Prepared and presented by,

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
C.K. PITHAWALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Syllabus

Topic name Content Teaching Weightage

hours

Drawing instruments and 01

Introduction accessories, BIS – SP 46.

to Use of plane scales, 01 02 05 %

Engineering Diagonal Scales and (Lab)
Representative Fraction
graphics

Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 2
Introduction
 Engineering drawing, most commonly referred to as
engineering graphics, is the art of manipulation of designs of a
variety of components, especially those related to engineering.
 It primarily consists of sketching the actual component, for
example, a machine, with its exact dimensions, and using
entities such as points, lines, arcs, etcetera.
 The scale of dimensions is suitably adjusted so as to properly fit
within the contours of the drawing sheet.
 Engineering drawing is a language of engineers.
 All the significant features of any product or object can be
effectively and efficiently described by engineering drawing.
 Engineering drawing or engineering graphics forms the basis of
expressing ideas among engineers and other technical persons.
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 3
Introduction

Engineering Graphics

Engineering Drawing
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 4
Drawing instruments & accessories
 Drawing board
 French curves
 T-square
 Drafting templates and
 Mini – drafter
circle master
 Set- squares
 Protractor  Drawing sheet/ paper
 Scales  Drawing pencils
 Roll – N – Draw ruler  Pencil sharpeners
 Drawing instrument box  Eraser
 Large size compass  Drawing pins and clips
 Lengthening bar  Drawing sheet box
 Large size divider  Duster or handkerchief
 Small bow compass  Sand paper block
 Small bow divider
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 5
Drawing instruments & accessories

Drawing board
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 6
Drawing instruments & accessories

T square
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 7
Drawing instruments & accessories

Mini drafter
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 8
Drawing instruments & accessories

Set squares, Roll – N – Draw

protector, scale ruler
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 9
Drawing instruments & accessories

Drawing instrument box

Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 10
Drawing instruments & accessories

Drawing clips

Sand paper block

French curve,
templates &
circle master Dr. Chintan.K.Patel Drawing sheet box 11
Drawing instruments & accessories

Drawing Drawing Pencils

Sheets 2H Pencil - For drawing outlines, Centre lines, Break
lines, etc.
H Pencil - For dimensioning, arrowheads, hatching
lines, lettering, sketching, circles, arcs, etc.
12
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel
13
Drawing sheet, types of
line, Lettering and
Dimensioning
(As per BIS : SP : 46 : 2003)

14
BIS – SP 46
 In our country drawing standards and conventions are governed by
Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS).
 BIS has recommended various standards for technical drawings and
these standards are available in the form of IS codes and special
publication (SP) 46:3000.
IS 1444: 1989 Drawing board specification
IS 10711 : 2001 Size & layout of drawing sheet
IS 3221 : 1966 Drawing instruments
IS 10713 : 1983 Scales
IS 10714 : 2001 Lines
IS 9609 : 2001 Lettering
IS 15021 : 2001 Projection methods
IS 11669 : 1986 Dimensioning
Dr. Chintan.K.Patel 15
Pencils:

Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades are available in

the market. The hardness or softness of the lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H,
HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc. The grade HB denotes medium hardness of lead used for
general purpose. The hardness increases as the value of the numeral before
the letter H increases. The lead becomes softer, as the value of the numeral
before B increases.

Pencils leads

16
Drawing sheet layout

17
Title block
The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom
right hand comer of the sheet. The title block can have a maximum
length of 170 mm providing the following information.

1. Title of the drawing.

2. Drawing number.
3. Scale.
4. Symbol denoting the method of projection.
5. Name of the firm
6. Initials of staff who have designed, checked and approved.

18
Title block

19
Title block

Title block
for
Shop floor

Title block
for
Student
work

20
Standard and Conventions
Engineering drawing is language of engineers. Every language follows a standard set of
rules which make communication between people easier. Engineering drawing must
follow a set of standards and conventions in order to make communication between
engineers effective.

IS 1444: 1989 ENGINEER’S PATTERN DRAWING BOARD- SPECIFICATION

IS 10711: 2001 TECHNICAL PRODUCT DOCUMENTATION SIZES AND LAYOUT OF DRAWING SHEETS
IS 3221: 1966 SETS FOR DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
IS 10713: 1983 SCALES
IS 10714: 2001 LINES
IS 96009: 2001 LETTERING
IS 15021: 2001 PROJECTION METHODS
IS 10714: 1983 SECTIONS AND OTHER CONVENTIONS
IS 1169: 1986 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONS ON TECHNICAL DRAWING 21
Types of lines and their applications
In engineering drawing, the various types of lines are recommended by B.I.S.
with different thickness. But for general students are advised to take 0.5 mm for thick
lines, 0.3 mm for medium lines and 0.2 mm for thin lines.

22
Types of lines and their applications
Visible Outlines, Visible Edges : (Continuous wide lines) The lines drawn
to represent the visible outlines/ visible edges / surface boundary lines of
objects should be outstanding in appearance.
Dimension Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) Dimension Lines are drawn
to mark dimension.
Extension Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) There are extended slightly
beyond the respective dimension lines.
Construction Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) Construction Lines are
drawn for constructing drawings and should not be erased after
completion of the drawing.
Hatching / Section Lines: (Continuous Narrow Lines) Hatching Lines are
drawn for the sectioned portion of an object. These are drawn inclined
at an angle of 45° to the axis or to the main outline of the section.
Guide Lines: (Continuous Narrow Lines) Guide Lines are drawn for
lettering and should not be erased after lettering.
23
Types of lines and their applications
Break Lines: (Continuous Narrow Freehand Lines) Wavy continuous
narrow line drawn freehand is used to represent break of an object.
Break Lines : (Continuous Narrow Lines With Zigzags) Straight
continuous narrow line with zigzags is used to represent break of an
object.
Dashed Narrow Lines: (Dashed Narrow Lines) Hidden edges / Hidden
outlines of objects are shown by dashed lines of short dashes of equal
lengths of about 3 mm, spaced at equal distances of about 1 mm. the
points of intersection of these lines with the outlines / another hidden
line should be clearly shown.
Center Lines: (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines) Center Lines are
drawn at the center of the drawings symmetrical about an axis or both
the axes. These are extended by a short distance beyond the outline of
the drawing. 24
Types of lines and their applications
Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show the location
of a cutting plane. It is long-dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at
the ends, bends and change of direction. The direction of viewing is
shown by means of arrows resting on the cutting plane line.
Border Lines: Border Lines are continuous wide lines of minimum
thickness 0.7 mm.

Line Widths:
Line width means line thickness.
Choose line widths according to the size of the drawing from the
following range: 0.13,0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 mm.
BIS recommends two line widths on a drawing. Ratio between the thin
and thick lines on a drawing shall not be less than 1 : 2.
25
Types of lines and their applications

26
Lettering

27
Lettering

28
Lettering

29
Lettering guide lines and grids

30
Lettering

31
Lettering
 Single-stroke vertical Lettering:

32
Lettering
 Single-stroke vertical Lettering:

33
Lettering
 Single-stroke Inclined Lettering:

34
Lettering
 Single-stroke Inclined Lettering:

35
Lettering
 Double-stroke Vertical Lettering:

36
Lettering
 Double-stroke Vertical Lettering:

37
Lettering
 Double-stroke Inclined Lettering:

38
Lettering
 Double-stroke Inclined Lettering:

39
Lettering
 Normal, Compresses and Expanded letters:

 Rules of Lettering:

40
Dimensioning

41
Dimensioning

42
Dimensioning

43
 Dimensioning
 System of Dimensioning:
There are two systems of dimensioning:

1. Aligned System
2. Unidirectional system
Aligned System
In the aligned system, dimensions are aligned with the entity being
measured. They are placed perpendicular to the dimension line such that
they may be read from the bottom or right-hand side of the drawing sheet.
Dimensions are placed at the middle and on top of the dimension lines.
Unidirectional System
In the unidirectional system, dimensions are placed in such a way that
they can be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet. Dimensions
are inserted by breaking the dimension lines at the middle.

44
Dimensioning
System of Dimensioning:

Aligned system
45
Dimensioning
System of Dimensioning:

Unidirectional
system
46
Dimensioning
 System of Dimensioning:
Aligned System is divided in to the two sub parts Parallel, Chain and
Combined Dimensioning:

Parallel Dimensioning Chain Dimensioning Combined Dimensioning

Aligned system 47
Dimensioning
 Practical Hints on Dimensioning:

48
Dimensioning
 Practical Hints on Dimensioning:

49
Dimensioning
 Practical Hints on Dimensioning:

50
 Practical Hints on Dimensioning:

51
Dimensioning
 Practical Hints on Dimensioning:

52
Dimensioning
 Practical Hints on Dimensioning:

53
Dimensioning
 Practical Hints on Dimensioning:

54
Dimensioning
 Practical Hints on Dimensioning:

55
Scales

56
 SCALES

DIMENSIONS OF LARGE OBJECTS MUST BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE

ON STANDARD SIZE DRAWING SHEET.THIS REDUCTION CREATES A SCALE FOR FULL SIZE SCALE
OF THAT REDUCTION RATIO, WHICH IS GENERALLY A FRACTION.. R.F.=1 OR ( 1:1 )
SUCH A SCALE IS CALLED REDUCING SCALE MEANS DRAWING
AND & OBJECT ARE OF
THAT RATIO IS CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR. SAME SIZE.
Other RFs are described
SIMILARLY IN CASE OF TINY OBJECTS DIMENSIONS MUST BE INCREASED as
FOR ABOVE PURPOSE. HENCE THIS SCALE IS CALLED ENLARGING SCALE. 1:10, 1:100,
1:1000, 1:1,00,000
HERE THE RATIO CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR IS MORE THAN UNITY.

USE FOLLOWING FORMULAS FOR THE CALCULATIONS IN THIS TOPIC.

DIMENSION OF DRAWING
A REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR (R.F.) =
DIMENSION OF OBJECT
LENGTH OF DRAWING
=
ACTUAL LENGTH
AREA OF DRAWING
=
V ACTUAL AREA
VOLUME AS PER DRWG.
= 3
V ACTUAL VOLUME

B LENGTH OF SCALE = R.F. X MAX. LENGTH TO BE MEASURED. 57

 BE FRIENDLY WITH THESE UNITS.

1 KILOMETRE = 10 HECTOMETRES
1 HECTOMETRE = 10 DECAMETRES
1 DECAMETRE = 10 METRES
1 METRE = 10 DECIMETRES
1 DECIMETRE = 10 CENTIMETRES
1 CENTIMETRE = 10 MILIMETRES
TYPES OF SCALES:

1. PLAIN SCALES ( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO SINGLE DECIMAL)

2. DIAGONAL SCALES ( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO TWO DECIMALS)
3. VERNIER SCALES ( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO TWO DECIMALS)
4. COMPARATIVE SCALES ( FOR COMPARING TWO DIFFERENT UNITS)
5. SCALE OF CORDS ( FOR MEASURING/CONSTRUCTING ANGLES)

58
 PLAIN SCALE:- This type of scale represents two units or a unit and it’s sub-division.
PROBLEM NO.1:- Draw a scale 1 cm = 1m to read decimeters, to measure maximum distance
of 6 m. Show on it a distance of 4 m and 6 dm.

CONSTRUCTION:-
a) Calculate R.F.= DIMENSION OF DRAWING PLAIN SCALE
DIMENSION OF OBJECT

R.F.= 1cm/ 1m = 1/100

Length of scale = R.F. X (max. distance)
= (1/100) X (600 cm)
= 6 cms
b) Draw a line 6 cm long and divide it in 6 equal parts. Each part will represent larger division unit.
c) Sub divide the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.
d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and subdivisions
on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm for getting a look of scale.
e) After construction of scale mention it’s RF and name of scale as shown.
f) Show the distance 4 m 6 dm on it as shown.

4 M 6 DM

10 0 1 2 3 4 5 METERS
DECIMETERS
R.F. = 1/100
PLANE SCALE SHOWING METERS AND DECIMETERS. 59
PROBLEM NO.2:- In a map a 36 km distance is shown by a line 45 cms long. Calculate the R.F. and
construct a plain scale to read kilometers and hectometers, for max. 12 km. Show a distance of
8.3 km on it.

CONSTRUCTION:- PLAIN SCALE

a) Calculate R.F.
R.F.= 45 cm/ 36 km = 45/ 36 . 1000 . 100 = 1/ 80,000
Length of scale = R.F. max. distance
= 1/ 80000 12 km
= 15 cm
b) Draw a line 15 cm long and divide it in 12 equal parts. Each part will represent larger division unit.
c) Sub divide the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.
d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and subdivisions
on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm for getting a look of scale.
e) After construction of scale mention it’s RF and name of scale as shown.
f) Show the distance 8.3 km on it as shown.

8KM 3HM

10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
HECTOMETERS KILOMETERS
R.F. = 1/80,000
PLANE SCALE SHOWING KILOMETERS AND HECTOMETERS
60
PROBLEM NO.3:- The distance between two stations is 210 km. A passenger train covers this distance
in 7 hours. Construct a plain scale to measure time up to a single minute. If RF is 1/200,000, Indicate
the distance traveled by train in 29 minutes.

CONSTRUCTION:-
a) 210 km in 7 hours. Means speed of the train is 30 km per hour ( 60 minutes) PLAIN SCALE
Length of scale = R.F. max. distance per hour
= 1/ 2,00,000 30km
= 15 cm
b) 15 cm length will represent 30 km and 1 hour i.e. 60 minutes.
Draw a line 15 cm long and divide it in 6 equal parts. Each part will represent 5 km and 10 minutes.
c) Sub divide the first part in 10 equal parts,which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.
Each smaller part will represent distance traveled in one minute.
d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and subdivisions
on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm for getting a proper look of scale.
e) Show km on upper side and time in minutes on lower side of the scale as shown.
After construction of scale mention it’s RF and name of scale as shown.
f) Show the distance traveled in 29 minutes, which is 14.5 km, on it as shown.
DISTANCE TRAVELED IN 29 MINUTES.
14.5 KM

KM 5 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 KM

MIN 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 MINUTES
R.F. = 1/100
PLANE SCALE SHOWING METERS AND DECIMETERS.
61
A rectangular plot of 100 km square is represented on a
certain map by the similar rectangular area of 4 cm square.
Draw a scale to show kilometer and make a distance of 45
km on it.

62
On a map of Gujarat, 1cm represents 5 kms. Construct a plain
scale long enough to measure the distance between
Ahmedabad and Baroda. Indicate on it the distance between
Ahmedabad and Anand. Mark these distance on a scale.

1. Ahmedabad- Baroda -100kms

2. Ahmedabad – Ananad – 65kms

63
We have seen that the plain scales give only two dimensions, such as a
unit and it’s subunit or it’s fraction.
DIAGONAL
The diagonal scales give us three successive dimensions
that is a unit, a subunit and a subdivision of a subunit. SCALE
The principle of construction of a diagonal scale is as follows.
Let the XY in figure be a subunit. Y
X
From Y draw a perpendicular YZ to a suitable height. 10
Join XZ. Divide YZ in to 10 equal parts. 9
Draw parallel lines to XY from all these divisions
and number them as shown. 8
From geometry we know that similar triangles have 7
their like sides proportional. 6
5
Consider two similar triangles XYZ and 7’ 7Z,
4
we have 7Z / YZ = 7’7 / XY (each part being one unit)
Means 7’ 7 = 7 / (10. x X Y) = 0.7 XY 3
:. 2
Similarly 1
1’ – 1 = 0.1 XY
2’ – 2 = 0.2 XY
Z
Thus, it is very clear that, the sides of small triangles,
which are parallel to divided lines, become progressively
shorter in length by 0.1 XY.

The solved examples ON NEXT PAGES will

make the principles of diagonal scales clear. 64
 PROBLEM NO. 4 : The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km.
In a railway map it is represented by a line 5 cm long. Find it’s R.F.
Draw a diagonal scale to show single km. And maximum 600 km.
DIAGONAL
Indicate on it following distances. 1) 222 km 2) 336 km 3) 459 km 4) 569 km SCALE
SOLUTION STEPS: RF = 5 cm / 200 km = 1 / 40, 00, 000
Length of scale = (1 / 40, 00, 000) X 600 X 105 = 15 cm

Draw a line 15 cm long. It will represent 600 km.Divide it in six equal parts.( each will represent
100 km.) Divide first division in ten equal parts.Each will represent 10 km.Draw a line upward
from left end and mark 10 parts on it of any distance. Name those parts 0 to 10 as shown.Join 9th
sub-division of horizontal scale with 10th division of the vertical divisions. Then draw parallel
lines to this line from remaining sub divisions and complete diagonal scale.
569 km
459 km
336 km
222 km
10
9
8
7
6
KM

5
4
3
2
1
0
KM
100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 KM
R.F. = 1 / 40,00,000
65
DIAGONAL SCALE SHOWING KILOMETERS.
PROBLEM NO.5: A rectangular plot of land measuring 1.28 hectors is represented on a map by a similar rectangle
of 8 sq. cm. Calculate RF of the scale. Draw a diagonal scale to read single meter. Show a distance of 438 m on it.

SOLUTION : DIAGONAL
1 hector = 10, 000 sq. meters SCALE
1.28 hectors = 1.28 X 10, 000 sq. meters
Draw a line 15 cm long.
= 1.28 X 104 X 104 sq. cm
8 sq. cm area on map represents It will represent 600 m.Divide it in six equal parts.
= 1.28 X 104 X 104 sq. cm on land ( each will represent 100 m.)
1 cm sq. on map represents Divide first division in ten equal parts.Each will
= 1.28 X 10 4 X 104 / 8 sq cm on land represent 10 m.
1 cm on map represent Draw a line upward from left end and
mark 10 parts on it of any distance.
= 1.28 X 10 4 X 104 / 8 cm
Name those parts 0 to 10 as shown.Join 9th sub-division
= 4, 000 cm of horizontal scale with 10th division of the vertical divisions.
1 cm on drawing represent 4, 000 cm, Means RF = 1 / 4000 Then draw parallel lines to this line from remaining sub divisions
Assuming length of scale 15 cm, it will represent 600 m. and complete diagonal scale.
438 meters

10
9
8
7
6
5
M

4
3
2
1
0
M 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 M
R.F. = 1 / 4000

DIAGONAL SCALE SHOWING METERS. 66

Construct a diagonal scale of 1:50 to read meter, decimeter
and centimeter and long enough to measure up to 5 meter.
Also measure 2.56 m on it.

67
Draw a diagonal scale of 3:200 to read meter, decimeter and
centimeter and long enough to measure up to 6 meter. Mark
a distance of 3.78m, 5.44m and 2.21m on it.

68
 Do it Yourself
Construct a scale of 1cm = 1 m to read meters and
decimeters and long enough to measure up to 14 meters.
Show on this scale a distance equal to 12.4 meters.
( Winter-2019)

Define Representative Fraction (RF). Find RF if 5 cm in the

drawing is equal to 10 km.( Summer-2020)

Explain Representative Fraction. Construct a plain scale of

R.F. = 1:50 to show meters and decimeters and long enough
to measure 8 meters. Indicate 5.7 m distance on it.
( Summer-2022)

Construct a scale of 1:40 to read meters and decimeters and

long enough to measure 6 m. Mark on it a distance of 4.7 m
and 3.2 m. ( Winter-2023) 69
 Do it Yourself

Construct a diagonal scale of R.F. = 1/36 showing yard, foot and

inch. Scale should be long enough to measure 5 yards. Indicate
on it 3 yards 2 feet 9 inches( Winter-2024)(New)

Construct a scale 1:50 to read up to 6 metres in meters and

decimetres. Show on it a distance of 4.9 metres. (Winter-2024)(New)

The distance between two trees on road is 876m. Show it on a scale

of 1:6250. Also show distance of 653m distance between two vehicles
parked on a side of the road.(Winter-2024)

The distance between Ahmedabad and Surat is 200 km. In a railway

map it is represented by a line 5 cm long. Find it’s R.F. Draw a
diagonal scale to show single km. And maximum 600 km. Indicate on
it following distances. (1) 222 km (2) 569 km.( Summer-2024)
70
 Do it Yourself
( Winter-2024)(New)
1
RF 
36
Unit to be shown  Yard ,Feet,Inches
Max.Length  5 Yard
 1   1 
LOS   R.F . Max.Length     5 Yard     5  3  12   5 Inches
 36   36 

71
 Do it Yourself
( Winter-2024)
1
RF 
6250
Unit to be shown  M ,DM ,CM
Max.Length  900 Metre(Nearest)
 1   1 
LOS   R.F . Max.Length     900 Metre     900  100 CM   14.4 CM
 6250   6250 

72
Do it Yourself ( Summer-2024)

5 cm 5 cm 1
RF   
200 km 200  1000  100 cm 4000000
Unit to be shown  Kms
Max.Length  600 Kms
 1 
LOS   R.F . Max.Length     600 Kms   15 CM
 4000000 

73