ME 200

Basic Mechanical Practice

(Drawing Part)

Prof. Jessie Sungyun Jeon

Lecture materials are adapted from Prof. Sanha Kim (2018) and Prof. Daegil Kim (2017) 1
Chap.1 Introduction to Engineering Drawing

At the end of this chapter you should be able to answer:

- What is an engineering drawing?
- Why I need to learn Engineering Drawing?

2
What is Engineering Drawing?

• Full and clear description or requirements for engineering items.

• A Language – a graphical language that communicates ideas and

information from on mind to another.

3
Example of An Engineering Item

Information

smartphone case

4
Example of Engineering Drawing

An engineering drawing of an iphone 5 that Apple provided for the case manufacturers

• Full and clear description or requirements for engineering items.

• A Language – a graphical language that communicates ideas and

information from on mind to another.
5
Engineering Drawing

• An effective and efficient way to communicate

(information transfer) for:
➢ Engineering (customer) requirements
➢ Product design
➢ Instructions for manufacturing
➢ Proposals

• A common language in engineering

• Contains the least information

6
Engineering Drawing

• A process of creating drawings for any engineering

or architectural application

• Also referred as:

➢ Drafting
➢ Engineering drafting
➢ Mechanical drawing or drafting
➢ Technical drawing or drafting

7
Early Engineering Drawing Pioneers

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): An italian artist,

inventor, and mapmaker.
• Created pictorial drawings generally without
dimensions.
8
Architectural Drawing
• A technical drawing of a building that falls within the definition of architecture.

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Civil Drawing
• A technical drawing that shows information about grading, landscaping or other
site details

10
Electrical Drawing
• A technical drawing that shows information about power, lighting, and
communication for an engineering or architectural project.

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Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Drawing
• HVAC drawing may involve light design work in sizing and routing systems to
conform to the allotted space with the building structure, as well as calculating
heat loss and heat gain for buildings.

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Industrial Process Pipe Drawing
• Industrial process-pipe drawings used in the layout, construction, and operation
of oil and gas fields, refineries, chemical plants, and process-piping systems.

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Electronic Drawing
• A technical drawing that shows information used in manufacturing assembling,
installing, and repairing electronic devices and components, printed circuit
boards, and equipment.

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Mechanical Drawing
• A technical drawing that shows information about machinery and mechanical
devices, indicating dimensions and tolerances, fastening and joining methods.

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Objectives of Mechanical Engineering Drawings

• A drawing is a graphical representation of a real thing, an idea,

or proposed design for later manufacture or construction.

• It is an effective method of information transfer between

the designer and the manufacturer or others.

information
transfer

Designer Manufacturer

16
Objectives of Mechanical Engineering Drawings
• The manufacturer must be able to read and make correct
graphical representations of engineering designs.

• Should be able to understand the fundamental principles

without ambiguity between the drawer’s intent and the
reader’s interpretation

vs

17
Why do we learn Engineering Drawing?

• To become a Engineer, Designer, Researcher, or

even a Manager, as long as you work in the field
of (Mechanical) Engineering, you should be able
to understand the common language of
engineering, in order to communicate with other
engineers

• Again, it is a language! that you need to acquire

and familiarize yourself. Here, we will only teach
you the basics.

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Review of
Chap.1 Introduction to Engineering Drawing

- What is an Engineering Drawing?

- Why we learn Engineering Drawing?

19
Chap.2 Fundamentals in Engineering Drawing

At the end of this chapter you should be able to answer:

- Where can I find standards (guidelines) for engineering
drawing?
- What tools should I use to draw Engineering Drawings?
- What are the key components in Engineering Drawing?

20
Drawing Standards (Rules)

• Drawing Standards are guidelines that specify drawing

requirements, appearance, and techniques, operating
procedures, and record-keeping methods.

• Standard is a set of technical definitions and guidelines, how-

to instructions for designers, manufacturers, and users.

• Standards promote safety, reliability, productivity, and

efficiency in almost every industry that relies on engineered
components or equipment.

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National Industrial Standards

• Technical and mechanical engineering drawings are

established as the national industrial standards.

➢ England: British Standards (BS)

✓ Established in 1901 ; World’s first national standard;.
➢ Germany: Deutsche Industrie Normen (DIN)
✓ Established in 1917.
➢ USA: American National Standards Insitutue (ANSI)
✓ Established in 1918.
➢ Japan: Japanese Industrial Standards (MIL)
✓ Established in 1949.

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Korean Industrial Standards (KS)

• Established in 1966.
• Specifies the technical basics (KSA), mechanical
engineering drawings (KSB) and all others.
• Use the following links for every specific guidelines:

http://www.kssn.net/

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Identification of Korean Standards (KS)

KS A: Basic KS K: Textile
KS B: Machine KS L: Ceramics
KS C: Electric KS M: Chemical
KS D: Metal KS P: Medicine
KS E: Mining KS R: Transporting
KS F: Construction KS V: Ship building
KS G: Appliances KS X: Information
KS H: Food KS W: Aerospace

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KS A: Major Standards for Technical Drawing
Examples
공업제도 전반에 관한 규격 (Major Standards for Technical Drawing)
KS A 0005 제도 통칙 (Drawing Rule)
KS A 0106 도면의 크기 및 양식 (Form size and template)
KS A 0107 제도에 사용하는 문자 (Lettering)
KS A 0108 제도에 있어서 치수의 허용한계 기입방법
KS A 0109 제도에 사용하는 선
KS A 0110 제도에 사용하는 척도
KS A 0111 제도에 사용하는 투상법
KS A 0112 제도에 있어서 도형의 표시방법
KS A 0113 제도에 있어서 치수의 기입방법
KS A 3007 제도 용어
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International Organization for Standardization

• Currently includes members from 163 countries

• Provides an extensive list of drafting standards and
related documents.
• Use the following links for every specific guidelines:

www.iso.org

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Components of Engineering Drawing
Manual Drawing Computer-Aided Drawing

• A medium such as paper • A display such as monitor

or polyester film or a projector
• Information drawn or • Information contained in a
described using pencil or specific file format using a
ink CAD software
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Manual Drawing

• Manual drawing describes traditional drawing practice using

pencil or ink on a medium such as paper or polyester film, with
the support of drafting instruments and equipment.

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Manual vs Computer-Aided Drawing (or Design)

• Manual drawings are now mostly replaced by

computer-aided drawing (CAD).
➢ Easy-to-use
➢ Ex. guidelines are embedded and applied automatically.
➢ However, because of this the fundamentals are hidden in
CAD softwares.
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Computer-Aided Drawing (CAD)

2D drawing 3D drawing

• AutoCAD is a commercial CAD • Solidworks is a commercial

software application, CAD software application,
developed by Autodesk. developed by Dessarult
systemes.
• First released in 1982.
• First released in 1995.

31
Cloud-Based Computer-Aided Drawing (CAD)

• Onshape is a commercial CAD software application, delivered over

the internet via a software as a Service (SAAS) model.

• Users are able to interact with the system via a web browser or
the IOS and Android apps.

• First released in 2015. https://www.onshape.com/

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Manual Drawing

• Manual Drawing are still valuable for

➢ sketching
➢ taking measurements
➢ other quick activities

• There are still people only using manual drawings or

hardcopies. (not perfectly replaced by CAD)

• CAD softwares are expensive

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Vellum and Graphite Leads (Pencil)

• Most common drawing media

• Good smoothness, erasability, and

transparency

• Less durable and dimensionally

less stable

• Appropriate for regular graphite

leads

• Inexpensive

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Drawing Paper: Polyester film

• Known as its brand name: Mylar®

• Plastic material offering excellent

✓ Dimensional stability
✓ Erasability,
✓ Transparency, and
✓ Durability.

• Best with ink or special polyester

leads. (DO NOT use graphite leads)

• Expensive

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Manual Drawing Instruments and Equipment

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Standard Sheet Sizes (Metric)

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American Inch Sheet Size and Format
Size in Inches
Size Designation
Vertical Horizontal

A 8 1/2 11 (horizontal format)

11 8 1/2 (vertical format)

B 11 17
C 17 22
D 22 34
E 34 44
F 28 40
G, H, J, and K apply to specific roll sizes

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Sheet Format

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Title Block

• Provides a variety of information about

a drawing whose size and location are
specified following the standards

40
Example of a Title Block

• A title block provides a variety of information about a drawing,

such as the title of the drawing, sheet size, and predominant scale.

• Title block design may vary. No one fixed design.

41
Drawing Scale
• Determined by considering
➢ actual size of the objects drawn,
➢ amount of detail to show,
➢ media size, and
➢ amount of dimensioning and
notes required.

• Full scale = 1:1

• Half scale = 1:2
• One fifth scale = 1:5
• One twenty-fifth scale = 1:25
• One thirty-three= 1:33
• One-third scale = 1/3
• One seventy-fifth scale = 1:75

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Border

Zoning allows the

B3 drawing to read like
a road map.

D5

43
Properly Folding Prints
• Folding is done in a pattern of
bends that results in the Title Block
and Sheet Identification ending up
on the front.

44
Lines in Engineering Drawing

visible lines
section lines
hidden lines

center lines

cutting-plane lines

45
Lines

46
Lines

47
Rules for Hidden Lines

correct incorrect
48
Centerlines

Top view

Side view

Fig. Centerlines placed in a cylindrical object.

49
Examples of Centerlines

Can be drawn horizontally, vertically or inclined.

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Rules for Centerlines

No need to reduce the size of the short discrete lines for

small circles.
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Line of Symmetry

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Viewing-Plane Lines

Cutting-Plane Lines

53
Section Lines

• Section lines should not be in parallel or perpendicular to object

lines (or visible lines).
• Angles should be between 15 and 75 from horizontal.
• Opposite directions on adjacent parts.
• Thin parts can be shown without section lining.

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Section Lines

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Phantom Lines

• Alternate positions of moving

parts.

• Adjacent positions of related

parts.

• Repetitive details.

• Contour of filleted and

rounded corners

56
Review of
Chap.2 Fundamentals in Drawing

- Where can I find standards (guidelines) for engineering

drawing?
- What tools should I use to draw Engineering Drawings?
- What are the key components in Engineering Drawing?

57
Chap.3 Drawing Views

At the end of this chapter you should be able to answer:

- How can I draw a 3D object in a form of a 2D drawing?
- Explain each drawing methods
Projection Orthographic Projection Multiview
Isometric Perspective Projection 3rd Angle Projectio
Auxiliary Projection

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Drawing, an expression of a 3D object in a form of 2D

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Projection (투상도)

• A 2D view of a 3D object is obtained by drawing perpendicular

lines (or projection lines), from all points on the edges or contours
of the object to the plane of projection.

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Methods of Projections

Multiview
정투상
Orthographic
직각투상
Parallel Axonometric
평행투상 축측투상
Projections
투상
Oblique
사투상

Perspective
투시투상

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Types of Projectors

✓ Parallel planes
✓ Parallel lines ✓ Parallel lines
✓ Perpendicular ✓ Perpendicular
plane vs lines plane vs lines

✓ Parallel planes
✓ Parallel lines

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Orthographic Projection (직각투상)

• Orthographic projection is any projection of features of an object

onto an imaginary plane called a plane of projection.

• Lines of sight is perpendicular to the plane of projection.

63
Orthographic Projection (직각투상)

• When a surface of the object is

parallel to the plane of
projection (plane 2365):
➢ the surface appears in its
true size and shape on the
plane of projection.

• When a surface of the object is

not parallel to the plane of
projection (plane 1234):
➢ the surface appears
foreshortened, or shorter
than true length.

64
Axonometric Projection (축측투상)

• Axonometric Projection has the inclined position of the object

with respect to the plane of projection.
• The lengths of the lines, the sizes of angles, and the general
proportions of the object vary with respect to the plane of
projection
65
Types of Axonometric Projection

등각 투상 2등각 투상 부등각 투상
or
등축 투상

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Isometric? Dimetric? Or Trimetric?

67
Oblique Projection (사투상)
Oblique projection
Orthographic projection

• Orthographic projection (직각투상): Projectors are perpendicular

to the plane of projection

• Oblique projection (사투상): Projectors are oblique to the plane

of projection.

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Oblique Projection (사투상)
• The receding lines are true
length when the projectors
make an angle of 45 with
the plane of projection: it is
called Cavalier Projection.

• When the receding lines

are drawn to half size, the
drawing is called as a
Cabinet Projection.

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Perspective Projection (투시투상)

• Perspective drawing is the

most realistic form of
pictorial illustration.

• Used to illustrate exteriors

of houses, small buildings,
and occasionally machine
parts

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Multiview Projection (정투상)
• Multiview Projection establishes
views of an object projected on two
or more planes or projection by
using orthographic projection
techniques.

• The plane of projection on which

the front view is projected is called
the frontal plane.

• The plane on which the top view is

projected is the horizontal plane.

• The plane on which the side view is

projected, is the profile plane.
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Selecting the Front View for Multiview Projection
3D 2D front view
• Represent the most natural position
of use.

• Provide the best shape description or

most characteristic contours.

• Have the longest dimension.

• Have the fewest hidden features.

• Be the most stable and natural

position.

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Multiview Projection (정투상)

• In (a), the top view is necessary for the

true angle of the inclined surface.

• The hole is invisible and its extreme

contours are represented by hidden
lines.

• In (b), shows the right-angled

characteristic shape of the object and
the true shape of the curved
intersection.

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Multiview Projection (정투상)
Top view (평면도)
b
f Rear view (배면도)

d
Left side view (좌측면도) c Right side view (우측면도)

a
Front view (정면도)
e

Bottom view (저면도)

• NOT always necessary to show all six views.
➢ Only include minimum the number of views necessary to
completely describe the object.
• Front view is usually the most important
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One View Projection

75
Two View Projection

76
Multiview Sketches

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Multiview Projection (정투상)

78
Multiview Projection (정투상)

79
Multiview Projection (정투상)

80
1st and 3rd Angle Projection (제 1 및 제 3각법)

1st Angle Projection 3rd Angle Projection

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1st and 3rd Angle Projection (제 1 및 제 3각법)

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1st and 3rd Angle Projection (제 1 및 제 3각법)

• To project an object, the eyes are

placed in the upper right position.

• The projection on the vertical

plane is rotated +90 to place the
projection on the horizontal plane.

• If the object is place on the 1st and

3rd quadrants, it is called 1st and
3rd angle projection methods,
respectively.

83
Projection Symbol

84
1st and 3rd Angle Projection (제 1 및 제 3각법)
• Common in • Primary multiview
EU countries. projection method.
• Common in the US,
Korea and Japan.

85
Projection Symbol

1st Angle Projection 3rd Angle Projection

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1st or 3rd Angle Projection?

87
1st and 3rd Angle Projection (제 1 및 제 3각법)

• 1st and 3rd angle projection methods are called as the English (E)
and American (A) methods, respectively.

• ISO recommends both methods, but the examples in the

standard use the 1st angle method.

• Since the 3rd angle projection method is more rational, it is

used KSB0001 (Mechanical engineering design).

88
Quiz

• Why do we use 1st or 3rd angle projections in engineering drawing?

(why not 2nd or 4th?)

89
Projection Placement Using Arrows

• Using arrows, projections may be placed freely on any position

without following the 1st and 3rd angle projection methods.

D C

A B
B

C D E

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The Glass Box Visualization Method

• Arranges views in third-angle projection

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Auxiliary View
• Display the object in a plane
other than one of the principal
planes, which is foreshortened in
principal views
• Projected perpendicular from the
inclined surface in the view
where the inclined surface
appears as a line or edge.
• Use to find:
➢ The true length of a sloping
line
➢ The true size and shape of an
inclined surface
92
Auxiliary View

Auxiliary View

93
Auxiliary View

94
Auxiliary View

• Out of normal arrangement with inclined surface.

• Avoid when possible, but may be necessary when:

➢ Enlarging view.
➢ Space is limited.

• Can appear on a different sheet from where the view is taken if

necessary.

95
Rotated Auxiliary View

96
Partial Views

• Symmetrical objects drawn

in limited space.

• Simplify complex views.

• Break lines show that a

portion of the view is
omitted.

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Detail Views

• Increases the scale of part of

a view.

• Use when detail cannot be

clearly dimensioned due to:
➢ Drawing scale
➢ Complexity

98
Views with Related Parts

Drawing Part Related Part

• The adjacent part is drawn using phantom lines to show its

relationship with the part being detailed to show the
functional relationship between the parts that needs to be
specified.

99
Review
Chap.3 Drawing Views

- How can I draw a 3D object in a form of a 2D drawing?

- Explain each drawing methods
Projection, Orthographic projection,
Multiview, Isometric, Perspective projection,
3rd Angle Projection, Auxiliary Projection

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