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Mathematics Lecture Notes

The document contains lecture notes on basic arithmetic functions, simple algebraic equations, evaluation of numerical expressions, and positive and negative indices with square roots. It provides definitions, key concepts, solved examples, and exercises for each topic. The content is structured to aid understanding of fundamental mathematical operations and principles.

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2 views

Mathematics Lecture Notes

The document contains lecture notes on basic arithmetic functions, simple algebraic equations, evaluation of numerical expressions, and positive and negative indices with square roots. It provides definitions, key concepts, solved examples, and exercises for each topic. The content is structured to aid understanding of fundamental mathematical operations and principles.

Uploaded by

mmagaji123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics Lecture Notes

1. Basic Arithmetic Functions


Definition: Arithmetic functions involve the basic operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.

Key Concepts:

 • Addition (+): Combining two or more numbers to get a total.


- Example: 5 + 3 = 8
 • Subtraction (-): Finding the difference between two numbers.
- Example: 9 - 4 = 5
 • Multiplication (*): Repeated addition of a number.
- Example: 6 * 3 = 18
 • Division (/): Splitting a number into equal parts.
- Example: 20 / 5 = 4

Solved Examples:

1. 15 + 9 - 3 = 21
2. (8 * 5) / 4 = 10

Exercise:

1. 17 + 6 = ?
2. 25 - 8 = ?
3. 7 * 4 = ?
4. 36 / 6 = ?
5. (12 + 8) * 2 = ?

2. Simple Algebraic Equations


Definition: An algebraic equation is a mathematical statement that uses variables, numbers,
and operations.

Key Concepts:

 • Solving for x: Isolate the variable.


- Example: x + 4 = 9 → x = 9 - 4 = 5
 • Balancing both sides: What you do to one side, do to the other.

Solved Examples:
1. x - 3 = 10 → x = 10 + 3 = 13
2. 2x = 12 → x = 12 / 2 = 6
3. x/5 = 4 → x = 4 * 5 = 20

Exercise:

1. x + 7 = 15
2. x - 2 = 11
3. 3x = 18
4. x/4 = 6
5. x + 3 = 2x - 5

3. Evaluation of Numerical Expressions


Definition: It involves simplifying a mathematical expression by performing the operations
in the correct order.

Order of Operations (BODMAS):

 • B - Brackets
• O - Orders (powers and roots)
• D - Division
• M - Multiplication
• A - Addition
• S - Subtraction

Solved Examples:

1. 2 + 3 * 4 = 2 + 12 = 14
2. (6 + 2) * 5 = 8 * 5 = 40
3. 18 / (3 + 3) = 18 / 6 = 3

Exercise:

1. 5 + 4 * 2 = ?
2. (7 + 1) / 2 = ?
3. 6 * (3 + 2) = ?
4. 20 - 3 * 4 = ?
5. (10 - 4) + 2 = ?

4. Positive and Negative Indices and Square Roots


Indices (Exponents):

 • Positive index: x^n means multiply x by itself n times.


- Example: 2^3 = 2 * 2 * 2 = 8
 • Negative index: x^-n = 1 / x^n
- Example: 2^-2 = 1 / (2^2) = 1/4

Square Root (√): A number which, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number.
- Example: √25 = 5

Laws of Indices:

1. x^a * x^b = x^(a + b)


2. x^a / x^b = x^(a - b)
3. (x^a)^b = x^(a * b)

Solved Examples:

1. 3^2 = 9
2. 4^-1 = 1/4
3. √36 = 6
4. 2^3 * 2^2 = 2^(3+2) = 2^5 = 32

Exercise:

1. 5^2 = ?
2. √49 = ?
3. 2^-3 = ?
4. 10^3 / 10^2 = ?
5. (3^2)^2 = ?

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