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2. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

The document outlines the objectives and procedures for generating and demodulating frequency-modulated (FM) signals, including the necessary equipment and theoretical background. It details the mathematical representation of FM, key parameters, modulation techniques, and the steps for conducting in-lab experiments. Additionally, it includes pre-lab and post-lab questions to assess understanding of FM concepts and results from the experiments.

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HEMAN PRASAD
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4 views

2. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

The document outlines the objectives and procedures for generating and demodulating frequency-modulated (FM) signals, including the necessary equipment and theoretical background. It details the mathematical representation of FM, key parameters, modulation techniques, and the steps for conducting in-lab experiments. Additionally, it includes pre-lab and post-lab questions to assess understanding of FM concepts and results from the experiments.

Uploaded by

HEMAN PRASAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

2.1 Objective

1. To generate an FM signal and determine the modulation index and bandwidth for various values
of amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal.
2. To demodulate the frequency-modulated signal using an FM detector and recover the original
modulating signal.

2.2 Apparatus Required

SL.No Equipment/Component name Range Quantity

1 Digital Storage Oscilloscope (0 – 20MHz) 1

Frequency Modulation and Demodulation BCT-02 Model 1


2
Trainer kit

3 Patch Cords and Probes few

2.3 Theory

Frequency Modulation is a process where the frequency of a carrier wave is varied in accordance with
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The amount of frequency variation is referred to
as the frequency deviation (∆𝑓).

Mathematical Representation:
Frequency Modulation (FM) can be mathematically represented using the following equations:
The carrier wave is a sinusoidal signal given by: 𝑠𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
The modulating signal is typically a sinusoidal signal: 𝑠𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
The frequency-modulated signal is given by: 𝑠𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∆𝑓(𝑡))
Where
𝐴𝑚 = Amplitude of the modulating signal.
𝑓𝑚 = Modulating signal frequency in Hz.
𝐴𝑐 = Amplitude of the carrier.
𝑓𝑐 = Carrier frequency in Hz
∆𝑓(𝑡)⁡= Frequency deviation, which depends on the modulating signal.
Key Parameters in FM:
1. Carrier Frequency (𝑓𝑐 ): The fixed frequency of the carrier wave before modulation.
2. Modulating Signal: A low-frequency signal (usually audio or video) whose information is
used to vary the carrier frequency.
3. Frequency Deviation ( ∆𝑓 ): The amount by which the carrier frequency shifts due to
modulation. It is the difference between the maximum and minimum frequencies of the
modulated wave.
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛
∆𝑓 = ⁡ Or ∆𝑓 = ⁡ 𝑓𝑐 -𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 Or ⁡∆𝑓 = ⁡ 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
2

4. Modulation Index (𝛽): It is the ratio of the frequency deviation (∆𝑓) to the modulating signal
frequency (𝑓𝑚 ):
𝛥𝑓
𝛽=𝑓
𝑚

5. Bandwidth (BW): The total frequency range occupied by the FM signal, calculated using
Carson’s Rule: BW≈2 (𝑓𝑚 +∆𝑓)

FM Modulation Techniques:
1. Direct FM
2. Indirect FM
3. Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
4. Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)

FM Demodulation Techniques:
FM demodulation is the process of extracting the original modulating signal from the FM signal. There
are several methods used for demodulation:
1. Slope Detection (Foster-Seely)
2. Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)

2.4 Pre-Lab Questions


1. Simulate direct FM in SCILAB, generate the carrier, modulating, and FM signals, and evaluate
the modulation index and bandwidth. Assume the carrier frequency is 10 kHz with an amplitude
of 1 Volt, the modulating frequency is 1 kHz with an amplitude of 1 Volt, and the frequency
sensitivity factor is 5 kHz/V. Submit your schematics and waveforms.

2.5 In-Lab Experiments


Perform the given In-Lab experiment using FM Modulator and Demodulator trainer Kit (Fig. 2.1):
1. Generate a frequency-modulated (FM) signal using IC 8038 or VCO (Fig. 2.2) based modulator
circuit. Vary the amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal and observe the resulting FM
waveform.
2. Measure and calculate the frequency deviation and modulation index for different modulating
signal amplitudes and frequencies.
3. Use Carson’s rule to determine the bandwidth of the FM signal for various modulation
conditions.
4. Demodulate the FM signal using PLL based FM detector circuit (Fig. 2.3) and compare the
demodulated output with the original modulating signal.

Fig. 2.1 Frequency Modulator and Demodulator Trainer Kit


Click here to watch the experiment demonstration
Fig. 2.2 FM Modulator

Fig. 2.3 FM Demodulator

2.5 Pre-Lab Questions

Simulate direct FM in SCILAB, generate the carrier, modulating, and FM signals, and evaluate the
modulation index and bandwidth. Assume the carrier frequency is 10 kHz with an amplitude of 1 Volt,
the modulating frequency is 1 kHz with an amplitude of 1 Volt, and the frequency sensitivity factor is 5
kHz/V. Submit your schematics and waveforms.

2.6 Procedure

FM Modulation

1. Connect the AC supply to the kit.


2. Observe the carrier signal at the FM Modulator output (TP2) without any modulating input at the
testing point (TP1). Measure the amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal.
3. Connect the modulating signal output from the sine wave generator block to the modulating
input post (TP1) of the FM modulator block. Set the modulating voltage to 0.5 V and frequency
to 1 kHz.
4. Observe the modulating signal (at TP1) and the FM output (at TP2) on CH1 and CH2,
respectively, on the DSO. Adjust the amplitude of the modulating signal until an undistorted FM
output is achieved.
5. Measure the carrier frequency and the FM modulated wave parameters for different amplitudes
and frequencies of the modulating signal.
6. Calculate the modulation index by measuring the frequency deviation
7. Use Carson’s rule to determine the bandwidth for various modulating signal parameters.

FM Demodulation

1. Connect the FM MOD O/P (TP2) to the FM OD I/P of the demodulator.


2. Observe the demodulated waveform at the FM DEMOD O/P (at TP3).
3. Adjust the amplitude of the modulating signal and the potentiometer in the FM Demodulator sec-
tion until an undistorted demodulated output is obtained.
4. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the audio signal (demodulated signal).

2.7 Observations

FM Modulation

Carrier Frequency (𝑓𝑐 ):


Modulating Modulating FM Modulated Wave Frequency Modulation Bandwidth
Signal Signal Deviation index (Hz)
Amplitude frequency (∆𝑓) (𝛽)
(Am) ( 𝑓𝑚 ) Amplitude Tmin Fmax Tmax Fmin
(V) =⁡
𝟏
=
𝟏
𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙

FM Demodulation

SL.NO Modulating Signal Modulating Signal Demodulated Demodulated


Amplitude (V) frequency Signal Voltage Signal
( Hz) (V) Frequency ( Hz)
2.8 Model Waveforms

Fig 2.4 Frequency modulated waveforms

Fig 2.5 Frequency demodulated waveforms


2.9 Post Lab Questions

1. How does varying the amplitude of the modulating signal affect the spectral components of the
FM signal?
2. Why is carrier frequency stability important in FM modulation?
3. Why does the bandwidth of an FM signal increase with the modulation index?
4. What role do Bessel functions play in determining the sideband amplitudes of an FM signal?
5. How would you optimize the detector's performance to minimize distortion?

2.10 Result

Thus, the process of frequency modulation (FM) and its demodulation using a VCO and PLL was
successfully carried out. The modulation index and the bandwidth were determined for varying
modulating amplitudes and frequencies.

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