SCHEME OF WORK AND E-LESSON NOTES FOR SSS 2

MARKETING

THIRD TERM

WEEKS TOPICS
1. REVISION
2. ROLES OF FACILITATORS
3. ROLES OF FACILITATORS
4. ROLES OF FACILITATORS
5. ROLES OF FACILITATORS
6. ROLES OF FACILITATORS
7. MID-TERM TEST AND BREA
8. MARKETING OF MINERAL PRODUCTS
9. MARKETING OF MINERAL PRODUCTS
10. REVISION
11. EXAMINATION

WEEK 1: REVISION

WEEK 2: ROLES OF FACILITATORS

Performance Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Explain the meaning of facilitators 2.
Describe the roles of facilitators in marketing agricultural products.

Facilitators
Facilitators are described as a marketing channel or channel of distribution is the network of
organisations that creates time, place and possession utilities for consumers and business users.
Public storage firms, insurance companies, finance companies, market research firms and several
other types of firms and organisations which frequently enhance, promote and facilitate the
production and availability in term of offering help, assistance and aid towards the distribution of
finished products in other to be accessible to consumers could be regarded as facilitators.

Roles of Facilitators
1. They assist in food processing e.g. agricultural research institutes such as NISER, IAR & T, IITA,
CRIN among others help to discover good planting seeds and manufacturing of both industrial
machines and farm inputs.
2. They offer loans to farmers, business and merchant people e.g. Nigerian Agricultural and
Cooperative Bank (NACB) now proscribed, Community Banks & Finance Homes, Merchant
Banks give out loan to producers and manufacturers with a view to facilitating availability and
distribution of products to the nearness of the ultimate consumers.
3. Cooperative assistance; these includes (a) Consumer cooperative society (b) Producer
cooperative society (c) Credit and thrift cooperative society. The essence of cooperative is to
assist members and non-members to obtain and have access to loans which could be paid
with interest with a view to promote, facilitate and enhance the business of merchants which
invariably encourages the distribution of goods and services
4. They provide mobility for transporting products from the place of manufacturing to where they
are needed.
5. They offer free business advise, prepare business blueprint, proposal otherwise known as
feasibility studies to new entrants into the business.
6. They offer insurance service such as fire, theft and life insurance with a view to prepare and
plan for risks that may result in a business transaction.
7. They offer legal advice and counseling to business owner with a view of knowing the rules and
regulations, interpretation of government policies, national and state assembly laws and edicts
among others.
8. They perform other legitimate and civilized functions.
9. They give training on how to preserve perishable products.

Roles of Facilitators - Bank

Bank
A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Banks may also
provide financial services such as wealth management, currency exchange, and safe deposit
boxes. There are several different kinds of banks including retail banks, commercial or corporate
banks, and investment banks

Roles of Facilitators in Banks

1. A facilitator facilitates or assists in making any activity easy for the user or customer in the
bank.
2. A banking facilitator is the helper in a bank who helps carry out the banking-related activities
in a bank.
3. All the banking officials who are sitting and working in the bank can be called as banking
facilitator as they assist their customers with all the necessary details or help them with the
account related queries.

WEEK 3: ROLES OF FACILITATORS – CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES AND BASINS

Performance Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Explain the meaning of Co-operative
Societies and Basins 2. Describe the roles of facilitators in Co-operative Societies and Basins

Roles of Facilitators - Co-operative Societies

Meaning of Cooperative Societies
A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of
persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and
aspirations through a jointly-owned enterprise". Cooperatives may include:
(i) Businesses owned and managed by the people who use their services (a consumer
cooperative)
(ii) Organizations managed by the people who work there (worker cooperatives)
(iii) Multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder
groups. For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both caregivers
and receivers. Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors.

Cooperative businesses are typically more economically resilient than many other forms of
enterprise, with twice the number of co-operatives (80%) surviving their first five years compared
with other business ownership models (41%). Cooperatives frequently have social goals which
they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities.

Roles of Facilitators in Cooperative Societies

1. A successful facilitator embodies respect for others and a watchful awareness of the many
layers of reality in a human group.
2. In the event that a consensus cannot be reached then the facilitator would assist the group in
understanding the differences that divide it.

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3. Facilitators also require a good understanding of processes – how to enable group decision-
making, structuring agendas for appropriate results, problem-solving, etc.
4. A facilitator helps a group of people (cooperative societies) to work together better,
understand their common objectives, and plan how to achieve these objectives, during
meetings or discussions.
5. The facilitator remains "neutral", meaning he/she does not take a particular position in the
discussion.

WEEK 4: ROLES OF FACILITATORS – BASINS

Performance Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Explain the meaning of Basins 2.
Describe the roles of facilitators in Basins

Roles of Facilitators - Basins

Basins
A basin is a depression, or dip, in the Earth’s surface. Basins are shaped like bowls, with sides
higher than the bottom. They can be oval or circular in shape, similar to a sink or tub you might
have in your own bathroom. Some are filled with water. Others are empty.
Basins are formed by forces above the ground (like erosion) or below the ground (like
earthquakes). They can be created over thousands of years or almost overnight.

Roles of Facilitators in Basins

The term “basin organisation” refers to any formal or informal entity that manages water
resources at the basin scale. Their mandate is to take a big picture perspective and be the leading
voice on basin-wide water issues. This means keeping basin constituencies and decision-makers in
all sectors and at all levels, in both the public and private sector, fully informed and involved. The
focus here is the basin organisations that are domestic, not transcending state boundaries (see
B3.01 for trans-boundary organisations in water resource management).

Basin organisations are set up under different arrangements depending on the aim, the legal and
administrative systems, and human and financial resources. They are usually, but not always,
formal legal bodies. In some cases, less formal arrangements also work. But, whatever the setup,
basin organisations must be public/collective organisations because water resources management
is a public good. Although formal basin organisations are part of the public sector, for water to be
managed effectively, a wide range of stakeholders, community groups, economical sectors, non-
governmental organisations and private enterprise, need to be involved. Basin organisations have
functions that can stretch in three main directions:

Monitoring, investigating, coordinating and regulating – involves collecting and managing

data regarding water quantity and availability; prevent water pollution; harmonize actions taken
by state and non-state actors, and resolve conflict in the case of litigation.

Planning and financing – implies to allocate water to users based on respective needs;
formulate medium- to long-term plans for water resources management in the basin; and mobilise
financial resources, for example, by collecting water user fees or water taxes.

Developing and managing – means designing and constructing water facilities; maintaining the
water infrastructure; and operating them in ways to ensure water distribution and navigation
amongst different functions of water.

Varying opinions exist about the most effective scale of application: the success of a basin
organisation may depend on things such as the level of human and institutional capacity of the
civil society, the degree to which water resources are developed, and climatic variability (arid
versus temperate river basins, for example). Also, since basin organizations are not bound to the
regular administrative borders (such as the differences between provinces or counties) it makes it
sometimes difficult to communicate with several local administrative authorities. In some ways,
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the fact that basin organisations are not limited to administrative borders represents both their
strengths and weaknesses. Ultimately, it is the policy and legislative framework that governs the
purpose, and even more so the effectiveness, of the basin organisation.

WEEK 5: ROLES OF FACILITATORS – BOARDS AND MICRO FINANCE

Performance Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Give the meaning of boards 2. State the
role of facilitators in boards 3. State the meaning of microfinance 4. Explain the roles of facilitators
in Micro Finance

Meaning of Board
A board of directors is an elected group of individuals that represent shareholders. The board is a
governing body that typically meets at regular intervals to set policies for corporate management
and oversight. Every public company must have a board of directors. Some private and nonprofit
organizations also have a board of directors.
A marketing board is an organization created by many producers to try to market their product
and increase consumption and thus prices. It can also be defined as an organization set up by a
government to regulate the buying and selling of a certain commodity within a specified area.

Roles of Facilitators in Boards

(i) Facilitators make sure that everyone has a chance to have their ideas and feelings expressed
(ii) Facilitators keep the discussion moving in a direction that produces a product without rushing
the group (this product may be a decision, a plan, a proposal, or a brainstorm)
(iii) Facilitators maintain a safe and respectful group environment where the group has taken
ownership of what safety and respect mean to them.
(iv) Accept each individual as valuable in his or her own right
(v) Trust in the ability of each individual to discover his or her own solutions to problems
(vi) Recognize individual strengths and efforts to change
(vii) Focus on the individual, not the behaviour
(viii) Provide feedback that focuses on observations rather than judgments

Roles of Facilitators - Microfinance

Meaning of Microfinance
Microfinance is a category of financial services targeting individuals and small businesses who lack
access to conventional banking and related services. Microfinance includes microcredit, the
provision of small loans to poor clients; savings and checking accounts; micro insurance; and
payment systems, among other branches. Microfinance services are designed to reach excluded
customers, usually poorer population segments, possibly socially marginalized, or geographically
more isolated, and to help them become self-sufficient. Microfinance, also called microcredit, is a
type of banking service provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who
otherwise would have no other access to financial services.

Roles of Facilitators in Microfinance

1. Facilitators equipped the marketers of the company to build up a large customer base.
2. They help in educating the customers about all they need to know about the company.
3. Facilitators help the company to achieve the objective goal with the aid of a series of meetings.
4. Facilitators recognize individual strengths and efforts to change things for better.
5. Facilitators are always been neutral and positive in the company.

WEEK 6: ROLES OF FACILITATORS - COMPANIES

Performance Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Define companies 2. Describe the roles
of facilitators in companies and the marketing of agricultural products.

Meaning of Companies
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A company is a type of business. The definition of the term varies by country. Some companies,
usually larger ones, are organized as corporations. It is often a business organization which makes
goods or services in an organized manner and sells them to the public for profit. It may also be a
non-profit organization. A company may hire people to be the staff of the company. The term is
also used more broadly for any group who work together, such as the crew of a ship or the cast of
a play.

Roles of Facilitators in Companies and Marketing of Agricultural Product

1. Standardization: Standardization is concerned with the establishment and maintenance of
uniform measurements of product quality and quantity. This function simplifies buying and selling
as well as reducing marketing costs by enabling buyers to specify precisely what they want and
suppliers to communicate what they are able and willing to supply with respect to both quantity
and quality of the product. Among the most notable advantages of uniform standards, are:

 Price quotations are more meaningful

 The sale of commodities by sample or description becomes possible
 Small lots of commodities, produced by a large number of small producers, can be
assembled into economic loads if these supplies are similar in grade or quality
 Faced with a range of graded produce the buyer is able to choose the quality of the product
he/she is able and willing to purchase.

2. Financing: In almost any production system there are inevitable lags between investing in
the necessary raw materials (e.g. machinery, seeds, fertilizers, packaging, flavourings, stocks etc.)
and receiving the payment for the sale of produce. During these lag periods, some individual or
institution must finance the investment. The question of where the funding of the investment is to
come from, at all points between production and consumption, is one that marketing must
address. Consider the problem of a food manufacturer who wishes to launch a range of chilled
products in a developing country where few retail outlets have the necessary refrigeration
equipment. This is a marketing problem. It might be solved by the food manufacturer buying
refrigerators and leading these to retailers (or arriving on a hire-purchase arrangement with
retailers).

3. Risk Bearing: In both the production and marketing of produce, the possibility of incurring
losses is always present. Physical risks include the destruction or deterioration of the produce
through fire, excessive heat or cold, pests, floods, earthquakes etc. Market risks are those of
adverse changes in the value of the produce between the processes of production and
consumption. A change in consumer tastes can reduce the attractiveness of the product and is,
therefore, also a risk. All of these risks are borne by those organisations, companies and
individuals.

4. Market intelligence: As for as is possible marketing decisions should be based on sound

information. The process of collecting, interpreting, and disseminating information relevant to
marketing decisions is known as market intelligence. The role of market intelligence is to reduce
the level of risk in decision making. Through market intelligence, the seller finds out what the
customer needs and wants. The alternative is to find out through sales, or the lack of them.
Marketing research helps establish what products are right for the market, which channels of
distribution are most appropriate, how best to promote products and what prices are acceptable to
the market. As with other marketing functions, intelligence gathering can be carried out by the
seller or another party such as a government agency, the ministry of agriculture and food, or some
other specialist organisation. What is important is that it is carried out.

WEEK 7: MID-TERM TEST AND BREAK

WEEK 8: MARKETING OF MINERAL PRODUCTS

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Performance Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Explain mineral products 2. Explain Oil
products 3. Explain Non-Oil products 4. Distinguish between Oil and Non-Oil products.

Mineral Products
Mineral products are natural resources that can be regarded as free gift of nature. Most resources
are housed by the soil, their control is in the hands of the government. There is put into use or
converted to use require expertise and high level of technical abilities, they are refined, mined or
extracted as the case may be and are mostly raw materials which are used for the production of
physical products. Examples are coal, copper, iron ore, petroleum etc.

Oil Products
Oil products are lubricants and are essential, pivotal, and highly instrumental to the economic
growth and development of many nations. Most countries of the world depend on oil products
especially petroleum products for survival. They are used for industrial, home equipment and
machinery. Examples of oil product are the petroleum which when refined produces gasoline,
diesel, kerosene, oil, petroleum, bitumen which is used by a road construction company to tar the
roads.

Non-Oil Products
Non-oil products refer to other essential natural products which are used as raw materials and
research items and components for the production of other commodities and for advancing
cognitive knowledge respectively. They are found in laboratories, with scientists, agriculturists,
researchers and others. Examples are coal, zinc, iron ore, copper, aluminium, etc.

Differences between Oil and Non Oil Products

1. Oil products are lubricants and are essential, pivotal, and highly instrumental to the economic
growth and development of many nations, while Non-oil products refer to other essential
natural products which are used as raw materials and research items.
2. Oil products are used for industrial, home equipment and machinery, while Non-oil products
are used in laboratories, with scientists, agriculturists, researchers and others.
3. Examples of oil product is the petroleum which when refined produces gasoline, diesel,
kerosene, oil, petroleum, bitumen. While examples of non-oil products are: coal, zinc, iron ore,
copper, aluminium, etc.

WEEK 9: MARKETING OF MINERAL PRODUCTS

Performance objectives - Students should be able to: Outline the methods in marketing mineral
products

Methods of Marketing Mineral Products

Methods of marketing mineral products are technical and special from other commodities. Only a
few decision-makers may participate in their marketing. Mineral products are not commonly seen
commodities especially the non-oil products, they are used by students and researchers for
researches and experiments, lecturers, agriculturists, laboratories among others.

One of the methods by which petroleum products are marketed is through the distributor
otherwise known as Independent Petroleum Marketers of Nigeria. Members of this organization are
popularly referred to as petroleum marketers, oil magnate or dealers. They own petroleum
stations where motorists and other and another category of markets have access to the products.

Other methods of marketing mineral products include Independent retailer, commodity market,
products exhibition or show grounds, hypermarkets, multiple stores, mobile stores, mobile
retailers, etc. It is important to note that most mineral resources can be classified as fabricating
materials because they have undergone some degree of initial processing before they enter the
product manufacturing process.

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The more complex or complicated a product is more likely to contain both raw and fabricating
materials, i.e. oil and non-oil products (mineral resources), for instance, computer and calculators
use basic materials such as silicon crystal, glass and metals in their production process.

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