilute ammonia and teepol.
of superficial accretion of dusf dirtmicro_vegetational
growth and particulate matters using ammonia The wooden ceiling of central hall decorated
and
teepol solution. The calcareous deposits were with golden painting was also attended to for
removed by using dilute acetic acid followed consolidation of colour pigments by the process
by of
thorough washing with plain water. Besides, metallic fixing, filleting and colour reintegration work. After
pinnacles and two standing elephants at Delhi the process of restoration and repair the cleaning
Gate
were also chemically treated for the removal of was carefully carried out and finally a preservative
surface accretions and bird,s excreta. coat was applied using pVA in toluene.

fsl:I
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

During the period under review the chemical brushes. Both the surfaces after thorough washing
treatment and preservation work was taken up on the were preserved with fungicidal and water repellent
ceiling and inside walls of the chamber decorated treatment.
with stucco and mirror inlay work in Shees Mahal. ln
12. Nnnm Gunn.Lo, NrzlurruouN, Nnw DsLHr
the firststep the superficial dustanddirtwere carefully
removed with the help of soft brushes and cotton The dome ofthis structure decoratedwithblue
swabs using organic solvants. The broken edges and coloured tiles was in very bad state of conservation
cracks on the plastered surface were thereafter as deep-rooted vegetational growth caused suffi cient
repaired and sealed using Plaster of Paris. The damage to lime-plaster resulting into loosening oftiles
adjoining marble surface area was also chemically at several places.
cleaned with the help of the clay pack method and
The main challenge was eradication of
finally, a preservative coat was applied only on the
vegetational growth and removal of deep roots
plastered surface.
wherever possible. Initially a biocide was sprayed over

10. Mm*nr Mosquo, MoHRtur,r, Nnw Dnt,ur the surface to facilitate removal ofplants as well as
their roots from the plaster. At some places loose tiles
The exterior lime-plastered surface of the had to be removed and re-fixed in position with the
mosque was initially treated with liquid ammonia and help of suitable compatible materials. The work
teepol mixture for the removal of surface deposit also involved in general fixing of tiles and
and thereafter subjected to treatment with slurry of consolidation of lime-plaster as well. Besides, the plain
bleaching powder two times which facilitated plastered surface was also chemically cleaned with
removal of surface deposits as well as biological soft brushes and suitable chemical formations. All care
accretions. During the treatment soft shoe brushes was taken to retain original look ofthe tiles as well as
were used to protect sheen of the plaster. After plastered surface particularly on the lower walls of
thorough washing, the plastered surface was given the dome. After complete repair and cleaning flurgicidal
fungicidal and preservative treatment using Sodium featment was given using sodium pentachlorophenate
pentachlorophenate and Pidicote WRS respectively. followed by water repellent treatment by the
application of Pidicote WRS.
11. Baesnn'sToun, Huua,vuN's Tonan-Cor.mex,
NrzamnruouN, New Dnlut 13. SlpnlnruNc Tonrs, New Dnlur
The chemical treatment work was undertaken The chemical treatment and preservation work
on the sandstone as well as small lime-plastered was taken up on the sandstone surface ofthe entrance
surface. The sandstone surface was in general gate for the removal of surface accretions using general
chemically cleaned with ammonia teepol mixture for cleaning method. The teafinent ofpainted surface was
the removal ofsurface deposits andbiological growth. carried out very carefully and initially the old
For the treatment of the lime-plastered surface preservative layer was removed with the help ofcotton
bleaching powder slurry was used with soft bristle swabs and toluene. Thereafter, selected cleaning was

s34
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL C HE MISTRY

done using combinations of polar

solvents and 16. Sr. FnaNcrs on Assrsr CnuRcH,
chemicals. Finally, a pres€n/ative coat Vrlna, Goa
was applied.
The chemical conservation workwas
14. Surras-xe-Tour, Vlsal.r taken up
KuN"l, Nnw Drr,ur on the panel paintings and wooden
carvings for the
removal of surface accretions as well
The nrarble gate md adjoining marble as oldpicfure
walls were
subjected to chemical cleaning for varnish. The superficial dust, dirt
the removal of and excretory
surface accretions with the use of deposits ofinsects and birds were removed
liquid ammonia and with gentle
teepol mixture. Dilute acetic acid brushing and ttrereafter general cleaning
was used at some was done r.rsing
places forthe removal ofcalcareous cellosolve, diacetone alcohol, pefoleum
deposits. The ether etc. with
stains ofoily fumes were removed
cotton swabs. This treatment facilitated
with the help of the removal
cotton swabs and polar solvents. of oldpicture vamish as well as cemented
Clay pack treatment dust etc.
was given to the marble surface, The insecticidal treatment was given
wherever required, to the wooden
panels and carvings whereeverrequired
to remove deep stains and accretions. and damaged
The fungicidal
portions were repaired with the help
and water repellent teafinents were
finally given only ofsaw dust, lime,
on the sandstone surface. acrylic resin and suitable concentration
ofinsecticide.
Retouching of colours was done wherever
required.

GOA

15. Sr. Crlrr_rr CuuRcu, Vuua, Goa 17. Slor Basulnrs MrNans (SuarrNc
MrNans),
Annmnannn, Drsrnrcr AHMEDABAn
The chemical conservation work
attended to The chemicaltreatmentandpreservationwork
in this church involved repairlrestoration
of canvas was taken up on this monument in
order to remove
and panel paintings displayed on
the central pillars, micro-biological growth, dust, dirt and
bird,s dropping
altars' etc' Aftergeneral cleaning
with soft brushes etc. Forthispurposeaqueous ammoniasolutionmixed
the loose colour pigments ofthe paintings
were fixed with non-ionic deterglnt was used with
soft brushing
to the canvas by injecting the molten
mixture of followed by thorough washing. The
bee's wax and resin in l:1 proportion cleaned surface
using hot wasallowedtodry;dthereafterfrurgicidalheatment
press over the tissue paper' Excess
material was was given using2yozinc silico fluoride followed
removed with petroleum spirit' Damaged by
and insect preservative treaftnentw ith3%solution
eaten portions of wooden panels ofpMMA in
were given tolueneondriedsurface.Theworkhadtobestopped
insecticidal treatment and thereafter
repaired. The because of earthquake.
old varnish and other accretionary
deposits have
been removed with the mixtu.,
or suitable lg.SmnrSaynrnMosgunrAHMEDABAD,DrsrRrcr
chemicalsandsolvents.Finallypicturevamishwas Ar*rnnnnan
applied as a preservative coat after colour
reintegration wherever found essential' Incontinuationofthelastyear,s work(2000-
0r,p.304),rhe stone surface andfinejariworkwere

53.5
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

chemically treated using dilute ammonia and teepol preservative treatments were given thereafter on the
torthe removal of surtace accrefions and greasymatter. thoroughly washed and dned surtace.
Thereafter, the fungicidal and preservative featments
22. Gx-rnsHvARA M.Lnlnnva Tnltrln, Sanxar,
were given using sodium pentachlorophenate and
Drsrnrcr Ktmn.L
PMMArespectively.
The interiorstone surfaceof mandapa, arddha-
19. J,c,MI MlsJIn, Bnl,nucn, Drsrnrcr BnLnucn
mandapa and sabha-mandapa was taken up for
The exterior and interior stone surfaces of this chemical treatment during the period under review.
monument sitr.rated at the bank of River Narmada was The temple being a living one was badly defaced with
chemically treated for the eradication of surface surface deposits of smoke, soot, bat's excreta as well
deposits and biological accretions to facilitate the as lime-coating, for the removal of which, different

removal of thick accretions. Aqueous ammonia organic solvents, dilute acetic acid etc., were used.
solution mixed with non-ionic detergent was used with The cleaned surface was preserved with3% PMMA
soft brushing. After through washing, the cleaned sur- solution intoluene.
face was preservedwith fungicidal treatmentas well
HARYANA
as water repellent coating.

20. Llrulrsru Tnupr,n, PlvLc.l,nn, DrstnIct 23. HunrrvuN's Moseur,, F.ltnuanAu, Dlstruct
Gonnn-l Frrrnarm
The stone pillar and a stone plate with inscriptions
The stone surface and carvings at this shrine were
in the courtyard ofHumayun's Mosque-complex have
subjected to chemical teatment for the removal of
been chemcally freated wtih 2o/o aqueorts solution of
accretionary deposits and biological growth using di- ammonia mixed with non-ionic detergent to remove
lute mixture of ammonia and non-ionic detergent so-
surface deposits. Both the structures were given
lution in order to check reoculrence of biological fungicidal and preservative teatment after thorough
growth. Fungicidal freatment as well as water repel-
washing and drying.
lent treatment were given thereafter using zinc silico
24. Snnxn Csu,t I's Toun, Tu,lxnsm, Drsrnrcr
fluoride and PMMA respectivelY.
Kunuxsrmrna
21. Drvar<r Jr's Tnwlrr lxsmn Dunxmrusn Tnu-
Twelve chhatris of this tomb, which were
pr,n-CorvrpLnx, Dm,nxn, Dmtnrct Jauxacm
covered with thick biological growth, were
This temple within Dwarkadhish Temple-com-
chemically treated for the removal of hard
accretionary deposits. For this purpose, aqueous
plex was taken up for chemical treatment in order to
ammonia and non-ionic detergent was used with
remove biological growth and accretionary deposits
soft brushes. Afer thorough washin g and drying2o/o
with the help ofdilute aqueous mixture ofammonia
PMMA in toluene was applied as preservative coat.
and non-ionic detergent. The firngicidal treafrnent and

f s:o!
 ARC HA E O L O G I CAL C HE MI STRY

HIMACHAL PRADESH 28. DrrwaNc Gutmna, Tano, DrsrnrcrLATTAUL

AND
Sprrr
25. NanslNGH TEMpLr, BnaRvroun, DrsrRrcr The work ofchemical toeatment and preservative
CHanrsa was taken up on the wall paintings and stucco
figures
The chemical treatment work was carried of assembly hall and Anteroom of this Buddhist
out
on the exterior stone surface ofthis temple monastery. A number of conservation problems
located
within Chaurasi Mandir-complex in order to remove related to structural defects, climatic conditions
and
rich biological growth with the help ofammonia material characteristics were observed and
and attended
non-ionic detergent mixture. After thorough to one by one. The surface accretionary
washing deposits were
and drying a preservative coat of 2% pMMA carefully removed with gentle brushing and
in use of soft
toluene was applied on dried surface. solvent and chemicals. Restoration and repair
works
were carried out to fill up the cracks, fixing
26. SrnnNeru TnMrlr, BauN^lru, Drsrrucr Klrucna ofbulging
and loose pigments wherever required
using suitable
Exteriorand interior stone surfaces ofthis and compatible materials. Damaged
temple stucco figures
were taken up for chemical teatment were also repaired and restored on the similar
andpreservation.
line
Exterior surface, which was covered with and finally apreservative coatof lohpVAin
micro_ toluene
vegitational growth and other accretionary was applied.
deposits,
was cleaned with ammonia and non_ionic
detergent
mixture. The interior surface, which was defaced
with KARNATAKA
lime deposits, greasy and sooty matters
was treated
with dilute acetic acid and liquid ammonia and 29. MIIITKARJUNA
non_ Te ueLn, parraoaraI-,
ionic detergent mixture. Both the surfaces Drsrnrcr Becalxor
were given
fungicidal treatment and preservative treatment
after
thorough washing and drying. The exterior sandstone surface of Nandi_
27. Hrnrmna Drvr TnMrln, M.lNall, Drsrrucr mandapa, Vimana, wall around the Mmana
and
Kurt.u navaranga compound wall were chemically
treated
with dilute ammonia andnon-ionic detergent
solution
Wood is the main building material ofthis for the removal ofmicro vegetational growth,
temple,
dust and
which is located at a height and surrounded
by thick dirt. 5on dilute acetic acid was also used
wherever
forest. Marvelous wood caruings and other
structures required forthe removal ofcalcarious
deposits. About
were found covered with thick surface deposits 1000 sq m area was treated and the
including oily and sootymatter. Atplacesproblem
work was in
of progress (pIs.457-459).
insects were also noticedforwhich suitable teatment
was given to arrest the insect activity.Appropriate 30. Lorus MaHaL, Haurr, Hosrur, Drsrntcr
organic solvents were used to clean the BBrt-aRy
wood carvings
and surface. Finally I % pVA solution
in toluenewas
applied as a preservative. The work ofchemical treatmentwas carried
out
on the exterior surface of this monument for the

f s:z!
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

457

_l
4s8

Pattadakal, Mallikarjuna kmple: 457, before and 458, after chemical treatment

ls:a!
A RCHAE OLO GI C AL C H E MI STRY

removal of superfi cial accretions, micro-vegetational 33.Danll Dluur B.Lcn, SRrntNcparN4 Drstnrct
growth using dilute solution of ammonia and non- Mlxova
ionic deterg ent. lYosodium pentachlorophenate was In continuation of the previous work (2000-01,
applied as fungicide followedby applicationof lYo pp.307-308), mural paintings on the ceiling, north
solution ofPMMA in toluene as preservative coat (pls. verandah and north-west antechamber were
4s9-460). chemically treated for the removal of old
preservative coat and superficial accretionary
31. Cn,rvurvoARAYA Blslot, CHlxoRlcmr Hrlls,
deposits to improve the visibility and aeshthetics of
SnrvlxlnrI-AGoI-A, Dtsrntcr HassaN the paintings. Amixture ofalcohol, cellosolve, toluene
andturpentine oil was used forthe cleaningpurpose
Exterior and interior stone surfaces were
and about437 sqm areawas treated.
chemically treated for the removal of dust, dirt and
micruvegemimal growth as well as lime and red ochre 34. Tnmpln (INrrnlon INNnn
Snm.q,NTEsvARA

deposits. On the exterior surface dilute solution of M*rmnnNur^1, MltN Sunnn, GoonBss SnntNn,
ammonia mixed with non-ionic detergent were Elsr ENrnlxcn Towpn Excruott'lc Srucco),
usedwith mildbrushing for the removal of micro- Nln.uscuo, DrstRrcr MYsonr
vegetatioal growth. While dilute acetic acidhasbeen The chernical treafrnent work was initiated on the
used on the interior walls and ceiling for the removal interior stone sxface of maha-mandnpaand main shrine
ofcalcareous deposits. The work is in progress. walls forthe removal ofoily and sooty accretions including
lime-wash. Dlute ammoniaandnon-ionic detergentwas
32. BnocaNAI\DIsvARA Temrm, NlnoI, Drsrmcr used with gentle brushing for the removal ofvegetational
Korln growthwhile dilute acetic acidwas used forthe cleaning
ofcalcareous deposits. About 1000 sqm areawas ffeated
ln continuation ofthe lastyear's work(2000-
and work was in progress.
01, p.307), the chemical treatment work was
carried out on the exterior stone surface of In continuation of the previous year's work
Arunachaleswara shrine, exterior and interior Q0A0-01, p. 308), the interior stone surface was
Navaranga walls of Bhoganandisvara shrine and chemically treated forthe removal of oily and sooty
north side ceiling and pillars of maha-mandapa. accretions including lime. Dilute ammonia andnon-

Dilute aqueous ammonia solution mixed with non- ionic detergent was used in general, for the removal
ionic detergent was used in general, on all these of accretionary deposits except lime-wash for which

structures for the removal of surface deposits and dilute acetic acid was used with gentle brushing.
Thereafter 1 % PMMA solution in toluene was applied
micro vegetational growth. Dilute acetic acid was
as preservative.
used for the cleaning of calcareous deposits. On
the thoroughly cleaned surface 2% sodium 35. Krsnlvl, Tnnnrlr, SoulNlraurun, DrsrRrcr
pentachlorophenate solution was sprayed as Mvsonn
fungicide followed by application of preservative The chemical teatrnent work was intiated on this
coatingswithz%solution of PMMA in toluene. temple comprising three sanctums, arddha-mandapa

539
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

Hampi, Lotus Mohal: 459, before and,460, after chemical treqtment

ffis+0ffi
A RCHAE OLOG I CAL C H E MI STRY

and a comm ofl ruNranga. Entire exterior surface was MADHYA PRADESH
treated with ammonia and teepol mixture for the
removal of superficial accretions and micro- 38. AnrNarnl TcupLn, KuaJURAHo, DtsrRIcr
vegetational growth. The work is in progress. CHnarmnpun

36. Goltattsven.r Starur,, Ka.Rral,q. aNo

This sandstone temple dating back to the twelth
MlNasrHattn.r, Dlsrntcr UouPt century AD was found to be badly affected by a heavy
The chemical treatment and preservation work growth ofcryptogams such as moss, lichens and algae

was carried out on the Lord Gomatesvara statue, a on its exterior surfaces thereby imparting it a black
monolithic granite stnrcture and Manasthamba granite dirty and disfigured look. The exterior walls ofthis
pillar with rectangular base. The superficial accreionary temple having three bands of gracefully carved
deposits and micro vegetational growth were removed sculptures and carvings including the sikharawere
withthe help ofdilute aqueous mixture of ammonia taken up for chemical conservation treatment work
and non-ionic detergent with soft brushing. The during the year. The chemical treatment ofthe whole
fungicidal treatment was given on the entire cleaned monument was carried out to remove dust and dirt,
surface except the statue followed by preservative micro flora and remnants ofthick lime coatings form
teatment. the sandstone sculptural and structural elements with
the objective to improve its aesthetic appearance and
KERALA
to protect the sandstone surfaces against further
deterioration. Ammonia solution (2 to 5%) and Extran
37. Snrnanr.q. TnNrprn, TRtrR.tYen, DrstRrcr
MA 02 neutral detergent mixture in water was used
TuntssuR
for chemical cleaning. The work also included
The work of chemical treatment andpres-
fungicidal treatnent using Zinc silico flouri de (2%) and
ervation was carriedout onthe paintings andwooden Sodium pentachlorophenate (2%) followed by
bracket figures for the cleaning of oily and sooty de- hydrophobic treatment with Pidicote water repellent
posits accumulated on these structures due to con- silicone resin solution and application of protective
tinuous buming of camphor and oil lamps. Methanol coatings ofPMMA (2%) solution in toluene. The work
Propanol and sulphur-free toluene have beenused is completed.
for the removal of above accretionary deposits in-
cluding dust, dirt etc. From the painted surface old 39. MlraNGESHvAR.t Trn'tpt B, KHnlun.LHo,
preservative layer was removed along with accre- Dsrmcr Csn,trranpun
tionary deposits using sulphur-free toluene with the
selective use ofother organic solvents like di-acetone
In continuation of the previous year's work
(2000-01 , p. 309), the chemical conservation work
alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, morpholine, tri-eth-
on exterior portions ofthe temple facing towards south
anolamine etc. Distilled turpentine oil was also used
and west was continued and completed. The chemical
as restrainer. The wooden bracket figures and paint-
fieatrnent ofthe whole monument involved the removal
ings were suitably repaired/restored and finally a pre-
servative coat was applied using PVA in toluene'
of dust and dirt, micro flora and remnants of thick

5.11
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIM

figures'
sffuctural decorated with caruings, sculptures and animal
linre coatinp from the sand stone sculptural and its
and The temple was in a dilapidated condition and
elements with the objective to improve its aesthetic as
exterior walls display a few gods and goddesses
to protect the sandstone surfaces from further
wellx sura-sundari figxes. The cleaning ofthe whole
deterioration. Besides surface cleaning withAmmonia lime
mixture in monument involved removal of dust and dirt'
solution (2 to 5%) and Extran MA 02 neutal
viz" accretions, microbiological growth and other
water, the fungicidal treatment applying bio cides
and
extraneous deposits formthe sandstone sculptures
Sodium pentachl orophenate Qo/)in deionizedwaterwas
the biocidal
with sandstone elements. This was followedby
also given. The surface was finally preserved (2%) in
water treatment using Sodium pentachlorophenate
combonent preservative system, i'e', Pidicote
resin solution as first application and distilled water. The shikharaportionwas given a
repellent silicone
coating of silicone resin (Pidicote - WRS)' The
final
as second coat on dried
PIM\4A (2'l.) solution in toluene
step was the application ofPMM A(2%) solution in
surface. The work is comPleted'
toluene. The work is comPleted'
40. VrsvlN.lrru Tnlrplc, Ku'l'luRAHo, Drsrnrcr
42. Rlrl Bm Sncn Dro PlucE, DAtLr', DtsrRlcr
CsrurmnPun
Dlrln
In continuation of the previous year's work
work In continuation of the previous year's work
(2 0 0 0 - 0 1,p. 3 09), the chemical conservation
and (2000-01, p.309), the chemical conservation
on exterior walls of the main temple continued like
shrines measures which generally consisted of treatment
completed. Besides, work on its two subsidiary
com- cleaning, consolidation and application of protective
andplatformterrace wallwas also takenup and hall
of coatings on painted stucco figures ofthe dancing
pleted duringthe year. The work includedremoval in
from the in third floor remained in progress' The work is still
dust and dirt, bird droppings and micro flora
ofthe monu- progress. Nearly 27o/o of thework is completed'
stone sculptural and structural elements
ment by using soft nylon and choir brushes
dampened
43. Rocr-Cur Clvus, B'tcuo Dtsrrucr DH'q'n
in weak solution of ammonia and Extran MA 02
a
In continuation of the previous year's work
mixture. The tenacious lime deposits were removed
(2000-01 ,p.309), the work of making moulds ofthe
with a weak acetic acid solution of appropriate Cave
(2%) and original relief figures in the vestibule chamber of
strength. Biocides viz, Zinc silicofluori de
2 atBaghwas continued and during the year 2001-
Sodiumpentachlorophenate(2%)solutionsindistilled 9 ft tall on
02 a copy of the Bodhisattva fi gure, almost
water were applied with brush and spray as fungi-
the west wall was made in fiberglass-reinforced
fnal application ofhydropho-
cidal treatment with the
polyesterresin. The details ofthe original figurewere
bic coating using Pidicote WRS as first application cast
second coat reproduced with great accuracy in the finished
and PMMA (2%) solution in toluene as a
by using rubber as the main moulding material'
after comPlete drytng.

41. Olo Srll TBupr,E, KoDAL, DtsrRIcr Dlnaon In addition to the above, the restoration work
the
was also carried out. This included mending of
The sandstonetemplebelongingtotenth century like
I

damaged sculptures using remedial measures

AD is notable for its door, which is profusely

542
ARC HA E OLOG I CAL C H E MI ST RI'

grouting and repairing cracks. filling of surface gaps of the Fort road was completed during the year.
and colour matching. In some cases. the deteriorated Besides surface cleaning withAmmonia solution (2
parts hadto be remodelledsith the use ofu'ax before to 5o/o), dilute polycide and Extran MA 02 neutral
mouldings'ork mixture in water, the work also included application
of bioc ides v i 2., Zinc silicofl ouride (2%) and S odium
44. Hosn-lrc Sn-rn's Totln, U.rrou, Dlsrnlcr
Penntachlorophenate (2%) solution in de-ionized
DH,.rn
$,ater. Hydrophobic treatment with Pidicote water
ln continuation of the previous year's work repellent silicone resin solution was also given with
(2000-01 . pp. 309-31 I ). removal thick and hard
the final application ofprotective coating ofPMMA
deposis oflime mortarthat had leached out from the
solution in toluene. Work on left side statues is in
joins of veneering marble blocks in the interior progress.
cenotaph ofthe tomb remained in progress, during
4E. Nf*rcLEsH!'ARA Manaono Gnoup or Tnurlrs,
the 1'ear. About 479o of the work was completed.
The s'ork is still in progress.
M,rr nH,lra, D I stnIcr Ksexnwa

45. \rrlxr,rru P.lLrcr, M.tlou, Dlsrmcr Dunn These are group ofHindu temples dating back
to the eleventh-tsrelth century situated on the left bank
Chemical conservation work of this
of River Narmada at Mandhata. The main shrine,
monwnent continued and completed during the year.
known Mamleshvara Mahadeo Temple, was taken
as
The u'ork included cleaning, application ofbiocides
up for chemical conservation during the year. The
and protective coatings in order to protect the stone
monument's exteriorwalls made ofsoft stone blocks
elements from further deterioration. Pidicote-WRS
were found to be covered with the growth of micro-
u'as applied as a hydrophobic treatment. The work
organisms, suchas algae and lichens catrsingextensive
wascompleted.
damage to the sculptural and structural elements. A
46. RrprHn's P.tu LIoNs, Mexou, Dsrnrcr DHln blackish layer was formed ofthe deposition
as a result

The chemical conservation ofthe monument of algae on the exposed stone surface disfiguring the
remained in progress and the work in south pavilion monument. Besides, the original janghaportion of
andtre exterior*all facing eastwas completed during the temple was also found covered with thick tenacious
the 1'ear. After cleaning and fungicidal treatment the lime coatings thereby obscuring the details of the
entire exterior plastered surface ofthe monument was sculptures and carvings. The conservation measures
given h1'drophobic treatment with Pidicote WRS. consisted of general cleaning for the removal ofmicro
Finally. a coat of PMMA (2 to 3%o) solution in toluene flora and lime deposits by chemical or soft mechanical
u'as applied as a protective coating. Work is still in means as per situation. The final measure was the
progress. application of fungicide and Pidicote WRS (Silicone

47. Rrlrrr
Sr-rrurs oF THE Jltxa Trntu^l,xxanas, resin) on cleaned surface as preservative treatment'

Gn.utoR FoRT, Gn.r,Llon, Dlsrntcr GwalIoR 49. Srum No. 2 , SANCHI, Drsrmcr RnIsnNI
In continuation of the previous year's work In continuation of the previous year's work,
Qm0-01 .p.31 I ). the chemical conservation ofthis (2000-0 t ,p.3 1 1), the chemical conservation on the
monument remained in progress and the rock-cut reliefs of the ground balustrade of this monurllent
stattres ofJaina Trthankaras, situated to the right side continued and completed during the year. The whole

]s+:f
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

structure comprising a solid dome and the ground 51. Nsourxnnrrmsvana M*raoov Trnrrlr, Unarun,
balustrade were cleaned otl'all surt'ace crusts and Drsrruct Vrotsna
black stains caused by the micro organisms such In continuation of the previous year's work
as mosses, lichens and algae using a weak ammonia
(2000-0 1,p.3 I 1), the chemical conservation ofthis
solution and Rankleen neutral (a non-ionic monument remained in progress and the chemical
detergent) mixture. The entire cleaned surface of
treatment and preservation of exterior portions of the
the monument was given biocidal treatment with
Nandi-mandapa embellished with exquisite
Sodium pentachlorophenate (2%) solutions in
sculptures and carvings was taken up during the year.
distilled water. This was followed by hydrophobic
The work is still in progress.
treatment with Repelline Super (a water based
silicone compound). The final measure was application MAHARASHTRA
ofprotective coating ofPMMA (2%) solution in toluene
on feated stone surfaces. The restoration work included 52. ArnNra Crvrs, A.laNr.L, Dtstnrcr Aun q.N clelo
gouting andrepairing on suface cracks andgaps inthe
The chemical treatment work was carried out
carved stone slabs ofthe groundbalusfrade with fine re-
touching paste of stone powder and epoxy resin. The on the painted surfaces of Caves 2,9,I0 and2l.ln
workis completed. Cave No. 2 suitable conservation measures were
taken to stop the falling of loose white pigments from
50. Srupa No.3, S.lNcnt, Dtsrmcr RHsnN the ceiling and to remove deposits of soot with the
help ofappropriate chemicals and solvents. Gen-
This monument erected during Sunga times
eral cleaning was also done on the previously filleted
was found to be badly affected with micro
area and finally 0.5% PVA solution was applied on
organisms such as mosses, lichens and algae on its
the driedsurface as protective coat.
exposed surfaces. The carved sandstone blocks in
the torana show signs of extensive decay due to In Cave No. 9, ten paintings on the east wall
biological agents. Lichens have invaded the stone were treated forthe removal ofverythick layerofold
sculptural elements by forming grey andblack crusts vamishes, shellac and deposits of soot, dust, dirt etc.
on their surfaces. Apart from causing severe damage For this purpose solvent like morpholine, n-butyl
to the sculptural forms, these crusts ofmicro flora amine, butyl lactate, butanol, ethanol and diethyl
were aesthetically unpleasing as well. For this formamide in appropriate concentration were used.
reason, the whole monument was taken up for The treatment was carried out very carefully in steps
chemical treatment in orderto improve its aesthetics and the treatment was stopped after the removal of
and also to protect the sculptural elements against about 80o/o accretionary deposits from the painted
further deterioration. During the year, the Gateway surface. In this way visibility of the painting was
and the upper pathway railing including the wall considerably improved. Under the favourable
below it underwent chemical cleaning and conditions 0.5% PVA solution in toluene was applied
preservation work. The work is still in progress. as a preservative coat.

ffi-----I s++ ffi

A RC HAEO LOG IC AL C H E MI STRY

In Cave No- 2l normal chemical treatment 54. Plr,qlxnoRa Cavss, Plrnlruona, Dlsrnrcr
work was carried out as general conservation AunaNcasno
measures forthe removal of surface deposits.
Fumigation work was carried out in order to
Fixing and filleting work of loose painted check insect activities on the mural painting in Cave
plaster, lacunae, gapq ridges etc. of painted plaster No.3, using Ethoxide gas.
in Caves 9, 11,20 and 2l was undertaken during 55. D.q,rrva SurlN TrneLe, LoxlR, DlsrRrcr
the period under review. The work was carried BuLon.q.N{a
out very carefully using suitable and compatible
Sculptures and stone surfaces of this temple
materials in order to arrest loosening of painted
were chemically treated for the removal of thick
plaster from the rock surface and to improve
layer of dust, dirt, bird's excreta using aqueous
continuity (pls.6l 42).
mixture of ammonia and non-ionic detergent with
53. Ellon-r Ceus, E rLoR a., Drsrnrcr AURA-I{GABAD mild brushing. Calcareous deposits were removed
with the help of 1% aqueous solution of acetic acid.
ln Cave No. 16, the chemical treatment and Major cracks have been filled with stone powder
restoration work of stone sculptures in the and suitable resin wherever found essential.
prdakshinaand Lower Kailasha were undertaken Finally, fungicidal treatment was given using2Yo
in order to remove accretionary deposits, micro- sodium pentachlorophenate solution followed by
vegetational growth as well as to restore broken application of preservative coat.
parts ofthe sculptures. The surface deposits were
56. TrumnlrusHlARA Trurre, TRTMBAKESHwAR, DIs-
cleaned mechanically using soft brushes and
TRrcr Nasrx
suitable chemical formulations i.e., dilute aqueous
mixture of ammonia and teepol. After chemical Stone sculptures and fine carvings on the stone
cleaning cracks were filled with stone powder and blocks were chemically treated to remove different
suitable resins. The broken leg of a dvarapala types of accretionary deposits including micro-
sculpture at the entrance of this cave was restored vegetational growth as well as calcareous deposits
through modelling work. Finally the fungicidal leached out from lime mortar from the joints of
treatment was given followed by application of stone slabs. Aqueous ammonia solution mixed with

preservative coat. non-ionic detergent was used in general with mild

brushing for the removal of above accretionary
Mural Paintings of Cave No' 32, were deposits. For the removal of calcareous stains 2%o
chemically treated for the removal of thick layer acetic acid was used. The cleaned surface was
of dust, dirt and bat's excreta. Initially loose dust given fungicidal treatment after thorough washing
was removed with soft sable hair brushes and followed by preservative treatment on dried
thereaftercemented dust along with oily soot were surface.
chemically clemed with methanol, di-acetone alcohol' Dlsrrucr Rltclo
57. Rarclo FoRTo RaIGao,
cellosolve, ethylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate'
Chemical treatment was carried out on the
morpholine etc. in appropriate concenfration' About
exterior stone surface ofNaqaarkhan4 Meghdamari'
1.5 sq m ar€a was chemically cleaned'

545
 -l
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

Plates 461462

Ajanta, mural painting: 461, before and 462, after chemical treatment

546
A RC HA E O LOG I CAL C H E I,TI STRY

Matudarwaja md brick wall portion on the platform using ammonia and non-ionic detergent mixture. The
of Sishan for the eradication of extensive micro- fungicidal and preservative treatment were given to
vegetational growth and bird's excreta using 3olo arrest reoccurence of biological growths.
aqueous mixtre ofamrnonia and teepol. Calcareous 60. SuN Tnmrln, KoNanx, Drsrrucr Punr
materials d€pcit€d due to leaching of lime-based
mortar were also cleaned with the help of dilute As the temple is situated close to sea, the
solution of retic acid. After thorough washing salt laden winds leaves the soluble salt on the
fimgicidal treatrnent was given usng 2o/o aqueous stone resulting efflorescence and slow
sohnion of sodium pentachlorophenate followed by pulverization. Besides, heavy rainfall is also
responsible for thick vegetational growth on the
ryIft:*i<n of37o PMMA aqueous solution of sodium
pentachlorqhenate followed by application of 3Yo khondalite stone. To minimize the deleterious
PMMA sohrtion in Toluene as water repellent. effect of soluble salts on the stone, paper pulp
treatment is being carried out periodically in
Metallic portion ofMeghdamari was cleaned
order to extract soluble salts from the stone
with 2Yo solution of sodium potassium tartrate
matrix. During the period under review the paper
followed by thorough washing and application of
pulp treatment was carried out prior to the
2YoPYA*lution in dry state.
removal of micro-vegetational growth. At least
3 to 4 cycles of paper pulp treatment were given
ORISSA to extract as much salt as possible. The micro-
vegetational growth was removed with dilute
58. CHrrRlxlRrNr Gnoup oF Tnnrrlns, aqueous mixture of ammonia and non-ionic
Bnt-n.r-vsn'l& Drsrmcr BHunaNrswaR detergent. After thorough washing the fungicidal
The temple is comprised of Vimana and treatment was given using 2Yo aqu.eous sodium
Jagamohana including group of fourtemples located pentachlorophenate followed by preservative
at four corners. The chemical treatment was carried treatment with Pidicote WRS.
out to remove the thick micro-vegetational growth 61. Mecunaru PR,qcurRa, Lono JacaNxarua
from the exterior sandstone surface using aqueous TeurLE, Dtsrnrcr Punr
mixture of ammonia and non-ionic detergent. In
The outer most wall of the temple-complex
order to arrest reocurrence of micro-vegetational
known as Meghnath Prachir is made of
growth fungicidal treatment was given followed
Khondalite stone including some laterite stone.
by application ofpreservative coat ofPidicote WRS
A few years back deplastering work was carried
on dried surface. The work is in progress.
out leaving lime accretions on the stones. The
59. SmnHrsranq GRoup or Trnrprns, BuunaNrswan,
deplastered surfaces as well as plastered surface
Dsrp.rcr BHus,{srs$aR of northern and western gate were chemically
The main temple consists of Vimana and treated for the removal of adhered lime-plaster
Jagamohana- Thirteen more sub shrines located within and micro-vegetational growth. For lime
the complex, all made of sandstone were also accretions dilute acetic acid was used while dilute
zubjected to chernical tneatrnent to eradicate micro- ammonia solution mixed with non-ionic detergent
vegetational growft from the exterior stone surface was used for the removal of micro-vegetational

547
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

growth. After thorough cleaning 20% aqueous deposits was chemically treated with aqueous
solution of sodium pentachlorophenate was sprayed ammonia and non-ionic detergent mixture in order to
as fungicide followed by application of 1.5% remove above surface deposits. Dilute acetic acid
PMMA in toluene as preservative on dried surface. solution was used to clean the calcareous deposits.
The work is in progress. After thorough washing, the surface was treated with
2% sodium penta-chlorophenate solution in order to
PUNJAB stop further growth ofmicro-vegetations. Finally, the
surface was preserved with l% PMMA solution in
62. SsanrsHBn KnaN Toilrn, Bar,rla,, Dlsrnrcr toluene.
GunonspuR
The chemical conservation was taken up on 65. N prlaxANTHA MlHaopr,' T enrLr, N oeLx,tr,,lrH,

the exterior stone/plastered surface forthe removal Dtsrnrcr Atx,,rn

of superficial dust, dirt and dark coloured micro-
Nearly thousand beautifully carved loose
vegetational growth. A suitable and effective
chemical formation (ammonia and non-ionic
sculptures of sandstone were subjected to chemical
heatment in order to remove the thick biological
detergent) was used to facilitate the removal of
growth, dust, dirt and calcareous deposits. For this
above deposits with gentle brushing. After thorough
purpose 4Yo amrrrcnia and non-ionic detergent was
washing and drying 2% PI&f.I[4A solution in toluene
used. Dilute acetic acid solution was also used
was applied as preservative coat.
wherever required. All the cleaned and &ied sructures

RA'ASTHAN were subjected to fungicidal treatment usng 2Yo

solution of Santobrite and finally preserved with
suitable preservative. The work is completed.
63. ANNaslcnn Banmnm, AmmR, Drsrnrcr ArnroR

The chemical treatrnent work was carried out 66. UNossHVARA Ma.naosl'A TnueLr, BrJolra,
on the exterior marble surface oftheM,u$nl chhamis Drsrnlcr BHrlwa,na
forthe rernoval of accumulated dust, dirt, biological
The exterior sandstone surface ofthis beautiful
and other accretionary deposits using aqueous
temple was subjected to chemical treatment for the
ammonia mixed with non-ionic detergent. Clay pack
removal of micro-vegetational growth and other
freatnent was also given at some places using fuller's
accretionary deposits using 3%o aqueous ammonia
earlh, charged with suitable chemicals for the removal
and non-ionic detergent. Hard calcareous
of hard stains. The surface was finally washed with
accretionary deposits on the intricate carvings and
distilled water. About 27oh work was completed sculpfures were removed by chemico-mechanical
duringtheyear.
method using dilute acetic acid. After thorough
64. MlNcrl Dnvr Tonrlr, Goll-Ka-Vns, washing and drying the surface was given
Bnalrcann, DrcrRrcr Arwl,n fungicidal treatment with ZYo aqueous sodium
pentachlorophenate followed by preservative
The exterior sandstone surface infested with rich treatment with PMMA. About 66% work is
micro-vegetational growth and other accretionary completed.

548
ARC HAE OLOGICAL C HE MISTRY

67. CnrrnasHALA, Buror Fonr, Drsrnrcr BuNpr by chemico-mechanical method with the help of
dilute acetic acid wherever required. Thoroughly
The beautiful paintings of Chitrashala,
washed and dried surface was given fungicidal
disfigured due to deposition of surface accretions
treatment with2o/o Santobrite in aqueous medium
and water marks were chemically treated to
followed by application of preservation coat of
improve the appearance by removing harmful
l% PMMA in toluene. The work was completed
deposits from the surface. For the cleaning suitable
(pls. 465-466).
organic solvents such as methanol, cellosolve, iso-
amyl acetate etc. were used in suitable 70. Harst Bulrta, KHeR-r,, Drsrrucr ToNx
concentration. Loose and flaking pigments were The gignatic monolithic elephant sculpture
consolidated and shengthened wherever required locally known as Hathi Bhatta is made of rough
to stop the losses. Colour reintegration work was sandstone and is sifuated on an uneven raised
also attended and finally the painted surface was rock platform in standing position. This elephant
preserved with l% PVA solution in toluene. sculpture was chemically treated with ammonia
and non-ionic detergent mixfure for the removal
68. C n rrr.ru RG.lnH Fonr, Drsrnrcr CH rrrauncaRH
of micro-vegetation and different accretionary
The chemical treafrnent and preservationwork deposit. The fungicidal treatment was given
was undertaken on the exterior as well as interior using Santobirte (2%) solution followed by
surface of the Siva temple and chhatris. Both the preservation with l% PMMA in toluene.
sandstone and limestone surfaces were treated with
TAMLT{ADU
aqueous ammonia and non-ionic detergent mixfure
using soft nylon brushes. Hard calcareous deposits 71. SmuunuGANATHAsr arn'TrlrpLr, TurRur.runu-
were removed with the help of dilute acetic acid. GANPoNDY, Dtsrrucr Conmaronr
The fungicidal treatment was thereafter given on The chemical treatment of the sculptures on
the thoroughly washed surface followed by the exterior walls on Siva and Parvati shrines as
application ofpreservative coat on dried surface. well as interior walls of mandapa was taken up.
The work was completed (pls. 463464). After general cleaning with ammonia and teepol
The chemical treatment andpreservation work mixture and the soluble salts were extracted with
was carried out on the exterior stone surface ofthe paper pulp treatment wherever required. After
Siva temple at Telipara on the similar lines as thorough washing with de-mineralized water,
discussed above. fungicidal treatment was given using 2olo solution
of sodium pentachlorophenate. Pidicote WRS and
69. Srra Teupla auo N,rNor Totrrlo, MrNaL, PMMA in toluene was used as double component
DrsrRrcr Cutrra,uncann preservative.

The norttr-east and south-west faces of the main 72. Gnoup or MorumENrs (JvlnAHARsvARA,
sikhsra of the temple subjected to chemical MurrBsvana aNo IR qvansaNnsvana), KnNCHrpuRAM,

treatment and preservation for the removal of Dnrmcr KaNcnrpuRanr

microbiological accretions using ammonia and non- The granite/sandstone walls and stucco figures
ionic detergent mixfure. The lime-coat was removed ofthe Vimana ofthe ternples were found to be covered

549
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 -A REVIEW

Chittautgarh Fort, Chhatris: 463, before and464, after chemical treatment

Issol
ARC HAE OLOGI CAL CHEMISTRY

Plates 465466

465

Menal, Siva Temple: 465, before and 466, after chemical treatment

551
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OOI-02 - A REVIEW

with bluish blackvegetational growth as well as dust, treatment and thereafter Pidicote WRS was applied
oin ano patcnes of time wasn. ullute soluuon or on tne cirieo surr-ace as preservauve coat.
ammonia mixed with non-ionic detergent was used to
75. Rocx-cur Cnvns nr M.q.N.raxDun, DrsrRrcr
facilitate the removal of these accretionary deposits
K,qncHrpuRanr
with mild brushing. Dilute solution of acetic acid
was found effective and suitable for the cleaning of The granite walls, pillars and ceilings of
lime-wash patches. After thorough washing, entire this rock-cut caves were found to be covered
area was given fungicidal and preservative treatment with micro-vegetational growth, dust, dirt and
using sodium pentachlorophenate as fungicide. hard calcareous accretions due to seepage of
Pidicote WRS as well as PMMA were used as water. Aqueous ammonnia and teepol mixture
preservative on stucco figures and stone surface were used for genenral cleaning while aqueous
respectively. solution of ammonium carbonate, sodium
hexametaphosphate, sodium thiosulphate and
73. Kxms,u,,rATHa TnN.rpLo, KnNcutruRam, DtsrRIcr oxalic acid were used for the removal of
KnNcurpuRana calcareous deposit. Entire area was washed
thoroughly with plenty of water and2Yo solution
The sandstone sculptures of subshrine all
of sodium pentachlorophenate was applied as
around the main shrine of Kailasanatha Temple
fungicide followed by application of 2Yo solution
were chemically treated for the removal of thick
of PMMA in toluene on dried surface as
growth of micro-organism and accumulated dust
preservative.
and dirt using soft nylon brushes and aqueous
ammonia and teepol mixture. The chemicals were 76. SHono Tsupm aNo ARluNa's PrNlNCe,
removed by thorough washing and thereafter MnHaslLrpuRAM, DrsrRrcr Klncurpunanr
fungicidal treatment was given using 2% sodium
The northern and southern prakaro wa[[s
pentachlorophenate followed by application of
of Arjuna's penance, Shore Temple made of
Pidicote WRS as preservative.
coarse granite and decorated with bas-reliefs
74. Snr Plnrnlsn nnrHt Tn,ntplE, PlR.rHIv,tpuRAMr were subjected to paper pulp treatment in
Drsrnrcr KnNvaruntnnl order to extract soluble salts from the stone
fabric as much as possible. The surface was
Stucco surface and figures of the Vimana of washed with de-mineralized water for the
the main shrine was subjected to chemical treatment removal of bits of paper pulp, sticking to the
forthe cleaning ofthickbiological growth and other surface. In order to remove surface accretions
surface deposits using dilute aqueous solution of and micro-vegetational growth, teepol and
ammonia and teepol. The granite walls were also ammonia solutions (l:3) were used.2Yo solution
heated forthe removal oflime-wash and calcareous of sodium pentachlorophenate was applied on
accretions using dilute acetic acid solution followed the cleaned surface as fungicide and finally 3o/o
by washing with teepol and ammonia solution. The solution of PMMA in toluene was applied as
structure was thoroughly washed prior to fungicidal preservative coat.

552
A RC HAE O LO GI CAL CHE MI STRY

77. Snr VrNxaross PoRunr,tl Trmrle , 79. Rocx-cur Srva Tourlr, KuxlnoanKorl,
TH lnunruxxuDAL, Drsrrucr KaNcnrpuR,t,nr Drsrnrcr Punuxxorr,rr

The interior prakarawalls, ceilings, pillars and

The chemical treatmentworkwas takenup on
other sculptures made ofgranite stone were chemically
the pillars, walls and ceilings of the main shrine
treated. In order to remove lime-wash, dust and dirt
mandapa and that of Amman shrine mandapa.
as well as sooty material, dilute solution ofacetic acid
Above structures made of granite stone were
and ammonia, teepol mixture were used for the
observed to be covered with black patches of soot
cleaning of lime and other surface accretions
and bat's excreta etc. besides lime-wash.
respectively. On the plain exterior surface 2oZ solution
Ammonia and teepol mixture, sodium hexameta-
of sodium pentachlorophenate was applied as phosphate anddilute solution ofacetic acidwere used
firngicide, only on exteriorportion. Finally, 3% solution
to remove above accretionary deposit followed by
of PMMA in toluene was applied as preservative over
thorough washing. Only preservative treatment was
the entire cleaned area.
given using 2%Pl\frvl[solution in toluene.
78. Snr BnrHlorsvlRa Tonrpln, GKC PuRanr,
Drsrnrcr PrRalrnar-uR 80. Sru Auunx SunrNe, ArRlvarnsvana TeuRln,
Dlnasun tu, Drsrntct Tnaxlnvun
The chemical conservationwas taken up forthe
chemical cleaning and preservation of sculptures Lime-plaster surface and stone sculptures of the
exteriorportion of sanctum, sanctorum, interior ofmain Ammman shrine were chemically treated with dilute
shrine i.e., mukha-mandapa and maha-mandapa. aqueous mixhre of 2%osolution of sammonia and non-

The main problem was deposition of smoke, soot and ionic detergent to remove micro-vegetational growth
oily accretions along with dust and dirt onthe granite and other surface accretions. After thorough washing

surface ofwalls, pillars and ceilings. The chemical to ensure complete removal of chemicals from the
cleaning work was carried out for the removal ofthese surface, fungicidal treatment was given wing2%o
accretionary deposits with the use of aqueous solution of sodium pentachlorophenate. Finally, double
ammonia mixed with non-ionic detergent. The westem component system ofpreservative i.e., Pidicote WRS
end of the exterior north wall was observed to be and PMMA were used to preserve the chemically
affected by the deposition of soluble salts as well as treated surface.
micro-vegetational growth. The micro-vegetational
growth was first removed with the help ofsoft brushing
using aqueous ammonia and non-ionic detergent UTTAR PRADESH
mixture. Thereafter, paperpulp treatment was carried
81. A<;nn F<lnro Acn,t, Dlslnrcr Acnn
out to extract soluble salts from the stone materials.
Afterthorough washing firngicidal teatnent was given The exterior marble surface of Diwan-i-Khas
using 2Yo sodium pentachlorophenate on the exterior was subjected to chemical treatment using claypack
surface followed by preservative treatment with2Yo for the removal of thick deposition of soot, smoke
PMMA in toluene. and other particualte matter. The clay pack

f ss:ff
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

method is very effective for the removal ofthis using aqueous ammonia and non-ionic detergent. Clay
type ofaccretions and gives goodresults without any pack technique was also used to facilitate cleaning of
mechanical work. The surface was thereafter thor- siliceous accretions wherever required. The interior
oughly washed with distill water. stone surface of kitchen of Jodhabai was also
chemicallytreated forthe removal ofsmoke and soot
82. Crux I-K,t-Rtuz.t, Acnl, Dtsrnlcr Acna
deposits using mixture oftriphenylamine and non-ionic
The chemical conservation was undertaken in detergent. Entire cleaned surface was given fi'ngicidal
Chini-ka-Rauza during the period trnder review. The treatment to arrest the reoccurrence of vegetational
paintings inside were badly affected due to bat's growth using 2olo solution of sodium pentachloro-
nuisance as well as other physical factors. Prior to phenate in distilled water followed by application of
chemical treatment extermination of bats were Pidicote WRS on dried surface as preservative coat.
carried out with the help of suitable chemical spray
and wire mesh was provided on the open entries to 84. SrrnNuARA, AGRA, Dtsrntcr Acnl
the monument. Conservation problems like flaking, The main mausoleum is made ofred stone, marble
and bulging and voids on the painted surface were and lime-plaster. There are forty-four burgis on the
attended to and restoration work was carried out firs! second and third floors ofmain mausoleum which
using suitable and compatible material. Re-fixing and are plastered and decoratedwith colouredtiles having
filleting work was also attended wherever required metallic pinacles at the top. The lime-plastered surface
to consolidate the painted surface. The surface was and sandstone surface were chemically treated forthe
finally cleaned of bat's excreta and other surface removal ofmoss, lichens and other microphytes using
deposits using mild organic solvents with the help zuitable concentration ofaqueous ammonia mixed with
of softbrushes and cotton swabs' The cleaned and non-ionic detergent with soft brushes. Entire cleaned
dried painted surface was preserved with 1% surface was subjected to fungicidal fie atnentwih2oh
solution of PVA in toluene. solution of sodium pentachlorophenate followed by
preservative treatment w ifh 2 -3% solution of PMMA
83. Farrupun Strru, AcRl, Dtstntcr AcRa in toluene. The work is comPleted.

Inside the Complex, various monumentsviz-, 85. JauNpuR Font, J.LuNrun, DtsrRtcr Ja,uNpun
Khwabgah; Anoop Talao and kitchen of Jodhabai
In continuation of the last year's work(2000-
Diwan-i-Am; Diwan-i-Khas; Khajana, Madarsa;
01), about 1600 sq m area was chemically treated
PanchMahal; Turkish Sultana; Jodhabai Palace and
and preserved during the year under review. The
Birbal's Palace were taken up for chemical
exterior stone surface of western main gate and
conservation.
plastered-surface of Turkish Bath, mosque and
Exterior Red sandstone and lime-plastered Baradari were subjected to chemical treatment for
surface of above structures within Fatehpur Sikri the removal of micro-vegetational growth as well

complex were treated removal of micro-vegetational as superficial dust, dirt deposits with the help of

growth, siliceous accretions and surface deposits, ammonia and teepol mixture with mild brushing.

554
ARCHAE OLO G I CAL C H E MI STRY

Cleaned surface was given fungicidal treatment and non-ionic detergent with mild brushing. Entire

followed by application of suitable concentration cleaned surface was given fungicidal treatmentwith

of Pidicote WRS preservative coat. 3% sodium pentachlorophenate and finally

preserved with2o Pidicote WRS solution' The
86. R.ttrlsnaR Srupa', KusHlnnGnR, Dtsrntcr workwas completed.
KusHtt.tca,R
In continuation of the last year's work(2000-
01), about 1700 sq m area of the stupa and its
extension was chemically treated and preserved' This
massive brick structure was observed to be covered 89. Llr, Jt Tnrtreln, Kal-x^l, Drsrrucr BanoHmlax
with micro-vegetational as well as other accretionary
The plastered-surface of the sikhara and the
deposits. The exterior surface was therefore chemically
small side towers, covered by thick growttr of micro-
teated with ammonia and non-ionic detergent mixture
mild vegetation and bird's excreta were subjected to
to facilitate the removal of micro-vegetations by
chemical treatment for the removal of accretionary
brushing. Entire cleaned and dried surface was given
deposits using mixture of dilute ammonia and teepol
fungicidal as well as preservative treatment using 3olo
in aqueous medium. The cleaned surface was given
sodium pentachlorophenate and Pidicote WRS
fungicidal treatment using 5% aqueous solution of
respectively.
sodium pentachlorophenate and finally preserved with
87. GovrNo Dno Tnmplo, VRrNolvlN, DtsrRrcr PidicoteWRS solution.
MrrsuR,t
90. Srvn Tnupr,r wrrHrN rHn Knrsnxl Cslxnn'l Jt
The exterior stone surface of this temple was Blovl,xlrn), Kar'xl,
Tnlrpr-n-CoMPLEx (Vr"lov
chemically treated for the removal of excreta of
Drsrnrcr Bmnnltnal
birds, bats, monkeys as well as micro-vegetational
growth. Aqueous mixture of ammonia and teepol This brick temple is covered with lime-plaster
was used for the removal of surface accretions' On having terracotta figurines in the front. The
the cleaned and dried surface fungicidal and consolidation ofthe front portion ofthe ternple having
preservative heafinent were given wing2o/o sodium fine terracotta designs was carried to slow down the
pentachlorophenate and PMMA solution deterioration. The plastered-surface ofthe temple was
respectively. covered with micro-vegetational growttr, subjected to
chemical treatment forthe removal of accretionary
88. Duamoxn Srum, SnnN.ltn, Dsrntcr VanaNmt deposits using aqueous ammonia and teepol solution'

The exterior lower sandstone surface Thereafter application of fungicide using 5% aqueous

decorated with floral designs and upper brick solution ofsodiumpenhchlorophenate andaprotrctive

structures were subjected to chemical treatment for coat ofPidicote WRS were carried out only on the
the removal of micro-vegetations mostly mosses plastered surface.

and othermicrophytes using amixture of ammonia

ffisssffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 _ A REVIEW

TREATMENT OF EXCAVATED OBJECTS 3. Cururcar. TnnarnrnNr orANrrgurrrEs rN THE

AND HUSEUII EXHIBITS' ZoNu, LAnonqroRy, DolHr

a. Manuscripts received from the Mumtaz Mahal

l. CHpnlcal TnrarnaBNr op Musrum Orupcrs
Museum, Red Fort, of the Survey were
r\ THE LauoRaroRy oF ScreNco BnaNcH,
restored.
Drunaoun
b. Twenty of copper and iron antiquities and
a. Eighty-one Lithographs and photographs
twenty-three other metal antiquities received
received from the Lucknow Circle, Lucknow,
from Excavation Branch II, purana
eila, of
of the Survey were chemically treated, the Survey were chemically treated and
reintegrated and mounted. These lithographs/
presewed.
photographs were displayed in the Museum
c. hon Pillar at Qutb Complex, eutb Minarwas
atResidency, Lucknow.
chemically teated and preserved.
b. The restoration andpreservation of amodel
d. Ctlernical heatnent of four old record fi les with
of Residency, measuring 10,4.5,,x10,3,' old photographs and a register received from
displayed at the first floor of Residency
SuperintendrngArchaeologis! Delhi Circle, of
Museum, Lucknow, was carried out by a team the Survey was completed.
from Science Branch, Dehradun.
4. Cnourcll TRrarunNr or AxrrqurrrEs AND
c. One flag from Residency Museum received
FumclrroN op LrsRARy Booxs/AxcrpNr parxrrxcs
through Lucknow Circle, Lucknow, of the
oN THE Cnu,mc oF THE LmRany Buu,nrNc By rHE
Survey was chemically teated. Broken pieces
ZoNar, LlronaRroRy, AuR Lxcaran
were carefully mended and a lignin was
provided to strengthen the flag. a. Fumigation of library books and ancient
paintings on the ceiling of the library building
d. Fifty of coppeq silver and lead coins from of the office of the
Superintending
Hathab, Bhavnagar (Gujarat) received through Archaeologist, Aurangabad Circle,
Vadodara Circle ofthe Surveywere subjected Aurangabad, of the Surveywas carried out
to chemical teatment and preservation. by sealingthe libraryusing exotoxic gas.

2. Cnerrucnr TRparnrsNr or Muspuur Os.rpcrs b. Copper, silver, lead andiron antiquities

rN THE ZoxtrlasoRAronv, parNa received from paithan, Aurangabad were
chemically ffeated and preserved.
a. The museum objects made of granite,
sandstone and terracotta displayed in the Bodh 5. Cururcu TREATMf,NT orAxneurnrs By rHE
Gaya Museum at Bodh Gaya,District Gaya Zox x- LanonaroRy, Jarrun
@ihar) were chemically feated and preserved
using suitable chemicals followed by application a. Fifty-fourmetallic guns andotherweapons of
of suitable preservative. Hamir Palace, Ranthambora Fort, District
I Information from : Director (Science) ofthe Survey, Dehradun

5s6
ffiffi ffii
 ARC HAE OLO GI CAL CHE MI STRY

Sawaimadhopur were chemically treated. vi. Forty-three silver coins from Kuppam mandal
Wooden handles were repaired and finally received as Treasure Trove were chemically
preserved. heated.

6. Csntrrcal Tnnarlmrr orAxrtqunrrs

vii. Five copperplates received as Treasure Trove
AT THE
from Pyarampalle village of Gurramkonda
DrvtsloNlr, L.q,roRArony, IxnoRE
mandal were chemically teated.
a. A number ofmetal objects including coins of viii One Panchaloha idol received as Treasure
Scindia period, cannon balls, horse shoes, hilts Trove from Nalla Kambireddy palle of K.V.
of swords, a pinnacle of temple and a palle mandal was treated by using Rochella
komandalureceived from the Archaeological salt and sodium hydroxide.
Museum, Gwalior were chemically cleaned
andpreserved. 8. TuB Sxolrral Lasonarony crF THB
DrpanrnmNr opARcruEoLoGy lNn MusruMS ALso
7. Tur DrnBcroRATE or ARcnanoI,ocy AND
UNoBRroox rHE FoLLowrNG Cusmrcal
Musnums, GovBnNlrsNr oF ANnnRa pRloosH CoNsnnvlrroN WoRr
CoNoucrso Cspnucal CoxsnnvarroN oF THE i. The skeletal laboratory which is a wing of
FoLLowrNGANrrqulrtrs chemical conservation laboratory attended to the
i Excavated objects from Dantapuram cleaning and mending of skeletal remains, some
consisting ofbangle pieces, rods, nails, clamp, excavated Human skeleton remains ofUpperu
ring, spearhead etc. ofiron and copperwere Excavation megalithic, skull No. II at
suitably teated with Sodium Hydroxide and Mahaboobnagar.
tartaric acid.

One silverplate and fifty silver coins received MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION
as Treasure Trove from Ayyavandla palli
village ofPulichella Mandal were chemically 1. MoxrronlNc oF Arn polr.urlon er T,r.l
treated. MnH,tl, AND orHER MoxunmxrsrAcnl

lll One eagle shaped iron idol received as Air Pollution Monitoring Lab at Agra
Treasure Trove fromAkkarampalli village of continued the monitoring of different gaseous
Tiiupati urtan mandal was chemically treated. pollutants in the vicinity ofthe Taj Mahal in order
to study the impact of these pollutants on the
iv. Panchaloha Sakti idol withpedastal received
stone fabric as well as otherbuilding materials of
as T.T from Dwarakanagar Tirupati was
this world heritage monument. The monitoring
chemicallytreated.
as a whole was divided into three steps on the
Three Panchaloha idols received as Treasure basis ofdifferentparameters which were taken
Trove from Anjupalem of K,V.M. puram into consideration for better understanding of
mandal and Erraiangaripalle were chemically distribution of air pollutants and their impact on
treated. the building materials.
I
Information from : Director (Science) of ttre Survey, p.t"aau,

ffiffi 5s7
ffi
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 - A REVIEW

a. ChemicalParameters not reflect any definite trend throughout the

year but large vanatrons m temperature and
i Monitoring of Sulphur di oxide and oxides of
humiditywas recorded.
Nitrogen

Chemically active compounds, which are c. PhysicalParameters

acidic in nature are more lethal in their activity Suspended particulate matter and dust fall rate
and may cause damage to any building stone. are the mainphysical parameters thatmaybe
Sulphur dioxide gas is capable of converting matter of concern. Dust particles can cause
into sulphurous acid, which under favourable abrasion to the marble surface if strike with
conditions, can be turned into sulphuric acid momentum. They also act as carrier for
inthe atmosphere. The fall ofthis acid as acid gaseous pollutant. The dust fall rate was
rain can be dangerous for the marble surface recorded in Metric Tones per Square
ofthe monuments. Likewise nitogen oxide gas Kilometres. During the period under
canbe converted into nitric acid, whichis also consideration dust fall rate was found to be
equally determental forthe marble surface. 3 I . 1 9 MT/I(m2lmonth. Volatile matter of dust
Maximum concentration of SOrwas deter- fall was also estimated and recorded during
mined as 49 .9 trtglM3 during the month ofMay theperiod. The level of SPM inthe ambient
2001, while the maximum concentration of air was measured using High Volume Sampler.
NO, was recorded as 45.87 pg/Mr. The tolerable limit for SPM was fixed as
100pg/Ivl3 for the sensitive zone so far the
ii SulphationRate monuments as well. The ma:rimum concenta-
Sulphation rate is an important factor and is tion was measured as volume 464.03 1tglm3.
described as the rate at which SO, in the
atrnosphere gets converted into SOr. This SQ 2. MourronrNc oF AnrsruNr Aln Quurrv
ARoUND CulRtrnan, HvouRanan
in tum nansforms into sulphuric acid which if
comes in contact with the marble may cause Monitoring of Suspended Particulate Matters and
its dissolution. The maximum sulphation rate important gaseous pollutant in the ambient air in
was observed as 0.0216 gm SOr/m2lday in and around Charminar was carried out to study
the month ofApril200l. their impact on the lime-plaster.

b. Meteorological Parameters
3. Mol{rroruNc or Mrcno/Mlcno Crrnrauc
Temperature, relative humidity, wind speed Pnna,MrrERS ARouND GoulrnsvlR.t Sr,lrur,
and wind direction are the major components, Snavn l hnBLAGoLA, Drsrntcr Hass,rN
which mayplay effective role in the interac-
In order to study the impact of temperature,
tion of the pollutants and the objects. Wind
humidity, wind speed, wind direction and rainfall
speed and wind direction was measured with
on the Gomatesvara statue, above mentioned
the help ofWind Monitor (WM-200). During
metological parameters were monitored during
the period under review, these parameters did
the period under review.

w ss8 ww
ARCHAEO LOGI CAL CH E MI STRY

2. Threekiln samples received from excavated

, t,,
site, Sravasti (UP) were analyzed for their
chemical comPosition.
During the year under review scientific studies in
the following areas are inprogress:
3. Three metal samples received from the office
Research ofthe SuperintendingArchaeological Chemist,
Hyderabad, ofthe Survey were quantitatively
I . Evaluation of different water repellents (silicon
analyzed for percentage composition of various
resins andfluorinated acrylic resins) for stone/
terracotta.
constituents by Atomic Absorption
SpectroPhotometer.
2. Conservation of monuments with special
reference to hydrophobization and 4. An alloy sample of Deeg Palace, Deeg
consolidation of adobe/mud brick structure' (Rajasthan) was quantitatively analyzed by
3. Studies were continued on a traditional Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer'
protective coatings referred to as Vairalepa
in literature used on the stone surface ofmany 5. Nine plastered samples received frommisra
monuments. Different Pastes were yantra, Jantar Mantar, New Delhi were
develo@withthe available natural products qualitatively analyzed for their chemical
and their performance as preservative coat constituents.
was studied.
One hundred and twenty-three bronzes and two
Analysis hundred and two coins of lead and copper were
l. Three mud plaster samples ofAjanta Caves chemically treated and preserved. The chemical
I 1 and 26 were studied for their morphological cleaning of objects displayed at Gandhi Centenary
and structural characteristics with the help of Museum, Disftict Kareenuragar and Panagal Museum,

scanning electon microscope. District Nalgonda was also attended to'

559
 The Horticulture BranchoftheArchaeological Surveyoflndiahaving fourdivisions atAgra, Delhi, Mysore
and Bhubaneswar are responsible for environmental development ofcentally protected monuments through the
language ofnature keeping in view the background ofthe monuments such as temples, churches, mosques,
mausoleum, cemeteries, forts andpalaces etc. to make the emviromentmore lively.

The horticulture activities carried out at various archaeological sites in India during the year under report
are as under :

DELHI
4. Elnpsmrr Sranr,n, H.Lmrl, Bnr,lmy
I . G nl'.ts ti ou r x Tu c u r-,t K' s Tont B, Tu G H,r r.R xn e,t u,
Dr:lHr Apiece oflandwas converted into abeautiful
garden by landscaping the area around Elephant
The Gayasuddin's tomb is on a raised structure.
Stable.
The small area around the tomb was full of debris
which was removed to the depth of 30cm and filled
5. Lorus Maual, HlnaPr, Bnlr,aRy
with earth to develop the garden. The beautiful lawn
was developed in the area.
A beautiful flora garden was laid around Lotus
Mahal and is being maintained.
2. Lar GunrRno, Mat,l'rl,q, Na{;a,n, Nnrv Dnlur

The strata was rocky and undulated, full with 6. BsoclNANDrsvARA Tnlmln, Nlnu VILLAGE,
wild vegetation. After clearing the wild vegetation and Cnrxx,lnar,LAPuR
garbage, area was levelled and a small garden is laid
beautifully. The plants were also selected from the A beautiful garden was developed during the
traditional Mughal flora. period around Shri Bhoganandisvara Temple.

KARNATAKA 7. Vnnn,rNa,nAYANA Tnurln, Bnr,mnr

Cmrcclulclun
3. C H,tN nn,rsEKHARA TEnt et,r, Hanl rto Bell-aRv

The area in front ofthe temple was beautifully Besides landscaping the area around the temple,
developed by landscaping. a garden was developedto beautify the sunoundings.

Information from: Chief Horticulturist of the Survey, Agra

560
A RCHAE OLO G I CAL GARD EN S1

G.r.noEr DsveloPMEltr
TAMIL NADU
The garden development at Saheli Burj, Taj
tt. AInnr,\'t ESvAltA'l-t.tlnl'l:, D'tttAsLllt't\t' Mahal, Agra; Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan; Asad

f) ru.tst'tt.ttt Burj, Delhi Gate and'Zeenat Mahal, Red Fort, New

Delhi, Wood land area of Tughlakabad Fort, New
Landscaping of the garden around Shri Delhi; Bhangarh Fort, Alwar, Siva temple complex,
Airavatevara Temple, Darasuram, was completed Badoli, Rawatbhata, Hamir Palace, Ranthambore
during the year under report. AiravatesvaraTemple, Fort, Rajasthan; Kangra Fort, Kangra, Himachal
Darasuram is structurally very well maintained but the Pradesh; newly acquired area at JamiaMasjid, Bijapur,
open area towards the ancient main entrance was landscaping in front of Dakhani Idgah, Brjapur,
under encroachment. development of the area near Sapota Orchard at
Golgumba( Bijapur, extension of garden at Queen's
UTTAR PRADESH Bath, Hampi, Kamataka; Laying of roads and paths
at Bhartiyar Park, Vellore, landscape of the area
9. Baossast Garn, FlrnHpun SlxmrAcu northern side of Shri Brihadesvara Temple, GKC
Purarn, Tamilnadq laying out ofgarden at Roshni
Bagtt,
The strata was rocky and undulated, fuIl with Murshidabad, West Bengal; environmental
wild vegetation. In front of Badshahi Gate and the devblopment of Kabuli Bagh Mosque, Panipat,
area towards south, were encroached by local taders' Haryanawere comPleted.
The area was rocky, under full ofrank vegetation' To
The improvemant of gardens by way ofreturfng
improve the front ambiance of the gate, green cover
andrenovation oflawns were done atWestern Group
was developed and a beautiful lawn has been
of Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh; Sahet
developed.
Garden, Sravasti, Stupa, Sarnath, Varanasi, U'P';
10. Naoann Kn.lx^t, Lucxxow NazafKhan's Tomb, New Delhi; Golgumbad Bijapur
Karanataka; Kalachand Temple, Bishnupur, West
A befitting garden was developed at Naqaar Bengal and SunTemple, Modhera, Gujarat'
Khana.
Inigation arrangements were augmented by
11. Lar- KH.q.N's Toltn, Rnlcu^lr, Vlnlxlst boring deep tube wells at Alam Bagh Cemetery
Lucknow; Ramabbhar Stup4 Kushinagar; Marium's
During the period under report, a beautifrrl garden Tomb, Sikandara and Mehtab Bagh, Agra, RCC,
was developed at Lal Khan's Tomb, Varanasi' The Agra, U.P.; Asokan Pillar at Koluha, Muzaffarpur,
protected site is situated on the bank of River Ganga Bihar; Asokan Edict Garden, Dhauli and Chitakarani
and on the highway leading to Jaunpur' It is an Temple, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.
excavated site which needs proper landscaping but
the area around Lal Khan's Tomb is flat and suitable
The latest techniques of irrigation system
for layout or lawn with dot plantation'
(Sprinkler system etc.) were introduced at Qutb

ffi sotry
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2OO1-02 -A REVIEW

Minar, New Delhi; Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pradesh; At Bibi-Ka-Maqbara, Aurangabad (Maha-

Kalachand Temple, Bishnupur, Hazarduan Palace, rashtra), a pipe line was laid out by the Municipal
Murshidabad, West Bengal; Megesvara Temple Corporation, Aurangabad on deposit basis. A sprinkler
garden, Ramesvara Temple, Raja Rani Temple, system was inffoduced in the garden to utilize minimum

Bhubaneswar, Orissa and Sun Temple, Modhera, water on maximum space.

Gujarat. In the last mentioned monument a peace of
tn additionto the above, more thantwo hundred
land situated at southwestern side ofthe monument
archaeological gardens at various sites/monuments are
was developed as garden to improve the garden and
being maintained by the Horticulture Branch of the
better sorrounding of the monument as well as to
Survey.
athact the tourists.

ffisozffi
 XI. PUBLICATION

During the year under review, the following i Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy-Issue for
publications were broutht by the Survey. theyear 1994-95,

1. PmNrmc i Topographical List of North Indian Inscrip-

tions editedby M.D. Sampath and
The Archaeological Survey of India initiated the
printing of guide books under the World Heritage w. Topographical List of South Indian
Series (WHS) in a new format during the period under I ns cript ions edited by M.D. Sampath.
review. Two guide books under this series i.e., Qutb
The following reprints were brought out:
Minar and Huma5run's Tomb were brought out.
LA list of Inscriptions of Northern Indiafrom
2. RrpnrnrrNc
about AD 500, edited by F. Kielhorn and
i Guide book on Sanchi (Eng.) was brought out.
i A List of Inscriptions of Southern Indiafrom
tu. Axuuer Rrponr (1902-03) was taken up for about AD 500, editedbY F. Kielhorn.
reprinting.
7. OrnEn PusI-lc^rrlors
3. During the period underreview, Chandigaft Circle,
During the period under review, the following
ofthe Survey, published brochures on Thanesar
publications were brought out by the Department of
(bilingual), Monuments of Karnal and Panipat
Archaeology and Museums, Govemment ofAndhra
(bilingual), Kangra Fort, Kangra (bilingual),
Monuments of Punjab and Temples of Mandi
Pradesh:

(Enghsh). i. Guide Book to Andhra Pradesh State Museum

4. Epigraphy Branch, Mysore brought out the by P. Joginaidu and

following publications during the period:
ii. Gold coins of Kakatiya (A.T'T' of Khammam
t Epigraphs of Madhya Pradesft by H'V' Trivedi, District) by P. Joginaidu and Subrahmanyam'

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