Introduction This short course is designed to help you to improve your ability to engage in meaningful discussions in English.

It is also meant to encourage you to develop the self-confidence to be able to present your opinions to a group of people. The ideal number in one group would be about 5 people. The short course will have several activities for you to follow in order to develop the skills for having successful discussions. There are also several lists of relevant vocabulary often used by participants in a discussion. At first, the short course will seem to be largely led by the teacher, but as the course progresses, the participants will assume more control of the programme.

Activity 1 Purpose : to help you to choose a topic which you think could be of interest to the other members of your group to consider your audience when having a discussion Work individually, without discussing your topics with the other members of your group. Choose 5 topics that are of interest to you, and you think that you could talk about for 8 minutes. Try to think of a suitable title, just as if you were going to give an oral presentation. Some suggested topics are on the next page. List the 5 topics below : 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

After you have listed your titles, go on to Activity 2

Suggested Topics for Discussion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Abortion Academic freedom Air pollution in Hong Kong Animals Beggars Charity Child care Conservation Corporal punishment Crowd control Democracy in Hong Kong Education in Hong Kong Elderly people Euthanasia Filipino maids Hawkers in Hong Kong Health and diet Homosexuality Housing problems Human rights in Hong Kong Illegal immigrants Immigration Industrial safety Lan Kwai Fong Language teaching Law and order in Hong Kong Medicine Murder cases Mother-tongue education Noise pollution in Hong Kong

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. or

People and films People and music People and politics Pornography Poverty Press freedom in Hong Kong Prostitution Sex education Smoking Smuggling Social welfare Stress Television Transportation University life Water pollution in Hong Kong Young people and drugs Young people and triads Youth problems

Topics from your subject area

Discussion Skills

1. RESPONSIBILITIES OF A DISCUSSION LEADER

Start and conclude the discussion, paying attention to the time limits.

Give all group members an equal chance to participate. You may have to control members who talk too much and to involve quiet members.

Keep the discussion on the subject. If participants move onto a completely different subject or start bringing up irrelevant points, you should politely bring the discussion back to the subject.

Keep the discussion moving. You may have to cut off discussion politely if members spend too much time on one point or start repeating the same ideas. However, you also have to decide when discussion is useful and should be encouraged.

Make sure that all group members can understand each other. You may also have to ask people to speak more slowly or more loudly so that everyone can understand them. You may also have to help speakers who are having difficulties explaining their ideas.

Summarise when needed and look for areas of agreement. Make sure that all participants understand and accept the group decision.

2. SUGGESTED VOCABULARY FOR LEADING A DISCUSSION

Getting Started

Is everybody ready to begin? Okay are we ready to start?

Bringing People into the Discussion

(Name), what do you think? (Name), do you have anything to add?

Encouraging Everyone to Participate

What do you think about (Name)s point? Does anyone have anything to add? Would anyone like to comment on what (Name) said?

Activity 2 Purpose : to help you to choose topics that are of more interest to the other members of your group to consider your audience When everyone has finished writing their possible topics, each group member should, in turn, present his/her ideas for each of the five topics to the group. Group members should try to help each speaker to choose three topics that are the most interesting to the group. If you want to change the wordings or even add new topics go ahead. 1. 2. 3.

After you have listed your titles, go on to Activity 2

Activity 3 Purpose : to prepare for holding a discussion to practice relevant vocabulary Read, practice, and discuss the following sheets : 1. Responsibilities of a Discussion Leader, 2. Suggested Vocabulary for Leading a Discussion 3. Vocabulary for Listening Actively 4. Vocabulary for Exchanging Opinions 5. Vocabulary for Taking Turns 6. Vocabulary for Dealing with a Problem

7. Vocabulary for Stating Priorities 6. Group Discussion Evaluation Form

Discussion Skills I 4 Clarifying

Could you go over that again? Im afraid we dont really understand what you said. Im not sure we all understand what you mean.

Controlling People Who Talk Too Much

Lets hear what some others have to say. I think youve got a good point there. Why dont we find out what other people have to say?

Keeping the Discussion Moving

Perhaps we should go on to the next point. We have only a few minutes left, so could we move on? Are there any more comments before we move on to the next point?

Keeping the discussion on the Subject

Thats interesting, but it raises a different point. Could we come back to that later?

Reaching Agreement and Summing Up

Do we agree that......? So, to sum up, weve decided .......

3. VOCABULARY FOR LISTENING ACTIVELY

Asking for Clarification

What do you mean? Im not sure what you mean. Sorry, but I dont understand what you mean Could you explain what you mean by ...? Are you saying that .........? Im not sure I follow you. Did you say that ....?

Clarifying or Restating (Your Comments)

I mean ....... In other words, ........ The point Im trying to make is .....

Discussion Skills II Paraphrasing

(Name) said that ......... What (Name) means is ......... I believe (Name)s point is ........... I think (Name) feels that ...... Isnt that right? Let me see if I understood. You said ...........

Checking for Understanding

Do you see what I mean? Is that clear?

4. VOCABULARY FOR EXCHANGING OPINIONS

Asking for an Opinion

What do you think of .........? How do you feel about .....? Whats your opinion of ........?

Giving an Opinion

In my opinion, ......... Personally, I think that ........ It seems to me ......... As far as Im concerned, .........

Agreeing (usually used by the discussion leader)

(a) Thats right. (b) Youre right. (c) I think so, too. (d) I agree with you. (e) I definitely agree. (f) I completely agree with you.

Expressing Reservations (usually used by the discussion leader)

Yes, but..... Possibly. but..... Yes, but the problem is....

Disagreeing

I dont really agree with you. Im not sure I agree with you. The reason is that..... Yes, that may be true, but.....

Discussion Skills

5. VOCABULARY FOR TAKING TURNS

Getting Attention To indicate that you want to speak, you can use nonverbal signals such as leaning forward or raising your hand. You can also gain the attention of the group members during a pause by saying :

or :

May (could) I ask a question? May (could) I say something here? May (could I make a suggestion?

I have a question Id like to ask. I have a point Id like to make.

Interrupting If you feel that a interruption would be appropriate, you can wait for a pause in the conversation and then say :

Excuse me, but........ Pardon me, but........ Excuse me for interrupting, but....... Sorry to interrupt, but........

Keeping Your Turn

Excuse me, Id just like to finish this point. If you could wait for a second, Im just about to finish my point. Could I please just finish my point?

Continuing after an Interruption

Anyway, ....... As I was saying, ........ In any case, ....... Going back to what I was saying,...... As I was saying, .........

Discussion Skills

6. VOCABULARY FOR DEALING WITH A PROBLEM Emphasizing a Point

It seems to me that the real issue is....... I think the basic cause is...... As far as I can see, the main problem is...... In my opinion, the basic problem is......

7. VOCABULARY FOR STATING PRIORITIES

In my opinion, the main thing is..... As I see it, the most important point is.... I feel that the most important consideration is.....

8. VOCABULARY FOR ASKING FOR OPINIONS

(Name), would you like to give us your opinion about ....... (Name), whats your opinion about ..... (Name), I wonder if youd like to comment on ..... (Name), whats your reaction to ...... (Name), how do you feel about .....

Activity 4

to hold a successful discussion

Group Discussion Evaluation Form

Topic of discussion : ___________________________________

Enter each group members name in a Speaker box. Evaluate each speakers contribution to the discussion. Put a check in a speakers box each time that speaker displays one of the following discussion skills. This information will then be used to evaluate the discussion. Name Discussion skills Name Name Name Name

Contributed ideas

Asked questions

Use the following key to evaluate the group as a whole : + = very good ___ ___ A: B: = satisfactory Clarity : All group members spoke loudly and clearly. Participation : All group members contributed ideas and took equal part in the discussion. = needs more practice

___

C:

Pace : The discussion moved along at the right speed, with no long pauses between speakers.

Purpose : to practice the vocabulary from Activity 3 1 Choose a Discussion Leader. This discussion leader should follow the points written in Responsibilities of a Discussion Leader. Each member of the group should in turn put forward the topics he/she wrote down in Activity 2 and present his/her point of view on this topic. The other members of the group will discuss each topic for about five minutes. Try to use the suggested vocabulary as much as possible. After each topic has been discussed, the teacher will ask the group to comment on their performance and then present his/her comments on the Group Discussion Evaluation Form.