2ND QUARTER Biosphere refers to all the ecosystem on earth.

 Life Science - field of science that deals with the study of

living things such as animals, plants and microorganisms.  History of Cell and Molecular Biology
 Theories on the Origin of Life 17th century
1. Divine Creation Theory - supernatural being; bible •Robert Hooke (1655) -texture of cork by means of magnifying
2. Biogenesis -life came from living things; from pre-existing lenses.
life •Grew and Malpighi -cells on different plants as only cavities
3. Abiogenesis or Spontaneous Generation Theory -living (utricles or vesicles) of the cellulose wall
things could directly evolved from non-living matter; •Leeuwenhoek (1674) -discovered free cells, nucleus in RBC
disproved by Louis Pasteur through a scientific experiment. 19th century
4. Marine Theory -first form of life was formed under the sea; •Schleiden (1838) - plant cell
blue-green algae or a cyanobacterium was the first organism •Schwann (1839) - animal cell
to colonize the earth. •Brown (1831) – nucleus and the description of the cell content
5. Cosmozoic or Interplanetary Theory -life was in the form as protoplasm
of a resistant spore originated from some source in the •Virchow (1855) - Cell theory; “Omnis cellulae e cellula” –all
universe. cells arise from pre-existing cells
6. Physico-Chemical Theory -life was formed by the •Virchow (1855)- Cell theory
combination of elements. •“Omnis cellulae e cellula” - cells arise from pre-existing cells.
-Hydrogen atom combine with Oxygen atom to form water •Flemming ( 1890)- mechanism of mitosis
molecule, then the water molecule combined with carbon to •Waldeyer ( 1890)- precise partitioning of the chromosomes
form carbohydrate. •Johanssen – genes or hereditary units, specific loci within the
7. Evolution by Charles Darwin -changes in living organisms chromosomes
happen over time. •Mieschner ( 1871)- isolated nuclein- a substance now known
 Characteristics of life as DNA from WBC.
o made up of cells •Watson and Crick( 1953)- double helix model of DNA.
o have form and structure •Nirenberg and Ochoa - deciphering of the genetic code
o able to respond to stimuli (e.g thigmotropism, geotropism)  TYPES OF CELL
o acquire and utilize energy (e.g photosynthesis, respiration). Prokaryote
o ability to reproduce (sexual and asexual reproduction). -Means “before the nucleus”
o can adapt or adjust to their environment PRE – before
o have a chemical component in their body KARYON – nucleus
o exhibit growth and development without a cell nucleus
o exhibit metabolism Eukaryote
o possess a genetic program consist of free-living cells
 Levels of Body Organization capable to become independent
Chemical Level
contains visible organelles
Atom is the smallest particle of an element. Molecules are
with true nucleus
groups of atoms joined together by molecular bonds.
EU – true
Cellular level
KARYO - nucleus
Organelles refers to the tiny organs inside the cell. Cell is the
 Structure of Typical Bacteria (Prokaryote)
basic structural and functional unit of life.
1. Cytoplasmic membrane - peptidoglycan layer of the cell
Tissue level
wall, which is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
Tissue is a collection of cells performing a specific function.
2. Mesosome - invagination of the cytoplasm membrane that
Organ level
is important during the cell division.
Organ is a group of tissue that performs a definite function.
3. Plasmids - extrachromosomal, double stranded, circular
System level
DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the
Organ system is a group of organs that has the same
bacterial chromosome.
function. Organism refers to an individual living thing either
4. Transposons - pieces of DNA that move readily from one
plant or animal
site to another; can code for the drug resistance enzymes,
 Levels of Ecological Organization
toxins or a variety of metabolic enzymes.
Population group of similar organisms living in the place at
5. Capsule - gelatinous layer covering the entire bacterium;
the same time.
adherence of bacteria to human tissues.
Community group of populations that live together in a
6. Flagella - appendages that move the bacteria toward the
defined area.
nutrients and other attractants.
Ecosystem is composed of biotic and abiotic factors.
 7. Pili (Fimbriae) - hair-like filaments extend to cell surface. D.Cristae is the deep folds of the inner mitochondrial
8. Glycocalyx (slime layer) - mediates adherence of bacteria. membrane
 The Cell Structure and Functions 13. Plastids are the largest plant organelle
Cell - is the basic functional and structural unit of life. Parts
Organelles - refers to the tiny organs inside the body of the A. Thylakoid flattened membranous sacs.
cell that has specific functions. B. Grana refers to the stacked arrangement of thylakoid.
1. Cell Membrane – or Plasma Membrane C. Stroma is a space outside the thylakoid which contains the
- composed of a lipid bilayer and associated fats, carbs, and enzymes for carbohydrate synthesis.
proteins embedded on it. Types
- maintains the shape of cell, allows materials to pass in and A. Chloroplast stores green pigment called ― chlorophyll.
out. B. Chromoplast stores pigment molecules such as carotene,
2. Cell Wall - external boundary outer cell membrane xanthophyll, anthocyanin
Bacteria’s cell wall – peptidoglycan C. Leucoplast stores starch granules (amyloplast), lipids
Fungi’s cell wall – chitin (elioplast) and protein (aleuroneplast)
Plants’ cell wall – cellulose
3. Cytoplasm - fluid portion of the cell  Organelles (without any membrane)
- Cytosol the semi-transparent fluid in which organelles are 1. Ribosomes serve as protein factories.
suspended. 2. Cytoskeleton system of interconnected protein filaments
4. Ribosomes - cell’s protein factories. and fibers that support cell structure.
 Organelles Bounded by Single Unit Membrane A. Microtubule is the hollow cylinders made of protein
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum - flattened sacs and tubes tubulin that provide support for cell shape and play a role in
extending from the nuclear membrane to the plasma the formation of spindle fibers during cell division. e.g
membrane. centriole, flagella, cilia
- transports substances through the inside of the cell. B. Microfilament is a long, thin fibers that consists of subunits
6. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - (RER) system of sacs which of protein actin. Its function is for cell movement, cytoplasmic
outer surface is studded with ribosome. streaming, muscle contraction. C. Intermediate Filament
7. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - (SER) system of sacs includes keratin, desmin, vimentin and neurofilaments
which membrane is not studded with ribosome; detoxify 3. Inclusions refer to the accumulations of material that are
drugs, manufacturing lipids, carries carbs, lipids and non- not metabolically active. It provides mechanical stability to
protein materials. cells. e.g. glycogen, lipid droplets, lipofuscin
8. Golgi Apparatus - are flattened stacks of membranes that 4. Nucleus is a large, dark structure that contains genetic
modify the proteins (polypeptides) and lipids then packages material encoded in the DNA of chromosomes.
into a small, membrane-enclosed organelle called ―vesicle. Parts of the Nucleus
A. Nuclear membrane/ Nuclear envelope refers to a double
9. Lysosome small membrane bordered structures that membrane which surrounds the nuclear material.
contain the powerful enzymes necessary for cellular B. Nuclear pores permit the passage of materials in and out
digestion. of the nucleus.
10. Vacuole - sac-like structures surrounded by a membrane C. Nucleoplasm/Karyoplasm consists of a matrix that is
called tonoplast.
surrounded by the nuclear envelope.
* Plant vacuole stores the materials such as water and other D. Nucleolus refers to one or more spherical bodies which is
dissolved substances. involved in the synthesis of ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA)
* Animal vacuoles stores small amount of food products. and it assembles into precursors of ribosomes.
11. Microbodies/ Peroxisome is a membrane-bound vesicle E. Chromatin refers to the double-stranded DNA complexes
contains oxidative enzymes. with proteins that constitute the chromosomes.
 Organelle Bounded by Double Membrane F. Chromosomes are carriers of genetic information
12. Mitochondria - “powerhouse of the cell.
-where energy is produced by the ATP synthesis; sites for
cellular respiration. Regulating the cellular metabolism.
Parts
A.Outer membrane is the outer boundary of the
mitochondria.
B.Inner membrane is the interior of the mitochondria
contains a series of double-layered membranous sheets
called ―cristae‖.
C.Matrix refers to the aqueous compartment.