Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................1

1.1 The Role of Detection Systems in Mitigating Drowsiness-Related

Accidents..........................................................................................................2

1.2 Overview of GSM and Eye Blink Sensor Technologies in Detection

Systems.............................................................................................................4

1.3 Techniques for Driver Drowsiness Detection.............................................5

1.4 Driving Pattern Analysis.............................................................................8

1.5 GSM Technology in Accident Detection and Alert Systems...................10

1.6 Real-Time Communication and Emergency Response............................12

1.7 Problem Statement....................................................................................13

1.8 Project Objective......................................................................................14

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................15

CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY..................................................25

3.1 Proposed Model Block Diagram..............................................................26

3.2 Proposed System Flow Details.................................................................27

3.3 Hardware Requirements...........................................................................28

3.4 Software Requirements.............................................................................28

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ABOUT ARDUINO UNO

MICROCONTROLLER.....................................................................................29

1.1 Core Controller.......................................................................................30

1.2 ARDUINO Board Layout......................................................................31

1.3 APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO..........................................................33

CHAPTER 5 SENSORS AND MODULES.......................................................34

 5.1 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY...............................................................34

5.2 GSM –SIM900 (GSM/GPRS Module for M2M applications).................37

5.3 Alcohol Sensor Module............................................................................39

5.4 Eye blink Sensor.......................................................................................40

5.5 Vibration Sensor.......................................................................................41

5.6 Vibration Motor........................................................................................41

5.7 Bluetooth Module.....................................................................................42

5.8 Pump Motor..............................................................................................42

5.9 DC Gear Motor.........................................................................................43

CHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS.................................................44

1.4 Arduino IDE...........................................................................................44

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK.....................................48

CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES.............................................................................49
 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Driver drowsiness stands out as a critical factor contributing to road

accidents, often resulting in severe injuries and fatalities [1]. When a driver
experiences drowsiness, their ability to stay awake diminishes, which can lead
to falling asleep behind the wheel. This state significantly impairs cognitive and
motor functions, increasing the likelihood of accidents. The consequences of
these accidents are far-reaching, affecting not only the drivers themselves but
also passengers, pedestrians, and other road users. The severity of injuries
sustained in such accidents often necessitates extensive medical care,
rehabilitation, and long-term support, placing a substantial burden on healthcare
systems and society as a whole. Fatalities resulting from driver drowsiness are
particularly tragic, leaving behind grieving families and communities. The
economic impact of these accidents is also considerable, encompassing costs
related to vehicle damage, medical expenses, legal proceedings, and lost
productivity. Therefore, recognizing and addressing driver drowsiness as a
significant road safety hazard is paramount for preventing accidents and
protecting lives.

Studies indicate that driver fatigue may be a contributing factor in a notable

percentage of traffic accidents [2], emphasizing the importance of implementing
effective detection and prevention strategies. Driver fatigue encompasses a
range of conditions, including drowsiness, tiredness, and reduced alertness, all
of which can impair driving performance. These conditions can arise from
various factors, such as insufficient sleep, long working hours, monotonous
driving environments, and underlying medical conditions. The effects of driver
fatigue are similar to those of alcohol impairment, leading to slower reaction
times, impaired judgment, and decreased vigilance. The prevalence of driver
fatigue as a contributing factor in traffic accidents underscores the need for
comprehensive measures to identify and mitigate this risk. Such measures may
include promoting awareness of the dangers of drowsy driving, encouraging
adequate rest breaks during long journeys, and implementing technological
solutions for detecting and alerting drowsy drivers. By addressing driver fatigue
proactively, significant strides can be made in enhancing road safety and
reducing the incidence of fatigue-related accidents.

Drowsiness diminishes a driver's reaction time, impairs judgment, and

reduces overall awareness, which in turn elevates the risk of accidents [3] [4].
When a driver is drowsy, their ability to respond quickly to unexpected events
or hazards on the road is compromised. This delayed reaction time can be the
difference between avoiding a collision and being involved in one. Impaired
judgment due to drowsiness can lead to poor decision-making, such as
misjudging distances, failing to recognize hazards, or making unsafe
manoeuvres. Furthermore, reduced awareness can cause drivers to miss critical
visual cues, such as traffic signals, pedestrians, or other vehicles. The
combination of these factors significantly increases the likelihood of accidents,
ranging from minor fender-benders to severe collisions with life-altering
consequences. Understanding the specific ways in which drowsiness impairs
driving performance is crucial for developing targeted interventions and
technologies to mitigate these risks.

1.1 The Role of Detection Systems in Mitigating Drowsiness-Related

Accidents

Driver drowsiness detection systems are specifically designed to alert

drivers before a potential mishap occurs, thereby significantly enhancing road
safety [5]. These systems employ a variety of technologies and techniques to
monitor the driver's state of alertness and detect signs of drowsiness. By
providing timely warnings, these systems aim to prevent accidents that may
result from driver fatigue or inattention. The underlying principle is to provide
an early intervention, giving the driver an opportunity to take corrective action,
such as pulling over for a rest or increasing their level of alertness. The
effectiveness of these systems depends on their ability to accurately detect
drowsiness and deliver timely alerts without causing undue distraction or
annoyance to the driver. The development and implementation of driver
drowsiness detection systems represent a proactive approach to addressing the
risks associated with drowsy driving and promoting safer road conditions for all
users.

These systems are intended to accurately identify indicators of drowsiness

and deliver real-time warnings to prevent accidents stemming from driver
fatigue [6] [2]. The accuracy of these systems is paramount, as false positives
(alerts triggered when the driver is not drowsy) can lead to driver annoyance
and distrust, while false negatives (failure to detect drowsiness when the driver
is impaired) can have catastrophic consequences. Real-time warnings are
essential for providing immediate feedback to the driver, allowing them to take
corrective action before an accident occurs. These warnings may take various
forms, such as audible alarms, visual cues, or haptic feedback, depending on the
design of the system and the preferences of the driver. The goal is to provide an
effective and unobtrusive means of alerting the driver to their drowsy state,
enabling them to take appropriate measures to prevent an accident. By
accurately identifying drowsiness and delivering timely warnings, these systems
play a critical role in mitigating the risks associated with driver fatigue and
enhancing road safety.

By providing a real-time alarm mechanism, these technologies directly

address the risks associated with driver weariness and enhance overall road
safety [2]. The real-time nature of the alarm mechanism is crucial, as it provides
immediate feedback to the driver, allowing them to respond promptly to their
drowsy state. This immediacy is essential for preventing accidents, as the
window of opportunity to take corrective action may be very short. The alarm
mechanism may consist of various types of alerts, such as audible warnings,
visual cues, or haptic feedback, depending on the design of the system and the
preferences of the driver. The effectiveness of the alarm mechanism depends on
its ability to capture the driver's attention without causing undue distraction or
annoyance. By providing a timely and effective alarm, these technologies
empower drivers to take control of their drowsy state and prevent accidents,
thereby contributing to enhanced road safety for all users.

1.2 Overview of GSM and Eye Blink Sensor Technologies in Detection

Systems

Systems that utilize GSM modules have the capability to deliver SMS alerts,
which include location information, in the event of accidents or when
drowsiness is detected [7] [8]. GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) technology provides a reliable and ubiquitous means of
sending text messages over cellular networks. In the context of driver
drowsiness detection systems, GSM modules can be integrated to automatically
send SMS alerts to designated contacts, such as emergency services or family
members, when an accident is detected or when the driver is exhibiting signs of
drowsiness. These alerts can include critical information, such as the vehicle's
location, the time of the event, and the driver's identity. The ability to send SMS
alerts via GSM modules ensures that assistance can be dispatched quickly and
efficiently, potentially reducing the severity of injuries or fatalities. The
integration of GSM technology into driver drowsiness detection systems
represents a valuable enhancement, providing an additional layer of safety and
security for drivers and passengers.

Eye blink sensors are employed to monitor the driver's eye movements and
detect changes in blink patterns, which serve as indicators of the driver's level of
alertness [2]. These sensors utilize various technologies, such as infrared (IR) or
image processing, to track the driver's eye movements and measure parameters
such as blink rate, blink duration, and eyelid closure. Changes in these
parameters can indicate that the driver is becoming drowsy or fatigued. For
example, a decrease in blink rate or an increase in blink duration may suggest
that the driver is struggling to stay awake. By continuously monitoring the
driver's eye movements and analyzing blink patterns, these sensors provide
valuable information about the driver's state of alertness. This information can
be used to trigger alerts or interventions to prevent accidents caused by driver
drowsiness. The use of eye blink sensors in driver drowsiness detection systems
offers a non-intrusive and reliable means of assessing the driver's level of
alertness and promoting safer driving behavior.

The integration of GSM and eye blink sensor technologies offers a

comprehensive approach to detecting drowsiness and alerting both the driver
and emergency services [7] [9]. By combining these two technologies, driver
drowsiness detection systems can provide a multi-faceted approach to
enhancing road safety. Eye blink sensors continuously monitor the driver's eye
movements to detect signs of drowsiness, while GSM modules ensure that alerts
are sent to designated contacts in the event of an accident or detected
drowsiness. This integrated approach ensures that the driver receives timely
warnings to prevent accidents, and that emergency services are notified
promptly in case of a collision. The combination of these technologies
represents a significant advancement in driver drowsiness detection systems,
offering a more robust and reliable means of promoting safer driving behaviour
and reducing the incidence of fatigue-related accidents.
1.3 Techniques for Driver Drowsiness Detection

Eye-tracking techniques are commonly employed to detect driver

drowsiness by closely monitoring eye closure and blink patterns [5]. These
techniques involve the use of specialized sensors and algorithms to track the
driver's eye movements and measure parameters such as pupil position, gaze
direction, and eyelid closure. By analyzing these parameters, it is possible to
identify patterns that are indicative of drowsiness or fatigue. For example,
prolonged eye closure, frequent blinking, or slow eye movements may suggest
that the driver is struggling to stay awake. Eye-tracking techniques offer a non-
intrusive and objective means of assessing the driver's state of alertness,
providing valuable information for triggering alerts or interventions to prevent
accidents caused by driver drowsiness. The continuous monitoring of eye
movements allows for the early detection of drowsiness, enabling timely
warnings to be issued before the driver's condition deteriorates.

Analysis of the eye aspect ratio (EAR) stands out as an effective method for
real-time drowsiness detection, contributing to improved accuracy of detection
systems [10]. EAR is a mathematical measure that quantifies the distance
between the eyelids relative to the width of the eye. When a person becomes
drowsy, their eyelids tend to droop, resulting in a decrease in EAR. By
continuously monitoring EAR and comparing it to a predefined threshold, it is
possible to detect signs of drowsiness in real-time. The simplicity and
computational efficiency of EAR analysis make it well-suited for
implementation in driver drowsiness detection systems. The use of EAR
analysis enhances the accuracy of these systems by providing a reliable and
objective measure of eyelid closure, reducing the likelihood of false positives or
false negatives. The real-time nature of EAR analysis allows for timely
warnings to be issued to the driver, enabling them to take corrective action
before an accident occurs.
 Infrared-based eye blink sensors offer the capability to accurately analyze
the blink patterns of a driver's eyes, enabling the detection of modifications to
the distance between the eyes [2]. These sensors utilize infrared light to
illuminate the driver's eyes and measure the reflected light. By analyzing the
reflected light, it is possible to determine the position and movement of the
eyelids. When a person blinks, the distance between the eyelids decreases,
resulting in a change in the reflected infrared light. By continuously monitoring
the reflected light and analysing blink patterns, it is possible to detect signs of
drowsiness or fatigue. For example, a decrease in blink rate or an increase in
blink duration may suggest that the driver is struggling to stay awake. Infrared-
based eye blink sensors offer a reliable and non-intrusive means of assessing the
driver's state of alertness, providing valuable information for triggering alerts or
interventions to prevent accidents caused by driver drowsiness.

Face detection techniques, which are based on facial landmarks, are utilized for
identifying and providing warnings to fatigued drivers [7]. These techniques
involve the use of computer vision algorithms to detect and locate the driver's
face in an image or video stream. Once the face is detected, facial landmarks,
such as the corners of the eyes, the tip of the nose, and the corners of the mouth,
are identified. By analyzing the position and movement of these landmarks, it is
possible to detect signs of drowsiness or fatigue. For example, drooping eyelids,
a slack jaw, or a head tilt may suggest that the driver is struggling to stay awake.
Face detection techniques offer a non-intrusive and reliable means of assessing
the driver's state of alertness, providing valuable information for triggering
alerts or interventions to prevent accidents caused by driver drowsiness. The use
of facial landmarks enhances the accuracy of these techniques by providing a
detailed representation of the driver's facial features, reducing the likelihood of
false positives or false negatives.
 Computer vision technologies play a critical role in recognizing the
driver's face, extracting images of the eyes, and detecting tiredness through real-
time processing of visual data [7]. These technologies involve the use of
sophisticated algorithms and image processing techniques to analyze the driver's
facial features and identify signs of drowsiness or fatigue. By continuously
monitoring the driver's face and eyes, these systems can detect subtle changes in
appearance that may indicate a decline in alertness. For example, the system
may detect drooping eyelids, a decrease in blink rate, or a change in pupil size.
The real-time processing of visual data allows for timely warnings to be issued
to the driver, enabling them to take corrective action before an accident occurs.
Computer vision technologies offer a non-intrusive and reliable means of
assessing the driver's state of alertness, providing valuable information for
triggering alerts or interventions to prevent accidents caused by driver
drowsiness.

Deep learning and computer vision algorithms enable the precise analysis
of facial landmarks and eye-blinking patterns, significantly enhancing the
accuracy of drowsiness detection systems [10] [11]. Deep learning models, such
as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are trained on large datasets of facial
images to learn the complex patterns and features that are indicative of
drowsiness or fatigue. These models can then be used to analyze new images of
the driver's face and identify signs of drowsiness with high accuracy. By
combining deep learning with computer vision algorithms, it is possible to
create robust and reliable drowsiness detection systems that can operate in a
variety of driving conditions. The precise analysis of facial landmarks and eye-
blinking patterns allows for the early detection of drowsiness, enabling timely
warnings to be issued to the driver before their condition deteriorates. The use
of these advanced techniques represents a significant advancement in driver
drowsiness detection, offering the potential to significantly reduce the incidence
of fatigue-related accidents.

1.4 Driving Pattern Analysis

Driving pattern analysis involves the continuous monitoring of various

parameters, including vehicle speed, steering wheel movements, and lane
deviations, to detect potential signs of driver drowsiness [1]. When a driver
becomes drowsy, their ability to maintain consistent control of the vehicle may
be compromised, leading to erratic driving behavior. By tracking parameters
such as vehicle speed, steering wheel movements, and lane deviations, it is
possible to identify patterns that are indicative of drowsiness or fatigue. For
example, frequent changes in speed, jerky steering movements, or drifting out
of the lane may suggest that the driver is struggling to stay awake. Driving
pattern analysis offers a non-intrusive means of assessing the driver's state of
alertness, providing valuable information for triggering alerts or interventions to
prevent accidents caused by driver drowsiness. The continuous monitoring of
driving patterns allows for the early detection of drowsiness, enabling timely
warnings to be issued before the driver's condition deteriorates.

Abrupt changes in driving behavior, such as erratic steering or sudden

braking, can serve as indicators of driver fatigue, signaling a potential decline in
alertness and control [12]. When a driver experiences fatigue, their ability to
maintain smooth and consistent control of the vehicle may be impaired, leading
to sudden and unexpected changes in driving behavior. Erratic steering,
characterized by jerky or inconsistent movements of the steering wheel, may
indicate that the driver is struggling to maintain focus and control. Sudden
braking, often performed in response to a perceived hazard or a loss of
awareness, may also suggest that the driver is experiencing fatigue. By
monitoring these abrupt changes in driving behavior, it is possible to detect
signs of driver fatigue and issue timely warnings to prevent accidents. The
detection of these indicators provides an opportunity for the driver to take
corrective action, such as pulling over for a rest or increasing their level of
alertness, before their condition deteriorates further.

Analysing driving patterns in conjunction with other detection methods

can provide a more robust assessment of driver drowsiness, enhancing the
reliability and accuracy of the overall system [1]. By combining driving pattern
analysis with other techniques, such as eye-tracking or facial feature analysis, it
is possible to create a multi-faceted approach to drowsiness detection. This
approach can compensate for the limitations of individual methods and provide
a more comprehensive assessment of the driver's state of alertness. For example,
if the eye-tracking system is unable to detect drowsiness due to poor lighting
conditions, the driving pattern analysis may still be able to identify signs of
fatigue based on erratic steering or lane deviations. The combination of multiple
detection methods enhances the robustness of the system and reduces the
likelihood of false positives or false negatives, leading to more reliable and
accurate drowsiness detection.

1.5 GSM Technology in Accident Detection and Alert Systems

GSM modules enable seamless communication with rescue centers through

notifications, which facilitates a rapid response in the event of a crash [12].
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) technology provides a
reliable and ubiquitous means of sending text messages and making phone calls
over cellular networks. In the context of accident detection systems, GSM
modules can be integrated to automatically send notifications to rescue centers,
such as emergency services or roadside assistance providers, when a crash is
detected. These notifications can include critical information, such as the
vehicle's location, the time of the event, and the severity of the impact. The
ability to communicate seamlessly with rescue centers ensures that assistance
can be dispatched quickly and efficiently, potentially reducing the severity of
injuries or fatalities. The integration of GSM technology into accident detection
systems represents a valuable enhancement, providing an additional layer of
safety and security for drivers and passengers.

These modules deliver SMS alerts, including the vehicle's location, to

emergency services and the driver's family, ensuring that assistance can be
dispatched promptly and efficiently [7]. SMS (Short Message Service) alerts
provide a simple and effective means of communicating critical information in a
timely manner. In the context of accident detection systems, GSM modules can
be programmed to automatically send SMS alerts to designated contacts, such
as emergency services or family members, when an accident is detected. These
alerts can include the vehicle's location, which is typically determined using
GPS (Global Positioning System) technology, as well as other relevant
information, such as the time of the event and the severity of the impact. The
delivery of SMS alerts ensures that assistance can be dispatched quickly and
efficiently, potentially reducing the severity of injuries or fatalities. The use of
SMS alerts also provides peace of mind to drivers and their families, knowing
that help will be on the way in the event of an accident.

Integration of GSM technology with GPS functionality ensures accurate

location tracking at the time of an accident, providing critical information for
emergency responders [12] [13]. GPS technology utilizes a network of satellites
to determine the precise location of a GPS receiver. In the context of accident
detection systems, GPS modules can be integrated to continuously track the
vehicle's location. When an accident is detected, the GPS module can provide
the vehicle's coordinates to the GSM module, which then includes this
information in the SMS alerts sent to emergency services and family members.
Accurate location tracking is essential for enabling emergency responders to
quickly locate the accident scene and provide assistance to the injured. The
integration of GSM technology with GPS functionality represents a significant
enhancement in accident detection systems, providing a reliable and accurate
means of communicating the vehicle's location to those who can provide help.

1.6 Real-Time Communication and Emergency Response

GSM-based systems provide immediate warnings through buzzers and LCD

displays when risky behaviors are detected, alerting the driver to potential
hazards [14]. Buzzers and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) displays offer simple
and effective means of providing immediate feedback to the driver. In the
context of driver monitoring systems, these devices can be used to provide
warnings when risky behaviors, such as speeding, lane deviations, or
drowsiness, are detected. When a risky behavior is detected, the system can
trigger a buzzer to sound an audible alarm, and display a message on the LCD
screen to alert the driver to the potential hazard. The immediate nature of these
warnings allows the driver to take corrective action before an accident occurs.
The use of buzzers and LCD displays provides a clear and unambiguous means
of communicating warnings to the driver, enhancing their awareness and
promoting safer driving behavior.

Critical alerts can be sent to emergency contacts via the GSM module,
ensuring prompt assistance in the event of an accident or other emergency
situations [14]. Emergency contacts, such as family members or friends, can be
designated to receive alerts in the event of an accident or other emergency
situations. These alerts can include critical information, such as the vehicle's
location, the time of the event, and the nature of the emergency. The GSM
module can be programmed to automatically send these alerts to the designated
emergency contacts via SMS or other communication channels. The ability to
send critical alerts to emergency contacts ensures that assistance can be
dispatched quickly and efficiently, potentially reducing the severity of injuries
or fatalities. The use of emergency contacts provides an additional layer of
safety and security for drivers and passengers, knowing that help will be on the
way in the event of an emergency.

Real-time monitoring and alert systems using GSM technology enhance

safety and optimize emergency response efforts, contributing to a more secure
driving environment [7]. Real-time monitoring involves the continuous tracking
of various parameters, such as vehicle location, speed, and driver behavior, to
detect potential hazards or emergency situations. When a hazard or emergency
situation is detected, the system can automatically send alerts to the driver,
emergency contacts, and rescue centers via the GSM module. These alerts can
include critical information, such as the vehicle's location, the time of the event,
and the nature of the emergency. The ability to monitor vehicles in real-time
and send alerts automatically enhances safety and optimizes emergency
response efforts, ensuring that assistance can be dispatched quickly and
efficiently. The use of real-time monitoring and alert systems represents a
significant advancement in vehicle safety, providing a more secure driving
environment for all users.

1.7 Problem Statement

 Critical problem in the field of driver drowsiness detection is the need for
non-intrusive and user-friendly systems. Drivers are unlikely to adopt
systems that are uncomfortable, distracting, or require significant effort to
use. Therefore, it is essential to develop drowsiness detection systems
 that are seamlessly integrated into the vehicle and do not interfere with
the driver's normal driving experience.
 Achieving high accuracy and robustness in real-world driving conditions
is a significant challenge in developing effective driver drowsiness
detection systems. By using more sophisticated Embedded Sensor
modules, combining multiple modalities of information, and developing
robust feature extraction methods, it is possible to create systems that can
reliably detect drowsiness in a wide range of driving conditions

1.8 Project Objective

Hardware components include eye blink sensors, vibration sensor, GSM

modules, and microcontrollers Arduino, which work together to monitor driver
behavior and detect potential accidents. Eye blink sensors are used to monitor
the driver's eye movements and detect signs of drowsiness or fatigue. Vibration
sensor are used to detect sudden changes in motion, such as those that occur
during a collision. GSM modules are used to communicate with rescue centers
or emergency contacts. Microcontrollers, such as Arduino, are used to process
the data from the sensors and control the other components of the system. These
hardware components work together to provide a comprehensive solution for
driver drowsiness detection and accident reporting.
 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Babu, K. Avinash and Rao, G Eswara. 2024. "Driver Drowsiness Detection

System for Accident Prevention". https://doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0372

The paper addresses the pervasive issue of vehicular accidents stemming from
suboptimal driving conditions, with a particular emphasis on driver impairment
due to intoxication, fatigue, and drowsiness. The study highlights the alarming
statistic that approximately 20% of accidents are attributed directly to driver
fatigue, underscoring the critical need for technological interventions to mitigate
this risk. The proposed research leverages technological advancements to
proactively prevent accidents, focusing on the implementation of an infrared
(IR) sensor system designed to monitor and regulate the driver's eye-blinking
behavior. This system utilizes an IR transmitter to emit infrared waves towards
the eyes, and an IR receiver to capture the reflected waves. A closed eye,
indicative of drowsiness or inattention, triggers an alarm mechanism. Beyond
drowsiness detection, the system incorporates a pulse sensor to monitor the
driver's physiological state and facilitate the transmission of SMS alerts in the
event of detected health issues. The core functionality of the system revolves
around the continuous monitoring of the driver's eye blinks, aiming to provide
timely warnings and prevent accidents caused by drowsy driving. The
implemented design incorporates a single eye blink sensor installed within the
vehicle. Furthermore, the system integrates a Global Positioning System (GPS)
to provide location-based alerts, enhancing the overall safety and
responsiveness of the system in emergency situations.

Fuzail, Syed, Krishna, Lakshmisha S, Siddiqua, Asima, Hussain, Syed Azam,

and Sadaf, Zubiya. 2024. "Driver Drowsiness and Yawn Detection with Speed
based alerts". International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research.
https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.33719

This project addresses the critical issue of driver fatigue and its detrimental
impact on road safety. It is designed to mitigate the risks associated with
diminished reaction time, impaired judgment, and reduced awareness levels in
drivers experiencing drowsiness, a significant contributor to vehicular accidents.
To combat this problem, the project centers on the development of a web-based
application capable of real-time assessment of driver alertness and drowsiness.
This system leverages advanced machine learning algorithms in conjunction
with sensor data to identify key indicators of fatigue. The core functionality
involves the implementation of computer vision and facial recognition
techniques to monitor crucial markers, including head posture, blink rates, and
eye movements. Data acquired from in-vehicle cameras and sensors is analyzed
to detect signs of drowsiness, such as head nodding and altered blinking
patterns. Upon detecting such indicators, the system provides timely alerts to
the driver via auditory or visual cues, prompting them to take a break or engage
in restorative actions to regain focus. The application's backend utilizes Python
and the dlib library to construct a learning model. This model is designed to
analyze and train on data, thereby enhancing its accuracy in identifying
drowsiness indicators over time. The system's architecture is also designed for
seamless integration with contemporary in-vehicle technologies, ensuring real-
time operation with minimal computational burden. Ultimately, the project aims
to improve road safety by prioritizing driver well-being and promoting
awareness of the dangers associated with drowsy driving.

Widyastuti, Nur Rachmi and Brilianti, D. F.. 2024. "The Impact of

Drowsiness on Road Traffic Accidents in Yogyakarta",
doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v3i4.555

This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of driver drowsiness

detection methodologies, acknowledging that diminished alertness is a
significant contributor to vehicular accidents, frequently resulting in severe
harm or fatalities. The study focuses on the inherent difficulties in maintaining
wakefulness while operating a vehicle, which can culminate in unintended sleep
episodes. The core of the research comprises a literature review, systematically
analyzing driver drowsiness detection systems. This analysis is structured
around three primary categories: techniques leveraging physiological signals,
those based on the observation of facial features, and those employing the
analysis of driving patterns. The paper offers a detailed overview of recently
developed techniques within each of these classifications, providing insights
into their operational mechanisms. Furthermore, the study presents a
comparative analysis of recent scholarly publications in the field. This
comparison evaluates the accuracy, reliability, hardware demands, and
intrusiveness associated with various approaches. It also synthesizes the
strengths and weaknesses inherent to each class of detection methods. The paper
concludes that while each individual approach possesses its own benefits and
drawbacks, a hybrid system integrating multiple techniques may offer a more
effective solution. Such a system could potentially exhibit enhanced robustness,
accuracy, and real-time applicability by synergistically combining the
advantages of different methods.

Ojha, Dhiren, Pawar, Amit, Kasliwal, Gaurav, Raut, R., and Devkar, Anita.
2023. "Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Deep Learning",
doi.org/10.1109/INCET57972.2023.10169941

Driver sleepiness is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to

traffic accidents, emerging as a leading cause globally. Statistical data indicate a
substantial number of accidents are attributable to driver fatigue, resulting in
thousands of fatalities. Drowsiness is implicated in a considerable proportion of
all accidents, exceeding 30 percent. Addressing this critical issue necessitates
the development of effective methods for detecting driver sleepiness, which is
considered a reliable indicator of driver weariness. The study proposes a system
designed to detect driver sleepiness and provide timely warnings to the driver,
with the potential to prevent accidents and save lives. This system utilizes a
camera to continuously monitor the driver. The core of the system relies on
image processing algorithms that specifically analyze the driver's face and,
critically, the eyes. The software is designed to analyze the driver's facial
features and, importantly, to predict eye blinking patterns based on
measurements of the eye area. The system employs an algorithm to calculate the
percentage of eyelid closure over time, referred to as Perclose. This algorithm
tracks and analyzes pertinent driver characteristics, with a specific emphasis on
the eyes. If the system detects an elevated blinking rate, indicative of
drowsiness, it triggers an auditory warning to alert the driver. This intervention
aims to counteract the effects of drowsiness and prevent potential accidents.

L., Prof. Borhade G., Sandip, Sharmale Pooja, Manoj, Tamchikar Kanchan,
and Vasant, Pansare Purva. 2024. "Drowsy Driver Sleeping Device and
Driver Alert System". Shivkrupa Publication''s.
https://doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-15482

The paper addresses the critical issue of driver drowsiness as a significant

contributor to automobile accidents and associated fatalities. A solution is
proposed leveraging face detection methodologies to identify and subsequently
alert fatigued drivers, thereby enhancing overall transportation safety. The
system employs computer vision techniques focused on facial landmarks to
discern indicators of drowsiness. This involves image processing to initially
identify the driver's face, followed by extraction of images specifically targeting
the eyes, the primary focus for fatigue detection. The system operates in real-
time, utilizing a camera to monitor the driver's eyes and process the captured
visual data to identify symptoms indicative of drowsiness. Upon detection of
such symptoms, an audible alarm is triggered, serving to both awaken and alert
the driver. Augmenting this core functionality, the system incorporates an
Arduino UNO board coupled with GSM, GPS, and MPU 6050 modules to
provide additional safety measures in the event of an accident. Specifically, the
MPU-6050 sensor monitors and detects changes in angular position, indicative
of potential vehicle instability or impact. Simultaneously, the NEO-6m GPS
module pinpoints the precise geographical location of the vehicle. In the event
of a detected accident, the SIM800L GSM module is activated to transmit an
SMS message, containing the vehicle's location and an alert message, to
emergency services and the driver's designated family contacts. The paper
posits that the implementation of such a system within automobiles has the
potential to substantially improve the safety and security of both drivers and
passengers.

Srilakshmi, T., Reddy, H., Potluri, Yaswanthi, Burra, Lakshmi Ramani,

Thota, Mohana Vamsi, and Gundimeda, Rishita. 2023. "Automated Driver
Drowsiness Detection System using Computer Vision and Machine
Learning". None. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSCDS56580.2023.10104942

Road safety is an escalating global concern, primarily driven by the rising

incidence of fatal vehicular accidents. The paper identifies driver fatigue and
drowsiness as significant contributing factors to these incidents, underscoring
the urgent need for preventative measures. To mitigate the risks associated with
drowsy driving, the paper proposes a system designed for the real-time
detection of fatigue indicators. This system leverages computer vision and
image processing techniques to analyze facial expressions, specifically focusing
on eye and mouth movements, which are indicative of a driver's state of
alertness. The proposed methodology continuously monitors the driver's face,
detecting subtle changes associated with drowsiness or emotional shifts. Upon
identification of these indicators, the system issues timely warnings to the
driver, thereby aiming to avert potential accidents. This approach offers a cost-
effective and resource-efficient solution for monitoring driver behavior, relying
on facial landmark analysis to assess performance. Importantly, the system
achieves this monitoring without requiring additional sensors or specialized
equipment, making it a practical and accessible solution for enhancing road
safety.

Subedi, Nabaraj, Paudel, Nirajan, Chhetri, Manish, Acharya, Sudarshan,

and Lamichhane, Nabin. 2024. "Drowsiness and Crash Detection Mobile
Application for Vehicles Safety". Journal of ISMAC.
https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2024.1.005

This paper addresses the escalating problem of vehicular accidents attributed to

driver drowsiness, identifying it as a significant contributing factor. The central
premise of the work is the necessity for an intelligent system to mitigate fatigue-
related incidents and, consequently, preserve human lives. The authors propose
the development of a robust system explicitly designed for the detection and
alerting of drowsy drivers. The methodology presented involves the continuous
monitoring of drivers through the utilization of a webcam or camera. OpenCV,
a computer vision library, is employed to extract facial features from the
continuous stream of image frames captured by the camera. The model places a
particular emphasis on the region of interest (ROI), specifically the eyes, as they
are deemed crucial indicators of a driver's state of alertness. The core of the
detection mechanism lies in the algorithm's ability to track and analyze the
blinking rate of the driver's eyes. The system evaluates whether the eyes remain
closed for a duration exceeding two seconds. Should this threshold be
surpassed, the driver is then classified as drowsy, triggering an alarm sound
designed to alert them and prevent potential accidents. In essence, the research
outlines a system that uses real-time video analysis of eye movements to infer
driver fatigue and provide timely warnings.
Raja, D., Barkavi, G., Aishwarya, S., Keerthana, K., and Vasudevan, V..
2022. "Alcohol Detection and Emergency Alert System using IoT".
International Conference Intelligent Computing and Control Systems.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICCS53718.2022.9788419

In contemporary society, characterized by rapid technological advancements

and inherent uncertainties, the implementation of stringent safety measures
during vehicle operation is not merely advisable, but fundamentally
indispensable. The escalating incidence of vehicular accidents presents a
significant societal challenge, with statistical evidence indicating driver
impairment, stemming from either intoxication or fatigue, as a primary
etiological factor. The development of effective driver monitoring systems
necessitates the real-time acquisition and analysis of critical parameters,
encompassing vehicle location, driver behavior, and the comprehensive logging
of all relevant events. Fundamentally, such systems leverage sensors and Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology to facilitate continuous
surveillance of the driver's state and actions. Upon the detection of aberrant
behavior, including excessive velocity, signs of inebriation, or indications of
fatigue, the system is engineered to generate an immediate alert. This
functionality represents a crucial step in the longitudinal assessment of driving
patterns, providing data that can inform future policy decisions and safety
interventions. The implementation of these systems holds particular relevance
for professional drivers, such as those operating trucks and state transport buses.
The potential economic benefits are exemplified by the case of the Tamil Nadu
State Transport Authority (TNSTA), which reportedly experiences substantial
financial losses attributed to elevated vehicle maintenance expenses resulting
from irresponsible driving practices. Therefore, the deployment of a
sophisticated driver monitoring system, incorporating state-of-the-art sensors
and analytical tools, is paramount in establishing a comprehensive record of
driver performance and mitigating the risks associated with unsafe driving
habits.

Madni, Hamza Ahmad, Raza, Ali, Sehar, Rukhshanda, Thalji, Nisrean, and
Abualigah, Laith. 2024. "Novel Transfer Learning Approach for Driver
Drowsiness Detection Using Eye Movement Behavior". Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3392640

This innovative system, designed to mitigate road accidents and foster safer
driving practices, utilizes the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to continuously monitor
driver behavior and deliver timely warnings when hazardous actions are
identified. At its center is a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, which serves as the central
processing unit, orchestrating data acquisition and analysis from an array of
sensors. These sensors include an ultrasonic sensor measuring proximity to
other vehicles, an ADC MCP3008 facilitating analog-to-digital conversion of
sensor data, a GPS module providing precise location information, and an
alcohol sensor identifying potential driver intoxication. Augmenting this sensor
suite is a USB camera, enabling visual monitoring of the driver, a Bluetooth
module for short-range communication, and a GSM module facilitating long-
distance communication for alerts. The system's functionality extends to real-
time feedback mechanisms. Upon detecting unsafe driving patterns, the system
immediately alerts the driver through both audible buzzers and visual cues
displayed on an LCD screen. In critical situations, the GSM module transmits
notifications to pre-designated emergency contacts, ensuring prompt assistance
when needed. The entire system operates using a 12V 1A power adapter. A key
feature is the integration of a web camera to monitor eye movements. The
captured video data is processed by the Raspberry Pi to identify signs of driver
drowsiness, triggering preventative measures. This distinguishes the system
from existing methodologies. By leveraging real-time data processing and IoV
connectivity, this system aims to proactively reduce the incidence of road
accidents and promote a safer driving environment.

Rawat, K. S., Kumar, Shubham, Kowsigan, M., S, Ramamoorthy, and P,

Madhavan. 2024. "Real-Time Driver Alertness Monitoring with Optimized
Deep Learning and Haar-Cascade Methods".
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICESIC61777.2024.10846133

Driver drowsiness represents a significant global threat, contributing

substantially to road accidents. The paper addresses this critical issue by
presenting an extensive analysis of systems engineered to detect and mitigate
driver drowsiness, aiming to enhance road safety through proactive
intervention. The review explores a range of techniques employed in these
systems, encompassing physiological measurements, methodologies centered on
eye-tracking, and algorithmic approaches leveraging machine learning. The
study also acknowledges the inherent difficulties in creating and deploying
effective drowsiness detection mechanisms. These challenges stem from the
considerable variation in individual sleep patterns, the fluctuating nature of
environmental conditions encountered while driving, and the constant balancing
act between achieving high accuracy and maintaining a user-friendly interface.
Furthermore, the functional and non-functional specifications of such a system
are analyzed, including video input, eye and blink detection, computation of the
Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR), drowsiness identification, alerting mechanisms, and
configurable user settings. The review emphasizes the importance of accuracy,
processing speed, robustness against varying conditions, portability for different
vehicles, security of collected data, and overall ease of use. Moreover, the
document introduces a specific driver drowsiness detection system that utilizes
both machine learning algorithms and physiological signals, specifically
electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) data, for enhanced
detection capabilities. By critically evaluating current drowsiness detection
systems, the review seeks to pinpoint areas where further research is needed and
to suggest future pathways for improvement in the field, with the ultimate goal
of reducing accidents and improving road safety.

CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Hardware components include eye blink sensors, vibration sensor, GSM

modules, and microcontrollers Arduino, which work together to monitor driver
behavior and detect potential accidents. Eye blink sensors are used to monitor
the driver's eye movements and detect signs of drowsiness or fatigue. Vibration
sensor are used to detect sudden changes in motion, such as those that occur
during a collision. GSM modules are used to communicate with rescue centers
or emergency contacts. Microcontrollers, such as Arduino, are used to process
the data from the sensors and control the other components of the system. These
hardware components work together to provide a comprehensive solution for
driver drowsiness detection and accident reporting.

GSM modules enable communication with rescue centers, and microcontrollers

control the overall system operation, ensuring that alerts are sent promptly and
accurately. GSM modules provide a wireless communication link between the
vehicle and the outside world. This link can be used to send alerts to rescue
centers or emergency contacts in the event of an accident or other emergency
situation. Microcontrollers are the brains of the system, controlling the
operation of all of the other components. The microcontroller processes the data
from the sensors, activates the alert mechanisms, and communicates with the
GSM module. The proper functioning of the microcontroller is essential for the
reliable operation of the system.

3.1 Proposed Model Block Diagram

3.2 Proposed System Flow Details
3.3 Hardware Requirements
 Arduino uno Board
  GSM Modem
 LCD Display Unit
 Alcohol Sensor Module
 Vibration Sensor Module
 Robotic Vehicle Setup
 DC Gear Motor
 Bluetooth Module
 Vibration motor
 Water pump Motor
 Buzzer Unit

3.4 Software Requirements

 Arduino IDE
 Embedded C – Language
 USB to TTL Driver

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ABOUT ARDUINO UNO

MICROCONTROLLER
Arduino interface boards provide the engineers, artists, designers, hobbyists and
anyone who tinker with technology with a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to
create their creative, interactive objects ,useful projects etc., A whole new breed
of projects can now be built that can be controlled from a computer.

Figure 4.1 Arduino Uno

Arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on

flexible,easy-to-use hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, designers,
hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
It’s an open-source physical computing platform based on a microcontroller
board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.

In simple words , Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to

connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired
up to external electronics, They can either be powered through the USB
connection from the computer or from a 9V battery. They can be controlled
from the computer or programmed by the computer and then disconnected and
allowed to work independently.

Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search engine.
Since the Arduino is an open-source hardware designs and create their own
clones of the Arduino and sell them,so the market for the boards is competitive.
An official Arduino costs about $30, and a clone often less than $20.

The name “Arduino” is reserved by the original makers. However, clone

Arduino designs often have the letters “duino” on the end of their name, for
example, Freeduino or DFRduino. The software for programming your Arduino
is easy to use and also freely available for Windows, Mac, and LINUX
computers at no cost.

1.1 Core Controller

Microcontroller can be described as a computer embedded on a rather small

circuit board. To describe the function of a microcontroller more precisely, it is
a single chip that can perform various calculations and tasks, and send/receive
signals from other devices via the available pins. Precisely what tasks and
communication with the world it does, is what is governed by what instructions
we give to the Microcontroller. It is this job of telling the chip what to do, is
what we refer to as programming on it.

However, the controller by itself, cannot accomplish much; it needs

several external inputs: power, for one; a steady clock signal, for another. Also,
the job of programming it has to be accomplished by an external circuit. So
typically, an uC is used along with a circuit which provides these things to it;
this combination is called a microcontroller board. The Arduino Uno that you
have received, is one such microcontroller board. The actual microcontroller at
its heart is the chip called Atmega328. The advantages that Arduino offers over
other microcontroller boards are largely in terms of reliability of the circuit
hardware as well as the ease of programming and using it.

Open-source hardware shares much of the principles and approach of free

and open-source software. The founders of Arduino wanted people to study
their hardware, to understand how it works, make changes to it, and share those
changes with the world. To facilitate this, they release all of the original design
files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are licensed under a
Creative Common Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for both
personal and commercial derivative works, as long as they (people) credit
Arduino and release their designs under the same license.

1.2 ARDUINO Board Layout

Figure 4.2 ARDUINO board layout

ATmega8 (Microcontroller)

16 MHz

8 Kbyte Flash RAM(1K taken by the boot loader)

1 Kbyte RAM(eg.for auto/local variables and stack)

14 digital Input/output Ports

EXTERNAL power
 Figure 4.3 AC Adapter

Figure 4.4 ARDUINO can run off with USB or EXTERNAL power source

The power requirement for ARDUINO is 9 to 12V Figure 8 An easier

way to connect a battery DC, 250 mA or more, 2.1 mm plug, center pin
positive. The OFF-the shelf adapter must be a DC adapter (i.e. it has to put out
DC, not AC) should be between 9V and 12V DC must be rated for a
minimum of 250mA current output, although you will likely want something
more like 500mA or 1A output, as it gives you the current necessary to power a
servo or twenty LEDs if you want to must have a 2.1mm power plug on the
Arduino end, and the plug must be "center positive", that is, the middle pin of
the plug has to be the + connection.
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO

Arduino was basically designs to make the process of using electronics in

multidisciplinary projects more accessible. It is intended for artists, designers,
hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors
and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other
actuators, because of these features, arduino finds extensive application in
various fields. Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate
with software running on a computer.

Arduino received an Honorary Mention in Digital Communication

section of the 2006 Ars Electronica Prix. Arduino is used by all class of people
in a different way.some students use it in their projects, some using arduino for
fun, some went out to become entreupreuners. This only shows how useful is
this tiny device.
 CHAPTER 5 SENSORS AND MODULES

5.1 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Micro controller
or other. In this section, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their
interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit),
programming, special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking
LCDs which can give a new look to your application.

PIN DESCRIPTION

The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or
4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 characters,
whereas LCDs supporting more than 80 characters make use of two controllers.
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16
Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections). Pin
description is shown in the table below.

Figure.5.1 LCD Display Unit

Table 5.1 LCD Pin Description

Pin No. Name Description
Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)
 Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply(+5V)
Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 4 RS
1 = Data input
0 = Write to LCD module
Pin no. 5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal
Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2
Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3
Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4
Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5
Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6
Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
DDRAM - DISPLAY DATA RAM

Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character
codes. Its extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display
data RAM (DDRAM) that is not used for display can be used as general data
RAM. So whatever you send on the DDRAM is actually displayed on the LCD.
For LCDs like 1x16, only 16 characters are visible, so whatever you write after
16 chars is written in DDRAM but is not visible to the user.

CGROM - CHARACTER GENERATOR ROM

Now you might be thinking that when you send an ASCII value to DDRAM,
the answer is CGROM. The character generator ROM generates 5 x 8 dot or 5 x
10 dot character patterns from 8-bit character codes (see Figure 5 and Figure 6
for more details). It can generate 208 5 x 8 dot character patterns and 32 5 x 10
dot character patterns. User defined character patterns are also available by
mask-programmed ROM.

CGRAM - CHARACTER GENERATOR RAM

As clear from the name, CGRAM area is used to create custom characters in
LCD. In the character generator RAM, the user can rewrite character patterns by
program. For 5 x 8 dots, eight character patterns can be written, and for 5 x 10
dots, four character patterns can be written. Later in this section will explain
how to use CGRAM area to make custom character and also making animations
to give nice effects to your application.

BF - BUSY FLAG

Busy Flag is an status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or
data to the LCD for processing, this flag is set (i.e BF =1) and as soon as the
instruction is executed successfully this flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful
in producing and exact amount of delay. For the LCD processing. To read Busy
Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of the LCD
data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not
accept next command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next
command or data to process.

Instruction register (IR) AND Data register (DR)

There are two 8-bit registers in controller Instruction and Data register.
Instruction register corresponds to the register where you send commands to
LCD e.g LCD shift command, LCD clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is
used for storing data which is to be displayed on LCD.

5.2 GSM –SIM900 (GSM/GPRS Module for M2M applications)

The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT
module which can be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring an
industry-standard interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS
850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small
form factor and with low power consumption. With a tiny configuration of
24mm x 24mm x 3 mm.

SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-chip processor integrating

AMR926EJ-S core
􀁺 Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a size of 24mmx24mmx3mm
􀁺 SMT type suit for customer application
􀁺 An embedded Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack
􀁺 based upon mature and field-proven platform, backed up by our support
Service, from definition to design and production
General features
􀁺 Quad-Band 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz
􀁺 GPRS multi-slot class 10/8
􀁺 GPRS mobile station class B
􀁺 Compliant to GSM Drugase 2/2+
– Class 4 (2 W @850/ 900 MHz)
– Class 1 (1 W @ 1800/1900MHz)
􀁺 Dimensions: 24* 24 * 3 mm
􀁺 Weight: 3.4g
􀁺 Control via AT commands (GSM
07.07, 07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT
Commands)
􀁺 SIM application toolkit
􀁺 Supply voltage range 3.4 ... 4.5 V
􀁺 Low power consumption
􀁺 Operation temperature:
-30 °C to +80 °C

Specifications for data

􀁺 GPRS class 10: max. 85.6 kbps
(Downlink)
􀁺 PBCCH support
􀁺 Coding schemes CS 1, 2, 3, 4
􀁺 CSD up to 14.4 kbps
􀁺 USSD
􀁺 Non transparent mode
􀁺 PPP-stack

Interfaces
􀁺 Interface to external SIM 3V/ 1.8V
􀁺 Analog audio interface
􀁺 RTC backup
􀁺 SPI interface
􀁺 Serial interface
􀁺 Antenna pad
􀁺 I2C
􀁺 GPIO
􀁺 PWM
􀁺 ADC

5.3 Alcohol Sensor Module

Features

 5V operation
 Simple to use
 LEDs for output and power
 Output sensitivity adjustable
 Analog output 0V to 5V
 Digital output 0V or 5V
 Low Cost
 Fast Response
 Stable and Long Life
 Good Sensitivity to Alcohol Gas
  Both Digital and Analog Outputs
 On-board LED Indicator
Technical Data

 Concentration: 0.05 mg/L ~ 10 mg/L Alcohol

 Operating Voltage: 5V ±0.1
 Current Consumption: 150mA
 Operation Temperature: -10°C ~ 70°C
Pin Out

VCC – Input Power Supply

GND – Supply Ground

DO – Digital Output

AO – Analog Output

5.4 Eye blink Sensor

Features:
 An eye blink sensor relies on infrared technology to detect if a person's
eye is closed. The sensor is made up of two components: an infrared transmitter
and an infrared receiver. The transmitter emits infrared waves onto the eye,
while the receiver searches for changes in the reflected waves, indicating that
the eye has blinked. The sensor's output is sent to a microcontroller board, such
as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, AVR, PIC, or other microcontrollers.

To create an eye blink sensor with an Arduino, one requires an eye blink
sensor, an Arduino board, and a switch between the power supply and the
Arduino. The sensor has three pins: GND (ground), 5V, and OP (output). The
sensor's output is transmitted to the Arduino board, which can be programmed
to execute various tasks based on the output.

5.5 Vibration Sensor

Features:
  Vibration sensor modules, like the SW-420, typically feature a normally
closed vibration sensor, LM393 comparator for digital output, adjustable
sensitivity, and LED indicators for power and output status, making them
suitable for various applications like alarms and vibration detection.
 This chip provides a clean, digital output (0 or 1) when vibration is
detected, and the output is a comparator output, signal clean, good
waveform, strong driving ability, >15mA.
 An onboard potentiometer allows users to adjust the vibration threshold,
controlling when the sensor triggers.
 Typically operates on a 3.3V to 5V DC supply.

5.6 Vibration Motor

Features: The main feature of this motor is, it has magnetic properties,
lightweight, and motor size is small. Operates 5v DC Supply.

5.7 Bluetooth Module

Features:
  HC-05 is a Bluetooth module which is designed for wireless
communication. This module can be used in a master or slave
configuration.It has range up to <100m which depends upon transmitter
and receiver, atmosphere, geographic & urban conditions.
 It is IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol, through which one can build
wireless Personal Area Network (PAN). It uses frequency-hopping spread
spectrum (FHSS) radio technology to send data over air.
 It uses serial communication to communicate with devices. It
communicates with microcontroller using serial port (USART).

5.8 Pump Motor

Operating Voltage: 6V -9V DC

5.9 DC Gear Motor

Operating Voltage: 6V-12V DC

Speed: 60rpm

CHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

1.4 Arduino IDE

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company,
project and user community that designs and manufactures kits for building
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical
world. Arduino boards may be purchased preassembled, or as do it yourself kits;
at the same time, the hardware design information is available for those who
would like to assemble an Arduino from scratch. The project is based on a
family of microcontroller board designs manufactured primarily by Smart
Projects in Italy, and also by several other vendors, using various 8bit Atmel
AVR microcontrollers or 32bit Atmel ARM processors. These systems provide
sets of digital and analog I/O pins that can be interfaced to various extension
boards and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces,
including USB on some models, for loading programs from personal computers.
For programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino platform provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing project,
which includes support for C and C++ programming languages.

The first Arduino was introduced in 2005. The project leaders sought to
provide an inexpensive and easy way for hobbyists, students, and professionals
to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and
actuators. Common examples for beginner hobbyists include simple robots,
thermostats and motion detectors. Arduino started in 2005 as a project for
students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy. The name
"Arduino" comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some of the founders of the project
used to meet. The bar itself was named after Arduino, Margrave A hardware
thesis was contributed for a wiring design by Colombian student Hernando
Barragan. After the Wiring platform was complete, researchers worked to make
it lighter, less expensive, and available to the open source community.

An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8bit AVR microcontroller with

complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation into
other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors,
which lets users connect the CPU board to a variety of interchangeable addon
modules known as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board
directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an
I²C serial but so many shields can be stacked and used in parallel. Official
Arduinos have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8,
ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other
processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5
volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal , although some designs such as the
LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to
specific form factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also
preprogrammed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the
on chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an
external programmer. This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by
allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer.

At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are
programmed over an RS232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented
varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit
to convert between RS232 level and TTL level signals. Current Arduino boards
are programmed via USB, implemented using USB to serial adapter chips such
as the FTDI FT232.

Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a
detachable adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. (When used
with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR
ISP programming is used.) The Arduino board exposes most of the
microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila,
Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can
produce pulsewidth modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be
used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female
0.10inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several plugin application shields are also
commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino compatible Bare
Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the
underside of the board that can plug into solder-less breadboards. There are
many Arduino compatible and Arduino derived boards. Some are functionally
equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the
basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school level education
to simplify the construction of buggies and small robots. Others are electrically
equivalent but change the form factor sometimes retaining compatibility with
shields, sometimes not. Some variants use completely different processors, with
varying levels of compatibility.

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross platform

application written in Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing
programming language and the Wiring projects.

Fig 6.1 Arduino IDE Environment

It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers
unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features
such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is
also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single
click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a sketch. Arduino
programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software
library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many
common input/output operations much easier.

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

This study focus on developing driver drowsiness detection systems to

address the issue of road accidents. Researcher have explored a variety of
techniques for detecting drowsiness, including physiological measures,
behavioral measures, and vehicle-based measures. These studies have provided
valuable insights into the effectiveness of different approaches and have helped
to advance the field of drowsiness detection. This research effort demonstrate
the importance of addressing driver drowsiness as a road safety hazard.
Analysis of these systems provides insights into their methodologies,
challenges, and advancements. By studying proposed drowsiness detection
systems, researchers can identify the strengths and weaknesses of different
approaches and learn from past successes and failures. This analysis can help
guide the development of more effective and user-friendly systems. The
challenges associated with drowsiness detection, such as variability in
individual sleep patterns and changing environmental conditions, can also be
better understood through this analysis.
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