WEEK 1 – GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

Globalism (Steger) ✸ Third World Was defined

- Global economic integration is not → Live far from simultaneously as the
only inevitable given the rise of new global sources of non-aligned world and
technologies; it is, more importantly, economic, political, as the global realm of
a normative international goal. poverty and
and military power.
under-developed. Poor
Soviet allies–
✸ To not partake in globalization is
Mongolia, Cuba, North
backwards. Korea, and North
Vietnam (after 1975,
Civilization Discourse: Vietnam)-- were thus
- Dominant ideology of colonialism counted as Third World
and the logic that shaped the birth of in economic terms and
international order. as Second world in
Political world.
Modernization Theory (Rostow)
→ Outlined the historical progression terms What is the North and South Divide?
of a society’s capacity to produce and - Is broadly considered a
consume material goods. socio-economic and political divide.
The North Covers mostly the West,
and the First World, along with much
of the Second World and The South
The 1960’s, 70’s and 80’s divided the earth
largely corresponds with the Third
into three parts:
world
✸ First World Encompassed all
→ Non-Communist industrialized, → It arose during the Cold War of the
→ High Income democratic countries, mid-20th Century.
Countries which were assumed to
be allied with the
→ Developed → It is a socio-economic and political
United States in its
Countries struggle against the categorization of countries: Wealthy North
Soviet Union. and Poor South

✸ Second World Was anchored in the → Countries were primarily categorized

→ Communist industrialized,
according to their alignment between
Country, though not communist realm of the
Soviet Union and its Russian East and American West
as wealthy as those
eastern European
in the First World.
satellites, yet it often → This division left out many countries
included poor poorer than the first world and second world
communist states countries.
located elsewhere.
→ It ignores the geographic position of North
countries with some countries in the
southern hemisphere such as Australia and They may be defined May be defined as
New Zealand being labeled as part of the as the richer, more the poorer, less
North developed nations developed nations.

→ The UN has been at the forefront in As nations become Any nations that do
economically not qualify for
diminishing the North-South divide through
developed, they may “developed” status
policies highlighted in its Millennium become part of the are in effect deemed
Development Goals “North”, regardless of to be part of the
geographical location. “South”
Global North Global South
✸ Former German Chancellor Willy
Developed Societies Represents mainly Brandt
of Europe and North agrarian economies
→ Introduced the Brandt Line in the 1980s,
America in:
visually represents the global north-south
Includes: United Made up of: Africa, economic divide using per-capita GDP as a
States, Canada, South/Latin America, measure.
Western Europe, Developing Asia, and
Australia, and New the Middle East. GDP Per-capita
Zealand. → is an economic measure that calculates
the total value of all goods and services
In Economic Terms… produced by a country in a year, divided by
its population.
Global North Global South
→ It is often used to assess the average
¼ of the world 3
4
of the economic output per person and can indicate
population controls ⅘ population—has the standard of living in a country.
of the income earned 1
access to 5 of the
anywhere in the
world. world income. BAPA+40 (South-South Cooperation)
- It is defined as a series of new and
90% of the Lacks appropriate concrete recommendations aimed at
manufacturing technology, has no
establishing frameworks and
industries are owned political stability, the
by and located in the economies are financing mechanisms at the
North and 95% of the disarticulated, and national, regional, interregional and
North has enough their foreign global levels.
food and shelter exchange earnings
depend on primary
product exports. The plan established a framework
Relies import on cooperation and incorporated in its
practice the basic principles of relations
 between sovereign countries:
Respect for sovereignty, - Is more than the extension of a
non-interference, internal affairs, and “metaphor for underdeveloped
equality of rights. countries”.

North-South Cooperation ✸ Martin Lewis (2020)

- When a developed country supports → “There is no Third world; There is no
economically or with another kind of Global South”
resources a less favoured one.
✸ Alfred Sauvy (1952)
Triangular Cooperation A French demographer, anthropologist, and
- Involves 3 actors: 2 from the South economic historian.
& 1 from the North (can be an → The term “Third World” was coined
international organization) provides in 1952. He compared it with the term,
the financial resources so that the “Third Estate.”
countries of the South can exchange
technical assistance. First Estate Second Estate Third Estate

Refers to the To the nobility Refers to the

clergy and balance of
the monarch the 18th
century
French
population

✸ A. Heelblod (2007)
As published in the International
Global South Encyclopedia of the Special Sciences.
→ The world was largely divided into
It refers to those countries’ interconnected several empires in the 19th century, each
histories of colonialism, neo-imperialism, empire possessed a ‘civilized central and
and differential economic and social peripheries that were more or less
change through which large inequalities in primitive or even “barbaric”.
living standards, life expectancy, and
access to resources are maintained.

- Is a term that has been emerging in

the transnational and postcolonial
studies to refer to what may be also
called the, “Third World”
Locating the Global South
✸ Lisandro Claudio

The Starbucks and the Shanty

✱ There are markers of global

interconnectedness, even global
modernity.

✱ There are Starbucks branches in

Melbourne and Manila, New York, and
New Delhi

✱ All these branches look more or less

the same

✱ The sameness represents the cultural

homogenization that many critics have
associated with globalization.

Global North
- The Global North, ultimately,
benefitted from the exploits of
colonialism. (Braff and Nelson,
2022)

The term, “Global North” extends to

more than just its geographic region or the
states of the countries’ development.
 WEEK 2 – ASIAN REGIONALISM

What is Asian Regionalism? - Has been organized either via

- It is the product of economic supranational institutional structures
interaction, not political planning. or through intergovernmental
decision-making, or combination of
- A functional relation that bundles both.
multiple nations with their political,
economic, and cultural inheritance, The objectives of the agreement could
often based on geographical. range from economic to political to
environmental.
It is the developed interaction or
collaboration between countries in Asia to What is Intra-regional Trade?
promote economic and political - It refers to trade which focuses on
interaction. economic exchange primarily
between countries of the same region
Regionalism VS Globalization or economic zone.

Regionalism is a Globalization is a ✱ In International Relations, it generally

process of dividing process within indicates the multilateral groupings of the
an area into smaller which the people
neighboring nations;
segments called are unified together
regions in a single society → (e.g. Europe, Middle East, East Asia,
and function etc..)
together.
✱ The primary common sense usage
It is also a process connotes physical contiguity and social
of international
integration arising homogeneity;
from the → Proximity seems to be a necessary,
interchange of although not sufficient condition for
world views, confident stipulation of a region.
products, ideas, and
other aspects such Regionalism: Beyond Geography
as technology.
✱ Case 1: “East Asia Summit”
→ ASEAN + 3 Process
What is Regional Integration? ✿ ASEAN + Japan, China, Korea
- It is a process in which neighboring → East Asia Summit
states enter into an agreement in ✿ ASEAN + 3 + AUS, NZ, India,
order to upgrade cooperation through Russia, and US
common institutions and rules.
Regionalism: Beyond Cultural Bond Coalition Multilateral Anti-
✱ Case 2: “EU Expansion To Turkey” FTAS terrorism
→ EU Member States
✿ Christian Community Bilateralism Bilateral Bilateral
→ Turkey FTAS Alliance
✿ Islamic Community

Regionalism: Typology
Functional Regionalism
✱ Mega/Wide-Regionalism
Economic Free trade area, → APEC, ARF, ASEM
Integration customers union,
common markets ✱ Sub-Regionalism
→ ASEAN
Economic
Interdependence → Japan-China-Korea

Security Complex Region united by ✱ Functional Regionalism

common security → Anti-Terrorism Cooperation
problems → Proliferation Security Initiative
(PSI)
“A group of states
whose primary
security concerns ✸ WHAT IS ASEAN
link together Association of Southeast Asian Nation
sufficiently ✱ 10 Member States:
closely…” → Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Functional Relations Environment, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
transnational issues, Singapore, Thailand, & Vietnam.
etc,..
✱ 5 Founding Members:
Globalism / Regionalism / Bilateralism → Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore,
Indonesia, Philippines.

Economic Security ✱ ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok

Sphere Sphere
Declaration of 1967)
Global GATT/IMF UN/ → Accelerate economic growth
Framework Multinational → Promote regional peace and
stability
Mega- APEC ARF/OSCE
→ Contain the spread of communism.
Regionalism

Regionalism EU/ EU/ASEAN End of The Cold War

ASEAN+3 - ASEAN Free Trade Area
- Initiated at Asean Summit in 1992
 - Comprehensive program of regional Political Difficulties:
tariff reduction - Legacies of World War 2
- Program later broadened and ✱ Japanese Atrocities in Pacific
accelerated Asia
- Reaffirmed during Asian Financial
Crisis of 1997-98 - Legacies of Cold War
✱ Partition of Korea: South and
Expansion of ASEAN North

1995 Vietnam
- Territorial Disputes between:
1997 Laos
✱ Japan and China
1997 Myanmar ✱ Japan and South Korea
→ “Sea of Japan” or “East
1999 Cambodia Sea”
✱ Japan and Russia
ASEAN: External links
- A joint forum with Japan was - Mutually Reinforcing Suspicions
established in 1997
- A cooperation agreement with the Current Status:
European Community was signed - Washington-Tokyo-Beijing Triangle
in 1980 ✱ PRC & Japan regard
- “ASEAN+3”, Regular series of relationship with each other as 2nd
meetings at the cabinet and in importance to that with US
Head-of-Government Levels with
Japan, China, and South Korea - Japan plays significant role in
integrating PRC into World
NORTHEAST ASIA Economy
- Japan, South and North Korea
- Mainland China, Hongkong, Taiwan - Japan has vital interest in PRC’s
- Mongolia, Russia Development and Stability

✱ Compared with Southeast Asia and West - Economic Interdependence

Europe, Northeast Asia has lagged behind.
→ In developing mechanisms, PRC’s Trade Partners
institutions of coordination, cooperation, - Japan is Mainland China’s 2nd
or integration. Especially, considering the Largest Trade Partner and Import
immense economic potentials i Source
↳ Natural Resources and
Human Infrastructure.
 Total Trade Vol. Nearly $1BN per day

Total Imports US$166BN

from Japan → 9% of Mainland
China’s Total Import

Total Exports US$137BN

from Japan → 6% of Mainland
China’s Total Exports

JAPAN’s Trade Partners

- Mainland China is Japan’s Largest
Trade Partner, Largest Source of
Imports, and 2nd Largest Destination
of Exports
→ US $297BN Trade in 2017
→ Compared with $207BN
Trade with US

- PRC (Including Hong Kong)became

Japan’s Largest Trade Partner in
2004
→ Surpassed the US for the
first time.
 Week 3: Global Media Culture

What is Media? ✸ Oral Communication

- Channels of communication used to → Language allows human to cooperate
share information → It allows sharing of information
- TV, radio, social media → It becomes the most information tool as
- Influences public opinion, culture human being explores the world and
and social interactions experience different culture
→ It helps them move and settle down
What is Culture? → It leads to market, trade, and
- Shared beliefs, values, traditions, and cross-continental trade.
behaviors of a group or society.
- Includes language, customs, arts, and ✸ Script
social norms → Language is important but imperfect,
- Shapes how people think, distance becomes a strain for oral
communicate and interact communication

Global Media Culture → Script allows human to communicate

- A set of multiple, uneven and over a larger space and much longer times
sometimes overlapping historical
processes, including economics, → It allows for the written and permanent
politics, and culture, that have codification of economic, cultural, religious,
combined with the evolution of and political practice.
media technology to create the
conditions under which the globe ✸ The Printing press
itself can now be understood as an → It started the “information revolution”
“an imagined community” → It has transformed social institutions such
as schools, churches, governments and
The worldwide exchange and influence of more.
media across different cultures Driven by
digital platforms, social media, and global ✸ Electronic Media
entertainment industries. Hybridization of → The vast reach of these media continues
local and global cultures to open up new vistas in the economic,
political, and cultural processes of
globalization
Evolution of Media and Globalization
- Oral Communication → Radio quickly became a global medium,
- Script reaching distant regions
- The Printing Press
- Electronic Media → Television is considered as the most
- Digital Media powerful and pervasive mass medium; it has
brought together the visual and aural power → Also, students and teachers use media to
of film with the accessibility of radio. communicate with each other outside of
school vicinity regarding their study.
✸ Digital Media
→ Computer/New Media → Media educates people in the most
effective and efficient way.
→ Many of our earlier media such as radio
and TVs are now considered digital media ✸ PROFESSIONAL
→ Media has had profound effect in the
→ In the realm of politics, computers allows professional world
citizens to access information from around
the world. → on the other hand, job seekers or
soon-to-be-professionals may find their
dream jobs through the media.
Digital Media Examples
✸ SOCIAL
1. Twitter 6. IM → Almost every person in the world uses
media as a means of communication
2. Facebook Status 7. Letter

3. Facebook Msg 8. Phone → It has become more simple through the

use of media like the internet, radio, or even
4. Email 9. Video Chat television.
5. Text Msg 10. Talking
✸ MEDIA AND ECONOMY
→ Media fosters condition for global
Impact of Media
capitalism
✸ PERSONAL/INDIVIDUAL
→ Due to the vast development of
→ The use of media has played a big part in
technology, use of media has always been
the development and improvement of the
part of our daily routine.
economical aspect of every country.

→ Almost everything is within our reach

→ production and distribution of goods has
using the media.
become easier because of the new ways of
communication between the manufacturer
✸ EDUCATION
and the consumers.
→ In education, the use of media has
tremendously helped not just the students,
✸ MEDIA AND POLITICS
but teachers as well.
→ Through the media, political information
has become more accessible to citizens in
and out of the country.
→ citizens can check the credibility and 1st Century CE
background of the candidates → Paper invented in China

→ citizens can easily be updated on the 18th Century

latest political activity and news in regards → Printing press, revolutionized mass media
to political issues.
19th Century
✸ MEDIA AND CULTURE → Telegraph long-distance communication
→ Media on one level are the carriers of
culture ✸ 20th Century
→ It generates numerous and on-going
interactions 1890s
→ Globalization will bring about an → Motion pictures emerge, silent films
increasing blending or mixture of cultures.
1920s
✸ Paulo Emanuel Novais Guimarães → Radio broadcasting
→ pointed out that the advent of the
category ‘world music’ led to both an 1950s
unprecedented level of (re)discovery of local → Television
music scenes and to an assemblance of an
intricate global musical platform in the 1980s
contemporary age of globalization → Cable TV, 24-hrs news, and personal
computers.
Globalization of Culture
- Has become a conceptual magnet ✸ 21st Century
attracting research and theorizing
efforts from a variety of disciplines 1990s
and interdisciplinary formations such → Internet, email, websites
as: anthropology, comparative
literature, cultural studies, 2000s
communication and media studies, → Streaming Services, smartphone
geography and sociology.
2020s
Timeline Evolution of Media → AI generated, Virtual Reality, Metaverse.

✸ Pre-20th Century Cultural Imperialism

- It is the dominance of one culture
Prehistoric Era over others, often through economic
→ Cave Paintings, Oral Storytelling or political influence
✸ It is firmly rooted in a political-economy The subtitle, “How Globalism and
perspective on international communication. Tribalism are Reshaping the World”
betrays Barber’s reliance on a binary
opposition between the forces of
As a school of thought, political economy
modernity and liberal democracy with
focuses on material issues such as: tradition and autocracy.
capital, infrastructure, and political
control as key determinants of
Globalization isn’t possible to occur
international communication processes
without media:
and effects.

● Instant Communication
→ It does have some weaknesses, but it also ● Economic Expansion
continues to be useful. ● Cultural Exchange
● Political Influence
The most important contribution of ● Technological Integration
cultural imperialism:
Role of Media in Shaping Global Culture:
Is the argument that international
communication flows, processes and
● Promotion of Global Awareness
effects are permeated by power.
● Cultural Exchange
● Creating of Shared Experiences
Cultural Homogenization ● Identity formation
- Process where diverse cultures ● Economic Influence
become increasingly similar, often ● Political Influence
due to globalization and the spread ●
of cultural elements, leading to a Importance of Global Media Culture
reduction in cultural diversity.
● Connects people
✸ John Tomlinson (1991) ● Spreads information
→ Globalization replaced cultural ● Shapes modern societies such as ethnic
imperialism because it conveys a process diversity, gender, fashion, music films,
with less coherence and direction, which and business.
will weaken the cultural unity of all
nation-states, not only those in the
developing world.

Benjamin Barber
→ formulated his theory about the
globalization of culture in the book Jihad vs
McWorld (1996)
Impact of Global Media Culture
→ Media Ownership & Monopoly
✸ Positive
→ Cultural Exchange & Awareness → Privacy & Data Security Issues
→ Access to Information
→ Economic Growth ✸ Possible Solutions:
→ Social Movements & Activism → Support local media through policies,
→ Global Entertainment & Creativity funding, and global platform investments

✸ Negative → Enhance fact-checking, media literacy,

→ Cultural Homogenization and misinformation regulation.
→ Misinformation & Fake News
→ Privacy & Data Concerns → Expand internet access, lower tech costs,
→ Digital Divide and boost digital education.
→ Stereotypes & Misrepresentation
→ Regulate monopolies, support
Hollywood & Americanization independent media, and promote diverse
→ Promotes Western ideals of success, news sources
democracy, and freedom
→ Strengthen data laws, raise privacy
→ Introduces American fashion, food, and awareness, and ensure ethical data use.
slang into different cultures.

→ Sets beauty and social standards through

media representation

→ The English language becomes dominant

due to Hollywood’s presence.

Common Challenges in Global media

Culture & Possible Solutions

✸ Challenges
→ Cultural Homogenization (Loss of Local
Cultures)

→ Misinformation & Fake news

→ Digital Divide (Unequal Access to Media

& Technology)
 Week 2: Globalization of Religion

Globalization Globalization of Religion

- Is the networking and expansion of - Religion has entered the
one's local product, beliefs, and ‘information age’ and has been
practices into universal products, globalized in accelerating rates.
beliefs and practices, often through
technology. - It epitomizes the definition of
globalization due to the fact that it
Religion can be spread more efficiently than
- Is a collection of cultural systems, ever before through the use of
belief systems, and world views that different technological tools
establishes symbols that relate
humanity to spirituality to moral Tools for Uniting People All Over the
values. World on Religions Bases
- Books/Movies/TV
✸ 8 Major religions of the World - Cell Phone Apps
- Judaism - Social Networks
- Buddhism - Charity Foundation
- Hinduism - Websites
- Christianity - Religious schools
- Islam
- Taoism ✸ Websites
- Confucianism → provide information and explanations
- Shintoism about different religions to any person
regardless of his or her geographical
Different Forms of Beliefs/Practices location, as well as provide the opportunity
- Worshipping to contact others worldwide and hold
- Tithing debates which allow religious ideas to
- Attending masses spread.
- Novenas
- Pilgrimage ✸ Television
- Observation of Holy Week → Allows religious channels that provide
- Fasting/Abstinence visual religious teachings and practices.
- Etc..
“Consumerism weakens religious belief.”
“Religion takes advantage of → Consumerism culture brings changes
Globalization” that sometimes impact negatively
→ Religion should be regarded as a
spiritual matter while consumerism is
about materialism
Globalization Affects Religious Practices - The essay emphasizes that war
and Beliefs begins in the minds of people.
- It can create a revolutionary Religion can contribute to "mental
movement against globalism, and the disarmament" by freeing the mind
development of religious terrorist from "poisonous" defilements like
- It breaks traditional beliefs as people greed, hatred, and jealousy.
are more connected with the world
that sometimes weakens their own Negative Roles
religious belief - The essay acknowledges that some
individuals misuse religion,
- Globalization can also destroy employing manipulative tactics to
relationships; it can create larger gain followers or justifying violence
gaps between people with different through misinterpretations of
beliefs. scriptures. This has led to historical
- It breaks traditional values while instances of religious persecution,
weakening their own religious inquisitions, and wars, damaging
values, reinforces specific identities, religion's reputation.
creates a circle of conflict and
competition among various religions How Religion Affected by Globalization
etc. ● The significance of religion in one’s life
● Globalization affects religious practices
“Believing without Belonging” and beliefs
● The relationship between religion and
→ Religious worship and ritual are NOT
global conflict, and conversely, global
necessarily a manifestation of individual
peace
belief; and
→ Religious practices DOES NOT
necessarily reflect depth of personal
conviction or belief.

Roles of Religion in Promoting World

Peace
- Religion provides moral principles
and values that, when followed, can
reduce greed, hatred, and
delusion—root causes of conflict.
- Religion offers practical tools for
peacebuilding, such as charity and
loving-kindness, to overcome
negative emotions and promote
understanding.
 Week 5: Global City

Global Economy ✓ World Heritage Sites of Historical and

Cultural Significance
✸ Carnoy (1999)
→ Described Global Economy as, ‘one Global cities are “brain hubs” and
whose strategic core activities, including centers of a knowledge economy
innovation, finance, and corporate
management functions on a planetary scale
Global in the Local
on real time’
- Global flow of people, goods,
resources, ideas, etc.
Defining the Global City
- Embodies both the good and bad
✸ Sassen (2005)
effects of globalization.
→ Introduction global cities as global
“command centers’’ of the world economy
Downsides
- High costs, alienation, impersonality,
→ Global financial centers
social isolation, discrimination
against migrants of certain kinds.
→ Producers of services that are global in
scope.
Global City Index
Global Cities are;
1. London
✓ Global Stock Exchange, Banking and
2. New York
Corporate Headquarters
3. Tokyo
✓ Cite/Subject in Arts, media, Film, TV,
4. Paris
Fashion, Music, Literature, etc.
5. Singapore
✓ Hosting Headquarters for International
6. Amsterdam
Organizations.
7. Seoul
✓ Huge Centers of Symbolic Property
8. Beijing
Development, Infrastructural Investment
9. Hongkong
✓ Main Hubs of Global Airline, Port, Rail
10. Sydney
✓ Advanced Transportation System
✓Advance Telecommunication Systems
✓ Destinations of International Migration
✓Location for International Events,
Sporting Events, and Conferences
✓ Geopolitical Power Centers
✓Cultural and Trendsetting powerhouse
✓ Higher Education Hubs
✓ Creative Industries