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04 Handout 1

The Entity Relationship Model (ERM) is a conceptual data model that illustrates relationships among entities using ER diagrams. An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) visually represents entities, attributes, and relationships, with entities depicted as rectangles and attributes as ovals. Different notations, such as Chen and Crow's Foot, are used to represent relationships and their cardinalities in ER modeling.

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04 Handout 1

The Entity Relationship Model (ERM) is a conceptual data model that illustrates relationships among entities using ER diagrams. An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) visually represents entities, attributes, and relationships, with entities depicted as rectangles and attributes as ovals. Different notations, such as Chen and Crow's Foot, are used to represent relationships and their cardinalities in ER modeling.

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Entity Relationship Modeling

Fundamentals Exactly one


 The Entity Relationship Model (ERM) is a data model that One or many
describes relationships among entities at the conceptual level with Zero or one
the help of ER diagrams. Zero or many
 The Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) is a diagram that depicts
an entity relationship model’s entities, attributes, and relations. paints
PAINTER PAINTING
 An entity is represented in the ERD by a rectangle, also known as
an entity box. The name of the entity, a noun, is written in the center
of the rectangle. manages
MANAGER DEPARTMENT
 The entity name is generally written in capital letters and in singular
form: SINGER rather than SINGERS, and SONG rather SONGS.
 Each row in the relational table is known as an entity instance or Attributes
entity occurrence in the ER model.  Each entity consists of a set of attributes that describes particular
 A collection of similar entities is known as an entity set. characteristics of the entity.
 Relationships describe associations among data.  In the original Chen notation, attributes are represented by ovals
and are connected to the entity rectangle with a line. Each oval
 The type of relationship between entities is called connectivity and
contains the name of the attribute it represents. The entity identifier
is represented in an ERD by a line.
is mapped as the table's primary key and is underlined.
 The name of the relationship is usually an active or passive verb.
For example, a SINGER sings SONGs. STU_LNAME STU_FNAME STU_MI

ER Model Notations
 The different types of relationships can be illustrated using the
following notations: STU_NUM STUDENT STU_SECT
o Chen notation: Relationships are represented by a
diamond connected to the related entities through a  In the Crow’s Foot notation, the attributes are written in the attribute
relationship line. The relationship name is written inside the box below the entity rectangle. Required attributes are in boldface.
diamond. PK and FK are used to mark the primary and foreign keys.
1 M STUDENT
PAINTER paints PAINTING PK STU_NUM
STU_LNAME
A painter can paint many paintings. STU_FNAME
STU_MI
1 1 FK1 STU_SECT
MANAGER manages DEPARTMENT

A manager can manage only one department. References:


o Crow's Foot notation: Entities are connected by lines, and Coronel, C. and Morris, S. (2017). Database systems: design, implementation, and
symbols at either end describe the cardinality of the management (12th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning.
Elmasri, R. and Navathe, S. (2016). Fundamentals of database systems (7th ed.). USA:
relationship between the entities. Pearson Higher Education.

04 Handout 1 Entity Relationship Modelling


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