Compound Angles

Suggested Approach
It is not required for students to reproduce the proofs of the formulae for sin (A ± 8 ),
cos (Al. 8) and tan (A ± 8). But th ey should appreciate the technique of deriving other
formulae when one of the formu lae for sin (A + B) or cos (A l- 8) has been proved .
Sufficient drill and practice exercises are needed before they can be acquain ted with
the formu lae. Moreover, students are expected to apply these formulae to multiple
angles.
It is helpful to use graphs of
trigonometric functions to
il lustrate the idea of general U!J.:J.!:.~
f j 'J,....!:,..:)
fl•' I ... , .... ,..1

solutions of trigonometric
equations. For the first few After studying this c hapter, you should be able to
examples, it would be more
comprehensible if some 1. express the trigonometric functions of the sum of two angles in terms of the
soluti ons beyond the O to 21r trigonometric functions of each angle.
range are written explicitly .
2. transform the expression a sin x + b cos x into th e form r sin (x + </)) or
r cos (x - a) .

3. stale the double ang le formulae.

4. state the product-to-sum and sum-to-product formu lae.
5. appl y th e ab ove fo rmulae to prove trigonometric identities1 simplify
trigonometric express ions1 and solve trigonometric equatio ns.

6. give the general solutio ns of trigonometric equations.

Notes on Teac hing
There are many ways of
proving the compound angle
formulae. Teachers should
choose a simple one that can
be easily grasped by
students.
4D Compound Angle Formulae
A va ri ety of examples of
applications of these formulae We often encounter express ions li ke s in (A + B) and cos (A - B) that contain a
ca n build confidence in the trigonometric functi on of either a sum or difference of two angles. These expressions
students in doing th e can be expressed in terms of trigonometric functions of single angles. We proceed to
exercise.
devise a formula to ex press sin (A + B) in terms of sin A, sin B, cos A and cos B.

R
Consider ~PQR in Fig. 6.1.
l
Area of ~PRS =
2hq s in ex q
I
Area of ~QRS =
2 hp sin f3
I
An example of using triangular
Area of ~ PQR =
2pq sin (ex + f3) p s
snapes in design . Tne fram e of Fig. 6. 1
the bridge of a railway consists Arca of ~PQR = Area of ~PRS + Arca of ~QRS
of a sequence of triangles. I I I
- pq sin (ex + /J) = - hq sin a + - hp sin f3
2 2 2

192
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

I
Div iding the equation by
2pq yields
"( (X +
Stn /3) = -h Stn
. (X + -h S .in /3.
p q
h
But in LlPRS, cos a = -
q
h
and in LlQRS, cos {3 = - .
p
s in (a + /3) = cos f3 · sin a + cos a · s in f3
Hence, s in (a + /3) = s in a cos f3 + cos a sin f3

In the above proo f, a and f3 are ac ute a ngles. In fact, the derived formula is valid for any
ang les A a nd B.
We have the formula

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B J

By substituting - B for B in the a bove formula, we have

sin (A+ (- 8 )] = sin A cos (- B) + cos A sin (- B)

cos (- B) = cos B and s in (- B) = -sin B

We get another formul a

sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B J

Substituting ; - A for A in the above fo rmula, we have

sin [c1·2 -A) - s] = sin (n - A) cos B - cos (n - A) sin B

2 2

sin [ ;-(A + B)l = cos A cos B - sin A sin B

It follows that

cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B )

By substituting - B fo r B in the above formul a, we can obtain

cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B )

193
 Part II Tri gonometry

From the above formu lae,

sin (A+ B)
tan ( A + B) = cos (A + B)

sin A cos B + cos A sin B

cos Acos B - sin Asin B
sin Acos B cos Asin B
+
cos Acos B cos Acos B
cos Acos B sin Asin B
cos Acos B cos A cos B

tanA+tanB
tan (A + B) = -. ---
ta_n _A_t-an_ B
_

tanA-tanB
Simi larly, tan (A - B) = -I +-t-an- -A ta_n_B

The above formulae are ca lled compound angle .formulae*. They are very useful in
other branches of mathematics and should be memori zed. [n the following examples, we
shall illustrate some of their applications.

Find the value of sin I 05° in surd form. Prilctice 1

Hnalysis: Find the va lue of ta n 15° in surd
105° can be expressed as a sum or a difference of two special a ngles: form.
Solut ion:
I 05° = 60° + 45° tan 15° tan (45" 30 °)
or 105° = 135 ° - 30° tan 45° - tan 10°
I + tan 45° tan 30 °
Solution:
1-v I

sin 105 ° = sin (60° + 45°) I

I +I ·
= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45° ./3
Jj J2_ I J2_ v-1
= - ·- + - · - .fi +I
2 2 2 2
v-1fi- 1
Ji + J?. ~3+ 1 . h - 1
4 l-f3 - I )~
3 I

4- 2 3
2
,h
~
2
194 Compound angle formulae tSlft.Jil~
 Chapter 6 Com pound A ngles

Or sin 105° = sin ( 135° - 30°)

= sin 135° cos 30° - cos 135° sin 30°

= -J2. Ii
2 2
-(--!2)..!.
2 2

-16 + ..fi.
4

l 1 I
Given that tan A = -, tan B = -, tan C = - and A, B, Care acute angles PracticeZ
2 5 8
less than 45°, prove that A+ B + C = 45°. 1 1
lf tan a = - , tan (a- {3 ) = - and a,
2 7
ftnalgsis:
f3 are acute angles with a > /3, prove
1. tan 45° = 1
n
We may consider to prove tan (A+ B + C) = I. that a + f3 = - .
4
2. We first find the value of tan (A + B) by the compound angle formula
Proof:
for it. 2 tan a
tan 2a
3. Taking A + B as a s ing le ang le, the same fo rmul a can be used to 1- tan ~a
evaluate the value of tan [(A + 8) + C], i.e. tan (A+ B + C). 2. I
2
Proof:

tan (A + B)
tan A + tanB
= -----
1-(~ J
I - tan A tan B
I
1 I 1-
- +- 4
2 5 4
I l 3
1 - - ·-
2 5 tan( a + /J) tan l 2a (a /:Ill
7 tan 2a - tan (a {J)
I + tan 2a tan ( a-/3)
9
4
tan (A+ B + C) = tan [(A+ B) + CJ J 7
4
tan (A + B) + tan C I+
3 7
I - ta n (A+ B) tan C
- 1
7 I µ ,r 5,r
- + - a -i -or -
9 8 4 4
r-------------,
I tan 225° = tan ( 18 0° + 4 5°) 1
a and f3 arc acute angl es.
1-2.! = tan 45° O · o:1/3 · ,r
9 8 = 1 ,r
T- - - - - - l lcncc. a+/j - - .
=I L - - - - - - J
4
I
A + B + C = 45° or 225° ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - J

A , B, C are less than 45°, ~ - - - - - -i Given I

0° < A + B + C < 135°

Hence, A + B+C = 45°. 195
 Part II Trigo nometry

G iven that tan a and tan f3 are the roots of the eq uat io n x 2 + 6x + 7 = 0, Prilctice3
prove that s in (a + /3) = cos (a + {3).
Give n that a and f3 are the roots of
Hnalysis: the eq uation
2
I. Note that the resul t req uires to prove s in (a + /3) = cos (a + /3), w hic h tan x 3-h tan x + I = 0,
can be wri tten as tan (a + fJ) = I . where a and f3 are acute angles with
a < {3. Find the value ofcot (a - {3).
2. Us ing the formu lae fo r the sum and product of the roots of a quadratic
equation, we can obtain the values of tan a + tan /3 and ta n a tan {3. Solution:
Hence, us ing the compo und a ng le formula for ta n (a+ fJ) y ields the From the g1 vc11.
value of tan (a+ /3). tnn <X tan /3 3.fi.
tan <t tanµ I
Proof: (tana tan/3)'

From the given, (tan <X .- tan /J)' 4 tan <Xian fJ

( 3~3 ): 4· I
tan a+ tan f3 = - 6, ~ _________: sum of the roots = -;
1
23
tan a tan/3 = 7. I
c
I
product of the roots = -
a tan <X tan {J - .f23
tan (a + /3) =
tana+tan,B
-------'---
cot (a /3)
! - tan a tan ,B
-6 tan (a /3)
I + tan a tan /3
1- 7 tan a - tan {J
sin ( a + /3) ~ - - - ~i~ e- ~ I+I
= I ~ - - - - - - - - - - tan e = - -
cos ( a + /3) 1
L------..1
cos e I - Iii
sin (a + /3) = cos (a + /3) 2
~
vL J

~ ---~~~ ......,____________________________________=a:;'r-'__________________________
~ ·: & ~ 4
Prove the identity
Prilct/ce 4
2 2
cos2 B + cos (A + 8) - 2 cos A cos B cos (A + B) = s in A.
Prove the identity
Hnalysls: sin (a + {3) sin (a - {3) = cos2 {3 - cos2 a.
1. [n th e identity to be proved, R .H.S. just conta ins one term s in 2 A. Proof:
Therefore, the approach would be to simplify the terms invo lving L.1 1.S. sin(a /3) si11(a /3)
cos (A + B) on the L.H.S. (~in a co ~ /J co~ a ~ 111 /J)
2.
2
If we expand cos (A + B) on the L.H. S., the res ulting ex pression · (sin a cos /3 co s a sin {3)
~in' <X cos' fJ cosJ a ~in' fJ
would be very complicated. We therefore factor out the common facto r
(I co s a) cos' f3
cos (A + B) fro m the last 2 terms first, and then express cos (A+ B)
co s' a ( I cos' /3)
in terms of s ine and cosine functio ns of s ing le ang le A or Busi ng the
cm ' fJ cos' rx cm' /3
compound angle formu la for it.
cos1 a ~ cos1 a cos {J
cos' µ cos1 a
IUI.S .

196
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

r - - - - - - - - - - ,
Proof: Factor out cos (A + B) I
I
I
from the last 2 terms. 1
1..-------,--.J
L. H.S. = cos2B + cos2(A + B) - 2 cos A cos B cos (A + 8 ) ,
= cos2 B + cos (A + B)[cos (A + 8) - 2 cos A cos B] + - J
= cos2 B + cos (A+ B)(cos A cosB - s in A s in B - 2 cos A cosB)
= cos 2 B - cos (A+ B)(cos A cos B + s in A s in B)
2
= cos B - (cos A cos B - s in A s in B)(cos A cos B + sin A sin B)

= cos2 B - (cos2 A cos2 B - s in 2 A sin 2 B) ~ _; (x ~;)(:: 0~-; ~I ~

= cos
2B - cos2 A cos2 B + s in2 A s in 2 B r----------,
cos2 8 ( 1 _ cos2A) + s in2A s in2 8 ~ ___1 Factor out cos B from
2
= I
I
the first 2 terms . 1

2 2 2
= cos B sin A + s in A s in B
2
r--------,
= s in2 A (cos2 B + s in 2 B) ~ - - - - - - - - -1 Factor out s in2 A. ,
2
= si n A

= R.H.S .

.
~ &~5
Ln MBC, 2 cos B s in C = s in A. Prove that ~ABC is isosce les.
Prilctlce5
ftnatysls: In ~ABC, if cos A = sin B s in C,
I. To prove that LlABC is isosceles, we have to prove that two ang les o f prove that ~ABC is an isosceles
LlABC are equal. right-angled triangle.
2. As A, B, Care a ng les o f LlABC, we can m ake use of th e fact that
Proof:
A + B + C = 180° to deri ve the equation sin A = s in (B + C).
A 180° (B C' ) ( L'. sum of L'\J
3. We then apply the compound angle for mula fo r s in (B + C) to ex press cos A cos [ 180 (B (' Jj
s in A in terms of sine a nd cosine functions of s ing le ang le B o r C. cos (13 C)
4. Together w ith the given condition, we can obta in a n equation involvi ng J'rom the gi,cn.
ang les Band Conly. S im p li fy the equati o n to obtain the result B = C. cos ,\ sin B sm C
cos ( B t C) si n 13 sin C
Proof: (cos 13 co~ C , in 13 s111 C) ,in B s111 C
A = 180° - (B + C) (L sum of Ll) ens n co~ C O
s in A = s in [ 180° - (B + C)] cos 13 0 or cos C O
B 90 or C 90
= s in (B + C)
I lcncc. £\ABC is a right-angled triangle.
= s in B cosC + cos B s in C
From the g iven,
2 cos B s in C = s in A
2 cos B s in C = s in B cos C + cos B s in C , As cos B * O and cos c ,
. C . C , 1'- 0, cos B cos C 1'- 0.
cos B s in = s111 B cos I Divide both sides by

ta n C = tan B ~ - - - - - - - - - - -' cos B cos C.

L - - - - - - - - - - - ~
r-----------,
C - B -'( - - - - - - - - - 1 ·: B and C are less
Hence, LlABC is isosceles. tha n 180° .

197
 Pa rt II Trigono metry

~ &~ 6
Solve the equation
Prilctlce 6
cos (2 8 + 45°) cos 4 5 ° + s in (28 + 45°) s in 45° = _!_
2 Solve the equation
for 0 ° s:; 8 s:; 360°. 2(sin 4x cos x - cos 4x sin x) = .fi
Hnalysls: for O $: x $: n.
Solution:
Note that the L. H.S. of the g ive n equat io n is in the for m cos a cos /3 +
2(,in4 rco~.r cos 4.r ~in 1)
s in a sin /3. He nce it can be simplified us ing the compound angle formula
2 \ Ill (4.\ \)
for it.
I Let a=28+ 45°,/J= 45° . 1
2 Siil J1
I cos a cos f3 + sin a sin /3 1

Solution: I = COS (a - /J)

L - - - - - I - - - - - - ~ Siil \ I
I
cos (2 8 + 4 5°) cos 4 5° + s in (28 + 4 5°) s in45° =
2 ,r 2,r 7,r 8,r
.11 = -3 - 1 . - 3 . - 3
I
cos [(2 8 + 4 5 °) - 4 5 °] = 2 ~ - : - - - - - - - ,
7r 2n 7 7r 87r
I 0° $ 28 $ 720° I
9 I) "9' l)
I L - - - - - - - (
cos28 = -
2
28 = 60°, 300°, 4 20°, 660°~
8 =30 °, 150°, 2 10°, 330°

Exe rcise 6. 1 Ansn c rs

2 v6
&~ 6. I I.
4
v2 \,6
SECTION A 2.
4
Find the va lues of the fo llowing in surd fo rm: ( 1 - 9)
3. 6 2
I. sin 195° 2. cos (- 105°)
4. [3 2
3. sec 75° 4. ta n 165°
5. cot 75°
5. 2 3
6. s in 35° cos 25° + sin 25° cos 35°
tan 17° + tan 13° \
7. cos 80° sin 20° - cos 20° sin 80° 8. 6.
tan 17° tan 13° - I 2

9. COS
n
(2/3 + -) COS
n . re. re
(2/3 - - ) + Stn (2/3 + - ) Stn (2/3 - -) 7. - Ji2
6 6 6 6

1O. Given that tan A = l, tan B = .!3_, fi nd the value of tan (A - B). 8. ·h
4 5 3

11. G iven tha t cosy = .!3_ and 0° < y < 90°, find the value of cos (y + 45°). 9.
13 2
31
10.
56
7 2
11.
2(,
198
 Chapter 6 Compound A ngles

12. G iven tha t s in a = 1_, cos /3 = _ l_ an d a, /3 are in th e 2nd quadrant, find the va lue of Exercise 6. 1 Anrncrs
5 13
cos(a + /3). 16
12.
65
13. In ~A BC, sin A = 2-
13
, cos B =i5 , fi nd the value of cos C. 33
13.
65
14. [f sin a = J_ , cos (a+ /3) = }_ and a, /3 are acute angles, fi nd the va lue of sin /3. 897
41 25
14.
I 025
Prove the following identities: (JS - 20)
22. 45°. 3 15°
2 2 cot A cot B - I
15. cos (A + B) cos (A - B) = cos A - sin B 16. cot ( A + B) = - -- -- 23 . 30°. 60°,2 10°.240D
cot A+ cot B
sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) A 24. 20°. 80°, 140°. 200°,
n
17. = ta n 18. tan A + ( l + tan A)· tan (- - A) = l
cos(A + B) + cos(A - B) 4 260°,320
25. 2
19.
cos A + sin A
= tan (45° + A) .
20. sm (
n
+ 8) - cos (
n .
+ 8) = sm
e 3
cos A - sin A 3 6
21. Tn ~A BC, prove that
(a) sin A = sin B cos C + cos B sin C,
(b) cos A = sin B sin C - cos B cos C.

Solve the fo llowing equati ons fo r 0° ~ x ~ 360°: (22 - 24)

22.
3x x . 3x . x
cos - cos - + sm - sm - = -
Ji.
2 2 2 2 2

. x = -{J
. 3x cos x - cos 3x sin
23 . sm
2
24. tan 2x + tan x = fi - fi ta n 2x tan x

SECTIONB
25. If tan a = fi and tan ( a - /3) = I, fi nd the va lue of tan /3.
I I I
26. S uppose A, B, C , D are ac ute angles suc h that tan A = - , tan B = - , ta n C = - and
5 3 8
I n
tan D = - . Prove that A + B + C + D = - .
7 4
n
27. Suppose a, /3 are acute a ngles and ( l + tan a)( l + tan /3) = 2, prove that a + f3 = - .
4

199
 Part II Trigono metry

28. If tan a and tan /3 are the roo ts o f the equation x 2 + px + q = 0, express the fo llowing in
terms of p and q:
(a) tan a + tan /3 and tan a tan /3
E:\crci~c 6.1 Am\\crs
(b) tan (a + /3)
(c) tan 2(a + /3) 28. (a) p, q
2
(d) cos (a + /3) (h) _ /_J-
1
29. Suppose tan a and tantJarc the roots of the equatio nx2 + 4x - 2 = 0 and 0° < a< tJ < 180°. 1
2 p( If
(a) Prove that a is acute and f3 is obtuse. (c) -I )- - -
(q ,, I )( 11 p I)
(b) Findtan (a + {J).
(c) Find a q uad ratic eq uation whose roots arc cot (a + /3) and sin (a + /3). (cl) ( 'I I )~
p ~ ( 'I I)
30. Given that sin x + sin y = a, cos x t cosy = b, ex press th e following in terms of a and b :
4
(a) cos (x - y ) 29. (b)
3
(b) sin (x - y)
31. If A + B + C = 90°, (c) 20.r' 12 0

(a) ex press tan A in terms of tan B and tan C, 2

JO. ( :i)
(b) hence prove that 2
tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A ~ I.
(b) .L V+" h ' )( 4 a
2
h' )
32. In ~ A BC. prove that 2
I - cot Bcot C tan B ta n C
(a) cot A = - - - - - 31. ( a) tan A
cot B + cot tan 13 1 ta n C
(b) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = I.
33. (a) 5
33. In the fi gure, the circle with centre O touches the sides 4 I
AD, DC, B of the isosceles trapezium ABCD. It is given (b ) \ in a • !>ill /3
5 5
that AB - 6 , EG - 5, radius of the c irc le is I. Find
(a) the length of OA , (c) ; (3 J 6 2)
5
(b) sin a and sin {3,
(c) cos(a+{J).

A G B

iOO
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

CD The Subsidiary Angle Form Notes on Teaching

It is worth discussing a
physical problem that requires
the transformation of
If a is a given angle a nd r > 0, using the compound ang le formula ,
e
a sin + b cos to motivate e
r cos ( 8 - a) = r (cos 8 cos a + sin () sin a) students . Students can have
e
= (r cos a) cos + (r sin a) sin e better understanding if
concrete examples are used
Let a = r cos a and b = r sin a. to illustrate the steps of
Then r cos (8 - a) = a cos 8 + b sin 8. transformation to r cos ( 8 - a)

Conversely, the expression a cos (} + b sin (} can a lso be w ri tten in the for m r cos ( e- a). e
or r sin ( + ¢).
Students should be able to
In Physics, whe n two sound waves of equations apply the skil l to find
extremum values and to solve
y 1 = 4 cos (} and y 2 = 3 sin 8 equations involving
a sin () + b cos ().
are superimposed on each othe r, the resultant is
Ask students not to recite the
Y = Yi + Y2 formulae . They should hand le
the problems according to the
i.e. y = 4 cos 8 + 3 s in 8 requirements of the questions.
We often face the problems of finding the amplitude ( i.e. the maximum) of the resultant
and so lv ing for e w he n y equa ls a certain va lue. We can so lve these problem s by
transforming the expression into the form r cos ( 8 - a) or r sin ( 8 + ¢).

(a) If 4 cos e+ 3 sin(} = r cos((} - a) where r > 0 and a is an acute angle,

Prnctice 7
find rand a.
(a) lf 5sin8 + 12cos 8 = r cos(8 - cx)
(b) Hence, find the maximum and minimum va lues of 4 cos e+ 3 sine.
where r > 0 and ex is an acute angle,
(c) Solve the equation find rand ex.
4 cos e+ 3 sin() = 3.8 (b) He nce find the m ax imum and
for 0° ~ e~ 360°. minimum values of
5 sin e + 12 cos e.
flnalysis:
(c) Solve th e equati on
1. The L.H .S. of the given identity consists of trigonometric functions
5 sin() + 12 cos 8 = 5
of s ing le a ng le whil e the R . H.S. is a tri go nometric fun ction of
fo r 0° ~ () ~ 360°.
compound angle. The refore, we first express cos ( 8 - a) in te rms of
tri go nometric functions of s ing le angles us ing its compound a ng le Solu1ion:
formula. (a) 5 sin B+ 12 COS B == /' COS (8 a)

2. Then compare the coeffi c ients of sin () and cos () on both sides of the =r cos tJcos a
, rsin Osin u
identity. Solve the s imultaneous equations obtai ned to find r and a.
r cos a I 2 ...................... ( I )
Solution: and r s111 a 5 ......................... (2)
(a) 4 cos e+ 3 sin 8= r cos (8 - a)
= r cos ecos a + r sin esin a I Compare the
I
coefficients of sin e II
r cos ex = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( I) I
I and cos e on both I
12
and r sin a = 3 .. .. . .. . ........ (2) I sides of the identity. 1
L - - - - - - - - - j

201
 Part II Trigo nome try

(1 )2 + (2)2: (I )' (2)':

,:. (cos' a + sin' a) 12" + 5'
r 2(cos2 a + sin 2 a) = 4 2 + 32
r r 13
3
r =S (": r > 0) ( 2} 5
tan a
( I} 12
(2). 3 a
tan a = - a 22. 6
(I) 4 4
Fig. 6.2
(cor. to the nearest 0.1
ex = 36.9° (cor. to the nearest 0. 1°) ( ·: 0° < ex < 90°)
(b) Hence, 4 cos 8+ 3 sin 8= 5 cos (8 - 36.9°). (b) 5 sin 8 t 12 cos 8 -= 13 cos ((} 22.6 )
l < cos (A 22 .6) <;; 1
- I ~ cos (8 - 36.9°) ~ I The required max imum value 13
The req uired max imum va lue = 2 The required mi nim um , ,tl uc 13

The required minimum value = - 5 (c) 5 sin O 12 cos 8 - 5

(c) 4cos8 + 3 sin 8 = 3.8 11 cos ( () 22.6°) 5
5
5 cos ( 8 - 36.9°) = 3.8 cos (8 22.6 )
13

cos (8 - 36.9°) = ~ e 22.6 ' 67.-l 0 or 292.6°

5 (cor. to the nearest 0. 1° )
8 - 36.9 = 40.5° or 3 19 .5° ( cor. to the nearest 0. I 0 ) () 90.0° or 3 15.2
e= 77.4° or 356.4°

Note: The relationship between r and a in equations ( I) and (2) can be illustrated by the
right-angled tri an~le show~ i~ ~i~ ~.2. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
tan 45 + tan 30 I + vr,., 3+I J1.,) + -VI:,-
I tan 75· ta n (4 5 t 30° )
1 I tan 4 5 tan 30 I_I. I {J - I Jc; - fi.
~----- ------- - ---------- -- b- ------- --- ·
If -f6 (sin e + cos 8) - -Ji. (sin 8 - cos 8) = r sin (8 + ¢), PrilcticeB
where 0° < ¢ < 90° and r > 0, find rand ¢. l f -hsin8 +cos 8 :: r sin ( 8 - /3) ,
Solution: where r > 0 and 0° ~ f3 < 360°, find
ra nd {3.
-f6 (sin 8 + cos 8) - -Ji. (sin 8 - cos 8) = r sin (8 + ¢) Solution:
.J3 sin () + cos 8 = r ,in (8 {3}
( -J6 - .fi. )sin 8 + ( -J6 + .fi. ) cos 8 = r sin 8cos ¢ + rcos 8 sin </) r s in 8cos f3 r eo~ 8 , in f3

r cos </) = -J6 - .fi. ....... ........ (I ) :. r cos f3 fi .............................. ( I}

and r ~111 /3 1 ................................. (2 )
and r sin ¢ = -/6 + -Ji. ..... ... ....... (2) y
(l )2 + (2)2:

r 2ccos2 ¢ + sin 2 ¢) = cF6 - E )2 + c-/6 + E )2

2
,· = 16 ( I )' (2)' :
r =4 r- (cos ' /j + sin' /J) ( ..fJ)' I'
,., 4
(2) . -/6 +-h. 2
(I)
tan </) = -J6- -h. (2) I
r

tan {J - .[3
¢ = 75° Fig. 6.3 (I )

Hence, ( -J6 - -h.) sin 8 + ( -J6 + -h. )cos 8 = 4 s in (8 + 75°). tan /3 hI

202 /J 330 '
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

From the a bove two examples, we see that the express ion a s in 8 + b cos 8 can be
transformed into the fo rms:

a
1. a sin O+ b cos 0 = ~a 2 +b2 cos (0 - a), where tan a =-b.
b
2. a sin O+ b cos O= ~ a 2 + b2 sin ( 0 + cf,), where tan cf, = - .
a

When it is required to solve the equation a sin () + b cos 8 = c, the first tra nsformation is
preferred.

(a) Find the maximum value of .fi sin 8 - cos e+ 2. Practice 9

(b) Solve the equation .fi sin 8 - cos () + 2 = 0 fo r O< 8 < 2n. (a) Find the minimum value of

Solution: 5 sin 8 + 3(4 cos 8 - 1).

(b) Solve the equation
(a) Let fi sin {:} - cos (:) =
2 2
~(fi) +(-1) cos ( {:} - a) 5 sin e + 3(4 cos e- J) = s
= 2 cos ( () - a) for O~ (} ~ 2rc.

a = -fi
Solution :
tan
-] I 1 . ./3 I (a) 5sin8 + 3(4cos 8 I)
I cos a= - - sin a= - 1
I 2' 2 ' I 5si n8 + 12cos 8 3
2n
a =- + - - - - - - - - - -, a is in the 2nd quadrant. 1
0 12 cos(8 a ) 3
3
2 13 cos (8 3
-fi sin 8 - cos 8 + 2 = 2 cos (8 - n) + 2
a)

5
3 tan o;
2n 12
- I ~ cos ( 8 - - ) ~ l a. 0.39 (cor. to 2 d.p)
3
5sin8 3(4cos8 I)
The required maximum value = 2 + 2
13 cos (8 0.39) 3
=4 I :S cos (8 0.39) :S I

(b) -fi sin 8 - cos 8 + 2 = 0

The required minim um va lue
13 3
2,r
2 cos ( 8 - 3 )+ 2 = 0 (Using (a))
16

(h) 5 sin (} + 3(4 CM O I) - 5

2n 5sin8 t- 12cos e 8
cos ( 0 - - ) =- I
3 13 cos (8 0.39) 8 (Using (a ))
2n 8
8- - = 1[ cos (0 0.39 )
3 13
0 0.39 0 .91 orS .38
e= Sn ( cor. 10 2 d.p .)
3
e 1.30 or S.77

203
 Part II Tri go no metry

&~6.2

SECTION A Exerc ise 6.2 Ans\,crs

Ex press the fo ll owing in the form r cos ( e- a), where r > 0 and 0° ~ a < 360°: (1 - 2) l. 5cos (8 143. 1° )

1. 3 sin 8 - 4 cos 8 2. 7 cos e+ 24 sin e 2. 25 cos ( 0 73.7° )

Express the fo llowing in the form r sin (8 - /3 ) whe re r > 0 and 0° ~ f3 < 360°: (3 - 4) 3. IO sin ( 0 251 .6° )

3. 3 cos e - sin e 4. sine - cos e 4. .Ji. sin ( () 45° )

Find the maximum and minimum values of the following expressions: (5 - 10)
5. 5. 5
5. 4 sin 8 + 3 cos e 6. 8 sin e + 15 cos 8
6. 17, 17
8.
7.
9.
2 cos x + 3 sin x

e
_!_ cos + _!_ sin 1 e-
sin y - 2 cosy + 3

10. m cos B + n sin()

1. .JG. m
2 3 8. 3 + fs, 3 fs
Sol ve the following equations fo r 0° ~ e5 360°. G ive your answers co rrect to the nearest 0.1 °:
(1 J - 16)
9.
-}13
I,
J13
l I. sine + cos B = -h 12. 3cos 8 + 4 sin8 = 2 6 6

13. 2(cos e+sin 8) = Ji+ I 14. s in 8 = Ji (l - cos 0) 10. ~ ,,, 2 '

+ ,,·. ~ 111 2 I II

. 3 11. 45 °
15. COS () + 2 Sin(} = - 16. 4 cos 0 + 6sin0 =5
2 12. 119.6°. 346. 7°
,r
17. (a) Ex press si n B+ cos Bin the fo rm r cos (8 - a), where r > 0 and O < a < - .
2 13. 30°, 60
(b) He nce, or otherwise, sketc h the g raph of y = sin 8 + cos e for O ~ 8 ~ 2n. 14. 0°, 60°, 360c
18. (a) Express sin e+ Ji cos 8 in the form r sin ( 8 + rp), whe re r > 0 and O < <p < ~.
2
15. 15.6 ', 111.3"
(b) Hence, o r otherwise, sketch the g raph of y = sin () + .[3 cos () for O 5 () 5 2,r,. 16. I 0.2 . I 02.4°

SECTION B 17.(a) 2cos (e f)

19. It is g iven that y = sin x + 4 cos x , where O ~ x ~ 2n. If y has the maximum va lue when
x = a and the minimum value when x = {3, find the va lues of sin a and sin /3. 18. (a) 2 sin [e 1 ; l
20. In a rig ht-ang led tri ang le ABC, the hy potenuse is o f a cons tant le ngth £ a nd one o f its 1 I
ac ute ang le is e. 19. -JI? ' - 1-7
(a) Express the perimeter P of ~ABC in te rm s of £ and 8. 20. (a) t (cos e t sin O I)
(b) If P has the max imum va lue, what are the sizes o f the acute angles?
(b) 4 5 , 45
21. In the fi g ure , A B CD is a rect a ng le in sc ribe d in a
semicircle with centre O and radius IO cm, L BOC = 28. 21. (b) 20 Js cos (8 63 .4 )

(a) Let p cm be the perimeter of rectangle ABCD. Show (c) 20 .fs. 63.4°
that p = 20 cos 8 + 40 si 11 8. (d) I 00 sin 20
(b) Express p in the form r cos (8 - rp), where r > 0 and
0 D (e) Yes
0° < </) < 90° .
(c) Hence find the max imum value of p and the corresponding value of 8. Give the answer
of () correct to the nea rest O. I O •
(d) Let S cm 2 be the a rea of A BCD. Express S in terms of 8.
(c) Someone says that S is max imum when A D = 2AB. ls thi s conc lusio n true?

i04
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

4D Double Angle Formulae Notes on Teaching

The do uble angle formulae can be easily
derived by putting B =A into the formulae
In the formu la for sin (A + B), cos (A + B) and tan (A + B).
Students should generalize the above
sin (A+ B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, formulae to triple angle. But it is not
if we put B = A, we have necessary to memorize the triple angle
formulae.
sin (A + A) = sin A cos A + cos A sin A.

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A }

Similarly, cos (A+ A) = cos A cos A - sin A sin A . + - - - =

~ cos (A+ B) cos A cos B - sin A sin B I
L-------------------~

cos 2A = cos2 A - sin2 A )

Using the identity sin 2 A + cos2 A = I, cos 2A can be expressed as

cos 2A = cos 2 A - (l - cos 2 A),

cos 2A = 2 cos2 A - I }

or cos 2A = (1 - sin 2 A) - sin 2 A,

cos 2A = l - 2 sin2 A } A work of art in the shape of pyramid.

tan A + tan A I tan A + tan B I

Also, tan (A+ A) = ----- + - - - - - - - -1 tan (A + B) = -1---t-an_A_ta_n_B '
1 - tan A tan A

2 tan A
tan 2A = ----
l - tan2 A

The above form ulae are called double angle formula e*. They are very useful for our
later work and should be me morized.

::Js~.& ~ 10
lf cos 8 = _2 and 90° < 8 < 180°, find Prilctice 10
5
(a) cos 28, (b) tan 28. . 24
G1ven that cos x = - and
25
Hnatysls: 3n
- < x < 2n, find the va lues of
1. There are 3 forms of double angle formul ae for cos 29. We have to 2
determ ine which one to employ from the given conditions. sin 2x, cos 2x and tan 2x.

2. When 90° < 8 < 180°, i.e. 8 is in the 2 nd quadrant, we have

180° < 28 < 360°, i.e. 28 is in the 3rd or 4th quadrant. Sometimes, we
have to use the CAST rule to determine the s igns of trigonometric
functions of 9 and 29.

~ Double angle formulae =. ft~·J'LJ0 5'\ 205

 Part II Trigonometry

Solution: Solu1ion :
cos 2 r 2 cos~ x I
(a) cos 28 2 cos2 8 - I

r-,
=

_ (-53) -
-2
2

l
2(~;
527
18
625
= 25 - I
7
25
r - - -
co, ' r

--------:+y
sin e I
900 < 8< 1800

~
I

sine = ~l -cos2 8 + :
I I
I Q XI
I - I
I - I 7
'- - - - - - - - ..II
25
~in 2r 2 Siil
· \' COS X
4
5
2x ( - ;5 )x ~:
tan 8 = sin O 336
cosO 625
4 tan 2r s in 2x
co~2.r
= _j__
3 336
5 625
4 527
625
3
336

tan 2 8 = 2 tan () 527

2
I - tan 8 rn,
,.1/1emuti1·e method !<> ./'1111I . :lx:

+~) ~in 2.\ vi,.-----

- cos~ 2.\ •

I-HJ' 8
Fu~n~
336
3 625
1- ~
9
24
7

~06
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

Alternative method
4
After finding sin 8 = - , we can evaluate sin 28 as follows:
5
sin 28 = 2 sin 8 cos 9
4 3
=2 x - x (- - )
5 5
24
25
sin 2()
tan 28 = - --
cos 28
24
= __li_
7
25
24
7

Note: Judging from the sign of cos 28, the angle 28 is actually in the 3rd quadrant.

lf sin 8 + cos 9 = l , find the va lue of sin 28. Prilctice 11

5
I
ftnalysis: Given that sin 8 cos 8 = -, find the
6
Observing that sin 28 = 2 sin 8 cos () and the expansion of (sin () + cos e/ val ue o f cos 48.
has the sin 8 cos 8 term , we tackle this question by squaring both sides of
. 3 Solution :
sm e+ cos 8 = .
5 co s 40 co~ 2(28)
1 2,i11 ' 2(}
Solution:

J
= I 2(2~in 8co, 8)'
8( , in 8 cos 8)'
(s;n e+ cos B)
2
= (% I ,
I 8(- J-
6
sin 2 e+ 2 sin e cos () + cos2 () = _2._
25
7
9

I + 2 sin 8 cos 8 = 1_
25

sin 28 = _2_ - I
25
16
= - -
25
Note: T he iden tit y (sin 8 + cos 8)2 = I + sin 28 i s worth memorizing.

207
 Part II Trigonometry

~·~:f\•._ & ~ 1 2
If cos 2x = m, express 4(cos6 x - sin 6 x) in terms of m. Practice 1l
ftnalysis: If sin 2x = k, express (sin x + cos x)4
in terms of k.
It is required to express cos6 x - sin6 x in terms of m = cos 2x. Note that the
2 2
doubl.e angle formula for cos 2x invo lves the terms cos x and sin x. Solution:
6
Therefore, we have to use factorization to lower the power of cos6 x - sin x . (sin .1 + <.:OS r)'
A lso, we have to tran sform the ang les into 2x and the trigonometric [( si n .1 + <.:os .1 lT

function s into cosine. ( si n' 1 + 2 sin .1 <.:Os .r ~ ..:o~ ' .1)'

(I I sin 2r )'
Solution: (I /,) ,
r - -------------,
4(cos6 x - sin6 x)
2
I a3 - b 3 = (a - b)(a 2 + ab+ b ) 1
L - - - - - - r - - - - - - - .J
= 4[(cos 2 x)3 - (sin 2 x)3] I

= 4(cos 2 x - sin2 x)(cos4 x + cos 2 x s in 2 x + sin4 x) ~ - ..J

2 2
= 4 cos 2x (cos4 x + 2 cos2 x sin2 x + sin4 x - cos x sin x)
= 4 cos2x [(cos 2 x + sin 2 x)2 - cos2 x sin 2 x]
= 4 cos 2x ( 1 - cos 2 x sin 2 x)
r ---------------,
1
: cos 2 x sin2 x = 2.(4 cos 2 x sin2 x)
= 4 cos2x [1 - ±(2 cosxsin x)2] ~ -t
4
1 .
= - (2 cos xsm x)
2

- 4 cos 2x ( I - ± 2
sin 2x)

-4cos 2x [1 - ±(I - cos' 2x)]

= 4 cos 2x 3 + I cos2 2x
(4 4
J
= 3 cos 2x + cos3 2x
= 3m + m 3

iOB
 Chapter 6 Compou nd Angles

So lve the equatio n 2 s in2 x - sin 2x = 2 fo r 0° :5 x :5 360 ° .

Practice 13
Analysis: Solve the equatio n
T he ang les o f the two s ine fu nctions in the equatio n are d ifferent. We fi rst 2 sin2 2x - cos 2x + I = 0
express them as tri gonome tri c functi o ns of a s ing le ang le. fo r 0° :5 x :5 360°.

Solution: So lul1011:
2 s in2 x - s in 2x = 2 2sin' 2, cos' ,
2(2~in rcosx)' cos' r ~ si n' r + cos' .r
2 s in 2 x - 2 s in x cosx = 2(sin2 x + cos 2 x)
8 sin' x cos' 1: sin' r O
2
cos x + s in x cosx = 0 s in~ r( Xcos~ r • I ) 0

cosx (cosx + s in x) = 0 sin '., 0 or 8 cos' .1 I O

I .
cosx = 0 o r cosx + s in x = 0 sin r O or cos' , - ( rCJCCtcd )
8
cosx =0 or tanx = -1 .r O . 180 . 360

x = 9 0 °, 27 0 ° o r x = 13 5°, 3 15 °

x = 9 0 °, 135 °, 270 °, 3 15 °

; (:.,. &~ 14
(a) Prove that cos 3A = 4 cos 3 A - 3 cos A.
Practice 14
(b) Find the value of s in 18 ° in s urd form.
(a) Prove that
3
Analysis: 3 tan A - tan A
tan 3A =
1. By ex pressing 3A as 2A + A and using the compound ang le fo rmu lae, 1-3 tan 2 A
cos 3A can be ex pressed in te rms of s ine and cosine of 2A and A. We (b) Find the va lue of tan2 54° in surd
then ap ply d oubl e ang le fo rmu lae fo r tho se tri gono metri c functi o ns fo rm .
of 2A to express the resu lt in te rms o f trigono metric fu nctio ns of A.
Solul ion:
2. If() = 18 °, t he n 2 () = 36°, 3 8 = 54 ° a nd 2 8 + 38 = 9 0 ° . Sin ce ( a ) L.11.S. la n JA
part (a) invo lves the trip le a ng le, we co ns ide r to use the re la ti o n - ran (2 A + A)
2 (} = 90 ° - 3 8. tan 2 A I tan /\
Ian 2 A Ian A
Solution: 2 tan /\
, +tan A
1 - lan A
(a) L.H .S. = co s 3A 2 lan A
I- · tan A
= cos (2A + A) l - lan 1 A
2 tan /\ + tan A - tan ' /\
= cos 2A cos A - sin 2A s in A I - tan ' A - 2 1an ' /\
= (2 cos2 A - I ) cos A - 2 s in A cos A s in A 3 tan /\ tan ' /\
= 2 cos3 A - cos A - 2 cos A ( I - cos 2 A) I - 3 tan ' A
= R.H.S.
= 2 cos3 A - cos A - 2 cos A + 2 cos 3 A
= 4 cos3 A - 3 cos A

= R.H.S.

i09
 Part II Trigonometry

(b) Let () = 18° , ( h) I.ct 0 51 .

then se = 90°. then sfJ270 .

20 30 270
28 + 3 () = 90° 3 fJ 270 2(}
28 = 90° - 3e \;)11 38 t:in (270 20)
tan 30 1:0 1 20
sin 28 == sin (90° - 38) 3 tan O tan ()
in 28 = cos3 e "I tan fJ tan 2 ()
I t.111 () tan () I tan ()
2 sine cos e == 4 cos 3 e- 3 cos e (by the result of (a))
I - J tan ' 0 :! tan O
2
2 sine = 4 cos 8 - 3 (': cos e = cos 18° #0) 6 tan () 2 tan ' 0 I 4 tan O 1 tan ' 0
5 1.111 1 0 IO tan' 0 1 0
2 sin 8 = 4( I - sin 2 (}) - 3
10 ± I OI 4( 5 )( I J
4 sin 2 8 + 2 sin8 - I = O tan O
~ 2 1 Let x = sin 9. Solve I
. - 2±2 -4(4)(- 1) 1 4x 2 +2x-1 = Oby the I 5 ± 2v 5
sine = , ,
2( 4) 1
... _____
quadratic formula._ ___ ..,,
tan 5 1
5
tan ' 45>
-1 ±-Js - ")
) + - V) (
- 5 2v5
tan 'i4 IJ
4 'i 5
sin 18° > 0
,-------.,
Stn 18° == -fs-
4
t ~ ----- 1
-
1 -..fs< O
4
I
I
L-------'

&Ultd4e 6.3
SECTION A t<:, r rcise 6.J An!l\\ers
Simpli fy the following: (I - 4) I .
I. stn 4 r
2
I. sin 2x cos 2x . 2 5x)
2. 2 sm (- - I 2. cos 5.,
2
2 tan !!.... J.
3. 8 4. sin~ 15° - sin 75° 2

I - ta n 2 .!!_ 4.
Ji
8 2

1 I "5
5. Given that sin 18° = .[s - , ex press cos 36° in surd form . 5.
4
4

and 0° ~ x ~ 90°, find the values o f cos 2x and cos 4x.

47 383
6. Given that sin x -2
12
6. -
72 2 592
I cos A+ cos2A 9 11 2
7. If sin A = - and A is acute, find the value of-- - - -- 7.
3 l +sin A +sin 2A ::rn

210
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

E:\cn:isc 6.3 Answers

8. Given that sin a + cos a = i , find the va lues o f the fo llowing: 7
4 8. (a)
(a) sin 2a 16
3
(b) sin 3 a + cos a 11 7
(b)
(c)
4
sin a + cos a
4 128
2 2 463
9. Given that tan a + cot a = a + b and a is acute, find cos 2a in terms ofa and b. (c)
512
ab
{/ l 1/
IO. If 36 cos 2 x - 3 sin x = 3 1 a nd 90° < x < 180°, find the value of sin 2x. 9. ± 1 '
{I " + h"
11. (a) Show that (sin x + cos x)2 = I + sin 2x.
10.
4fz
(b) Hence, or otherwise, sketch the graph of y = (sin x + cos x)2 fo r O ~ x ~ 2n. 9
21. 30°, 90", 150°, 210 ~
12. (a) Show that 5 - IO sin 2 x = 5 cos 2x. 22 . 30°, 90°. 150°
(b) Hence, or otherwise, sketch the graph of y = 2(2 - 5 sin2 x) for O:S x :S 2~. 23. 35.3 °, 144.7°, 215.3°. 324.7°
24. 67.5°, 157S, 247.5°. 337 .5°
Prove the fo llowing ide ntities: (13 - 20)
25. 30°, 150°, 2 10 ', 33 0°
sin 2A
13. (sine - cos e )2 = I - sin 28 14. - - - - = tan A 26. 23.5°, 66.5°. 203.5 . 246.5°
I + cos 2A
l - cos2x 27. 45°, 90". 135", 225°, 270 .
15. = tan 2x 16. = tan x
I - tan x I + tan x sin 2x 315°
sin x +s in 2x 28. 30°, 150\ 210°. 330
17. cos 4x = 8 cos4 x - 8 cos2 x + I 18. - -- - - - = tan x
I+ cosx + cos2x 29. 0°, 270°, 360°
cos3e sin 3e 2()
30. (b) 0°, 30 , 150°, 180 ,
20. - - + - - = 2 cot
sin() cos()
21O", 33 0 , 360°
Solve the following equati ons for 0° ~ e~ 360°. Give your answers correct to the nea rest 0. 1°:
(21 - 29)

21. sin 2 e - cos e =0 22. 3 sin e - I = I - cos 2e

23. 2 cos4 e- 2 sin4 e + cos 2e = I 24. tan e- cot e= I - cot 2 e

sin SO_ cos S{} =

25. 2 26. sin'() + cos• () = sin 28
si n () cos e
· 2e+ -, sm I
27. sm ·2 28 = , 28. 3 - 4 cos 28 + cos 4 = - e
2 2
29. tan 28 + sec 28 = cos e + sine
30. (a) Prove that sin 3A = 3 sin A - 4 sin 3 A.
(b) Solve the equation 8 sin 3 x = sin 3x fo r 0° '.£: x '.£: 360°.

211
Part 11 Trigonometry

SECTION B E~crci sc 6.J Anrn crs

Prove the fo llowi ng identities: (3 1 - 32)
I
cosx+sinx 36. (b) 2
31. = tan 2x+sec 2x
cosx -sin x
2 2 <.:OS()
2 tan A . A 37. (a) (i )
32. - -2- = sm 2 <.:th 20
I + tan A
2
(ii)
In ~ABC, C is a right a ngle. Prove the following: (33 - 35) cm,20
2 2
cos A -cos 8
33. cos 2 A = - - -- 2-
cos2 A+ cos B 38. (a)
(/

34. sin (A - B) = cos 28

1

35. sin (2A + C) = - cos 28 ±. ~ I tan 28

(b)
tan 20
2
36. (a) Prove that tan 8 + cot 8 = - - .
sin20 (c) I+ .Ji
(b) It is given that 2 +.fi is one of the roots of the equation 5 - I
39. (c)
x 2
- (tan e + cot 8)x + I = 0, 2
fi nd the va lue o f sin 28. 5
( cl)
37. (a) Sim plify 4
(i) ec (45° + 8) + sec (45° - 8), and v lO 2v5
(c)
(ii) sec (4 5° -1 8) sec (45° - 8). 4
(b) Hence, prove that sec (45° + 8) and sec (45° - 8) are the roots of the equation
x cosW-(2..fz cosO)x+2 =0.
2

38. (a) Solve the equation ax 2 + 2r - a = 0 for x .

(b) Express tan e in terms o f tan 28.
(c) Hence, find the val ue of tan 22.5° in surd form .

39. In the figure, AB is a side ofa regu lar decagon ( 10-gon)

inscribed in the circle wi th centre O a nd rad ius OA = I,
AD bi sects L'.OAB. A
(a) Let AB = x. Prove that OD = A D = AB = x.
(b) Prove that tiAOB - tiBA D, and hence prove that
x2 + x - I= 0.
(c) Find the va lue of x . 0 D B

{d) Find the va lue of sin 18° in surd form.

(c) Find the va lue of sin 36° in surd form.
 Chapter 6 Comp ound Angles

CB 1'anslormation ol Products and Sums

It follows directly from the compound angle formulae that I rr:, sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B I

sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) = 2 sin A cos B

1
~ sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B I

: TIP cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B :

cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B I
sin (A+ 8 ) - sin (A - B) = 2 cos A sinB
Notes on Teaching
cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) = 2 cos A cos B The sum-to-product formulae
are often employed in
cos (A + 8 ) - cos (A - B) = - 2 sin A sin B. solving trigonometric
equations , while the product-
With the products as the subjects, we have the product-to-sum formulae *: to-sum formulae are needed
in integra tion. Students are
suggested to deduce these
sin A cosB = .!_[sin (A+ B) + sin (A - B)] form ulae themselves . If they
2 know that these formul ae
come from the compound
cos A sin B = .!_[sin (A+ B) - sin (A - B)] ang le formulae . they can
2 remember the formulae
I be tter.
cosAcosB = - [cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)]
2 In dealing with the problems
involving angles of tiABC ,
sin A sin B = _ .!_[cos (A+ B) - cos (A - B)] we often use th e formu lae
2 sin A = sin (B + C),
cos A= - cos (B + C),
Substituting A + B = x and A - B = y, then tan A = -tan (B + C).
Some careless students
A = x+ y and B = x- y. often miss the negative signs
2 2 in the latter two.

The above formulae can be written in the reversed form as the sum-to-product formulae*:

. . . x+ y x-y
smx+smy = 2 sm - - cos - -
2 2
. . x+ y . x-y
sm x - sm y = 2 cos-- sm - -
2 2
x +y x -y
cosx + cosy = 2 cos-- cos--
2 2
. x +y . x-y
cosx - cosy =-2 sm - - sm - -
2 2

The above formul ae, used in both directio ns, are very usefu l in the manipulations of
trigonometric functions. In particul ar, the sum-to-product formulae are often employed
in solving equations.

~ Product-to-sum formula e .fi'l11::.fOzH} :i{ Sum-to-product formulae flli\'::11::.fJ'Hl:a'. ~13

 Part II Trigonometry

~ &~ IS
Express the fol lowing products as the sum or difference of two sines or
PriJclice 15
two cosines:
Express the following as the sum or
(a) 2 sin 75° cos 25° (b) 2 cos x cos 4x
difference of two sines or two cosi nes:
(c) sin Ocos 30 (d) sin (a + {J) sin f3
(a) sin 40° cos 30°
Solution: (b) 2 sin 75° sin 15°
(c) cos (a + 45°) cos (a - 45°)
(a) 2 sin 75° cos 25° = sin (75° + 25 °) + sin (75° - 25°)
(d) i sin (a - /3) cos (a+ /3)
= sin 100° + sin 50° 'Solut1on:
( a) Siil 40 l:ll\ 30
(b) 2 cosx cos 4x = co (x + 4x) + cos(x - 4x)
I .
[, 111 (40 30 ) , 111 (40 30")]
= cos 5x + cos (- 3x) 2
I
(s11170 sin 10 )
= cos 5x + cos 3x 2

(h) 2 \Ill 75 \I ll 15
(c) s in8cos38 = _!_[si n (8 + 38) + s in(0 - 30)] [rn,(75 15) .:u,(75 IS))
2
COS 60 \:OS ()(}

= _!_[sin40 + sin (- 20)] (c) cos ( a 45 ) cos ( a 45 )

2
I
- : cos [( (X 45 ) ( (,( 45 )]
= _!_(sin 40 - sin 20) 2
2 rns I( u 45 ) ((X 45 )]:
I
- (co, 2u cos 90 )
(d) sin (a+ /3) sin f3 = _ _!._ {cos [(a + /3) + /3] - cos [(a + ,8) - /3] } 2
2
(d ) 2 '>Ill (CX /J) COS ((t /J)
I
= - - [cos (a+ 2/3) - cos a] ,,n[(a /J) + (a /J)I
2 "n 1(0' /Jl (a /])J
Siil 2U ',Ill ( 2/J)
si n 2a sin 2/J

Express the following in the product fo rm :

Prilctice 16
(a) s in 50° + sin 30° (b) sin (2x + y) - sin (2x - y)
Express the following in the product
(c) s in 8 + cos8 (d) cos(6a + {J) -co ,B form:
Solution: (a) si n 20° - cos 120°
50° + 30° 50° - 30° (b) s in 4a - sin 2a
(a) sin 50° + sin 30° = 2 sin cos
2 2 (c) cos (2a+ {3) + cos (2a - f3)
= 2 sin 40°cos 10°
(d) cos (x - 2y) - cos (x + 2y)
Solu tio n:
(b) s in (2.x + y) - si n (2x - y)
( a) sin 20 1:os 120
( 2x+ y )+(2x- y) . (2x+ y )-(2x - y) 20 co, (90 + JO )
= 2 COS S iil
Siil

2 2 Siil 20 Siil JO
= 2 cos 2x sin y
:!~,n - +
. ( 20 -JO
- ) l"'-'"' ( 20 _30 )
Note: Th i s problem can be coped wit h using the compound angle formu lae for 2 2

sin (A + B) and sin (A - B). Students should work out and compare.
2 ~111 25 (:U~ 5
214
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

( b) , in 4a , in 2a
(c) sin () + cos () = cos ( n: - 8) + cos ()
2
( n: - 8) + 8 (; - 8) - 8
2 cos ( 4a ;2a ) , in ( 4a;2a )
= 2 cos 2 cos ~ - - - - 2 cos :la sin a
2 2
(c) cos (2a t- /3) cos (2a /3)
n: n:
= 2 cos - cos (- - 0) ?
~ cos l (2a+/3)+(2a - /3) ]
4 4 2

= .fi, cos ( n: - () ) (2a +f3J - (2 a -

· COS
/JJ]
4
- 2 cos 2acos /3
2 r
Note: Thi s problem can be attempted by letting sin e+ cos e= r cos (8 + a) and then (d ) ..:0> (.1 2.1) ~o, (.\ I 2.1·)
solving rand a. Students s ho uld try this method by themselves and recogni ze that
there is more than o ne way lo so lve a g iven problem.
-, . l(
_Siil
I 2_.1·) -t (.\' t22J.J
2
. ( 6a + {3) + f3 . (6a + {3) - f3 . [(I
· S111 - -- - - -
2 t •) (r+2r)l
(d) cos(6a + f3) - cos{3 = -2sm sin 'l
2 2
2 , in ., ,111 ( 2.r)
= - 2 sin (3a + {3) sin 3a 2 sin .r sin 2r

··: \,: & ~ 17

-.
sin x + sin 3x + sin Sx
Prove that = ta n 3x . Prilctice 11
cos x + cos 3x + cos Sx
Prove that
Hnalysis: cos x + cos (x + 120°) + cos (x + 240 °) = 0.
Proof':
l. Observe that x + Sx = 3x. He nce, for the L.H .S. of the ide ntity,
2 L.11 .S. COS I t COS (.\' 120 ' ) + COS (.\' 240 )
convert the sums of the first and the third terms in both numerator co~ .1 ft:o~ (.1 t 120 °) t- co~ (x + 240 )]
co, x 2 cos (.\' + 180 ) co, ( (,() )
and denom inator to product will yield trigo nometric functions of 3x.
I
COS r t 2( COS I )( - )
2. After the above transformation , the numerator and denom inator can 2
be factorized and then simplified. co, ., co~ x
()

Proof: - R.11.S.

sin x+sin 3x+sin 5x

L.H.S. = - - - - - -- -
cosx+cos 3x+cos5x
,- - - - - - - - - - - - ,
(sin 5x+sin x)+sin 3x 1 sin x + sin y
(cos Sx + cos x) + cos 3x I I
= 2 si n x + Y cos x - Y
1 I
2sin 3xcos 2x+sin 3x I 2 2
~ -------
2cos 3xcos2x+cos 3x ' cos x+ cosy
I I

sin 3x(2cos 2x+ 1) I = 2 COS X +y COS X - y I

I 2 2 I
cos 3x(2 cos 2x + I)
= tan 3x
= R.H.S.

215
 Part II Tri gono metry

·:=r,\' &~ IF
~
In ~ABC, prove that Prc1ctlce 18
A B C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos - cos - cos - .
2 2 2 In ~ABC, prove that
Hnalysis: cos A + cos B + cos C
A B . C
1. When a problem involves the angles of ~ABC, try to make use of the = 4 sin - sin - s 111 - , I .
2 2 2
fact that A + B + C = 180°.
P1oor.
2. Since the R.H.S. of the identity is a product of trigonometric functi ons l II \
of ha lf ang les, we sha ll use the sum-to-product formula to transform co, A co, 13 co, l
sin A+ sin Bin the L.H .S. (w, \ nh ll) rn,[180 (\ 13)]
8 \+ll .\ B
3. ·
Note that Stn e= Stn· (2 x · -8 cos -8 .
- ) = 2 Stn :!co, co,-- co, (A 13 )
2 2 2 2 2
A 1- H A B
2 c,1,- - co, - -
Proof:
L.H .S. = sin A+ sin B + sin C
= (sin A + s in B) + sin [1 800 _ (A + B)] <- _ , By the L sum oft., ,
I c = 180°- (A + B) . I co, \ B ) ti
1
A+B A- B .
= 2 sin - - cos - - + s111(A + B)
2 2 2 co, ( 90

.
= 2 s111 - -
A+ B
2
A- 8
2
. A+B
2
A+ B
cos - - + 2 s 111 - - cos - -
2
~ - -,
I
2 , 111 s:_(
2
2 ,111 ~,in~)+
2 2
I
A ll C
. A + B( A- B A + B) ' _______ ...1 ___ , 4,,n -,111 ,111-+ I
= 2 sin - -- cos - - + cos - - 1sin (A+ B) ' 2 2 2
2 2 2 I I R II~-
1 1
C A B A +-)
' = sin [ 2(- B] 1

=2sin (90°- -)·2cos-cos- ~ - -1 ' 2 ,

2 2 2 I I
1 . A+ B A+ B 1
1=2Sln - - COS - - I
A B C 2 2
1..-----------.J
= 4 cos - cos - cos -
2 2 2
= R.H .S. - - - - - - - - -'- - - - - - - - - - - - ~
1 . A + B = 180° - C = 900 _ ~
2 2 2
A+ B A+B
2. cos - - + cos - -
2 2
1 1 1 1
- (A - B) + - (A + B) (A - B) - (A + B)
= 2 cos 2 2 cos -=2~---=---
2
2 2
A B
= 2 cos - cos (- - )
2 2
A B
= 2 cos- cos -
2 2

16
 Chapter 6 Compo und Angles

~; \ ·. & ~_ 1_9 _ __
Solve the equati o n cos x + cos 3x = 0 fo r 0 ° $ x $ 360 ° . Prilcfice 19
flnalysis: Solve the equation
x
Whe n a trigono m etri c equati o n invo lves a s um o f cos ine functi o ns ( o r sin 3x - sin 2x = sin -
s ine functio ns) o f multiples of an ang le, we generally solve it by employing
2
the sum -to-product fo rmul ae. for 0° ~ x ~ 360°.

Solution:
Solution:
. .r
cos x + cos 3x = 0 si n J.1 ~in 2.r ~,n-
2
3.r + 2x . 3x - 2.r . .\
x+ 3x x - 3x 2cos sm - - - ~111 -
2 2 2
2cos - - cos - - = O 5., . .I' . .I'
2 2 2cos - s111 - sm-
2 2 2
2cos2x cosx = 0 , If ab = 0, then I

cos2x = 0 or cosx = 0 "'( - ..!L ~: ~ o~ ~~~ ~ sm 2

. .\' ( 2cos 5.r - 1)
2 0

2x = 90 °, 2 70 °, 4 50 °, 6 30 ° or . .r 5.r I
Siil -- 0 or cos - - -
2 2 2
x = 4 5°, 9 0°, 135°, 225° , 270° , 3 15° ... - - 'l .I 5.r
0 , 180 or 2 60 '300~, 420°,
r - - - - - - - - - -'- - - - - - , 2
I ·: 0° $: X $: 360° 660 . 780
I :. 0° $: 2X $: 720° .\' 0°. 24 . 120°, 168°. 264°, 3 12°, 360°
I
I Hence, we take 4 roots of 2x as I
I shown for the equation cos 2x = 0. 1

&~6.4

SECTION A
Exercise 6.4 Answer s
Find the va lues o f the following without using calculators: (I - 4)

sin 75° - sin 15° cos 4 8° + cos 12°

J. 2.
cos 75° + cos 15° sin 4 8° + sin 12°
2 2
3. sin 10° + cos 40° + sin 10° cos 40° 4. cos 10° cos 30° cos 50° cos 70°

Simpli fy the following: (5 - 8) 3.

4
3
S. 2 cos (x + 60°) cos (x - 60°) 6. Siil
. A + Siil
. (2- n + A ) - . (2- n
Siil - A) 4.
16
3 3
sin a+ sin 3a + sin Sa + sin 7a S. cos 2r
7. cos 2 A + cos 2 (!:. +A) + cos2( !:_ _ A) 8. 2
3 3 cos a + cos 3a + cos 5 a + cos 7a 6. 0
Prove the fo llowing identities: (9 - 20) 3
7. -
sin A +s in B A+ B 2
sin 7x - sin 5x
9. - - - - - = tan - - 10. - - - - - = cot 6 x 8. tan 4o:
cos A + cos B 2 cosSx - CO !s 7x

i17
 Part II Trigonometry

Exercise 6.4 Answers

sin 7x-sin 5x
11. = tan x
cos 7x + cos 5x 21. 0°. 90°, 180", 270°, 360°

22. () . 67.5°. 157.5°. 180°. 24 7.5°. 337.5°, 360°

12. sin (x + y) sin (x - y) = sin2 x - sin 2 y
23. 0°.60°, 120°, 180°, 240°,300°, 360°

13.
2 1C
cos (- - A) - cos (-+ A) = -
Ji. Slll. 2A
2 1C 24. 22.5°, 67.5°, 90 °, 11 2.5 °, 157.5°, 202.5°,
8 8 2 247.5°, 270°, 292.5°, 337 .5°
3
14. sin 3a sin 3 a + cos 3a cos 3 a = cos 2a 3
. 2A .4A
27. 4 . 4
15. cos A - cos 2A = 6 Sill - - 8 Sill -
2 2
2rr 2n
16. 4cos 8cos ( +8) cos ( - 8) = cos38
3 3
cos B - cos A A+ B A- B
17. - - - - - = tan - - tan--
cos B + cos A 2 2
2sin 2A
18. tan (A + B) + tan (A - B) = - -- - -
cos2 A+ cos2B
cos A + cos ( 12 0° + B) + cos ( 12 0° - B) A+ B
19. = tan - -
sin B+sin ( 120° + A) - sin ( 120° - A) 2

20. sin (x + y + z) + sin (x + y - z) + sin (x - y + z ) + sin (x - y - z ) = 4 sin x cosy cos z

Solve the following equations for 0° ::::; x::::; 360° : (21 - 24)
21. si n x + sin 3x = 0

22. sin x - sin 3x = cos x - cos 3x

23. sin x + si n 3x + sin Sx = 0
24. sin 4x sin 7x + cos 3x cos 8x = 0

SECTIONB
Prove the following by mathematical induction where n is a positive integer: (25 - 26)
sin 2 11 +1 e
25. cos Ocos 28cos 228 cos i e ... cos 2"8 = _+_I_ _
2" sine
n+I n
sin ( - -)xsin - x
26. si n x + sin 2x + sin 3x + .·. + sin nx = 2 2
. x
sm-
2
1C . . . . . .
27. If x + y = - , f llld the maximum and mlll1mum values of Sill x sin y.
3

28. In LlABC, if cos A - cos B = sin C, prove that LlABC is a right-ang led triang le.

A C I
29. If A + B + C = 180° a nd 2 sin B = sin A + sin C, prove that tan - tan - = - .
2 2 3

218
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

4D General Solutions ol Trigonometric Equations Notes on Teaching

It is important that
students can master
the concept of inverse
A. Inverse Trigonometric Functions trigonometric functions
and the principal value
intervals. Teachers may
Consider the g raph of y = tan x shown in Fig. 6.4. For any value of x-:;:. nn , where n is an
2 illustrate this with the
odd numbe r, the re is a unique value of y. On the othe r ha nd, fo r any value of y, the re are aid of graphs and
calcu lators.
infinitely many x corresponding to it. Students should know
. 7[ 7[7[ 7[ 7[
that a trigonometric
For example, tan x = l if x - 2n +
4 , - n + 4 , 4 , n + 4 , 2n + 4 , ···
= .. . , equation has infinitely
many solutions. The
general term of the
y solutions is called the
general sol ution. They
: y = tan x have to memorize the
I general solution
I
I formulae . Teachers
I
I should remind students
: r=1 that the clause "n is
any integer" must not
be omitted from the
~~~~--,~~~~~,~~~~-+~~~~-~~~~~---~~..-~~-- x
general solution .
_3,,.,
21
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Fig. 6.4

However, if we restrict x to be a value in the interval ( - ; , ; ), there is only one value of

x corresponding to each va lu e of y , i.e. x and y a re one-to-one correspo ndence. This
ob servation leads to the foll owing definition of the inverse tangent (or arc tangent)
function* , denoted by tan- ' y (or a rc ta n y ).

x = tan- 1 y if and only if y = tan x

7[ 7[
where --< x<-.
2 2

T hus, tan - I ( - 1 ) = -7r

-13 6

a nd tan ( - 7f )
3
= --13 .

-A- In verse tangent (arc tangent) function &:iEJ:JJvB~ 219

 Part II Trigonometry

-1

Fig. 6.5 Fig. 6.6

With the same reasoning, the inverse sine fun ction* and the inverse cosinefunctio11.*
(see Fig. 6.5 and Fig. 6.6) , denoted by sin I y and cos I y respecti vely, a re defined as
fo llows:

x = sin- 1 y if and on ly if y = sin x,

1C 1C
where - I $yS I and --$xS - .
2 2
1
x = cos- y if and only if y = cos x,
where - I $ y S I and O S x $ n.

Find the fo llowing ang les:

Practice ZO
. I I fi )
(a) sin -
2
(b) si n 1
(-
2 1 Find the following angles:

~ (a) sin- 1 ( - l3)

(C) COS I _ (d) COS I (- 0.5) 2
2
- I I
(b) cos -
Solution: 2
(c) tan 1 (- 1)
r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -,
• _ I
(a) sm -
1
2
= -
n
6
1
[y] Check:
: U sin. -,r= 1
(d) tan
- I 13
-
- 3
I TIP 6 2
..[2 Solut io n :
(b) s in- 1 ( - .fi.)
2
= - n
4
I .
S in
Jr
(-4 ) = -2
,./1 7[
1
(a)
cos!!__ = .J3 ~Ill ( -
2
) -'- - -
3
~ 1 1r 6 2
(c) cos- - = -
(b)
I
=-
,r
2 6 cos 2n =-0.5
C()', I -
2 3
3
L ---- - - -------------J I TC
-I
(d) cos (- 0.5) = 32 n; (c) ian ( - l) = - -
4

(d) t :in
t /3
- = -
TC

"' 6

220 ~ Inverse sine fun clion Bz:iE'lz:ifuil/;J( Inverse cosine funclion Bz1Jt'lz:~iql/;J(
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

7r 7r
T he ranges ( - , ), [ - 7r , 7r ] and [O, n] whi. ch the .inverse ta ngent, sme
. .
and cosme
2 2 2 2
functions take up their values a re called the principal value intervals* of the respective
functions. These are the ranges of va lues given by a calc ulator when we use the inverse
trigonometric function keys. fo r example, if a calculator is in the DEGREE mode, then

[ IN'v'] ~ · gives 45°,

- 0.5 ~ ~ gives - 30°,

- 0.5 ~ ~ gives 120°.

Note: (a, b) denotes the inter val a < x < b, where the end poi nts a and bare excluded.
[a, b] denotes the interval a$ x $ b, where the end points a and bare included.

B. General Solution Formulae

From the definition of trigonometric functions, the trigonometric functions of those angles
with the same initial side and termina l side are equal. He nce, a trigono metric equation
has infinite number of solutions, and an ex pression to represent a ll the solutions is called
a general solution* of the equation .

1. General Solution of sin e= a

y y

(a) a > 0 (b) a < 0

Fig. 6. 7 sin (} = a

Conside r s in B = a .
Let a = sin- 1 a.
As shown in Fig. 6.7,
sin (n - a) = sin a = a.
(It should be noted that in Fig 6 .7(b) whe re a < 0, a < 0 and hence 1r - a > 1r.)

• Principal value interval 1:fillMi lHJ General solution jlftfljlf.

Part II Tri gonometry

We have sin (2m1r + a) = sin a = a .... . ......... ( I)

and sin [2pn + (n - ex)] = s in (n - ex) = a
i.e. sin [(2p + 1)n - ex] =a ................ . .. . (2)
for any integers m and p .
Combining ( l ) and (2), we have the general solution formula* of sin 8 = a:

If sin 8 = a,
then 8 = nn + (- l Y a (or 180n° + (- IY /J)
where a = sin- 1 a is in radian (or /3=sin- 1 a is in degree)
and n is any integer.

2. General Solution of cos 8 = a

y y

{a) a > 0 {b) a < 0

Fig. 6.8 cos 8 = a

Consider cos 8 = a.
Let ex = cos- ' a.
As shown in Fig. 6.8,
cos (2n - ex) = cos ex = a.
We have cos (2m1r + a) = cos a = a ..... . ... . . .. . .. . ( I)
and cos [2p1r + (27r - a)] = cos (27r - a) = a
1.e. cos [2(p + l)1r - a ] = a .............. .. .. ... . ... (2)

for any integers m and p.

Combining ( I ) and (2), we have the genera l so lution formula for cos (} = a :

If cos 8 = a,
then 8 2nn ± a (or 360n° ± /J)
=

whe re a = cos- 1 a is in radian (or f3 = cos- 1 a is in degree)

and n is any integer.

~ General solution formula iiI!fW0 :i:\'..

 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

3. General Solution of tan (J = a

y y

(a) a > 0 (b) a < 0

Fig. 6.9 Ian 8 = a

Consider tan e = a.
Let a = tan- 1 a.
As shown in Fig. 6.9,
tan (1r + a) = tan a = a.
We have tan (2m1r + a) = tan a = a ... . . .. . . .. .. . ..... (1)
and tan [2p7r + (1r + a)] = tan (1r + a) = a
i.e. tan [(2p + 1)1r + a ] = a ... . ..... . . . . . . .. ....... . . (2)
for any integers m and p.
Combining ( 1) and (2), we have the general solution for mula fo r tan 8 = a:

If tan e = a,
then () = n1r + a (or 180n° + /J)
where a = tan- 1 a is in radian (or f3 = tan- 1 a is in degree)
and n is any integer.
 Part II Trigono metry

~ &~21
F ind the general so lutio n of 8 s in 2 0 - 2 cos () = 5.
Prilctlce ll
Hnalysis: Find the general so lution of
To solve this kind of equatio ns, we express the equatio n in te rms of o nly tan2 x + cot2 x = 2.
o ne trigono metric functio n of ang le () and the n ma nipulate it by a lgebraic
Solution:
metho d. tan 2 x t cot' r 2
I
Solution: Ian , + - - ,- 2
tan r
8 s in 2 8 - 2 cos () = 5 tan~ .r 2 tan 1 x + I O
2 ( lan ' .1 I )' 0
8( I - cos €J) - 2 cos €J = 5
tan '.\
8 cos2 €J + 2 cos e- 3 = 0 tan .1 I or
1
(2 COS €J - I)( 4 cos () + 3) = 0 -<E - ..,. 8x 2 + 2x - 3 = (2x - 1)(4 x + 3) 1
tan ( I) 45° and tan 1 ( I) 45 °
~---------------~ r 18011° ± 45°, where 11 a ny integer. 1,
I 3
cos €J = - or --
2 4

co,-H)- 60° and co,-{-%

)- 138 6°

() = 360n° ± 60° o r 360n° ± 138.6°, where n is any integer.

N ote; In writ ing the genera l so lution, the uni t shou ld be th e same throughout the
,r
ex press ion. For example, we may write either
but not e= 2n1r ± 60°.
e= 36011° ± 60° ore=2nn ±
3,

&~22
Find the gene ra l solutio n of .fi s in x + cos x = I.
Prilctlce ll
Hnalysis: Find the general solution of
A n e qua ti o n of th e fo rm a s in x + b cos x = c is us ua ll y s o lved by r: . I
2 COS X - '\J ') Sll1 X = - .
transforming the L.H .S. into the subs idia ry a ngle fo rm r cos (x - a). 2
ol ution:

Solution: Let 2 cos r 5 sin ,.

.fi s in x + cosx = I
.J;.' +( .,[s)' cos(., +
fl)
J cos (.1 t <X) 3 5
5
2(- -/3 s .m x+ -I cosx) = l tnn lX
2
a
2
2 2 a 48.2°
. '![; . '![; l
2 co, I fs , in I ] CO, ( I 4 8.2 )
sm- smx+cos- cosx = - The equation can be wrilten a,
3 3 2
3 co, (1 48.2°) - _!_
,r I 2
cos (x - -) = - Fig 6. 10 I
3 2 cos(.\' 48.2° )
(,
x + 48.2° ,-- 36011° ± 80.4°
.I 36011 32.2 Ol

36011° 128.6 '

224 where II is any integer
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

rr: rr:
x - - = 2nn ± -
3 3

x = 2nn or 2nn + -2rr: , w he re n .,s any .integer.

3

2 2
~
Note: .[; s in x + _!_cos x can also be tran sformed into s in (x + ). In that case, the
6
fo rm of the genera l solution wi ll look different from the one obtained above, but
they are actually the same.

~ &~23
e
Using the identity sin 3 = 3 s in 8 - 4 sin3 e, find the general so luti on of Pfilcfice 23
the equation
Find the ge neral solution of the
sin 28 (4 sin2 8 - 3) = cos 8.
equation
Hnalysis: 2 sin 28 = 3 sine.
2
It should be noted that 4 sin 8 - 3 in the equation times s in 8 will yield a
te rm in s in 38. Therefore, we should consider to express s in 28 as
2 sin8 cos 8.

Solution:
r-------------------,
sin 2 8(4 sin2 8 - 3) = cos 8 1
~ cos ecannot be cancelled.

2 sin 8cos 8(4 sin2 8 - 3) = cos 8

~ ____________ g ~ Otherwise, some roots will be
I TIP missed.
2 s in 8cos 8 (4 sin 2 8 -3)-cos 8 = 0 I

cos 8 [2(4 sin 3 8 - 3 s in 8) - I) = 0 Solution :

cos 8(- 2 sin 38 - I ) = 0 2 si n 20 3 sin O
4 sin (} cos (} - 3 sin (}
1.e . cos 8(2 sin 38 + I) = 0 sin8 (4cose 3) 0
cos 8 = 0 or 2sin 38 + 1 = 0 sin 8 0 or 4 cos 8 3 0
3
n I (} - 18011° or cos O
8 = 2nn ± - or sin 38 = - -
2 2 0 3(>011 ° + 41.4
rr: 0 18011° or 36011° ± 4 1.4°.
38 = nn + (- 1)"· (- - ) where II is 3ny imcgcr.
6
nrr: rr:
8 = 3 + (- t)" . c- 18)

e = 2nn± -n or -nn + (- I)" · (- n

- ) , w he re n is
. any integer.
.
2 3 18
,r
Note: The general solution of cos e = 0 can also be written as 8 = kn +
inleger.
2 , where k is any

~25
 Part II Trigonometry

~ &~ 24
So lve the equation sin x sin 9x = sin 3x s in 7x.
Prilctice 14
Hnalysis: Solve the equation
To solve this k ind of equat ions, we ex press it w ith o ne side equa ls zero sin 28cos 4 8 = sin 38cos se.
and the other side in product fo rm. ( Solution on P. 227)

Solution:
sin x s in 9x = s in 3x sin 7x
: ~ sin A sin B
I I
-(cos8x - cos IOx)
2
= - (cos 4x - cos IOx)
2
H
TIP
=![cos(A- 8 ) - cos(A+B)J
2
cos x - cosy
cos 8x - cos 4x =0
= -2 sin x+y sin x-y
- 2 sin 6x sin 2x = 0 2 2
L - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------~
sin 6x =0 or sin 2x =0
6x = nn

nn
or 2x

nn
= nn, where n is any integer.
:~
I
When

TIP the two general solutions

mr
n = 3m, -= - . Thus,
6
m,r
2
mr
6
x =- or
6 2 and n,r can be com b'med into
.
I
I
2
nn me
6 .
I one general solution
=6- ~ ------------------------i
L------------ -- -----~

~
·t'{· &~ -- '
25
4
Solve the equation cos x = .!_. Prt1ctlce 15
4
2
Solution: Sol ve the equation 2 sin x = I.

1 Solution:
cos4 x =
4 2 '111 I
I
2 l I Siil I
cos x = - or (rejected) 2
2 2 I
,111 I ±-
I
cosx = ±fi. 2
" ,r;
I' lllT ± ( - I) -
n 3rr 4
x = 2nn ±
4 o r 2nn ±
4 , where n is any integer. 11,r ±
,r
4
.
. 1\111.:rc 11 1, any 111tcgcr.

2 3,r . .
Note: 111C ± 1s equiva lent to
4 3,r 3,r
(211 - l ),r + ,r - - and (211 + l)n - ,r; + -
4 4
. ,r ,r
1.e. (211 - l )n + - and (211 + l ),r- -
4 4
i.e. pn ± ~ where p is an odd number.

Thus, combin ing wi th x = 211,r ±~. we can write the general soluti on as
4
,r
x = nn ±
4, where n is any integer.

226
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

Find the general solution of cos 3x = sin x .

Practice 16
Solution: Find the general solution of
cos3x = sinx sec 3x = csc 5x.

cos 3x = cos (90° - x) Solul1011 :

3x = 360n° ± (90° - x) sec J r c-,c 5.r

4x = 360n° + 90° or 2x = 360n° - 90° cos 3.r sin 5x

co, Jr -,in 5.\
x = 90n° + 22.5° or I 80n° - 45°, where n is any integer. cos 3.r - co, (90 5.,)
3.r 36011~ ± (90 ' 5.\)
8r = 36011° + 90° or 2r - 36011° 90°
r - 4511° + 11.25° or 18011° + 45°,
where II is any integer.

:~:A
~ ... $ ~ 2 7
Solve the equation tan 3x = cot 2x.
Practice 17
Solution: Solve the equation tan 5x = -cot x.
tan 3x = cot 2x Solution:
tan 5.r cot .r
tan 3x = tan (90° - 2x)
tan 5.r tan (90° .r )
3x = I 80n°+ (90° - 2x) 5.r 18011' (90Q + x )
5x = l 80n°+ 90° 4.\ 18011' 90°
.r = 4511' 22 .5 . where 11 1~ any integer.
x = 36n° + 18°, where n is any integer.

Note: In Examp les 26 and 27, we apply the relationship between complementary
functions and obtain the solutions almost immediately. However, the same trick is
unlikely to be app licable for equations like cos 3x = 2 sin 2x. In tackling a problem,
we must observe its type and then empl oy an appropri ate method to solve it.

Practice 24
Solution:
sin 28 co , 4& sin 3&co, se
I . I .
- (sm68 -sm 28) - -(sm88-sm 28)
2 2
sin 88 sin 68 0
2 co, 78 , in 8 0
co, 70 O or , in e ()
,r
70 21/lt".i. - or 0 // /(
2
rr
///( + -
2
ll lT ,r
(} - - + - or 11,r, \\ hcn: 11 is any imt:gcr.
7 14

227
 Part II Trigonometry
Exer cise 6.5 Answe rs
I. I 80n° ± 30°
&U!td4e 6.5 11
2. 18011° + ( I ) 30°

SECTION A 3. 36011° ± I 04.5°, 36011°

Find the general solutions of the fo llowing eq uatio ns. G ive you r a nswers in degrees: ( I - 12) 4. 36011° ± 60°, 36011° ± 180°
1. 2 sin 2 x = 2 cos2 x - I 2. 4 cos2 e- 8 sin e+ I =0 5. 360n° ± 150°, 36011' ± 180°

3. 2
4 sin x + 3 cos x - 3 = 0 4. 2
tan () = I + sec () 6. 18011°
7. 4511° + I 1.25°, 18011° + 45°
5. 2 sin2 e - (2 + {3 )cos () = 2 + {3 6. sin () = 2 tan ()
8. 2011° + I 0°
7. sin 5x = cos 3x 8. tan 58 = cot 48
9. 36011° + 45°
9. sin e + cos e = .fi. 10. cos x - ..[; sin x = I I 0. 36011°. 36011° + 240°
11 . 36011° + 75°, 36011° + 165°
11. ..fi sin 8 - cos 8 = .fi. 12. 4 sin 8 + 5 cos 8 = 3
12. 36011° 23 .4°, 36011° I I 00.7°
Find the genera l soluti ons of the fo llow ing equa tio ns. Give your a nswers in rad ia ns: ( 13 - 24)
II 1f
13. 2,11r, 111r + ( I ) -
(1
13. sin 2x - 2 sin x - cos x + I = 0 14. .fi. cos 2x = sin x + cos x
TC 211TC TC
I S. sin 3x + cos 2x = 0 16. cos 8 cos 3 8 = cos 7 8 cos s 8 14. 2mr - -- + -
4' 3 12
17. sin 6 8 sin 8 = cos 3 8 cos 48 18. 16 cos4 x = I 211,r TC TC
=~
15. 2nn
19. tan x = cot x 20. sin (x + 40°) sin (x - 40°) 5 10 ' 2
5
21. sin 78 - sin 8 = sin 38 22. cos 3 8 = cos w cos e 16.
nn
8 ,
11 TC

4
23. sin 98 + sin 58 + 2 sin 2 8 = I
2 11TC TC
24. sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = I + cos x + cos 2x 17. - - ± , 11TC ± 0.284,11TC ± 1. 103
3 6
[Hint: (sin x + sin 3x) + sin 2x = ( I + cos 2x) + cos x ] TC 2 TC /ITC TC
18 . 211TC ± - '211TC ± ~ 19. - t
3 .) 2 4
SECTION B II TC II Jr Jr
20. no :,ol uti on:, 2 1. 3 ' 2 1. 12
Solve the fo ll ow ing eq uations. G ive your a nswers in radia ns: (25 - 28)
II Tr 7r /17f 7r
25. 16 cos
2 · 2
.r + 2 s111 ., + 4 2 cosl x = 4 0 22.
2
23. ,m ± 4' 7 + ( I )" 42

26 5
sin 2, +cos x 2sinx I = ~ sin2 28,r TC 2TC
24. 2111r.± - ,211TCi - , 11TC + ( l )" -
7t
' 3 3 2 3 6
Tr
25. IITC ±
28. 25l +si11 2x + 52cos2 ., = 130 6
29. (a) T1:ansform 2cos0 + 3sin 0 into the formr sin (O + a), wherer > Oand0°< a < 90°. 26. nn + ( I)"( i),2,m
(b) G iven that - a :5 e:5 180° - a, fmd the va lue o f k s uch that the equation
TC
2cose+3sin 8 = k 27. ,m± -
2
has a un iq ue so lut io n.
TC
28. //Tr 1.
4

29. (a) -JG sin (8 t 33.7° )

(b) {13

218
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

1. Compound angle formulae

si n (A+ B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A s in B
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + s in A sin B
tan A+ tan B
tan (A + B) = -----
I - tan A tan B
tan A - tan B
ta n (A - B) = I + tan A tan B

2. The subsidiary angle form

(a) a sin() + bcos () = ~ a 2 +b2 cos (0 - a), where tan a = !!:_.

b

(b) asin8 + bcos8 = ~a 2 +b2 sin (8 + </)), where tan</) = ~ .

a

3. Double angle formulae

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A = 2 cos2 A - I = l - 2 sin 2 A = cos2 A - sin2 A
2tan A
ta n 2A = - - -
1- tan2 A

4. Transformation of products and sums

(a) Product-to-sum formulae

sin A cos B = .!_[sin (A + B) + sin (A - B)]

2
cos A sin B = .!_[sin (A + 8) - sin (A - B)]
2
I
cos A cos B = [cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)]
2
sin A sin B = - .!_ [cos (A+ 8) - cos (A - B)]
2

229
 Part II Trigonometry

(b) Sum-to-product formulae

. . B . A+B A-8
Stn A + Stn = 2 Stn - - COS - -
2 2
. . A+B . A-B
smA - sm B = 2 cos - - sm- -
2 2
A+B A-B
cos A + cos B = 2cos - - cos - -
2 2
. A+ B . A- 8
cos A - cos B = - 2 Stn - - Stn - -
2 2
5. General solutions of trigonometric equations

Equation Inverse trigonometric function General solution

7r 7r
sin() = a a = sin- 1 a is in [-
2 , 2] 0 = nn + (- 1)" a

cos O= a a = cos- 1 a is in [O, .n] O= 2nn± a

n n
tan() = a a = tan- 1 a is in (-
2 , 2) () = nn + a

~30
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

SECTION A
Revisio n Exercise 6 A nswer s
tan 55° + cot 25° I. 3
]. Find the exact value of - - - - - --
1 - cot 35° tan 65°
I + tan 15°
2. l3
2. Find the exact value of - - - - 3.
- tan 15°
4. 5: I
3. Given that a, /3 are acute angles such that tan a = 2 - .fi and tan (a + /3) = .fi, fi nd tan /3.
5. (a) ± ~ I'
=.!_, find the ratio tan a : tan /3.
4. ff sin (a + f3) =!
2
and sin (a - [3)
3 (b) ±(1 ~ )~
5. G iven that sin 2x = p , find, in terms of p , the values of
(a) sin x + cos x, 6. k 4, p - 4 .fi
(b) sin 3 x + cos 3 x. 7
7.
6. If the equation 4 cos (x + 45°) + k sin (x + 45°) '"' p sin x ho lds for all values of x, find the 11
values of the constants k and p. 9. 74.0°. 24.6°
. cos (a + /3) = -9 , fmd
. I 0. (a) tan a 3, lil ll f3 2,
7. Given th at the va lue of tan a tan /3.
cos (a - /3) 2 tan y
sin 2y 5 3
8. It is given that tan x = 2 tan y. Show that tan (x - y ) = - - ----'- - 11. (a) A - B
2(1 + sin 2 y ) 8' 8
l 2 I
9. A and B are angles of .1ABC. It is known that cos A cos B = - and sin A sin B = - . Find (b) I -
' 4
4 5
the sizes of A and B correct to the nearest 0. 1°. 2 2
12. (b )
10. In the figure, BO = DE = EC = AC, L'. BAC = a, L DAC = /3 5' J
A
and L'. EAC = y
(a) Find the values of tan a, tan f3 and tan y.
(b) Hence, prove that a + f3 + y = 180°.

B D E c

11. If sin6 x + cos6 x = A + B cos 4x for all x , where A and B are consta nts,
(a ) fi nd the values of A and B,
3 3
[Hint: a + b = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b 2 ) ]
(b) find the maximum and minimum values of sin 6 x + cos6 x.
4 4
2(sin x- cos x- 2)
12. Let f (x) =
4 cos 2 x +5
3
(a) Prove that /(x) = - I.
4 cos 2 x+ 5
(b) Hence, find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) .

231
 Part II Trigono metry

13. It is given that a, f3 are ac ute angles, and

2
3 sin a+ 2 sin2 f3 = I , 13. (a) -..in 2{3 3 sin a 1.: os a ,
3 sin 2a - 2 sin 2{3 = 0. cos 2{3 3 , in' ex
(a) Ex press sin 2(3 and cos 2(3 in terms of sin a and cos a.
(b) 0
(b) Find the val ue of cos (a + 2{3).
14. 18011 18.4 , 18011 63.4
14. Find the general solution of3 sec2 () 5 tan () - 5 = 0. //1C ,r
17. 8' I/Tr
15. In ~ABC, if 2
. C si n A +sin B
Sin = , 18 . 135 or 3 15
cos A +cos B
1[
prove that ~ABC is a right-angled triangle. 19. - or IC
-l
16. In ~ABC, prove that 5
20.
(a) tan (A + B) = tan C, 2
(b) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C. 21.l t p l q
17. Find the general solution of the equation 11,r II IC
sin 38 = cos e. 22 . 5 . 2
e
Hence, or otherwise, calculate the va lues of satisfying the given equation and O$ e $ 21C . 23. 211,r t
,r
-, • 211,r ±
IC
3
18. The quadratic eq uation in x
(2 cos A)x 2 I 2x - sin A = 0 24. (a) r 2. a (in>

has two equal roots. Find A, where 0° $ A $ 360°. I I

(b) -7 -< ·r -< -3
19. Solve the equation
I cos x 1- 1sin x I = sin x - cos x
25. 211,r i - . - - ± 9
IC 'J.111C IC

for O $ x $ 1C. 2 3

20. If tan A and tan B are the roots of the equat ion 3x2 - 5x + I - 0, find the va lue of
E\aminer 's Comment~
tan (A + B).
Q23
2 1. Given that sin 8 and cos () arc the roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0, express the val ue Wcl l-an,11c rcd : o ne.: the wm
and p roduc t formula, \\e r.:
. 2 ()( (} .
of 2 s1n - cos - - sm -
8)2in termso f pandq. correctly used. most ca nd id ates
2 2 2 had no d1 ff1culty 111 arri, 1ng at
22. Find the ge nera l solution of the equation cos x cos 2x - cos 3x cos 4x. th e correc t :1 11' \\ Cr /\ fc\\

candidali.: , 111i ~t ooJ.. the g.:ncral

23. Fi nd the general solution of the equation ,ol ution 10 cos 1 0 a, 211,r
. x . 3x
2 5111 - Sin -
2
I
2
= . (H K CEE 1990)
Q24

24. (a) If cos 8 + .Ji sin 8 = r cos (8 - a), where r > 0 and 0° ~ a ~ 90°, find rand a.
l".1irl} go11d p a rt (a ) \, a, \, ell
an, wercd. C'-ccpt that ,o me

(b) Let x =
cos(} 1-
FJ3sin 0 + 5 .find the ra nge of va lues of x. (HKCEE 1990)
candidalc, did no t g 1, e lhc , alue
o f u in tkgrc.:. In part (b). ,om.:
. I
25. Fi nd the general solution of candi da te, ga\ e - .r - a,
7 :,
th.: a11 :,\\ C1. c.'.cl u<l111 g t he end
COS 49 I COS 29 - COS 8. ( HKCEE 1991 )
I I
p oin ts - a nd - . Some ot her
7 3
candid ate, placed the 1ncq ua l11y
, 1g n~ thc \\I Ullg \v ay IOUIH.I.
232
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

Exa miner 's Comments

Q25
Quite good: moq ca ndidate, were
26. By using the identity cos 3 () = 4 cos3 8 - 3 cos 8, find the general solution of the eq uation nblc to tran sfo rm the , um in to a
sin 2() ( 4 cos 2 8 - 3) - sin 8 = 0. (HKCEE 1992) product, but unfortunately some of
them cancelled the factor co, 8. For
27. By expressing -Ji cos x sin x in the fo rm r cos (x + a), find the general solution of the those ,, ho attempted to ex pre,, the
eq uation equation in cos 8. many co uld not

-Ji cosx - sin x = I , go beyond th e , tep

cos 8(8 cm, ' 8 6 co, 8 1l 0.
givi ng yo ur answer in terms of n. (HKCEE 1993) Othe r common mi sta ke s we re a~
fo llo1,1, s:
28. Find the general soluti on of the equati on
cos (x 7°) = 2 cos (x + 7°), cos 30
2'
giving the answer correct to the nearest 0. 1 degree. (HKCEE 1994) :rr
38
3
Jr
SECTION B ()
<)
29. (a) Prove that cos 38 = 4 cos 3
e- 3 cos 8. General solution 211,r± - .
,r
9
(b) By putting x = 2 cos fJ, show that the eq uation x 3 - 3x - I = 0 can be transfo rmed into
Q 26
I We l l answe re d : n handful of
cos Jf) = -
2· candidates tran sformed 4 cos' 0 3
(c) Hence, fi nd, correct to 2 decimal places, the three roots of the equation in (b). cos39 ..

~------------~I
11110 - - . They then mult 1plie<1
co, ()
30. The fig ure s hows a n isosce les trapezium A B bo th si des of the e quation by co, 0
A BCD wh ich is a cross secti on of a trench of without knowing that cos O :t 0. J\s
area 120 111
2
and heig ht 8 111 . The side BC a resu lt they obtained e,t rnneo u,
makes an an gle a with th e horizo ntal. I t is root,. So me candidates gave ,,,r
8 m ( I )",r as the general sol ution of the
known that in order to make the trench have
equat ion sin O O in~tcad of th e
the least leakage amount, the sum L 111 of the
two no n-parallel sides and the lower base of
a
j simp l er o ne, 11,r. In f indin g the
' -- - - -- - ---'- - ----- ge neral so lution , it i s a good
the trapezium should be minimum. D c practice 10 u~e lhc princ ipal value
(a) Let a m be the length of the lower base CD. Express a in terms of a. of the angle.

8(2 - cos a) Q2 7
(b) Show that L = 15 + .
sin a Sa ti , fa cto r ) : som e c andid a le s

(c) Let k sin a + cos a = 2, where k is a constant. mistook !!.. as a so lution of u.. Sorni.:
3
(i) Express k sin a + cos a in the form r sin (a + </>), where r > 0 and </> are expressed
did notsimplify2111r± ~ !!.. _-l hc
in terms of k. .l 6
mo ~t co mm on mi sta k es were as
(ii) Show that the minimum va lue of k is -Ji. follows :
(iii) Hence, find the va lue of a that makes the trench have the least leakage amount. (I) cos ( \"
,r
(, )
R evis io n E , c r cisc 6 A n s\, c r s 2
,. t
Jr rr
2 11,r ,r 6
26 /1Tr - - + - 3
. ' 3 - 9 Jr
\"

(.l + i} ,r ,r 6
27. 2 cm, 211,r '211,r 2 \" 211,r + !!..
6 6
rr
28. l 8011 n I 69.8" ( 2 ) l:lJS (.1 -t - ) -I
6 2
29. (c) 1.88. 0 .35 , 1.53 Tr
.r I 211,r ± !!._
30. (a) 15 8 cot a 6 3
,r \" 2111r± !!._ 233
(c) (i) ~ I I k " sin ( a t tan 1 : ) (iii) 6
3
 Part II Trigonometry

31. In the figure , ADEF is a rectang le , lin e

Revision Exercise 6 Answers
segment AB is 12 cm lo ng. AB c uts DE at C B
31. (b) 8.fiJ cos( () 33.7° )
s uch that AC : CB =2 : I and LACD = e.
(a) Let pcm be the perimeter of ADEF. Prove (c) 33.7°

that p = 24 cos e+ 16 sin e.

(b) Express p in the form r cos ( e- a), where
r > 0 a nd O < a < 90°. Give the va lue of
a correct to the nearest 0. 1°. 1<: xa mincr's Co mm en ts
A F
(c) Find the value of e when p reac hes its Q28
Fair : many candidate, did not
greatest va lue.
reali,e that they could ,im ply app ly
32. It is g iven that the compound angle formula, on
sin () cos () both s ide s to solve the equat ion .
--=-- = k
m 11
Some made careless mistakes in
numerical ca lc ulati ons . Some
sin 2
() cos 2 () IO
and -----;;z- + ~ = 3( m 2 + 17 2) , failed to g i, c the correct form of
the ge neral ,olut 1on. Some mixed
where k, m, n are constants. radian and de gree mca,ure, and
2
I gave an ~wer, such a~ 11,r + 69.8°.
(a) Prove that m2 + n = 2 .
k
4
(b) Prove that 3m - J Om n + 3n4 = O.
2 2

(c) Find the genera l so lution of e.

33. (a) Prove that sin 2 B - sin 2 A = sin (A + B) sin (B - A).

(b) ABC is any triang le .
(i) Prove that
2
sin A cos B sin C - cos A sin 8 sin C = sin2 A - sin 8.
2
(ii) Given that 2 sin2 B = sin 2 A + sin C, prove that
2 cot B = cot A + cot C.

34. In ~ABC, it is g iven that

sin A cos B - sin 8 = sin C - sin A cos C .

. B+ C
(a ) P rove t h at sin A = tan - - .
2
B+ C A
(b) Prove that tan - - = cot - .
2 2
(c) From the above resu lts, prove that ~ABC is rig ht-ang led .

134
 Chapter 6 Compound Angles

1- m cos(x + y)
35. (a) If tan x tan y = m, s how that - - = .
I+m cos(x - y) Revision Exercise 6 Answers

(b) It is known that the equation tan (8 + 20°) tan (8 - 40°) = m has solutions in 8. Prove 35. (c) 18011° + 50 .2°,
1- m 18011° 30.2°
that cos (28 - 20°) = ( + m).
2 1 36. (d) 0
(c) Find th e general solution of 2 tan (8 + 20°) tan (8 - 40°) = I . Gi ve your answers
correct to the nearest O. IO •
(c) I + fs
4
36. (a) If 8 = 54°, prove that cos 28 + sin 3 8 = 0.
37. (a) ./(8) - fi. sin ( e .,
(b) Prove that sin 38 = 3 sin 8 - 4 sin 3 8.
(c) Hence, prove that sin 54° is a root of the equatio n (c) (i) 5 J2 2
4x 3 + 2x2 - 3x - I = 0. Jr
(ii) 2111r ~ 4
(d) Let f (x) = 4x3 + 2x2 - 3x - I . Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by x + I.
(e) Hence, find the value of sin 54° in surd form.

37. Let /( 8) = sin 8 + cos 8.

(a) Express f (8) in the form r sin ( 8 + a), whe re r > 0 and O ~ a ~!!:_ .
2
(b) The fi g ure shows the g raph ofy = sin 8 in the range ofO S 8 s 2n. Sketch on the same
diagram the graphs of
(i) y = r sin (), and
(ii) y = f ( 8).

e
0 Ir
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2
-1

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(c) Let y = 5 sin () + 5 cos 0 - 2. Using the result in (a), find

(i) the maximum va lue of y ,
(ii) the general values of() at which y attains its maximum.

i35