Feature Details Feature Details

📘 POLITY Country Name Republic of India / Bharat Ganrajya 26 January (Republic Day), 15
National Days August (Independence Day), 2
 Father of Political Science (World): Aristotle
Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, October (Gandhi Jayanti)
Form of
 Father of Indian Political Thought: Manu smriti Democratic Republic with
Government
(1st book of Indian law) Parliamentary system

Constitution: Introduction
 Father of Indian Polity: Kautilya (Chanakya) Capital New Delhi

 The Constitution of India was adopted on 26

 Father of the Indian Constitution: Dr. B.R. Administrative
28 States and 8 Union Territories November 1949.
Ambedkar Structure
 Came into full effect on 26 January 1950.
 Father of the U.S. Constitution: James 15th August 1947 (from British
Independence Day
Madison colonial rule)  Originally had 22 Parts, 395 Articles, and 8
Schedules.
Constitution
26th January 1950
🔹 The Parliament also holds the power to amend the
Enforced  Currently = Parts: 25 & Articles: 448 &
Schedules: 12
Constitution.
Executive Head of
President of India
State  Known as the longest written Constitution in
the world.
🔹 Independent Constitutional Authorities Executive Head of Prime Minister supported by
Government Council of Ministers  1st temporary president of constituent
26. The Constitution ensures the independence of: assembly = Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
 Judiciary Legislative Branch
(Bicameral Parliament)
 Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG) 1. Formation of the Constituent Assembly
Supreme Court, High Courts, and
Judicial Branch
 Public Service Commissions Subordinate Courts  Proposed by the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946).

 Election Commission of India Tricolour: Saffron (top), White  British accepted the demand = in august offer
National Flag (middle with navy blue Ashoka of 1940
Chakra), Green (bottom)
 Idea of constituent assembly proposed by =
🏛️ GOVERNMENT OF INDIA – FACTUAL OVERVIEW MN.ROY
  INC proposed in = 1935  Set up 6-member Board of Controllers
(headed by British Minister).
 PT nehru ,demand cons. = in lucknow session  December 9, 1946 – First meeting of the
of inc Constituent Assembly.  Political matters: Board; Commercial matters:
Court of Directors.
2. Composition of the Constituent Assembly  December 13, 1946 – Objective Resolution
moved by Jawaharlal Nehru. 🔹 Charter Act of 1793
 Total members (originally): 389
 August 29, 1947 – Drafting Committee  alaries of Board members paid from Indian
3. First Meeting & Key Events
formed, chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. revenue.
 First session: 9 December 1946 (for undivided
 November 4, 1948 – First reading of the Draft 🔹 Charter Act of 1813
India).
Constitution.
 Ended East India Company’s trade monopoly
 Elephant adopted as Assembly’s official
 November 26, 1949 – Final draft adopted by (except tea & China).
symbol (seal).
the Constituent Assembly
 Allowed Christian missionaries in India.
 Took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to
 January 26, 1950 – Constitution came into
finalize the Constitution. effect (celebrated as Republic Day).Other 🔹 Charter Act of 1833
Important Dates
4. Objective Resolution (December 13, 1946)  Created a Law Commission (Chairman: Lord

 Moved by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.  November 26 – Observed as Constitution Day Macaulay).

(since 2015).
 Slavery abolished in 1843.
 Adopted on 22 January 1947.
 National flag = on 22 july ,1947
 First time: term "Government of India" used.
 Laid the foundation for India’s Constitution.

5. Drafting Committee & Constitution Drafting Process 🔹 Charter Act of 1853

🏛️ Administrative & Legislative Reforms Before 1857
 Constituent Assembly appointed Drafting  Introduced open competitive exams for civil
Committee on August 29, 1947. 🔹 Regulating Act of 1773 services..

 Chairman: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.  First step to regulate East India Company.  Last Charter Act before 1857 revolt.

 came into effect on 26,jan 1950.(republic day)  Created Governor-General of Bengal (Warren
Hastings).
🔥 Reforms After 1857 Revolt
 26 November observed as ‘Constitution Day’
from 2015 (on the 125th birth anniversary of 🔹 Pitt’s India Act, 1784
🔹 Government of India Act, 1858
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar).
  Ended Company rule; British Crown took direct 📜 Government of India Act, 1935  Offered Dominion Status.
control.
 Separated Burma from India.  Provinces could opt out.
🔹 Indian Councils Act, 1861
 Created provinces of Orissa and Sindh. 🔹 Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
🔹 Indian Councils Act, 1892
 321 articles , 10 schedules  Lord Atlee sent a cabinet ministers to form
indian constitution
 Est of reserve bank
🟢 1909–1935: Towards Responsible Government  Constituent Assembly to frame Constitution.
 Dual government system started
🔹 Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act, 1909)  Rejected idea of separate Pakistan.
 Est of public service commission
 Introduced elections  Proposed Union of India with 3 groups of
 1st time a system for voting of Dalits, women provinces.
 Separate electorate for Muslims started.
 Est all india federation  Only Foreign Affairs, Defence,
 S.P. Sinha became first Indian in Viceroy’s
Communications under Union.
Executive Council.  Classified as a charter of slavery by PT nehru

 Lord Minto = “Father of Communal

Electorate”. 🔹 Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)
📘 Steps Toward Indian Independence
🔹 Government of India Act, 1915  Final plan for Partition & Transfer of Power.
🔹 Simon Commission (1927) = to review ,govt of india
 Consolidated all previous laws into one act, 1919 🔹 Indian Independence Act, 1947
statute.
 Head: Sir John Simon.  Passed by British Parliament.
🔹 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (Act of 1919)
 No Indian members.  India became independent on 15 August 1947.
 Introduced Dyarchy in provinces
 Rejected by Indians.  Interim(temporary) Constitution = Modified
 Dyarchy system in provinces Government of India Act, 1935 until full
 Its report formed basis for 1935 Act.
Constitution adopted.
 Voting rights for Indian women (1st time).
🔹 Cripps Mission (1942)
 Created Central Public Service Commission
 Cripps’ proposal for Indian Constituent Acts Under the East India Company
(1926).
Assembly post-WWII.
1. Regulating Act (1773)
 2. Pitt’s India Act (1784) "We, the People of India, having solemnly resolved to 4. Part IV – Directive Principles of State Policy
constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular (Articles 36-51)
3. Charter Act (1793)
Democratic Republic and to secure to all citizens…"
5. Part IV-A – Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)
4. Charter Act (1813)
It guarantees:
6. Part V – The Union Government (Articles 52-
5. Charter Act (1833)
 Justice – Social, Economic, Political. 151)
6. Charter Act (1853)
 Liberty – Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith, 7. Part VI – The State Governments (Articles 152-
Acts Under British Rule Worship. 237)

8. Part VIII – Union Territories (Articles 239-242)

7. Government of India Act (1858)  Equality – Status and Opportunity.
9. Part IX – Panchayati Raj System (Articles 243-
8. Indian Councils Act (1861)  Fraternity – Ensuring dignity of the individual
243O)
and unity & integrity of the Nation.
9. Indian Councils Act (1892)
10. Part IX-A – Municipalities (Articles 243P-
3. Key Features of the Preamble
10. Indian Councils Act (1909) 243ZG)

11. Government of India Act (1919)  Sovereign = fully independent

11. Part X – Scheduled & Tribal Areas (Articles
 Socialist = economic & social equality 244-244A)
12. Government of India Act (1935)
12. Part XI – Relations Between Union & States
13. Indian Independence Act (1947)  Secular = equal treatment of all religions
(Articles 245-263)
 Democratic = elected government
13. Part XIV – Services Under Union & States
Indian Preamble  Republic = elected head of state (Articles 308-323)

14. Part XIV-A – Tribunals (Articles 323A-323B)

1. Introduction  42nd amendment ( 1976 ) = added , socialist ,
secular, integrity
 It is the soul of constitution 15. Part XV – Elections (Articles 324-329A)

 Source of authority = power comes from 16. Part XVII – Official Language (Articles 343-351)
people of india Key Parts of the Indian Constitution = total 25 parts 17. Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions (Articles
352-360)
 Adoption date = 26th nov, 1949 1. Part I – Union & Its Territory (Articles 1-4)
18. Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution
2. Text of the Preamble 2. Part II – Citizenship (Articles 5-11)
(Article 368)
3. Part III – Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35)
The Fundamental Rights total 6 = in Part III (Articles 12-  Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious  Article 36 = define dpsp
35). affairs.
 Article 41 – Right to work, education, and
1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)  Article 27 – No tax for promoting any religion. public assistance.

 Article 14 – Equality before law.  Article 28 – Freedom from religious instruction  Article 43 – Living wage & decent standard of
in educational institutions. life for workers..
 Article 15 – Prohibition of discrimination.
5. Cultural & Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) B. Gandhian Principles
 Article 16 – Equality of opportunity in public
employment.  Article 29 – Protection of cultural rights of  Article 40 – Village panchayats for local
minorities. governance.
 Article 17 – Abolition of untouchability.
 Article 30 – Right of minorities to establish and  Article 46 – Protect Scheduled Castes,
 Article 18 – Abolition of titles.
administer educational institutions. Scheduled Tribes & weaker sections.
2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32-35)  Article 48A – Protect environment & wildlife.
 Article 19 – Freedom of speech, assembly,
 Article 32 – Right to approach the Supreme C. Liberal-Intellectual Principles
association, movement, residence, and
Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights
profession.
(called the "Heart & Soul" of the Constitution).  Article 44 – Uniform Civil Code for all citizens.

 Article 21 – Right to life and personal liberty.  Article 33-35 – Power to modify Fundamental  Article 45 – Free & compulsory education
Rights for armed forces and implementation (originally for children up to 14 years).
 Article 21A – Right to education.
provisions.
 Article 51 – Promote international peace &
3. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
security.
 Article 23 – Prohibition of human trafficking
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) – Part IV
and forced labor.
(Articles 36-51)
Fundamental Duties (Article 51A – Part 4-A )
 Article 24 – Prohibition of child labor in
1. Introduction
hazardous industries. The Fundamental Duties = added by 42nd Amendment
 DPSPs are guidelines for governance, ensuring Act, 1976, = by Swaran Singh Committee. Initially, there
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28) were 10 duties, and the 86th Amendment Act, 2002
social and economic justice.
added the 11th duty. & inspired by = Russia (ussr )
 Article 25 – Freedom of conscience and
 Inspired by the Irish Constitution,
religion. List of 11 Fundamental Duties:- only for Indians ,not for
A. Socialist Principles foreigners
 1. Respect the Constitution , National Flag, 2. Structure of Government & Legislature  Article 85: Summoning, prorogation, and
National Anthem. dissolution of Parliament.
 Article 32 = heart and soul of const.
2. Follow the noble ideals of India’s freedom  Article 89: Chairman and Deputy Chairman of
struggle.  Article 52: Office of the President of India.
Rajya Sabha.
3. Uphold the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of  Article 63: Office of the Vice President.  Article 93: Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok
India.
Sabha.
 Article 66: Election of Vice President.
4. Defend the country and perform national
 Article 72: Power of the President to grant  Article 100: Voting procedures in Parliament.
service when required.
pardons.  Article 108: Procedure for a joint sitting of both
5. Promote harmony and the spirit of
 Article 73: Extent of executive power of the houses.
brotherhood, transcending religious, linguistic,
and regional differences; renounce practices Union. 4. Financial & Administrative Functions
derogatory to women.
 Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and  Article 109: Special procedure in respect of
6. Preserve the rich heritage of India's composite advise the President. Money Bills.
culture.
 Article 75: Appointment of the Prime Minister  Article 110: Definition of Money Bill.
7. Protect and improve the environment, by the President.
including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife,  Article 112: Annual Financial Statement
and show compassion for living creatures.  Article 76: Attorney General of India. (Budget).
8. Provide educational opportunities to children  Article 78: Duties of the Prime Minister  Article 123: Power of the President to
aged 6-14 years (added by the 86th regarding communication with the President. promulgate ordinances.
Amendment Act, 2002).
3. Parliament & Legislative Functions  Article 139: Supreme Court powers to issue
 Article 79: Composition of the Parliament of writs.
1. Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles India.  Article 141: Decisions of the Supreme Court
 Article 1: define the name and area of union T  Article 80: Structure of the Rajya Sabha binding on all courts.
(Council of States). 
 Article 2: power to establishment of new Article 143: Power of the President to consult
states.  Article 81: Composition of the Lok Sabha the Supreme Court.
(House of the People). 5. Special Institutions & Governance
 Article 3: Formation of states & UT, Changing
state boundaries
  Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor General  Article 343: Official language of the Union.  Article 219: High Court judges take an oath
(CAG) of India. before the Governor.
 Article 352: PM, Advises the President on
 Article 149: Duties and powers of the CAG. declaring a National Emergency

 Article 164: Appointment of Chief Ministers by  Article 356: Governor can impose President’s Supreme Court
Governors. Rule in a state based on Chief Minister’s
 Art 124 – Establishment of Supreme Court
governance
 Article 243B: Constitution of Panchayats at
 Art 125 – Judges’ salaries and privileges
different levels.  Article 360: Financial Emergency.
 Art 129 – Supreme Court is a court of record
 Article 243G: Powers, authority, and  Article 368: Amendment of the Constitution.
responsibilities of Panchayats.  Art 142 – Enforcement of Supreme Court
 Article 370A: Special status provisions. Jammu
orders
6. Financial Structure & Economic Provisions kashmir

 Article 266: Consolidated Fund and Public  Art 143 – Advisory opinions to President
Accounts of India.
2. Oath for Ministers
 Article 267: Contingency Fund of India. High Courts
 Article 75(4): Union Ministers must take an
 Article 280: Finance Commission. oath before the President.  Art 214 – Establishment of High Courts

 Article 300A: Right to property as a legal right.  Article 164(3): State Ministers must take an  Art 215 – High Courts as courts of record
oath before the Governor.
7. Public Services & Elections  Art 217 – Appointment of High Court judges
3. Oath for the President & Vice President
 Article 312: All India Services.  Art 218 – Salaries of High Court judges
 Article 60: The President of India takes an oath
 Article 315: deals with Public Service before the Chief Justice of India.  Art 222 – Transfer of judges between High
Commissions. Courts
 Article 69: The Vice President takes an oath
 Article 324: Powers of the Election Commission before the President.
of India.
4. Oath for Judges Schedules
 Article 326 = right to vote
 Article 124(6): Supreme Court judges take an 1 = List of States and Union Territories
8. Emergency Provisions & Constitutional Amendments oath before the President. 2 = Salaries and Allowances of President and Governors
3 = Forms of Oaths and Affirmations
4 = Allocation of Seats in Rajya Sabha 6. 14th Amendment (1962) – Puducherry 18. 55th Amendment (1986) – Special provisions
5 = Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and became a Union Territory. for Arunachal Pradesh.
Scheduled Tribes
7. 19th Amendment (1966) – Removed the 19. 56th Amendment (1987) – Special provisions
6 = Administration of Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura, and Mizoram Election Tribunal system. for Goa.
7 = Union, State, and Concurrent Lists (Subjects of 8. 21st Amendment (1967) – Added Sindhi as an 20. 58th Amendment (1987) – Provided for
Legislation) official language. authoritative Hindi translation of the
8 = Official Languages of the Union and States Constitution.
9 = Protection of Laws related to Scheduled Areas from 9. 24th Amendment (1971) – Gave Parliament
Judicial Review the power to amend the Constitution. 21. 61st Amendment (1989) – Lowered the voting
15 = Reservation of Seats for Scheduled Castes and age from 21 to 18.
10. 26th Amendment (1971) – Abolished privy
Scheduled Tribes in Legislatures
purses for former rulers. 22. 62nd Amendment (1989) – Extended
16 = Special Provisions relating to Anglo-Indian
reservation for SC/STs in legislatures.
Community 11. 36th Amendment (1975) – Made Sikkim a full-
17 = Election Symbols fledged state of India. 23. 65th Amendment (1990) – Established the
21 = Special Provisions relating to Jammu & Kashmir National Commission for Scheduled Castes and
(before revocation) 12. 38th Amendment (1975) – Expanded the
Scheduled Tribes.
President’s ordinance-making powers.
24. 69th Amendment (1991) – Granted Delhi the
13. 39th Amendment (1975) – Barred courts from
status of National Capital Territory.
Key Amendments to the Indian Constitution questioning the election of the President, PM,
and others. 25. 70th Amendment (1992) – Included Union
1. 1st Amendment (1951) – Added restrictions on
Territories in the electoral process for Rajya
freedom of speech, land reform laws. 14. 42nd Amendment (1976) – Known as the
Sabha.
"Mini Constitution," introduced Fundamental
2. 7th Amendment (1956) – Reorganization of
Duties, strengthened Directive Principles. 26. 71st Amendment (1992) – Added Konkani,
states based on linguistic lines.
Manipuri, and Nepali to the official languages
15. 43rd Amendment (1977) – Restored judicial
3. 10th Amendment (1961) – Inclusion of Dadra list.
review powers curtailed by the 42nd
and Nagar Haveli into India.
Amendment. 27. 73rd Amendment (1992) – Established the
4. 12th Amendment (1962) – Goa, Daman, and Panchayati Raj system.
16. 44th Amendment (1978) – Reversed
Diu officially became part of India.
Emergency provisions introduced by the 42nd 28. 74th Amendment (1992) – Strengthened
5. 13th Amendment (1962) – Granted special Amendment. urban local bodies.
status to Nagaland.
17. 52nd Amendment (1985) – Introduced the 29. 78th Amendment (1995) – Included land
Anti-Defection Law. reform laws in the Ninth Schedule.
30. 79th Amendment (1999) – Extended 41. 101st Amendment (2016) – Introduced the  Jammu & Kashmir split into two UTs on
reservation for SC/STs in legislatures. Goods and Services Tax (GST). October 31, 2019.

31. 82nd Amendment (2000) – Allowed relaxation 42. 102nd Amendment (2018) – Granted  First time a state was downsized into Union
in qualifying marks for SC/STs in promotions. constitutional status to the National Territories.
Commission for Backward Classes.
32. 84th Amendment (2001) – Delimited  J&K UT has an elected legislature & CM (like
parliamentary constituencies based on the 43. 103rd Amendment (2019) – Provided 10%
Puducherry).
2001 census. reservation for Economically Weaker Sections
(EWS).  Ladakh UT is governed by Lieutenant
33. 91st Amendment (2003) – Limited the size of
Governor (LG) & hill councils.
the Council of Ministers. 44. 104th Amendment (2020) – Extended
reservation for SC/STs in Lok Sabha and State  J&K Legislative Council abolished (Oct 17,
34. 92nd Amendment (2003) – Added Bodo,
Assemblies. 2019).
Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali to the official
languages list. 45. 105th Amendment (2021) – Restored states’
power to identify OBCs.
35. 93rd Amendment (2005) – Provided Notes on the Executive Powers of the President of India
reservations for OBCs in private educational 106th Amendment (2022) – Election of Deputy Speaker
institutions. of Lok Sabha 1. Role & Election

36. 94th Amendment (2006) – Removed special 107th Amendment (2023) – Reservation extension for  Article 52: The President is the head of the
provisions for Mizoram and Tripura. SC/ST Union Executive.

37. 95th Amendment (2009) – Extended  Article 53: All executive powers of the Union
reservation for SC/STs in legislatures. are vested in the President.
Notes on Article 1 & Territorial Changes in India
38. 98th Amendment (2012) – Strengthened  Indirectly elected by an electoral college
1. Article 1: Union of States
cooperative societies.
 Electoral College Includes:
39. 99th Amendment (2014) – Established the  Declares that India (Bharat) is a Union of
National Judicial Appointments Commission States, not a federation. o Elected members of Lok Sabha &
(later struck down). Rajya Sabha.
 Union Territories are not part of the "Union of
40. 100th Amendment (2015) – Facilitated the States," but included in "Territory of India." o Elected members of Legislative
exchange of enclaves between India and Assemblies of States.
 States and their boundaries are listed in the
Bangladesh.
First Schedule.

4. Reorganization of Jammu & Kashmir & Ladakh (2019)

 o Elected members of Legislative  Differences between President & Governor: Notes on Emergency Provisions in the Indian
Assemblies of Union Territories Constitution = by president
(Delhi & Puducherry) [Article 54]. o President can pardon death
sentences & military court 1. National Emergency (Article 352)
2. Qualifications for Election (Article 58) convictions, Governor cannot.
 Can only be made on Cabinet’s
 Must be: o Governor’s power applies only recommendation.
within the state executive
o Citizen of India.
jurisdiction.  Must be approved by both Houses of
Parliament with a special majority within one
o 35 years or older.
10. Emergency Powers month.
o Qualified for Lok Sabha election.
 Extraordinary authority to deal with  If approved, it remains valid for six months
o Not holding any office of profit emergencies. and can be extended further.
under the Union/State/local
authority.
The President shall have the power to appoint and  After the 44th Amendment, it can be declared
remove :- for the whole country or a part of India.
3. Term & Vacancy
 The Prime Minister of India 3. Past National Emergencies
 Term: 5 years.
 Other Ministers of the Union  First Emergency: October 26, 1962 (China
 Resignation to Vice-President. War).
 The Attorney-General for India
 Grounds for Vacancy:  Second Emergency: June 25, 1975 (declared
 The Comptroller and Auditor General of India
on grounds of "internal disturbance", widely
o Term expiry. *
criticized).
o Death.  The Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme 4. President’s Rule (Article 356)
Court ‘
o Resignation.
 Declared when constitutional machinery fails
 The Chief Justice and Judges of the High in a state.
o Impeachment.
Courts of the states*
o Election being set aside.  State Legislature is suspended, and President
 The Governors of states assumes executive power.
 State Legislature Bills reserved for President’s
approval [Article 201].  The Chief Election Commissioner and other  Popularly known as President’s Rule.
Election Commissioners of India
9. Pardoning Power (Articles 72 & 161)
Notes on the Vice-President of India = oath president  Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha [Articles Notes on the Prime Minister & Council of Ministers
dilwata hai 64 & 89].
1. Role of the Prime Minister = oath by president
1. Origin & Election Process  Cannot vote in Rajya Sabha but can cast a
 Most powerful executive authority in the
decisive vote.
 Inspired by the U.S. Constitution. parliamentary system.
4. Vice-President Acting as President
 Indirectly elected via single transferable vote.  Leads both the Parliament and the Executive.
 Acts as President if vacancy arises [Article
 State Legislatures do NOT participate in the  Appointed by the President, must be leader of
65(1)].
election. majority party in Lok Sabha or command
 First instance: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan acted as majority support.
 Electoral College includes: President in 1960 during Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s
 Heads the Council of Ministers.
o Elected & nominated members of Soviet Union visit.
Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha [Article
 1969 case: Chief Justice Md. Hidayatullah
 Acts as a channel of communication between
66(1)]. the President & the Cabinet.
acted as President when Dr. Zakir Hussain
2. Eligibility & Term died & VP V.V. Giri resigned.  Can recommend dismissal of ministers to the
 President.
 Qualifications [Article 66]: During this period, VP receives President’s
salary [Article 97]. 2. Notable Facts About Prime Ministers
o Citizen of India.
 Ye president ko advice de skte hai  PMs defeated in no-confidence vote:
o Over 35 years of age.
5. Vacancy in Both Offices (President & VP) o V.P. Singh (1990)
o Not holding an office of profit
(except President, VP, Governor,  Chief Justice of India or senior-most Supreme o Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996) (lost by
Minister). Court judge assumes duties. one vote)

o Eligible for Rajya Sabha election. 6. Election Disputes (Article 71) o H.D. Deve Gowda (1997)

 Term: 5 years.  Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction.  PMs who died in office:

 Can be removed by a resolution in Rajya  Election results remain valid until court ruling. o Jawaharlal Nehru (May 1964)
Sabha, agreed by Lok Sabha [Article 67].
 Matters beyond disputes are regulated by o Lal Bahadur Shastri (January 1966,
 Eligible for re-election. Parliament. Tashkent)

3. Role & Functions o Indira Gandhi (October 31, 1984)

  Other Records: 3. Prime Minister & Union Ministers → oath by  Appointed by the President and serves at the
President of India. President's pleasure.
o Longest-serving PM: Jawaharlal
Nehru (16 years, 9 months, 12 days). 4. Governor → Chief Justice of the High Court  Must have Supreme Court Judge qualifications
(or senior-most judge in absence of CJ). [Article 76].
o Shortest tenure as PM: Atal Bihari
Vajpayee (13 days). 5. Judges of Supreme Court → oath by President  Not a Cabinet member, but can speak in
of India. Parliament & committees, he had no right to
o First PM to lose confidence vote: V.P.
6. Judges of High Court → oath by Governor of vote
Singh.
the respective state.
o Longest tenure in Cabinet: Jagjivan  Has the right of audience in all courts across
Ram (32 years). 7. Members of Parliament (MPs) → oath by India.
President of India (or a person appointed by
o First Deputy Prime Minister: Sardar  Enjoys parliamentary privileges similar to MPs
the President).
Vallabh Bhai Patel. [Article 105(4)].
8. Members of State Legislature (MLAs/MLCs) →
3. Types of Ministers oath by Governor of the respective state.  Not a full-time government counsel or
employee.
 Cabinet Ministers – Senior-most, attend 9. Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG) → oath
Cabinet meetings. by President of India. 2. Comptroller & Auditor-General (CAG) of India

 Ministers of State – Not Cabinet members but 10. Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) → oath by  Supervises financial system of Union and
may attend when invited. President of India. States [Article 148].

 Deputy Ministers – Assist ministers but do not 11. Attorney General of India → oath by President  Appointed by President, but can be removed
attend Cabinet meetings. of India. only by Parliamentary address for
misbehavior or incapacity.
4. Parliamentary Responsibilities 12. Chairman of Union Public Service Commission
(UPSC) →oath by President of India.  Salary equal to Supreme Court Judge.
 Council of Ministers = PM + Cabinet Ministers.
 Serves a 6-year term or until age 65,
whichever comes first.
Notes on the Attorney-General & Comptroller and
who administers the oath to whom i Auditor-General of India  Cannot hold any further government office
1. President → oath by Chief Justice of India 1. Attorney-General for India after retirement.

2. Vice President → oath by President of India  First Law Officer of the Government of India,
advises on legal matters.
  Administrative expenses are charged to the  Legislation & law-making [Articles 107, 108, Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha
Consolidated Fund of India (not votable) 245].
Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
[Article 148(6)].
 Financial control.
3. Duties of the CAG
 Max members: 250
 Bill passed by Parliament must receive the
 Audits & reports on expenditure from the  12 nominated by the President
President’s assent to become law.
Consolidated Fund of India & States.
3. Parliament House
 238 elected members
 Audits Contingency Funds & Public Accounts
 Not subject to dissolution.
of Union & States.  Circular design by Sir Edwin Lutyens & Herbert
Baker (1912-13).
 Minimum age: 30 years.
 Audits receipts & expenditures of bodies
financed by government funds.  Foundation laid on February 12, 1921. Lok Sabha (Lower House)

 Exterior features 144 granite pillars.  Prescribed composition

Notes on the Parliament of India 4. US Presidents Who Addressed Indian Parliament o 530 members from States.

1. Composition & Structure President Year of Visit o 20 members from Union Territories.

 Consists of: President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Dwight Eisenhower 1959 o 2 Anglo-Indian members (nominated
Sabha by President, removed after 2020).
Jimmy Carter 1978
 President is a part of the Legislature, though  Current Composition: 543 members (530 from
not a sitting member of Parliament. Bill Clinton 2000 States, 13 from UTs).

 First Lok Sabha tenure: May 13, 1952 – April 4, Barack Obama 2010
1957.
SC/ST Quota Extension Bill (2019)
5. US Presidents Who Visited but Did Not Address
2. Functions of Parliament
Parliament  126th Amendment Bill (2019): passed
 Provides the Cabinet.
President Year of Visit o Extended reservation for SC/STs in
 Controls the Cabinet. Parliament & state assemblies for 10
Richard Nixon 1969 years (until Jan 25, 2030).
 Criticizes Cabinet decisions and ministers.
George W. Bush Jr. 2006
 Authoritatively secures information.
 o Ended nomination of Anglo-Indians  Adjournment = Temporary suspension of  First Deputy Speaker: M. Ananthasayanam
in Lok Sabha & Assemblies after Jan sitting. Ayyangar (1952-1956).
2020.
Ways to Terminate a Sitting Powers of the Speaker

1. Dissolution – Lok Sabha ceases to exist, fresh  Casting vote in case of a tie
Tenure & Dissolution elections required.
 Final authority on Lok Sabha rules.
 Rajya Sabha: 2. Prorogation – Ends the session, does not
dissolve the House.  Adjourns the House if no quorum.
o Permanent House, not dissolved.
3. Adjournment – Temporary halt to daily  Presides over joint sittings
o 1/3 members retire every two years.
proceedings.
 Certifies Money Bills
 Lok Sabha:
2. Chairman & Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
o Normal term: 5 years. Eligibility & Disqualification of Members
 Vice-President of India is ex-officio Chairman
o Can be dissolved earlier by the Qualifications
President.  Deputy Chairman takes over when VP acts as
 Citizen of India. President.
o Can be extended during Emergency
(max 1 year at a time, no extension  Minimum age:  First Chairman: Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
beyond 6 months after Emergency
o Lok Sabha: 25 years.
ceases).  First Deputy Chairman: S.V. Krishnamoorthy
o Rajya Sabha: 30 years. Rao
o Extended twice for 1 year in 1976.
Notes on the Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman, and  First Female Deputy Chairperson: Violet Alva
Deputy Chairman of Parliament
Parliamentary Sessions & Adjournments
 First Speaker: G.V. Mavalankar (1952-1956).
Legislative Procedure
 Parliament must meet at least twice a year
(max 6 months gap between sessions).  First Tribal Speaker: P.A. Sangama (1996-
1. Introduction of Bill.
1998).
 Session = First meeting → Prorogation. 2. Debate & motions.
 First Female Speaker: Meira Kumar (2009-
 Recess = Time between prorogation & next 2014). 3. Review by Select Committee.
session.
4. Approval in House where introduced.
 5. Passage in the other House. 2. Procedure for Passing a Money Bill 1. If one House rejects the Bill.

6. President’s Assent.  Can only be introduced in Lok Sabha. 2. If disagreement occurs over
amendments.
 Must be certified as a Money Bill by the
Speaker of Lok Sabha. 3. If 6+ months pass without approval
Repeal of Archaic Laws
from the second House.
 Rajya Sabha must return it within 14 days
 Repealing & Amending Bill (2019) removed 58
 Presided by Speaker of Lok Sabha. If absent,
with recommendations.
outdated central laws. Deputy Speaker, then Deputy Chairman of
 Passed by Lok Sabha (July 29, 2019) & Rajya
 Lok Sabha can accept or reject Rajya Sabha, or a member chosen by the
recommendations. House [Article 118(4)].
Sabha (August 2, 2019).
 If not returned within 14 days, it is deemed
passed
Financial Legislation in Parliament
Notes on Money Bills and Financial Bills
3. Financial Bills
Annual Financial Statement (Budget) [Article 112]
1. Money Bill (Article 110)
 Not all Financial Bills are Money Bills.
 A Bill is considered a Money Bill if it contains
 Presented by Finance Minister on behalf of

provisions related to:  Two types: President.

o Taxation (imposition, alteration, o Type 1: Includes matters from Article

abolition, regulation). 110 but not solely about finance.
Notes on India's New Parliament Building
Requires President’s
o Government borrowing regulations. recommendation. Rajya Sabha can 1. Overview
amend/reject it.
o Custody & withdrawal of funds from
 Part of the Central Vista Redevelopment
the Consolidated Fund of India. o Type 2: Ordinary Bills involving Project.
expenditure from the Consolidated
o Appropriation of money from the
Fund.  Located in New Delhi, next to the Old
Consolidated Fund.
Parliament House.
o Declaring expenditures charged on
the Consolidated Fund.
 Designed by architect Bimal Patel.
Joint Sitting of Parliament (Article 108)
o Receipts, audits, & issuance of  Constructed by Tata Projects.
 Summoned by President when Lok Sabha and
money from the Public Account & Rajya Sabha disagree on a Bill:  Foundation laid on October 1, 2020.
Consolidated Fund.
  Completed on May 20, 2023.  Sengol is a gold-plated silver sceptre, o Can issue writs for Fundamental
symbolizing righteous rule. Rights enforcement.
 Inaugurated on May 28, 2023 by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi.  The word "Sengol" comes from the Tamil word 2. Types of Writs
"Semmai", meaning righteousness.
 First official session held on September 19, Habeas Corpus ("To have a body")
2023.  Traditionally used by Chola kings to mark Mandamus ("We command")
transfer of power.
2. Architectural Features Prohibition
2. Historical Significance
 Triangular structure, inspired by Indian Certiorari
heritage.  Presented to Jawaharlal Nehru on August 14,
1947, symbolizing India’s independence. Quo Warranto ("By what authority")
 Total area: 64,500 square meters.
 Kept in Allahabad Museum for decades, 3. Limitations on Fundamental Rights Enforcement
 Height: 39.6 meters, with four floors. labeled as "Nehru’s Golden Walking Stick".
 Article 33: Parliament can restrict Fundamental
 Seating capacity: 3. Installation in New Parliament Rights for Armed Forces & Intelligence
agencies.
o Lok Sabha: 888 seats (based on  Installed in the New Parliament House on
peacock theme). May 28, 2023.  Article 34: During martial law, Parliament can
indemnify officials for actions taken.
o Rajya Sabha: 384 seats (based on
 Placed near the Speaker’s seat as a symbol of
lotus theme).
governance & justice.  Article 352: Some Fundamental Rights may be
suspended during Emergency.
 92 rooms for Council of Ministers.  Prime Minister Narendra Modi received it
from Tamil Adheenam priests during the 4. Right to Information (RTI)
3. Historical Significance
inauguration.
 RTI Act, 2005 grants citizens access to
 Replaces the Old Parliament House, built in
government information.
1927.
Notes on Writs and Enforcement of Fundamental Rights
 Old building designed by Edwin Lutyens &
Herbert Baker. 1. Power to Issue Writs Notes on the Supreme Court of India

 Supreme Court (Article 32): Can issue writs 1. Establishment & Composition
only for Fundamental Rights enforcement.
Sengol: The Symbol of Power & Tradition  Article 124 provides for the establishment &
 High Courts (Article 226): constitution of the Supreme Court.
  Initially, the Supreme Court consisted of a  Cannot practice as an advocate in any Indian  Permanent Benches: 11 across six High Courts
Chief Justice of India (CJI) + 30 judges. court (Allahabad, Bombay, Gauhati, Madhya
Pradesh, Madras, Rajasthan).
 Supreme Court (Number of Judges) 8. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court
Amendment Bill, 2019 increased the strength  Karnataka High Court: Only HC with two
to 33 judges + CJI, making it 34 judges in total.
 Three-fold Jurisdiction:
circuit benches (Dharwad & Gulbarga).
1. Original Jurisdiction:
2. Supreme Court Proceedings & Rules  Delhi is the only Union Territory with its own
 Disputes between States or High Court.
 Proceedings are conducted in English only.
Union vs State
 Other six Union Territories fall under state
 Supreme Court Rules, 2013, framed under
 Writ Jurisdiction under High Courts' jurisdiction.
Article 145, regulate practice & procedures.
Article 32 (enforcement of
2. Appointment of High Court Judges
 Judges appointed by the President after Fundamental Rights).
consultation with the Chief Justice of India 2. Appellate Jurisdiction:  Appointed by the President of India.

3. Qualifications for Supreme Court Judges

 Highest appeal court in  Consultation process:
India.
 Must be: o Chief Justice of India.
3. Advisory Jurisdiction:
o A citizen of India. o Governor of the respective state.

o A High Court Judge for at least 5  President may seek o Chief Justice of the concerned High
Supreme Court’s opinion
years. Court.
on matters of public
o An Advocate in High Court(s) for at importance 3. Oath & Tenure
least 10 years.
 Oath administered by the Governor (or a
 No minimum age designated official).

4. Retirement & Removal of Supreme Court Judges  Retirement age: 62 years.

Notes on the High Court of India
 Retirement age: 65 years.  Ways a High Court Judge vacates office:
1. Structure & Jurisdiction
 Can resign by writing to the President. o Resignation in writing to the
 Highest judicial authority in the State.
President.
6. Post-Retirement Restrictions
 Total High Courts: 25, with three having
jurisdiction over multiple states.
 o Appointment as a Supreme Court Position Minimum Age Tenure Position Minimum Age Tenure
Judge or transfer to another High
Court. President of India 35 years 5 years MLC (State Council) 30 years 6 years

o Removal by the President (same Vice President of Panchayat Member 21 years 5 years
procedure as Supreme Court Judge 35 years 5 years
India
impeachment). Municipality
21 years 5 years
25 years (Lok Sabha), Member
4. Qualifications Prime Minister of
30 years (Rajya 5 years
India
 Citizen of India. Sabha)

 Below 62 years of age. Governor 35 years 5 years

Appointments by the President of India
 Judicial experience: Chief Justice of India No minimum age Until age 65
 Prime Minister – Appointed by the President.
o At least 10 years as a judge in India. Supreme Court
No minimum age Until age 65
Judge  Governor of a State – Appointed by the
o At least 10 years as an advocate in a
President.
High Court or multiple High Courts.
High Court Judge No minimum age Until age 62
5. Salaries & Post-Retirement Restrictions  Chief Justice of India & Supreme Court Judges
Attorney General of No fixed – Appointed by the President after
No minimum age
 Salaries & allowances charged to the India tenure consultation.
Consolidated Fund of the State
Comptroller &  High Court Judges – Appointed by the
6 years or
 Permanent Judges cannot practice law after Auditor General No minimum age President after consulting the Chief Justice of
until age 65 India, Governor, and Chief Justice of the High
retirement in: (CAG)
Court.
o Any court or authority in India. Lok Sabha Speaker 25 years 5 years
 Attorney General of India – Appointed by the
o Except Supreme Court & High Courts
Rajya Sabha MP 30 years 6 years President.
where they never served.

Lok Sabha MP 25 years 5 years  Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG) –

Appointed by the President.
Tenure & Minimum Age of Constitutional Positions MLA (State
25 years 5 years  Chief Election Commissioner & Election
Assembly)
Commissioners – Appointed by the President.
  Chairman & Members of UPSC – Appointed by  Approved by 17 state assemblies & President  Seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) &
the President. on April 23, 1993. Scheduled Tribes (ST) [Article 243-D].

 Finance Commission Members – Appointed by  Became effective on April 24, 1993 →  1/3 of seats & chairpersons' posts are
the President. Celebrated as Panchayati Raj Diwas since reserved for women.
2010.
 National Commission for SCs/STs/Backward 4. PESA Act (1996) & Scheduled Areas:- panchayati
Classes – Appointed by the President. 2. Structure & Key Provisions extension to scheduled area

Appointments by the Governor  Added Part-9th to the Constitution (Articles  73rd Amendment does not apply to Fifth
243 to 243-O). Schedule Areas.
 Chief Minister – Appointed by the Governor.
 Added Eleventh Schedule (Lists 29 functions  Parliament enacted PESA Act (1996) to extend
 State Council of Ministers – Appointed by the for Panchayats) [Article 243-G]. Panchayati Raj in tribal areas.
Governor on CM’s advice.
 Three-tier system:  Applies to 10 states with Fifth Schedule Areas:
 Advocate General of the State – Appointed by Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,
the Governor. 1. Village-level Panchayat (Gram
Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya
Panchayat). Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan,
 State Public Service Commission Members –
2. Intermediate Panchayat (Block level, Telangana.
Appointed by the Governor.
for states with 20+ lakh population).
5. Tenure & Functions
3. District-level Panchayat (Zila
Notes on Panchayati Raj in India
 Panchayats serve for 5 years.
Parishad).

1. Overview & Constitutional Basis  If dissolved early, a new Panchayat serves

3. Elections & Governance:- every 5 yrs,
only the remainder of the term.
 Panchayati Raj is India’s rural self-government  All Panchayat seats filled by direct elections.
system.  Re-elections not needed if less than 6 months
 Electorate called Gram Sabha (includes all remain.
 Falls under the State List in the Seventh registered voters of the village).
Schedule of the Constitution.  Minimum age for Panchayat membership: 21
 **Intermediate & district-level chairpersons years [Article 243].
 Established through the 73rd Constitutional elected indirectly from elected members.
Amendment Act, 1992.  Functions:
 Sarpanch presides over Gram Sabha meetings
 Passed by Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
o Planning & implementing economic
(including in Scheduled Areas).
development programs.
 o Social justice initiatives.  Governs urban areas through elected 3. Structure of Municipal Governance
representatives.
o Authority to levy taxes, tolls, duties.  Three types of municipalities in each state:
 Eight types of urban local government:
6. Financial & Election Mechanisms 1. Nagar Panchayat (for areas
1. Municipal Corporation (for large transitioning from rural to urban).
 State Finance Commission reviews Panchayat
cities).
finances every 5 years [Post-73rd 2. Municipal Council (for medium-sized
Amendment]. 2. Municipality (for smaller urban cities).
areas).
 State Election Commission (SEC) oversees 3. Municipal Corporation (for large
Panchayat elections [Article 243-K]. 3. Notified Area Committee (for fast- cities).
growing settlements).
7. History of Panchayati Raj in India  Topmost urban local body is the Municipal
4. Town Area Committee (for small Corporation.
 Community Development Programme towns).
launched on October 2, 1952. 4. Elections & Representation
5. Cantonment Board (for military
 First Panchayati Raj system introduced in areas).  Members elected through direct elections.
Nagaur, Rajasthan (Oct 2, 1959) by Jawaharlal
6. Township (for industries & company-  State Legislature can provide representation
Nehru.
owned areas). to:
 Rajasthan was the first state to implement it
7. Port Trust (for maritime regions). o Experts in municipal administration.
fully, followed by Andhra Pradesh.
8. Special Purpose Agency (for o Members of Lok Sabha, State
 Balwant rai mehta committee =
Assembly, Rajya Sabha, and
infrastructure projects, housing,
recommended = 3 tier system
transport). Legislative Council.
 Ashok mehta committee = recommend 2 tier o Chairpersons of Ward Committees
2. Constitutional Recognition
system (mandatory for cities with 3+ lakh
 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) population).
 Gadgil Committee (1988) laid the foundation
gave municipal governance a constitutional
for the 73rd Amendment. 5. Planning Committees
status.

 Added Part IX-A , titled “The Municipalities”.  Development plans prepared by:
Notes on Municipalities in India 1. District Planning Committee (District
 Introduced Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W)
1. Urban Local Government level).
containing 18 functional areas.
 2. Metropolitan Planning Committee  Established on January 1, 2015, replacing the o NITI Aayog members (earlier
(Metropolis level). Planning Commission. Planning Commission).

 Prime Minister is the Chairperson.  Chairperson: Prime Minister of India.

Planning Commission of India = replace by neeti aayog

 Governing Council Members:  Functions:
1. Establishment & Structure o Chief Ministers of all States. o Review national plans.

 Not mentioned in the Constitution. o Lt. Governor of Andaman & Nicobar o Recommend measures to achieve
Islands (UT). plan targets.
 Set up by a resolution of the Union Cabinet on
March 15, 1950.  Structure:  Extra-constitutional & extra-legal body (not in
Constitution).
 First Chairman: Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. o Five full-time members.

 Last Chairman: Narendra Modi. o Two permanent members.

3. National Integration Council (NIC)
 First Deputy Chairman: Gulzari Lal Nanda. o Four Union Ministers (ex-officio).
 Set up in 1986 for minority welfare & national
 Composition: o Three Union Ministers (special
unity.
invitees).
o Chairman (Prime Minister).  Members:
 First Vice Chairman: Arvind Panagariya
2. Functions of the Planning Commission o Union Ministers.
 First meeting chaired by PM Narendra Modi
 Formulated Five-Year Plans for balanced on February 8, 2015. o Chief Ministers of States.
economic & social development.
o Political party representatives
3. Replacement by NITI Aayog (national & regional).
2. National Development Council (NDC)
 Announced by PM Narendra Modi on August o Labor, women leaders, public figures
15, 2014.  Formed in 1952 to involve States in planning. & media representatives.

 Members:  Non-constitutional body (not mentioned in

the Constitution).
1. NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming o Union Cabinet ministers.
India)
o Chief Ministers of States.
4. Finance Commission
o Administrators of Union Territories.
  Constitutionally established under Articles  Tenure: 6 years or until retirement age. o Presidential & Vice-Presidential
270, 273, 275 & 280. election disputes adjudicated only
 Retirement Age: by Supreme Court
 Created by the President of India.
o UPSC Members: 65 years 2. Election Commission of India (ECI)
 First Finance Commission formed in 1951.
o State PSC & Joint PSC Members: 62  Independent body established under Article
 Advises the President on distribution of tax years 324 to supervise elections.
revenues between Union & States.
3. Removal Process 3. Composition & Appointment

 Can resign by writing to the President (or  Comprises:

Notes on Public Service Commissions in India Governor for State PSC).
o Chief Election Commissioner (CEC).
1. Establishment & Structure  Governor can only suspend a member but
cannot remove them. o Two Election Commissioners
 Constitution provides for:
6. Role & Functions  Appointments:
o Union Public Service Commission
(UPSC)  Conducts exams for Union & State services. o CEC & Election Commissioners
appointed by the President.
o State Public Service Commission  Advises on personnel matters referred by the
(PSC) President or Governor [Article 320].
o Regional Commissioners can be
appointed to assist ECI [Article
o Joint Public Service Commission 324(4)].
(JPSC) for multiple states
Notes on Election & Election Commission  CEC Tenure:
 Joint PSC can be created by Parliament after a
resolution from State Legislatures.
1. General Elections & Voting Rights o 6 years or until age 65, whichever is
earlier.
 UPSC can serve a State upon request from the  Eligibility to vote:
Governor & approval by the President
o Same status & perks as Supreme
o Citizen of India.
Court Judges.
2. Appointment & Tenure o At least 18 years of age.
o Removal process same as Supreme
 Appointed by:  Election disputes: Court Judges.

o President (UPSC & Joint PSC)  Other Election Commissioners can be

removed by the President on CEC's
o Governor (State PSC)
recommendation.
4. Key Functions of Election Commission o Tamil (2004)  Government of India passed the Act to protect
the human rights in the year 1993.
 Conducts elections for: o Sanskrit (2005)
 Hindu Marriage Act was enacted in the year
o Parliament, State Legislatures, o Telugu (2008)
1955.
President, Vice President [Article
o Kannada (2008)
324  88thamendment to the Constitution of India
o Malayalam (2013) added a new subject in the Union List called
6. First Female Chief Election Commissioner
'taxes on services.
o Odia (2014)
 V.S. Ramadevi became India’s first female CEC
 Varahamihira was an ancient Indian
in 1990. 3. Language of the States
mathematician-astronomer.
 States can adopt any regional language or
 The salary and allowances of leaders of
Hindi for official purposes
Notes on Official Language & Language Policies in India opposition in parliament are governed by the
4. Language in Supreme Court & High Courts Act passed for the first time by the parliament
1. Official Language of the Union
in the year 1977.
 English is the default language for
 Hindi in Devanagari script is the official
authoritative texts unless Parliament provides  Kshatriya was the varna responsible for
language of the Union [Article 343].
otherwise: protecting people and administrating justice in
 English was to be used alongside Hindi until ancient India as per rules laid down by the
5. Languages in the Eighth Schedule Dharmasutras and Dharmashastra.
1965, but continues for official purposes.
 Total languages: 22 (Initially 14, expanded  The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
 First Official Language Commission (1955) was
through amendments). Education Act or Right to Education (RTE) Act is
chaired by Shri B.G. Kher.
an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in the
 Recommended no fixed deadline for Hindi year 2009.
implementation, which was accepted. Miscellaneous - Indian Polity & Constitution
 The protection of Women from Domestic
2. Classical Languages  Inter State Council is formed by the President. Violence Act was passed in the year 2005.

 New "Classical Language" category introduced  Election Commission is formed by the  86thAmmendment Act, 2002 added a new
in 2004. President. fundamental duty under Article 51-A.

 Criteria for classical language status finalized  Vice President is also called as “His Superfluous  The right of children to Free and Compulsory
in 2006. Highness". Education Act 2009 is an Act of Parliament
which came into force in 2010.
 Six Classical Languages (as of 2016):
 15 female members were part of the  The supreme law-making institution in India is
Constituent Assembly that framed the Parliament of India.
Constitution of India.
 The Supreme court of India issues writs under
 Liyaquat Ali Khan was the Finance Minister in Article 32.
the Interim Government.
 The first speaker of the Lok Sabha was G.V.
 Ladakh is the Union Territory formed after Maval
division of Jammu and Kashmir State that does
not have a legislature of its own.

 National Extension Service was launched in the

year 1953.

 The first 'Lokayukta' was established in Odisha.

 The Act to make daughters an equal co-heir

with the sons was enacted in 1956.

 The first Interim National Government was

announced on 25th August, 1946.

 Mid day meal scheme was launched in 1995.

 The first Chief Election Commissioner of India

was— Sukumar Sen.

 India has "Flexible and Rigid" type of

Constitution.

 The Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary

are organs of Indian Government.

 The minimum age required to be the President

of India is 35 years.

 "The President" has the power to dissolve the

Sabha.