UNIT II MULTIMEDIA FILE FORMATS AND STANDARDS 6

File formats – Text, Image file formats, Graphic and animation file formats, Digital audio and Video file
formats, Color in image and video, Color Models. Multimedia data and file formats for the web.

Lecture
Unit-2 MULTIMEDIA FILE FORMATS AND STANDARDS 1
No
Topic File formats–Text, Image file formats
Bloom’s
Learning Outcome (LO) At the end of this lecture, students will be able to
Knowledge Level
LO1 Explain the File formats types in detail. K1
LO2 Explain Text file format with examples. K1
LO3 Explain Image file format with examples. K2
LO4 Brief explanation about application of File formats. K2
LO5 Describe Image and text file formats. K1

File formats Text File Formats:

TXT file format is a format that is developed for storing plain text with no formatting such as
graphics, bolding, italicization, font style, alignment, and so on. It is one of the most basic file types
and the most widely used file formats on computers. These files are smaller than other file formats
even containing the same text data, therefore they take up less space in the system and are very easy to
convert and store.

Text Files:
A file functions as a container for data. It is the most basic and important type of file which are used
to store textual data. A text file is a file that includes text-based data is also used to store and
share textual material and is beneficial for both human and software companies. A text file often uses
a straightforward character encoding, such as UTF-8 or ASCII. Text is an ordered collection of
alphanumeric characters. Although most text files are created and saved by users. Text files can be

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saved in either plain text or rich text formats and also include textual data. Software developers can
use text files to store program data. Some Examples of Text files are Email messages, log files, and
word-processing documents.
Text File Formats

Extension Full Form Description

The most basic text file format, containing only ASCII

Plain Text
.txt characters and carriage returns to separate lines.

A more advanced text file format that allows basic formatting

Rich Text Format
.rtf like bold, italics, and font styles.

Word Open XML Commonly used by Microsoft Word for storing and saving
.docx Document documents

Comma-Separated A simple format for storing tabular data, with each row
.csv Values representing a data record and commas separating fields.

Used for word processing documents stored in Microsoft Word

Word Document
.doc Binary File Format

WPS Office Word A proprietary document file format developed by Kingsoft

.wps Document Office.

Plain text format that is commonly used for data exchange and
ASCII Text
.asc storage.

Microsoft Outlook message format; contains email messages

.msg with formatting, attachments, and other information.

Some of the common Text file formats:

1 .asc
Programs like Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) which is an encryption program used for secure
communication use ASC files which are armored ASCII files. It includes a digitally signed message

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and can store both plain-text written data and binary data encoded as text. These files are often used
for securely transmitting messages via email and SMS as well as posting online security alerts. These
files are substantially larger than the original pre-encoded file size because ASC files include textual
representations of binary data.
2 .doc
A word-processing document that is created by Microsoft Word or exported from another word-
processing such as Apple Pages or OpenOffice Writer is referred to as a DOC file. Some of the forms
that are included in doc file format are Formatted text, pictures, tables, graphs, charts, page
formatting, and print settings. All document forms including essays, resumes, letters, and
invitations can be saved in DOC files. There will be an option available to you while creating a
document in Word to save it in the DOC file format. The document’s contents are then saved as a
DOC file that can be closed and reopened by the program for further editing. You can print your
edited DOC file or save it as another file type such as a.PDF or.DOT document after editing.
3 . docx
A document that is created by Microsoft Word or exported from another word processing
application such as Apple Pages or Open Office Writer is referred to as a DOCX file. It has other
document features like tables, charts, and images along with formatted text. DOCX files are
frequently used for letters, resumes, invitations, newsletters, and other documents in residential,
academic, and business environments.
Microsoft Word 2007 was first introduced The Open XML Document format and it is used to
store DOCX files. It replaced the .DOC file format as the standard format for documents. DOCX files
save data in separate files and folders inside a compressed Zip package whereas DOC files save
document data in a single binary file.
4 .rtf
A text document that supports “rich text” font styling is known as an RTF file. Some of the
examples are Bold, italicized, and underlined text along with various font sizes and types. Rich text
files also allow tab width, document margins, and custom line spacing in addition to other page
formatting options. Modern versions of rtf also include images such as.JPG and.PNG files.
5 .msg
Anything created or stored in Microsoft Outlook such as an email message, contact,
appointment, or task is known as an MSG file. It comprises all of the item’s information including
attachments to an email message. MSG files are linked with Outlook although they can also be
supported by other applications that use Microsoft’s Messaging Applications Programming Interface
(MAPI).
6 .pdf
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 A multi-platform document prepared using Adobe Acrobat or another PDF application is
called a PDF file. Documents and publications should be saved in PDF standard format so that
these can be easily accessed on multiple platforms. Rather than being developed from the start, PDF
files are mostly created from pre-existing documents. Some of the documents are included in PDF
format such as when you download a document from the internet or get one via email from a
colleague or friend. Text, pictures, forms, written material, outlines, and other document-related
data .PDF files also electronically retain fonts and formatting across numerous devices and seem the
same on screen as they do when printed on paper.
7 .txt
A file functions as a container for data. A text file is the most basic and important type of file.
Text files are used to store textual data. A text file is a file that includes text-based data. This is used
to store and share textual material and is beneficial for both human and software systems. TXT
documents are used to create straightforward text documents with little to no formatting, making it
one of the most compatible and fundamental text file types.
8 .wpd
A WordPerfect document is a text document created by Corel WordPerfect, a Windows word
processor that comes with the WordPerfect Office suite and is known as a WPD file. It also includes
Formatted text, tables, charts, drawn objects, and images. WordPerfect is used for letters, invites,
resumes, newsletters, and other documents in the home, classroom, and business environments. The
primary file type for the application is the proprietary Corel WPD format but it can save documents in
other formats as well.
9 .wps
WPS files are text documents created by the Microsoft Works Word Processor, the predecessor
to Microsoft Word. It is similar to a Word document (.DOC file). Still, macros and some of the more
complex formatting present in Word documents are not compatible with WPS files.
Uses of File Format:
1. Personal documents: Many people utilize text-based documents for personal purposes in their
daily lives from CVs and creative writing projects to recipes and lists.
2. Professional documents: They can be utilized for creating reports, memoranda, business plans,
process documents, and various other documents.
3. Data storage: Programs utilize text extensions to record activities on a computer or tasks
performed by a specific user. So that these can be utilized later on when needed.
4. Format-specific documents: Some programs allow users to store specified items such as an email
saved offline as a text file extension. This can be beneficial for sharing with a colleague separately
or editing/working with the contents.
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Benefits of File Format:
1. Simplicity: Text formats are simple to use and create. This implies that users won’t often face
complicated or technical challenges or require particular knowledge or skills to utilize them.
2. Data Recovery: It is often easier to recover from data corruption in text file format and proceed
with processing the remaining information.
3. Small and easily shareable: Text documents are generally significantly smaller than other forms
of files, making them easier to share and store.
4. Highly accessible: Simple text file formats can be accessed by most computers and devices
without the need for any specialized software. They have widespread support for several
programs.
Applications that use file format:
Some of the applications that use file format are :
 Edit Text Files TXT File Maker
 Web File Helper.
 Online TXT Reader.
 File Viewer for Android.
 Microsoft Word.
 Apple Text Edit.
 Leaf pad and ged it for Linux.
Conclusion:
As TXT file formats are lightweight, adaptable file formats that can be read by almost any text editor
and web browser, they are expected to continue to be popular in the future. TXT files will develop
further in step with the advancement of technology. They can be further compressed to lessen their
size and storage space effect, or they can be used for more complicated data formats, such as
spreadsheets. To enable more potent data analysis, TXT files may also be further connected with other
technologies, such as machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI).

Image File Format:

Image File Formats

Extension Full Form Description

Joint Photographic A lossy compression format that is commonly used for

.jpg Experts Group photographs and other images with a lot of detail.

5
 Extension Full Form Description

Portable Network A lossless compression format that is commonly used for

.png Graphics images with sharp edges or text.

It Supports both lossy and lossless image compression with

Web Picture Format
.webp support of 24-bit RGB color.

Graphics Interchange The limited-color format is commonly used for animations

.gif Format and small images.

An uncompressed format that is commonly used by

.raw professional photographers.

Tagged Image File High-quality format that is commonly used for professional
.tif Format photography and printing.

An uncompressed format that is commonly used by

Bitmap
.bmp Microsoft Windows.

Encapsulated
A vector format that is commonly used for print graphics.
.eps PostScript file

Image Format describes how data related to the image will be stored. Data can be stored in
compressed, uncompressed, or vector format. Each format of the image has a different advantage and
disadvantage. Image types such as TIFF are good for printing while JPG or PNG, are best for the web.
 TIFF (.tif, .tiff) Tagged Image File Format this format store image data without losing any data. It
does not perform any compression on images, and a high-quality image is obtained but the size of
the image is also large, which is good for printing, and professional printing.
 JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg) Joint Photographic Experts Group is a loss-prone (lossy) format in which data
is lost to reduce the size of the image. Due to compression, some data is lost but that loss is very
less. It is a very common format and is good for digital cameras, nonprofessional prints, E-Mail,
Power point, etc., making it ideal for web use.

6
 GIF (.gif) GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are used for web graphics. They can be
animated and are limited to only 256 colors, which can allow for transparency. GIF files are
typically small in size and are portable.
 PNG (.png) PNG or Portable Network Graphics files are a lossless image format. It was designed
to replace gif format as gif supported 256 colors unlike PNG which support 16 million colors.
 Bitmap (.bmp) Bit Map Image file is developed by Microsoft for windows. It is same as TIFF due
to lossless, no compression property. Due to BMP being a proprietary format, it is generally
recommended to use TIFF files.
 EPS (.eps) Encapsulated PostScript file is a common vector file type. EPS files can be opened in
applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDRAW.
 RAW Image Files (.raw, .cr2, .nef, .orf, .sr2) These Files are unprocessed and created by a
camera or scanner. Many digital SLR cameras can shoot in RAW, whether it be a .raw, .cr2,
or .nef. These images are the equivalent of a digital negative, meaning that they hold a lot of
image information. These images need to be processed in an editor such as Adobe Photoshop or
Lightroom. It saves metadata and is used for photography.
What is meant by image saved with transparency?
Images saved with transparency look good on colored background whereas images without
transparency will have a white background which will be visible on colored background.

Assessment questions to the lecture

Bloom’s
Qn No.
Question Answer Knowledge
Level
1. Which of the following is not the file extension of audio
file?
a).mp3
b) K1
b).rar
c).wav
d).mid

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 2. Which file format is ideal for web photos?
a)Tif
b)Gif c) K1
c)Jpeg
d)png

Students have to prepare answers for the following questions at the end of the lecture

Bloom’s
Qn Marks CO Knowledge
No Questions
Level
1 Explain the File formats types in detail. 13 CO2 K1
2 Explain Text file format with examples. 13 CO2 K1
3 Explain Image file format with examples. 13 CO2 K2
4 Brief explanation about application of File formats. 13 CO2 K2
5 Describe Image and text file formats. 13 CO2 K1
6 List two multimedia data formats commonly
used for web content delivery. Give 2 CO2 K1
examples.(AU/April/May2023)

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 Lecture
Unit-2 MULTIMEDIA FILE FORMATS AND STANDARDS 2
No
Topic Graphic and animation file formats
Bloom’s
Learning Outcome (LO) At the end of this lecture, students will be able to
Knowledge Level
LO1 Explain the graphic file formats types in detail. K2
LO2 Explain animation file format with examples. K2
LO3 Explain Graphic file format with examples. K2
LO4 Brief explanation about application of File formats. K1
LO5 Describe graphic and animation file formats. K1

Graphics and animation file formats

Vector Graphics in Computer Graphics
Vector graphics is a versatile and scalable computer graphics approach. Vector graphics use
mathematical equations and geometric shapes instead of pixel-based raster graphics. This article
discusses vector graphics, their technologies, how to create and manipulate them, and how to use them to
learn.
Vector graphics have no resolution limit, unlike raster graphics. They retain image quality at any
size. A series of commands or mathematical statements creates them. Graphic artists preserve their work
as vector declarations. The most prevalent vector graphic format is.SVG. Analytic or coordinate
geometry underpins them, not other mathematical uses of vectors.
Ivan Sutherland invented vector graphics in 1963. He developed the first vector graphics editor, called
Sketchpad, which allowed users to create and edit vector graphics on a computer screen. Sutherland
wrote Sketchpad as part of his PhD thesis.
Terminologies Related to Vector Graphics
 Mathematical Representation: Vector graphics represent object shapes and trajectories using
mathematical calculations. These formulas determine element position, size, and properties.
 Scalability: Scalability is a vector graphics advantage. Vector images are perfect for logos, icons, and
illustrations because they resize without losing quality.
 Editing Flexibility: Editing vector graphics is simple. Software like Adobe Illustrator or open-source
Inkscape may change vector objects’ forms, colors, and characteristics.
 File Formats: Common file formats for vector graphics include SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), AI
(Adobe Illustrator), and EPS (Encapsulated PostScript).
 Use Cases: Vector graphics are utilized in logos, typography, illustrations, and maps.

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Tools and Technologies used in Vector Graphics
 SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics): SVG is a popular XML-based vector graphics format. It outlines
the forms, directions, and characteristics of vector elements. SVG files may be modified
with HTML and CSS and are easily scaleable..
 Vector Graphics Software: Vector graphics applications: Designers may generate, edit, and export
vector drawings using well-known software programmes like Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape (an open-
source programme), and CorelDRAW. The user-friendly interface offered by these tools makes it
simple to manipulate vector objects..
 Programming Libraries: SVG.js and D3.js are two examples of libraries that give programmers the
ability to produce and edit vector graphics. These packages come in helpful for interactive web apps
and dynamic visualisations..
 OpenGL: An API for 2D and 3D graphics is called OpenGL. It offers a common set of graphics
control instructions for many different systems and applications.
How to Create your Own Vector Graphic Images?
 Design: Start by sketching the concept of your graphic. Determine the shapes, lines, and colors you
want to use.
 Choose a Tool: Select a vector graphics software or library that suits your needs. Adobe Illustrator
and Inkscape are excellent choices for designers, while developers might prefer libraries like SVG.js.
 Create Shapes: Use the chosen tool to create shapes, lines, curves, and text. You can adjust their
properties, such as size, colour, and stroke width.
 Edit and Modify: Vector graphics are highly editable. You can easily move, resize, or reshape
elements. Changing colors and gradients is also straightforward.
 Save and Export: Save your vector graphic in an appropriate format. SVG is a standard choice, but
you can also export to other formats like PDF or EPS for specific use cases.

Advantages of Vector Graphic

There are many advantages of vector graphics in computer graphics which are:

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 The main advantage of vector graphics is Scalability which is appear precise and tidy at any size
because they are based on mathematical vector connections, or correlations between points that form
lines and curves.
 Vector graphics only store a small number of points and the mathematical relationships between them
that’s why it’s basically have a small file size.
 Vector files are very much simple to transfer and load across various types of platforms and
applications because to their reduced file sizes.
 Vector graphics is much simple to duplicate certain elements of one graphic to another and make
clones of vector images as per requirement.
 Vector graphics provide an accurate appearance and feel since they may be scaled up or down based
on the situation.
Disadvantages of Vector Graphics
 Vector files have much limited ability to handle complicated images. Let’s an example, raster files are
more capable of providing color blending and shading than the vector files when it comes to images.
 Basically the web browsers support raster images more often than the vector graphics.
 As per requirement, the applications can differ in their use of vector pictures based on compatibility
issues between rendering and creation tools, among other things.
(https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/vector-graphics-in-computer-graphics/)
Animated file formats
What is a GIF File?
GIF stands for Graphics Interchange Format. GIF is a digital file format developed by
CompuServe in 1987 to compress images and short animations without any loss of information at the
time, it was popular due to its support of 256 different colors, which was considered significant. GIF uses
a compression algorithm called LZW, which was invented by Lempel, Ziv, and Welch, and allowed for
file sizes to be minimized. However, in 1994, Unisys Corporation, which owned a patent for LZW,
caused controversy when they sought royalties from users. Even though Unisys Corporation’s patents
related to LZW, the compression algorithm used in GIF, expired by 2004, the controversy over royalties
led to the development of an alternative to GIF, the portable network graphics (PNG) format, which
offered a wider range of colors and different compression techniques. While JPEG is commonly used to
transmit high-quality images, it usually results in larger file sizes. However, despite the competition, GIF
remains widely used and popular.
History of GIF
 The history of GIFs dates back to the 1980s when Steve Wilhite, a programmer for Compuserve,
began working on the Graphics Interchange Format (abbreviated as GIF).

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 CompuServe introduced the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) on June 15, 1987, as a color image
format for their file download area, replacing their older black-and-white Run-Length Encoding
(RLE) format.
 CompuServe introduced GIF in 1987 to provide a color image format for their file downloading areas.
 GIF became popular because it used Lempel–Ziv–Welch data compression, which was more efficient
than other formats at the time.
 The first version of GIF was known as 87a and could already handle a stream of multiple images.
CompuServe introduced an improved version, called 89a, in 1989, which included features such as
animation delays, transparent background colors, application-specific metadata storage, and text
labels as text.
 CompuServe encouraged the adoption of GIFs by providing downloadable conversion utilities for
many computers.
 GIF was one of the first two image formats commonly used on websites, along with the black-and-
white XBM.
 The disagreement regarding the licensing agreements between Unisys and CompuServe in 1994 led to
the creation of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) standard. By 2004, all patents related to the
exclusive compression used for GIF had expired.
 GIF’s feature of storing multiple images in one file, accompanied by control data, is used extensively
on the Web to produce simple animations. The optional interlacing feature also helped GIF’s
popularity, as a user could abort the download if it was not what was required.
 In 2015, Facebook added support for GIFs, and in 2018, Instagram added GIF stickers to the story
mode.
Creating a GIF File

Method 1: Creating an Animated GIF from a Video

1. Choose a reputable video-to-GIF conversion app or software. You can use a web-based tool like
Giphy GIF Maker or IMGUR Video to GIF, or download an app from your device’s app store after
reading reviews.
2. Select the source video you want to use for your GIF. It can be any video with 0.5 to 15 seconds of
movement.
3. Load the video into the converter by pasting the URL of the video or uploading the desired file.
4. Define the length of your GIF by selecting a specific section of the video to convert.
5. Add text or other elements to your GIF if desired.
6. Click the “Create GIF” or “Save GIF” button to launch the Save menu.

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7. Choose a name for your GIF and save it to a folder you’ll remember later. If the GIF is over 10MB, it
may be saved as a . GIFV file instead of. GIF.
8. Test your GIF by opening it in your web browser or tapping it open on a mobile device to ensure it
plays correctly.

Method 2: Creating an Animated GIF from Images

1. Gather the images you want to use and make sure they are on your computer or mobile device. If they
are online, download them first.
2. Choose an image-to-GIF converter, such as GifCreator or GIFMaker Video Maker, which are
accessible on the web with no downloads required.
3. Open the converter in your browser and upload your first image by clicking the “Upload Images”
button and selecting the image. Adjust the size and repeat times if necessary.
4. Upload additional images and adjust their size and order by dragging them around. Use the preview
button to check your work.
5. Click “Create GIF animation” or “Create GIF” to open the Save dialog. Choose a memorable file
name and folder on your device, then click “Save” or “Download” to save your creation.

Method 3: Creating an Animated GIF From Scratch in GIMP

1. Open GIMP and create a new image by selecting “New” from the File menu. Set the width and height
of the image in pixels and choose a background color.
2. Make the Layers dock visible by selecting “Layers” from the “Dockable Dialogs” option in the
Windows menu.
3. Create a new layer for your first element by clicking the small square paper icon in the Layers box
and giving the layer a name. Set the color to “Transparent.”
4. Add images or text to the layer using the paintbrush or text tools.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 for each additional layer you want in your animation.
6. Preview your animation by selecting “Playback” from the “Animation” option in the Filters menu.
7. Change animation options by selecting “GIF image” from the Export option in the File menu. Check
the “As animation” box and set the delay between frames to the desired time in milliseconds.
8. Fine-tune the delay for each layer by right-clicking the layer name in the Layers box and selecting
“Edit layer attributes.” Enter the duration in milliseconds next to the layer name and click “OK.”
9. Preview your animation again and then export it by selecting “GIF image” from the Export option in
the File menu. Give your animation a name and click “Save” to finish.

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Method 4: Creating a (Non-Animated) GIF from an Image

1. Choose an image to convert to GIF format, keeping in mind that GIF files can only display 256
colors, so higher-quality images may experience a reduction in quality.
2. If the image is on the internet, save it to your computer before proceeding. If the image needs to be
scanned, follow the appropriate steps for scanning.
3. Open the image in Preview (Mac) or Paint (Windows).
 For Mac: Go to the File menu and select “Save As.” From the Format menu, choose “GIF.” Provide a
name for the new file in the “Save As” field and click “Save” to save the GIF.
 For Windows: Click on “File,” then click the right-facing arrow next to “Save As.” From the list,
choose “GIF Picture” and give the file a name. Click “Save” to create the GIF file.

Method 5: Creating an Animated GIF From Scratch in Photoshop

1. Open Photoshop and create a new image by going to File > New. Name your animation and set the
width and height for your image.
2. Choose a background color for your animation and click “OK” to create the image.
3. Open the Layers and Animation panels by clicking on Window > Layers and Window > Animation.
4. Create a new layer for your first frame in the Layers panel and name it “Frame 1”. Add your text or
drawing to this layer.
5. Create your next frame by creating a new layer or cloning the previous one. Repeat until you have
every frame on its own layer.
6. Create new frames in the Animation panel by clicking on the New Frame button.
7. Edit the contents of each frame in the Animation panel by removing visibility from all layers other
than the one you want to be visible in that frame.
8. Adjust the duration of each frame by changing the time at the bottom of each thumbnail.
9. Press the Play button to test your animation.
10. Save the animation as a GIF by going to File > Save for Web and Devices and selecting GIF as the
preset. Click “Save” to save your animated GIF.
Usage of GIF
 GIF animations are a great way to illustrate products, either through CGI or video loops.
 ‘How-to’ guides can use multiple GIFs to break down steps, accompanied by text.
 Animations can be used for websites, presentations, and app demonstrations.
 GIFs can also be used for fun, such as reactions in comments or emails.

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 GIFs have gained significant popularity on social media, with many becoming especially well-known.
Instagram users often create GIFs on their stories that relate to their business or modify existing
popular GIFs to fit their message.
Advantages of GIF
 Easy to create using a series of images.
 Small file size compared to other formats, resulting in faster loading times without compromising
quality.
 Can be viewed without any additional software.
 Ability to convey messages and emotions effectively.
 Support transparent backgrounds, giving images a professional look.
 Supported by all major web browsers.
Disadvantage of GIF
 Using too many GIFs on a single webpage can slow down the page speed.
 Once a GIF is created, it cannot be edited again.
 Limited color depth (256 bit) compared to other image formats, resulting in blocky images.
 A high-speed internet connection is still required for optimal loading times, despite the small file size.
Reason Behind the Popularity of GIFs
 GIFs have become increasingly popular in recent years due to the fast internet, messaging apps, and
meme culture.
 GIFs allow people to quickly express their emotional response, convey identity through pop culture
references, and capitalize on meme culture.
 Compared to texts and still images, GIFs compress a lot of information into something that’s easily
shareable, making them a draw for consumers and brands.
 Most GIFs are taken from media products and reflect personal interests and cultural backgrounds.
 GIFs are also a major source of digital culture and the birthplace of popular memes.
 Brands can use GIFs to stay culturally in sync with today’s connected consumers

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Assessment questions to the lecture

Bloom’s
No. Knowledge
Question Answer
Level
1. Which of the following statements define
Computer Graphics?
c) It refers to
a) It refers to designing plans
designing K2
b) It means designing computers
images
c) It refers to designing images
d) None of the mentioned
2. Among the given scientists/inventor who is known
as the father of Computer Graphics?
a) Nikola Tesla b) Ivan
K2
b) Ivan Sutherland Sutherland
c) Ada Lovelace
d) Marie Curie

Students have to prepare answers for the following questions at the end of the lecture

Marks CO Bloom’s
Qn
Question Knowledge
No
Level
1 Explain the graphic file formats types in detail. 13 CO2 K2
2 Explain animation file format with examples. 13 CO2 K2
3 Explain Graphic file format with examples. 8 CO2 K2
4 Brief explanation about application of File formats. 13 CO2 K1
5 Describe graphic and animation file formats. 13 CO2 K1

Lecture
Unit-2 MULTIMEDIA FILE FORMATS AND STANDARDS 3
No
Topic Digital audio and Video file formats
Bloom’s
Learning Outcome (LO) At the end of this lecture, students will be able to
Knowledge Level
LO1 Explain the digital audio file formats types in detail. K2
LO2 Explain digital audio file format with examples. K2
LO3 Explain Video file format with examples. K2
LO4 Brief explanation about application of audio File formats. K1
LO5 Describe audio and video file formats. K1

Digital audio and video file formats:

Audio File Formats

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 An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system. The bit
layout of the audio data (excluding metadata) is called the audio coding format and can be
uncompressed, or compressed to reduce the file size, often using lossy compression.

What are the Sound File Formats?

Sound record codes are used to keep virtual audio statistics. Here are a number of the main sound file
codes:
 WAV: This is an uncompressed audio format developed by Microsoft and IBM. WAV documents
include raw, lossless PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) audio statistics—high audio incredible but huge
record sizes.
 MP3: MP3 is the most famous compressed audio layout. uses lossy” compression, doing away with
inaudible sounds to reduce the file duration significantly while maintaining brilliant audio Widely
supported.
 FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) It also losslessly compresses audio records without dropping the
first-rate; however, the documents are larger than MP3s. Used wherein better pleasantness is preferred.
 WMA (Windows Media Audio) Compressed audio layout was advanced via Microsoft as an alternative
to MP3. Contains DRM duplicate protection capabilities.
 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) A standardized and improved version of MP3 Used through Apple’s
iTunes shop. Can produce more wonderful than MP3 at comparable bit expenses.
 AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format) An uncompressed audio layout is superior to the useful
resources of Apple. Contains first-rate audio.
 Ogg Vorbis is a free, open-source compressed audio format. Alternative to MP3 and AAC.
17
 MIDI: Stores virtual sheet music facts in preference to audio waveforms. Used for virtual music and
computer-generated songs.
Uses of Sound File Formats :
Sound file codecs have a whole lot of uses, together with:
 Music distribution: compressed codecs like MP3, AAC, and WMA are used for downloading and
streaming tracks online through services like iTunes, Spotify, and so forth. Allows inexperienced
storage and transmission of song documents.
 Audio CD introduction: Uncompressed codecs like WAV and AIFF are used to burn audio CDs,
which require absolutely uncompressed audio.
 Sampling: uncompressed WAV files are carried out in samplers and pattern-primarily based on
absolute music manufacturing. Allows most audio to be fine for modifying and processing.
 Video production: audio for video is encoded using compressed formats like AAC to synchronize
with the video. Reduces standard document length.
 Game sound: game audio makes use of compressed formats like Ogg Vorbis, MP3, and ADPCM to
undertake sound effects and background tunes in the sports software program.
 Telephony: Voice audio for telephony programs uses optimized compression like G.711 and G.729 to
transmit voice while retaining bandwidth.
Benefits of Sound File Formats :
Here are a number of the critical troubleshooting blessings that sound file codecs provide:
 Compression: Formats like MP3, AAC, and Ogg Vorbis use compression algorithms to reduce the file
period of audio records. This saves storage space and transmission bandwidth.
 Standardization: Popular formats like WAV, MP3, and FLAC are standardized, permitting
compatibility between systems and gadgets. They may be completed another time reliably.
 Metadata assist: Formats like MP3, WMA, and FLAC can save metadata tags with information about
the audio document, like call, artist, album, tune, wide variety, and so on.
 Streaming manual: compressed codes allow streaming audio over the internet, permitting online track
and radio services.
 Error correction: Some codes have mistake correction skills to mitigate information corruption issues
at some unspecified time in the future of transmission. Makes streaming more robust.
 Lossless compression: FLAC and precise lossless codes compress audio without an awesome loss for
archival capabilities.
 Platform independence: cross-platform formats like WAV, FLAC, and Ogg Vorbis may be used
throughout precise structures.
 Hardware compatibility: most gadgets, like phones, gamers, and lots of others, Aid famous codes for
playback on the go with the flow.
18
Applications that use Sound File Formats :
Here are some of the top programs that employ sound record formats:
 Media players: apps like Windows Media Player, iTunes, Winamp, and VLC media participants use
codes like MP3, AAC, WMA, WAV, and FLAC to play more song documents.
 Audio editors: software like Audacity, Adobe Audition, and Apple Logic Pro allow enhancing audio
in codes like WAV, AIFF, and MP3.
 Music streaming: Online services like Spotify, Pandora, and Apple Music provide audio in
compressed formats to clients.
 Podcasting: The podcast introduction software program uses MP3, AAC, and lots of others. To submit
and distribute podcast episodes.
 Video enhancing: software like Adobe Premiere and Final Cut Pro permits importing and exporting
audio in AAC, WAV, and AIFF codes for video production.
 Audio books: Audio books use M4B, a version of AAC contained in MP4 boxes, for audiobook
distribution.
 Telephony: VoIP apps use audio formats like G.711 and G.729 for encoding voice for transmission
over IP networks.
 Game engines: game development systems like Unity help import and export sound consequences and
songs in Ogg Vorbis, MP3, and WAV.
 Sampling: Music samplers and sequencers use WAV and AIFF for amazing sampling and synthesis.
 Audio forensics: Investigators test audio in codes like WAV for forensic purposes like authenticating
recordings.
Common Video Format
Whenever a video file is saved it contains two file in it. One is the container and other is codes. Container
defines the structure of the video file and which codes will be used. Codes are used to compress and
decompress video file. Some of common container format are:

 Flash Video Format (.flv) This video format is very popular due to the availability of flash player for
cross platform. These video files are supported by almost every browser making suitable for web. This
format is compact and support progressive and streaming download. Some users of this format are
Youtube, Yahoo! Video, VEVO etc.
 AVI format (.avi) Audio Video Interleave which can contain both audio and video data. It was
developed by Microsoft. It uses less compression can contain almost any codecs. It is popular among
internet user due to multiple codecs support. This means that even if AVI files may look similar on the
outside are different from one another on the inside All windows OS support this format including
another player for other platform exist.
19
 MP4 (.mp4) This format is used to store to store audio and video stream online. MP4 file format was
created by Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as a multimedia container format store audiovisual
data. It used different compression technique for video and audio.
 3GP (.3gp) This is both audio and video file format which was designed to transmit data between 3G
phones and the internet. It is most commonly used to capture video from the phone and upload it
online. Both Windows and Mac support the format.
 WMV (Windows Media Video) This format was developed by Microsoft. It was designed for web
streaming applications. WMV files are the very small in size over the Web, as their file size decreases
after compression, due to which results in poor video quality. But this make it only file format which
can be send through e-mail.
 QuickTime Format (.mov) This format was developed by Apple.It can store multiple tracks(for
different language), text file(subtitle) and effects. MOV files are of high quality and are usually big in
file size. It is supported both by Windows and Apple.

Assessment questions to the lecture

Bloom’s
No Knowledge
Question Answer
Level
Which of the following is defined as the process of
elimination of parts of a scene outside a window or a
viewport?
1 a) editing d) clipping K2
b) cutting
c) plucking
d) clipping
Which of the following is known as the window
opened on the raster graphics screen in which the
image will be displayed? a)Interface
2 a) Interface window window K2
b) World window
c) World co-ordinate system
d) Screen co-ordinate system
Which of the following is defined as the drawing of
number of copies of the same image in rows and
columns across the interface window so that they
cover the entire window? c) Tiling
3 K2
a) Zooming
b) Panning
c) Tiling
d) Roaming

20
 Students have to prepare answers for the following questions at the end of the lecture

Bloom’s
No Marks CO Knowledge
Question
Level
1 Explain the digital audio file formats types in detail. 13 CO2 K2
2 Explain digital audio file format with examples. 13 CO2 K2
3 Explain Video file format with examples. 08 CO2 K2
4 Brief explanation about application of audio File formats. 13 CO2 K1
5 Describe audio and video file formats. 13 CO2 K1
6 Name any four digital audio and video file 2 CO2 K1
formats.(AU/April/May-2023)

Lecture
Unit-2 MULTIMEDIA FILE FORMATS AND STANDARDS 4
No
Topic Color in image and video
Bloom’s
Learning Outcome (LO) At the end of this lecture, students will be able to
Knowledge Level
LO1 Explain the color in image in detail. K2
LO2 Explain color in image with examples. K2
LO3 Explain color in video with examples. K2
LO4 Brief explanation about application of color in image and video. K1
LO5 Describe color in image and video with suitable examples. K2

Color in image and video:

Color is a vital component of multimedia. Management of color is both a subjective and a

technical exercise. Picking the right colors and combinations of colors for your project can
involve many tries until you feel the result is right.

Understanding Natural Light and Color

The letters of the mnemonic ROY G. BIV, learned by many of us to remember the colors of the
rainbow, are the ascending frequencies of the visible light spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo, and violet. Ultraviolet light, on the other hand, is beyond the higher end of the
visible spectrum and can be damaging to humans.

The color white is a noisy mixture of all the color frequencies in the visible spectrum. The
cornea of the eye acts as a lens to focus light rays onto the retina. The light rays stimulate many
thousands of specialized nerves called rods and cones that cover the surface of the retina. The
eye can differentiate among millions of colors, or hues, consisting of a combination of red,
green, and blue.
21
Additive Color: In the additive color model, a color is created by combining colored light
sources in three primary colors: red, green, and blue (RGB). This is the process used for a TV
or computer monitor

Subtractive Color: In the subtractive color method, a new color is created by combining
colored media such as paints or ink that absorb (or subtract) some parts of the color spectrum of
light and reflect the others to the eye. Subtractive color is the process used to create color in
printing. The printed page is made up of tiny halftone dots of three primary colors, cyan,
magenta, and yellow (CMY).

Basics of Color

Light and Spectra

 Visible light is an electromagnetic wave in the 400 nm - 700 nm range.

 Most light we see is not one wave length, it's a combination of many
wavelengths.

22
 • The profile above is called a spectral power distribution or spectrum.

The Human Retina

 The eye is basically just a camera

 Each neuron is either a rod or a cone. Rods are not sensitive to color.

Cones and Perception

 Cones come in 3 types: red, green and blue. Each responds differently to various frequencies of
light. The following figure shows the spectral sensitivity functions of the cones and the
luminous-efficiency function of the human eye.

 The color signal to the brain comes from the response of the 3 cones to the spectra
being observed. That is, the signal consists of 3 numbers:

where E is the light (spectral power distribution) and S are the spectral sensitivity functions.

• A color can be specified as the sum of three colors. So colors form a 3

23
 dimensional vector space.

• The following figure shows the amounts of three primaries needed to match
all the wavelengths of the visible spectrum.

 The negative value indicates that some colors cannot be exactly produced by
adding up the primaries.

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Q: Does a set of primaries exist that span the space with only positive
coefficients?

A: Yes, but no pure colors. In 1931, the CIE (Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage, or
International Commission on Illumination) defined three standard primaries (X, Y, Z). The Y
primary was intentionally chosen to be identical to theluminous-efficiency function of human eyes.

24
The above figure shows the amounts of X, Y, Z needed to exactly reproduce any visible color.

All visible colors are in a "horseshoe" shaped cone in the X-Y-Z space. Consider the plane
X+Y+Z=1 and project it onto the X-Y plane, we get the CIE chromaticity diagram as below.

25
 • The edges represent the "pure" colors (sine waves at the appropriate frequency)

• White (a blackbody radiating at 6447 kelvin) is at the "dot"

• When added, any two colors (points on the CIE diagram) produce a point on the line
between them.

• Q: how can we find a color's complement on the CIE diagram?

L*a*b (Lab) Color Model

 A refined CIE model, named CIE L*a*b in 1976

 Luminance: L

 Chrominance: a -- ranges from green to red, b -- ranges from blue to yellow

 Used by Photoshop

26
Assessment questions to the lecture
Bloom’s
No Knowledge
Question Answer
Level
1 Which of the following is the process of digitizing a
given picture definition into a set of pixel-intensity for
storage in the frame buffer?
a) Scan
a) Scan conversion K1
conversion
b) True color system
c) Encoding
d) Rasterization
2 Which of the following is commonly known as frame
buffer on a black and white system with one bit per
pixel?
a) Bitmap
a) Bitmap K1
b) Pix map
c) Multi map
d) All of the mentioned
3 If the boundary is specified in a single color, and if the
algorithm proceeds pixel by pixel until the boundary
color is encountered is known as ____
d) Boundary-
a) Parallel curve algorithm K1
fill algorithm
b) Flood-fill algorithm
c) Scan-line fill algorithm
d) Boundary-fill algorithm
Students have to prepare answers for the following questions at the end of the lecture

Bloom’s
Qn No Marks CO Knowledge
Question
Level
1 Explain the color in image in detail. 13 CO2 K2
2 Explain color in image with examples. 13 CO2 K2
3 Explain color in video with examples. 13 CO2 K2
4 Brief explanation about application of color in image and 13 CO2 K1
video.
5 Describe color in image and video with suitable examples. 13 CO2 K2

27
 Lecture
Unit-2 MULTIMEDIA FILE FORMATS AND STANDARDS 5
No
Topic Color Models
Bloom’s
Learning Outcome (LO) At the end of this lecture, students will be able to
Knowledge Level
LO1 Explain the color models in image. K1
LO2 Explain color models with examples. K1
LO3 Explain color model in video with examples. K1
LO4 Brief explanation about application of color in image and video. K1
LO5 Describe color in image and video with suitable examples. K1

Color Models

A color image is a 2-D array of (R,G,B) integer triplets. These triplets encode how much the
corresponding phosphor should be excited in devices such as a monitor.

RGB Color Model for CRT Displays

CRT displays have three phosphors (RGB) which produce a combination of wavelengths when
excited with electrons.

CMY Color Model

 Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow (CMY) are complementary colors of RGB. They can be used as
Subtractive Primaries.
 CMY model is mostly used in printing devices where the color pigments on the paper
absorb certain colors (e.g., no red light reflected from cyan ink).

28
Conversion between RGB and CMY:

-- e.g., convert White from (1, 1, 1) in RGB to (0, 0, 0) in CMY.

 Sometimes, an alternative CMYK model (K stands for Black) is used in color printing (e.g., to
produce darker black than simply mixing CMY).

 K := min (C, M, Y), C := C - K, M := M - K, Y := Y - K.

Comparison of Three Color Gamuts

29
  The gamut of colors is all colors that can be reproduced using the three primaries

 The Lab gamut covers all colors in visible spectrum

 The RGB gamut is smaller, hence certain visible colors (e.g. pure yellow, pure cyan)
cannot be seen on monitors

 The CMYK gamut is the smallest (but not a straight subset of the RGB gamut)

Color Models in Video:

• YIQ and YUV are the two commonly used color models in video

YUV Color Model

• Initially, for PAL analog video, it is now also used in CCIR 601 standard for digital video

• Y (luminance) is the CIE Y primary.

Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B

• Chrominance is defined as the difference between a color and a reference white at the same
luminance. It can be

represented by U and V -- the color differences.

U=B-Y

V=R-Y

o If b/w image, then U = V = 0. --> No chrominance!

o ** In actual PAL implementation:

U = 0.492 (B - Y)

V = 0.877 (R - Y)

Sample YUV Decomposition:

30
  Eye is most sensitive to Y. In PAL, 5.5 MHz is allocated to Y, 1.8 MHz each to U and V.

YCbCr Color Model

 The YCbCr model is closely related to the YUV, it is a scaled and shifted YUV.
Cb = (B - Y) / 1.772 + 0.5
Cr = (R - Y) / 1.402 + 0.5
 The chrominance values in YCbCr are always in the range of 0 to 1.
 YCbCr is used in JPEG and MPEG.
YIQ Color Model
 YIQ is used in NTSC color TV broadcasting, it is downward compatible with B/W TV where only
Y is used.
 Although U and V nicely define the color differences, they do not align with the desired
human perceptual color
31
 sensitivities. In NTSC, I and Q are used instead.
I is the orange-blue axis, Q is the purple-green axis.
I and Q axes are scaled and rotated R - Y and B - Y (by 33 degrees clockwise).
I = 0.877(R - Y) cos 33 - 0.492(B - Y) sin 33
Q = 0.877(R - Y) sin 33 + 0.492(B - Y) cos 33
Namely,
I = 0.736(R - Y) - 0.268(B - Y) = 0.596R - 0.275G - 0.321B
Q = 0.478(R - Y) + 0.413(B - Y) = 0.212R - 0.523G + 0.311B

The YIQ transform:

 Eye is most sensitive to Y, next to I, next to Q.

 In NTSC broadcast TV, 4.2 MHz is allocated to Y, 1.5 MHz to I, and 0.55 MHz to Q. For
VCR, Y is cut down to 3.2 MHz and I to 0.63 MHz.

Assessment questions to the lecture

Bloom’s
Qn No Knowledge
Question Answer
Level
1. Than JPG, _____ is/are still
usedextensively on the Internet and
Multimedia.
a)JPEG b K1
b)GIF
c)BM
d)All the above
2 We can reduce the size of the video files
by them.
(a) compressing
a K1
(b) converting
(c) zipping
(d) morphing

32
 3 ____ and _____ are the input devices used
in creating simulation.
(A) Keyboard, Mouse
(B) Joysticks, Sensors b K1
(C) Keyboard, Sensors
(D) Mouse, Joystick

Students have to prepare answers for the following questions at the end of the lecture

Bloom’s
No Marks CO Knowledge
Question
Level
1 Explain the color in image in detail. 13 CO2 K2
2 Explain color in image with examples. 13 CO2 K2
3 Explain color in video with examples. 13 CO2 K2
4 Brief explanation about application of color in image and 13 CO2 K1
video.
5 Describe color in image and video with suitable examples. 13 CO2 K2

Lecture
Unit-2 MULTIMEDIA FILE FORMATS AND STANDARDS 6
No
Topic Multimedia data and file formats for the web.
Bloom’s
Learning Outcome (LO) At the end of this lecture, students will be able to
Knowledge Level
LO1 Explain about Multimedia data and file format for the web. K2
LO2 Describe multimedia data with example. K2
LO3 Explain multimedia file format for the web with real time example. K2
LO4 Briefly explain web site designing using file formats. K1
LO5 List out the various types of file format usage in website K2
designing.

Multimedia data and file formats for the web.

Multimedia data on the web encompasses a wide range of content types, including text, images, audio,
video, and interactive elements. Various file formats are used to store and transmit these types of
multimedia data efficiently. Here's an overview of common multimedia file formats used on the web:
1. **Text:**
- **HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):** The standard markup language for creating web pages.
2. **Images:**
- **JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
** Widely used for photographic images due to its compression efficiency.

33
- **PNG (Portable Network Graphics):** Suitable for images with transparency and lossless
compression.
- **GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):** Supports animations and simple transparency.
3. **Audio:**
- **MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer III):** A popular compressed audio format.
- **AAC (Advanced Audio Codec):** Offers better quality than MP3 at similar bit rates.
- **OGG (Ogg Vorbis):** A free, open-source, and lossy audio compression format.
4. **Video:**
- **MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14):** A versatile video format that supports various codecs.
- **WebM:** An open and royalty-free format designed for the web, supporting VP8 or VP9 video
codecs.
- **Ogg Theora:** An open-source and royalty-free video compression format.
5. **Interactive Elements:**
- **JavaScript (JS):** A programming language often used to create interactive web elements.
- **CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):** Used to control the presentation and layout of web pages.
Downloaded by kalai Mk ([email protected])
lOMoARcPSD|50536796
VI- SEM/III B.E. CSE Prepared By: R. Reshma/AP/CSE
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering
6. **Vector Graphics:**
- **SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics):** XML-based vector image format that is scalable without loss
of quality.
7. **3D Graphics:**
- **GLTF (Graphics Library Transmission Format):** An open standard for efficient transmission
and loading of 3D scenes and models.
8. **Document Formats:**
- **PDF (Portable Document Format):** Used for representing documents in a manner independent
of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
- **DOCX (Office Open XML):** Microsoft Word document format.
9. **Font Formats:**
- **WOFF (Web Open Font Format):** A font format developed specifically for the web.
- **TTF/OTF (TrueType/OpenType Font):** Standard font formats that can be used on the web.
It's important to note that the choice of file format depends on the specific requirements of the content,
34
including factors like quality, file size, and browser compatibility. Additionally, emerging
technologies may introduce new file formats or improvements to existing ones over time.
Web Page File Formats
One special type of file format is meant only for storage and representation of the contents within the
World Wide Web, known as web page file format. These are the particular formats in which information
is put together, laid out, and navigated through websites. Creating or maintaining a website requires
individuals such as web developers and designers to have basic knowledge of various web page file
types.
Web Page File Formats Overview
The structure and organization of web content are dependent upon various file formats employed in web
page files. Different functionalities, as well as different underlying theories, lead to the formation of such
groups. Here are some of the key web page file formats:
 HTML (.html): The most common markup language used for web page creation is HTML
(HyperText Markup Language)./ A system of tags describes the structure and content of a web page.
The backbone for websites is built using HTML files.
 HTML (.htm): The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) document format has a less common file
extension; it is identical to.html files.
 CSS (.css): CSS is a specification that controls the way HTML pages are presented and laid out. As
for the style sheet, it is composed of CSS files that define the styles, fonts, colors, etc. that constitute
the page’s visual look. The design is improved by working together with the HTML.
 PHP (.php): Server-side scripting language called PHP. PHP coding executes on the web server,
giving dynamic content to the site. They contribute to shaping engaging and database-driven websites.
 .XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language): An XML-based version of HTML,
promoting document structure and consistency.
 .ASPX (Active Server Pages Extended): An extension of ASP that supports .NET framework,
enabling powerful web applications.
 .RSS (Really Simple Syndication): A web feed format used to publish frequently updated content,
such as news headlines or blog posts.
 ASP (.asp): One of these includes Active Server Pages [ASP] which is a server side script written by
Microsoft. These are not meant for users, they comprise of server side code that gets delivered to a
browser after processing by the ABS.:%.* These are among some of the commonly utilized in
Windows based web hosting setups.
 .XPS (.xps): As for XPS, this is an XML-based file format which aims at preserving and sharing layouts
of documents. Despite being less prevalent than other web page formats, XPS can still be used for the
production of fixed-layout documents that could be appropriate in specific publishing environments.
35
Multimedia Formats

(https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_media.asp)

Multimedia elements (like audio or video) are stored in media files.

The most common way to discover the type of a file, is to look at the file extension.

Multimedia files have formats and different extensions like: .wav, .mp3, .mp4, .mpg, .wmv, and .avi.

Common Video Formats

There are many video formats out there.

The MP4, WebM, and Ogg formats are supported by HTML.

The MP4 format is recommended by YouTube.

Format File Description

MPEG .mpg MPEG. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. The first popular video
.mpeg format on the web. Not supported anymore in HTML.

AVI .avi AVI (Audio Video Interleave). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in
video cameras and TV hardware. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in
web browsers.

WMV .wmv WMV (Windows Media Video). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in
video cameras and TV hardware. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in
web browsers.

QuickTime .mov QuickTime. Developed by Apple. Commonly used in video cameras and TV

36
 hardware. Plays well on Apple computers, but not in web browsers.

RealVideo .rm RealVideo. Developed by Real Media to allow video streaming with low
.ram bandwidths. Does not play in web browsers.

Flash .swf Flash. Developed by Macromedia. Often requires an extra component (plug-in) to
.flv play in web browsers.

Ogg .ogg Theora Ogg. Developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. Supported by HTML.

WebM .webm WebM. Developed by Mozilla, Opera, Adobe, and Google. Supported by HTML.

MPEG-4 .mp4 MP4. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. Commonly used in video
or MP4 cameras and TV hardware. Supported by all browsers and recommended by
YouTube.

Note: Only MP4, WebM, and Ogg video are supported by the HTML standard.

Common Audio Formats

MP3 is the best format for compressed recorded music. The term MP3 has become synonymous with digital
music.

If your website is about recorded music, MP3 is the choice.

Format File Description

37
MIDI .mid MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). Main format for all electronic
.midi music devices like synthesizers and PC sound cards. MIDI files do not
contain sound, but digital notes that can be played by electronics. Plays well
on all computers and music hardware, but not in web browsers.

RealAudi .rm RealAudio. Developed by Real Media to allow streaming of audio with low
o .ram bandwidths. Does not play in web browsers.

WMA .wma WMA (Windows Media Audio). Developed by Microsoft. Plays well on
Windows computers, but not in web browsers.

AAC .aac AAC (Advanced Audio Coding). Developed by Apple as the default format
for iTunes. Plays well on Apple computers, but not in web browsers.

WAV .wav WAV. Developed by IBM and Microsoft. Plays well on Windows,
Macintosh, and Linux operating systems. Supported by HTML.

Ogg .ogg Ogg. Developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. Supported by HTML.

MP3 .mp3 MP3 files are actually the sound part of MPEG files. MP3 is the most
popular format for music players. Combines good compression (small files)
with high quality. Supported by all browsers.

MP4 .mp4 MP4 is a video format, but can also be used for audio. Supported by all
browsers.

38
Note: Only MP3, WAV, and Ogg audio are supported by the HTML standard.

Assessment questions to the lecture

Bloom’s
No
Question Answer Knowledge
Level
The is the fastest and most costly form
of storage, which is relatively small; its use is managed
by the computer system hardware.
1 a) Cache a) K1
b) Disk
c) Main memory
d) Flash memory
Which of the following stores several gigabytes of data
but usually lost when power failure?
a) Flash memory
2 c) K1
b) Disk
c) Main memory
d) Secondary memory
The flash memory storage used are
a) NOR Flash
a)
3 b) OR Flash K1
c) AND Flash
d) All of the mentioned

Students have to prepare answers for the following questions at the end of the lecture

Bloom’s
Qn Marks CO Knowledge
No Question
Level
1 Explain about Multimedia data and file format for the 13 CO2 K1
web.
2 Describe multimedia data with example. 13 CO2 K2
3 Explain multimedia file format for the web with real 13 CO2 K2
time example.
4 Briefly explain web site designing using file formats. 13 CO2 K1
5 List out the various types of file format usage in 13 CO2 K1
website designing.

39