EDUC 6100 Homework #1

Shams Safaraliyeva
GWU & ASPU
8EDUC 6100: Advanced Topics in Educational Statistics
Homework #1
Prof. Howard
7 November 2021
 EDUC 6100 Homework #2

1) A researcher is interested in the effectiveness of different methods of teaching reading skills to

elementary school students. The researcher obtains a sample of 15 students taught using the
whole world method and a sample of 15 students taught using phonics. The researcher then
administers a test of reading fluency to all students in the study. The scores obtained by students
in the two groups are show in the table below. Conduct an appropriate test at the 0.05 level of
significance, by completing the following items

a) Based on the research hypothesis, specify the appropriate statistical hypotheses (null
and alternative) [2 point]
Null hypotheses would be that there is no difference of the two population means.
Alternative hypotheses would be that there is a difference between the two population means.

b) Specify the test to perform, level of significance, sample size, the degrees of freedom
(if needed), and the directionality of the test. [2 points]
As we have two independent variables, and it was not mentioned that there is a positive or
negative difference between them. Appropriate statistical hypotheses would be two-tailed
independent t-test.
Alpha level is 00.5
Sample sizes are 15 for each.
Degrees of freedom = 15+15-2 = 28

c) Identify the critical value(s) for the test at the appropriate level of significance. [1
point]
According to the table T-critical for 28 degrees of freedom and 0.05 alpha level is 2.05.

d) Calculate/determine the (observed) test statistics using the sample data. [1 points]
T statistics = -1.054
Two-sided p value = .301
This result is not significant at p <0.05

e) Compare the value of the test statistic to the critical value(s). Do you reject or fail-to-
reject the null hypothesis? Interpret the findings to answer the research question. [2 points]
As T-statistics is smaller than t-critical, our results cannot be significant. Thus, we fail to reject
the null hypothesis.
 EDUC 6100 Homework #3

2) Dr. Fredericks believes that environment has an effect on intelligence, specifically, that being
raised in an enriched environment results in higher IQ test scores than being raised in an
impoverished environment. He locates 12 pairs of identical twins that have been reared apart,
one twin in each pair in an enriched environment and the other in an impoverished environment.
He administers a standardized IQ test and obtains the results shown in the table. Conduct an
appropriate hypothesis test at the 0.5 level of significance, by completing the following items

a) Based on the research hypothesis, specify the appropriate statistical hypotheses (null
and alternative) [2 point]
Null hypotheses – There is no difference of enriched or improvised environment on intelligence
Alternative hypotheses – Enriched environment has a positive effect on IQ of Kids in
comparison to improvised environment.
So, IQ scores of kids who are coming from enriched environment are higher than kids who are
coming from improvished environment

b) Specify the test to perform, level of significance, sample size, the degrees of
freedom (if needed), and the directionality of the test. [2 points]
The test to perform is Paired Samples test
Level of significance is 0.05
Sample size is 12
The degrees of freedom is 11
Directionality of the test is one sample t test

c) Identify the critical value(s) for the test at the appropriate level of significance. [1
point]
Critical value for 0.05
level of significance is 2.20.
 EDUC 6100 Homework #4

d) Calculate/determine the (observed) test statistics using the sample data. [1 points]
T-value = 2.430
P-value = .017 for one tale
As p value is lower than level of significance, it is significant for p <0.05.

e) Compare the value of the test statistic to the critical value(s). Do you reject or fail-
to-reject the null hypothesis? Interpret the findings to answer the research question. [2
point]
According to our output t statistics is bigger than t critical and p=.017. Thus, we reject the null
hypothesesis.

3) A researcher wants to know if police officers from two cities differ, on average, in years of
education. The researcher has obtained the number of years of education from one random
sample of 30 police officers from City A and the number of years of education from a second
random sample of 30 police officers from City B. The average years of education for the sample
from City A is 16 years with a standard deviation of 2 years. The average years of education for
the sample from City B is 14 years with a standard deviation of 2.5 years. Assume the data
follow a normal distribution; evaluate these results at the 0.05 level of significance.

a) Based on the research scenario, specify the appropriate statistical hypotheses

(null and alternative) [2 point]
Null is there is no difference between police officers from two cities in years of education.
Alternative is there is a difference between police officers from two cities in years of education.

b) Specify the test to perform, level of significance, sample size, the degrees of
freedom (if needed), and the directionality of the test. [2 points]
The test to perform is Independent Samples test
Level of significance is 0.05
Sample size is 30 for each
The degrees of freedom is 58
Directionality of the test is two tailed t test
 EDUC 6100 Homework #5

c) Identify the critical value(s) for the test at the appropriate level of significance. [1
point]

T critical is 2.00

d) Calculate/determine the (observed) test statistics using the sample data. [1 points]
Standard Error:

SY 1−Y 2 = Sp
√ 1
+
2
n1 n 2
= 2.26
√ 2
30
= 0.58

Pooled standard deviation

Sp=
√
(n 1−1)S 12 +( n 2−1)S 22
n1+n 2−2
=
√(30−1)S 12 +(30−1)S 22
60−2
=
√
(30−1)4 +(30−1) 6.25
60−2
=

√29 x 4+ 29 x 6.25
58
=
√
29 x 4+ 29 x 6.25
58
= √ 5.125 = 2,263846284534354

Y 1−Y 2
t= = (16-14)/0.58= 3.448
SY 1−Y 2

e
) Compare the value of the test statistic to the critical value(s). Do you reject or fail-
to-reject the null hypothesis? Interpret the findings to answer the research question. [2
point]
We reject the null hypotheses. Because our t statistics is higher than our t critical.

4) Conduct a Two Sample Independent Test to determine whether there was a difference
between students with children under 18 living at home and those without children under 19
living at home on their Homework #1 scores. Test your results at the 0.05 level of significance.
Use the output as appropriate to answer the following: (Append SPSS Output) [8 points]

a) State the Statistical Hypothesis

Null hypotheses would be that there is no difference of the two population means.
Alternative hypotheses would be that there is a difference between the two population means.

b) Identify the Observed Test Statistic for T

Two-tailed Independent T test
t= 0.377

c) Test assumption. Are they met? What adjustments are necessary, if any?
We have the assumptions of normality, independence, and homogeneity of variance.
Normality is met. Because the dependent variable is normally distributed for each sample. We
can say it by looking at skewness and kurtosis from output below.
 EDUC 6100 Homework #6

d) Identify the P-value associated with the Observed Test Statistic

P-value is .710

e) Determine the Critical Value associated with the test

Critical Value is 2.07

f) Based on your results, would you reject H0?

We fail to reject null hypothesis.
 EDUC 6100 Homework #7

5) Conduct a Dependent t-Test to determine whether there is a difference between

students’ scores on Homework #1 and Homework #2. Test your results at the 0.05 level of
significance. Use the output as appropriate to answer the following: (Append SPSS Output)
[8 points]

a) State the Statistical Hypothesis

There is a difference of homework results between students who live with children under 18 and
under 19.

b) Identify the Observed Test Statistic for T

Test Statistic for t is 6.560

c) Test assumption. Are they met? What adjustments are necessary, if any?
For the dependent t test, the assumption of normality is met when the difference scores are
normally distributed. Normality of the difference scores can be examined as discussed previously
—graphical methods and statistical procedures such as the S–W test (1965), and/or skewness and
kurtosis statistics.

Homogeneity of variance refers to equal variances of the two populations. The assumption of
equal variances is met when Levene’s test is not statistically significant

 if the ratio of the smallest to largest sample variance is within 1:4, (16.291:18.974).
then we have evidence to suggest the assumption of homogeneity of variances is met.
 EDUC 6100 Homework #8

d) Identify the P-value associated with the Observed Test Statistic

P value= <0.01
e) Determine the Critical Value associated with the test
Critical Value is 2.07
f) Based on your results, would you reject H0?
We reject null hypothesis at p<0.01
EDUC 6100 Homework #9