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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

KNS1461 SEMESTER 2
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2

Assignment Titled: V2 Laboratory Report

Lecturer: Sir Ron Aldrino Chan@Ron Buking

Group Members: 1. Dayang Farhana Binti Abang Roslan

(106955)
2. Izzat Farhan Bin Mohamad Odil (104452)
3. Esther Melanie Sum (104059)
4. Aryna Dania Syahyn Binti Norjain
(103426)
5. Kelvin Tang Kee Han (104647)

Date of submission: 6/6/2025

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1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Objective .................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Apparatus ................................................................................................................. 4
2.0 PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................... 5-6
3.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION .........................................................................................

3.1 Result ........................................................................................................................ 7

3.2 Calculation................................................................................................................. 8-12
4.0 DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................... 13
5.0 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 14
6.0 APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................... 15-16
7.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. `17

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1.0 Introduction

Engineering surveying is a specialized branch of surveying that deals with the

measurement and mapping of areas required for the planning, design, and execution of
construction and engineering projects. It provides the accurate data needed to determine the
position, size, and shape of natural and man-made features on the Earth's surface.

This type of surveying is essential for ensuring that infrastructure like roads, bridges,
buildings, dams, and pipelines are constructed in the correct location and align with the design
specifications. It involves techniques to measure horizontal distances, vertical elevations,
angles, and directions.

One of the primary objectives of surveying is to determine the relative positions of points
on or near the Earth's surface. This involves measuring both linear distances and angles to
calculate the precise coordinates of specific points. Angles are measured between two
intersecting lines, either in a horizontal plane (for direction and orientation) or a vertical plane
(for elevation or slope). These angular measurements are typically expressed in degrees (°),
minutes ('), and seconds (") of arc, allowing for high precision in mapping and layout tasks.

1.1 Objective
To take the reading, recording and reduction of angle and distance of measurement data.

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1.3 Apparatus

Total Station

Pegs Prism

Tripod Hammer

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2.0 Procedure
1. The lab activity was conducted on level ground in front of the UNIMAS Civil Engineering
Department building where three survey stations (Marker 1, 2, and 3) were established
in a triangular formation by driving pickets into the ground using a hammer, with each
station spaced approximately 25 meters apart as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 : Positions of Stations

2. The total station instrument was precisely leveled and positioned above Marker 1 while
prism reflectors were placed and leveled at Markers 2 and 3 to prepare for
measurements.

3. The total station was first aimed at the prism on Marker 3 where a reference value of
0°00'00" was entered, followed by recording of the vertical angle, slope distance, and
horizontal distance measurements.

4. The instrument's line of sight was then directed to the prism at Marker 2 where the face
left bearing was acquired and recorded as the starting value for angular measurements.

5. The total station was set to face right position by rotating it clockwise and flipping the
telescope, then aimed again at the prism on Marker 3 where the reference value was
re-entered before recording the face right bearing.

6. The instrument was subsequently aimed back at the prism on Marker 2 where both the
previously recorded face left bearing and the new face right bearing were entered and
recorded to complete the dual-face observation.

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7. The average bearing value for the initial setup was determined by calculating the mean
of the face left and face right bearings measured from Marker 2 to ensure measurement
accuracy.

8. The total station was then relocated to Marker 2 while the prism previously at Marker 2
was moved to Marker 1 and carefully leveled in preparation for the next set of
measurements.

9. The same procedures involving reference angle setting, face left and face right
measurements, and bearing calculations as described in steps 3 through 7 were
repeated from the new instrument position at Marker 2.

10. Finally, the total station was moved to Marker 3 where the complete measurement
procedure was performed once more, with the prism positioned at Marker 2, to complete
all necessary observations for the traverse survey.

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3.0 Result and Calculation

Figure 1: Result

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Figure 2: Calculation

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 Figure 2.1: calculation

Figure 2.2: Table of calculation Latitude and Departure

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Figure 2.3: Calculation for Correction for latitude and departure

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Figure 2.4: Table for Correction for latitude and departure

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Figure 2.5: Calculation for linear error and fractional linear

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4.0 Discussion
This lab was carried out to help students learn how to take, record, and process angle and
distance data, which are very important in surveying work. Instruments like total stations and
theodolites were used to measure angles, while distances were measured using tapes or
electronic tools. It was important to set up the instruments correctly and follow proper steps to
get accurate results.

Accurate measurement is very important because small mistakes can lead to big errors in
construction or mapping projects (Ghilani & Wolf, 2012). During the lab, we made sure the
instruments were level and properly aimed. We also checked for errors and applied corrections
for slope, height of the instrument, and other factors to get the true horizontal distances and
angles (Kavanagh & Slattery, 2009).

Overall, the results were consistent. The angles and distances matched well, showing that the
instruments were used correctly. Some small errors happened due to things like uneven ground
or obstacles, which are common in real-world surveying and need to be managed carefully
(Esri, 2003).

Learning how to process and reduce measurement data correctly is important for tasks like
setting boundaries, planning construction, and creating maps. These skills help ensure the data
is correct and useful for engineering or land planning (NOAA, 2021).

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5.0 Conclusion
The Angle and Distance Measurement Lab was conducted to practice and assess our ability
to accurately measure horizontal angles, vertical angles, and slope distances between stations
using surveying instruments. Through systematic observations at three different stations, we
collected face left and face right bearings, vertical angles, and distance readings.For the
horizontal angles, we took readings from both face left and face right positions to minimize
instrumental errors and human mistakes. The mean values were calculated for each line
between stations, improving the reliability of the data. For instance, the mean bearing from
Station 1 to Station 2 was calculated as 119°17’37" and similar calculations were done for the
other station pairs.

In addition, the vertical angles were used to correct the slope distances to final horizontal
distances. The corrections were necessary because measurements were taken along inclined
lines rather than purely horizontal ones. For example, the slope distance from Station 1 to
Station 2 was 22.269 meters, and after correction, the final distance was determined to be
22.174 meters.The error analysis indicated that the difference between face left and face right
measurements was very small. When we computed the allowable closing error, it resulted in a
value of 0°0’ 20”, which is significantly smaller than the maximum allowable error of 1’15” (one
minute and fifteen seconds). This confirms that our observations were within acceptable
surveying limits and that the measurement procedures were properly followed.

Moreover, the final distances between stations (22.174 m, 20.792 m, and 30.936 m) were
consistent with the expected values based on the site setup and field observations. These
results validate the accuracy of both our angle measurements and distance reductions.The
practical experience gained through this lab is critical for professional surveying work, where
precision and attention to small errors can significantly impact the success of mapping,
construction, and engineering projects.

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6.0 Appendix

Figure 3 : Ongoing traverse survey

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 Figure 4: Raw data from traverse survey

Figure 5: Task division from whatsapp groupchat

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7.0 Reference
1. Como a perspectiva altera a percepção da trajetória? (2024, December 24). Gauth.

https://www.gauthmath.com/knowledge/How-to-calculate-distances-using-angles--73898

05154400993284

2. Surveying Methods | Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping. (n.d.).

https://www.icsm.gov.au/education/fundamentals-mapping/surveying-mapping/surveying

-methods

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