Uniform approximation with Lupaş operators

preserving exponential functions

Harsh Pareshbhai Kothari1,2*, Shruti S Kariya3 and
Prashantkumar Patel4
1,3 Researchscholar, Gujarat Technological University, Chandkheda,
Ahmedabad, 382424, Gujarat, India.
2 Department of Mathematics, A. D. Patel Institute of Technology, The

Charutar Vidya Mandal (CVM) University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand,

388121, Gujarat, India.
4* Department of Mathematics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh

Vidyanagar, Anand, 388120, Gujarat, India.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected];
Contributing authors: [email protected]; [email protected];

Abstract
This paper investigates the results related to positive linear operators that pre-
serve constant and exponential functions, focusing on their quantitative estimates
and uniform convergence properties. We modify the Lupa¸s, operators in the
second section, creating a new class of discrete positive linear operators. We
thoroughly analyze the approximating properties of these modified operators,
emphasizing their effectiveness in function approximation. Building upon these
results, we further refine these operators to maintain the form λbx , where λ > 0
and b > 0. We establish uniform convergence, assess the order of approxima-
tion using specific weighted moduli of continuity, and present a quantitative
Voronovskaya-type theorem to support our findings.

Keywords: Positive linear operators; Modulus of continuity; Korovkin-type theorem;

Voronvskaja- type theorem; Summation–Integral type operators

MSC Classification: 41A10 41A25 41A36 41A28

1
1 Introduction
The study of approximation by operators with the condition of linearity and positivity
is a fundamental area in mathematical analysis, particularly in the realm of func-
tional spaces. Linear operators, particularly positive linear operators, play significant
roles in various mathematical and computational contexts that underpin digital trans-
formation. Korovkin-type approximation theorems provide a powerful framework for
understanding the convergence behavior of sequences of linear operators. Numerous
Korovkin subsets have been introduced, each specifically designed to tackle different
approximation problems in various settings.
In this paper, we restrict our focus to the compact interval [0, M ] and established
the convergence error with the help of mathematical tool modulus of continuity.
A significant aspect of this study is the choice of the Korovkin subset, which plays a
critical role in determining the approximation properties. While the classical Korovkin
subset {1, λ−r , λ−2r }, λ > 0 for C ∗ ([0, ∞)) is commonly used, it has been suggested
in works such as [1] that alternative subsetsn may provide oenhanced performance. In
2
[2], the Korovkin subsets {1, e−r , e−2r } and 1, 1+r
r r
, (1+r) 2 were studied, while more
−r −2r
recently, [3] introduced the subset {1, 2 , 2 }.
Building on these developments, we extend the analysis of convergence estimates
for summation-integral type linear operators by considering alternative Korovkin sub-
sets and deriving sharp error bounds. As an application of these results, we define
a new class of operators that align with our theorems. Specifically, we propose and
analyze modifications to the original Lupa¸ş operators, resulting in a family of new
discrete linear positive operators with enhanced approximation properties.
These modifications preserve the essential characteristics of the classical operators
while improving their approximation capabilities. We rigorously examine the approx-
imation properties of these new operators, demonstrating their convergence behavior
and effectiveness in approximating target functions. This work highlights both the-
oretical advancements and practical applications in the study of approximation
theory.

2 A general result on positive linear operators with

a finite limit at infinity
Let C ∗ ([0, ∞)) be the complete space of all smooth maps on [0, ∞) with the property
that limr→∞ h(r) exists. Let {ξn (h, r)}, where r ∈ [0, ∞), be a sequence of operators
with the conditions of linearity and positivity on the space C ∗ ([0, ∞).
Theorem 1. If ξn : C ∗ ([0, ∞)) → C ∗ ([0, ∞)) is a sequence of linear operators with
positivity condition and it following results hold

lim ξn (λ−pt , r) = λ−pr , p = 0, 1, 2 (1)

n→∞

uniformly in [0, ∞), then

lim ξn (h, r) = h(r)
n→∞

2
uniformly in [0, ∞) for each h ∈ C ∗ ([0, ∞)).
Proof. Let h ∈ C ∗ ([0, ∞)) with constant ρ > 0 such that |h(r)| ≤ ρ for each r ∈ [0, ∞).
Let ϵ ¿0, we can prove the existence of a δ > 0 indepdent of any variable such that
|λ−t − λ−r | < δ for all r, t ∈ [0, ∞), then

|h(t) − h(r)| < ϵ.

Then the following result holds true:

2M −t 2M
−ϵ − 2
(λ − λ−r )2 ≤ h(t) − h(r) ≤ ϵ + 2 (λ−t − λr )2 .
δ δ

Since ξn (h, r) is a positive linear operators, we have

2M
−ϵξn (1, r) − ξn ((λ−t − λ−r )2 , r) ≤ ξn (h, r) − h(r)ξn (1, r)ϵξn (1, r)
δ2
2M
≤ ϵξn (1, r) + 2 ξn ((λ−t − λ−r )2 , r),
δ
which gives

|ξn (h, r) − h(r)ξn (1, r)| ≤ ϵξn (1, r)

2ρ
+ 2 (ξn (λ−2t , r) − 2 · λ−r ξn (λ−t , r) + λ−2r ξn (1, r)).
δ

From the above inequality it follows, (4.1) and with the calculation that

lim ξn (h, r) = h(r)

n→∞

uniformly in [0, ∞).

Remark 1. We can see that Theorem 1 can be demonstrated as a result of theorem
as mentioned in [4], but in this case, we proved it explicitly. We estimate the rate of
convergence of operators that meet the above conditions of the above theorem in the
following section, first in general form and then for the situations mentioned above.
Our modulus of continuity for this estimation is as follows:

w∗ (h, δ) = sup {|h(t) − h(r)| : |λ−t − λ−r | ≤ δ}

r,t≥0

true for all δ ≥ 0 and for every function h ∈ C ∗ ([0, ∞)). This modulus is coincide
with the modulus of continuity in usual manner as given by following relation

w∗ (h, δ) = w(h∗ , δ),

3
where h∗ is the continuous function defined on [0, 1] by
(
∗ h(−logλ r), r ∈ (0, 1],
h (x) =
limt→∞ h(t), x = 0.

Remark 2. Because |λ−t − λ−r | ≤ |t − r| for every t, r ≥ 0, we have, for δ ≤ 0,

w(h, δ) ≤ w∗ (h, δ),

and because |λ−t − λ−r | ≤ |t − r| for every t, r ≥ 0, we have, for δ ≥ 0,

w(h, δ) ≤ w∗ (h, δ),

and because |λ−t − λ−r | = λ−θ |t − r| ≥ λ−ρ |t − r| for every t, r ∈ [0, ρ] and some
θ ∈ [t, r], we have
w∗ (h, δ) ≤ w(h, λρ δ) ≤ (1 + λρ ) · w(h, δ).
Theorem 2. If for the sequence ξn : C ∗ ([0, ∞)) → C ∗ ([0, ∞)) of linear operators with
the behaviour of positiveness satisfies the conditions

∥ξn (1, r) − 1∥∞ = βn ,

∥ξn (λ−t , r) − λ−r ∥∞ = γn ,
∥ξn (λ−2t , r) − λ−2r ∥∞ = σn ,

where βn → 0, γn → 0, σn → 0 as n → ∞, then
p
∥ξn h − h∥∞ ≤ ∥h∥∞ βn + (2 + βn ) · w∗ (h, βn + 2γn + σn )

for every function h ∈ C ∗ ([0, ∞)).

Proof. With the help of the usual modulus of continuity

(u − v)2
 
∥h(u) − h(v)∥ ≤ 1+ w(h, δ)
δ2

for the function H = h∗ and for u = λ−t and v = λ−r and using the relation h∗ (λ−t ) =
h(t), we obtain
(λ−t − λ−r )2
 
|h(t) − h(x)| ≤ 1 + w∗ (h, δ).
δ2
Because

ξn ((λ−t −λr )2 , r) = [ξn (λ−2t , r)−λ−2r ]−2·λ−r [T ξn (λ−t , r)−λ−r ]+λ−2r [ξn (1, r)−1],

we obtain

ξn ((λ−t − λ−r )2 , r)
 
ξn ((λ−t − λr )2 , r) ≤ ξn (1, r) + w∗ (h, δ)
δ2

4
  
βn + 2γn + σn
≤ 1 + an + w∗ (h, δ).
δ2
√
Choosing δ = βn + 2γn + σn and using the inequality

|ξn (h, x) − h(r)| ≤ |h(r)| · |ξn (1, r) − 1| + ξn (|h(t) − h(r)|, r),

The result obtained, in the sup norm, the estimation stated in the theorem.
Remark 3. Because all linear operators with condition of linearity and positive in
behavior ξn (n ∈ N) can be established to maps the constant functions into the constant
1
functions, ξ¯n (h, r) = , we can take an = 0 in the theorem above and obtain
ξn (h, r)

∥ξn h − h∥∞ ≤ 2 · w∗ (h,

p
2γn + σn ).

Remark 4. We take a closed and bounded interval of real line [0, M ] and if we use
Remark 2, we obtain an estimation using the usual modulus of continuity
p
∥ξn h − h∥∞ ≤ Γ · w(h, 2γn + σn ).

we have consider the Korovkin subset {1, λ−r , λ−2r } for C ∗ ([0, ∞)), but as suggested
in [1], we can use any other subset which are used to satisfy Korovkin condition for this
−r −2r
 2
 the authors considered the Korovkin subsets as {1, e , e },
space, such as, In [2]
r r
1, , , and in [3], the authors considered the Korovkin subset as
1 + r (1 + r)2
{1, 2−r , 2−2r }.

3 Application
In the year 1995, Lupaş [5] established the following sequence of linear and positive
operators:
∞  
−nr
X (ny)k k
Ln (h, y) = 2 h , (2)
2k k! n
k=0
where h : [0, ∞) → (−∞, ∞), (ny)0 = 1 and (ny)r = ny(ny + 1)(ny + 2)...(ny + k − 1),
k ≥ 1. In 2015, Patel and Mishra [6] established a new modification of Jain operators
as a new version of Lupaş operators [5] defined by,
∞  
X (ny + kµ)k −(ny+kµ) k
Knµ (h, y) = 2 h , y ≥ 0, h : [0, ∞) → R, (3)
2k k! n
k=0

where (ny + kµ)0 = 1, (ny + kµ)1 = ny and (ny + kµ)k = ny(ny + kµ + 1)(ny + kµ +
2)...(ny + kµ + (k − 1)), k ≥ 2. In [7], the authors proposed the modification of (2) as

5
follows:
∞  
X ny(ny + 1 + kµ)k−1 −(ny+kµ) k
Knµ (h, y) = 2 h , (4)
2k k! n
k=0
and Knµ (h, 0) = h(0) for real bounded function h on [0, ∞), where 0 ≤ µ ≤ 1 and
µ directly depends on n. The authors named these operators (1.3) as Lupaş - Jain
operators. In 2024, Kariya et al. [8] proposed the following operators:
∞  
X (nra (y))k k
L∗n,a (h, y) = (1 − a) nra (y)
a h k
, |a| < 1, a ̸= 0, y ≥ 0, (5)
k! n
k=0

for h : R → R, n ∈ N and r(y) is a function of y and it is defined as follows

(1 − a)y
r(y) = .
a

In [9], Gandhi et al. proposed the following modification:

∞
e−bn x
 
X k
Sn (f, x) = (bn x)k f , k = 0, 1, 2, ..., 2, n ∈ N, (6)
k! bn
k=0

where (bn )∞
n=1 is an increasing sequence of positive real numbers, bn → ∞ as n → ∞
and clearly for bn = n, we get the original Szász-Mirakjan [10] operators.

3.1 Construction of new class of Lupaş operators

Inspired by these works, we have proposed a new class of Lupaş operators and it is
defined as follows:
∞  
X (ny)k k
Lann (h, y) = (1 − an )ny akn h , (7)
k! n
k=0

where h : [0, ∞) → (−∞, ∞), (ny)0 = 1 and (ny)r = ny(ny + 1)(ny + 2)...(ny + k − 1),
k ≥ 1 and an → 12 as n → ∞. Moreover, an = 21 , the operators (7) reduced to (2).

3.2 Moment Estimates

Lemma 3.1. For the operators Lann given by (7) and for the test function ei (y) = y i ,
the following results hold.
1. Lann (1, x) = 1;
an y
2. Lann (t, x) = ;
an − 1
an y(nan y + 1)
3. Lann (t2 , x) = .
n(an − 1)2

6
 In the following Lemmas 3.2, the moments, and central moments of the operators
Lann are given. We omit the calculation as it is straightforward and can be proved with
the help of Lemma 3.1.
Lemma 3.2. For the operators Lann defined by (7) and µyi (t) = (t − y)i , moment
estimates are given as follows,
1. Lann (µy0 (t), y) = 1,
y
2. Lann (µy1 (t), y) = ,
an − 1
n y + 4a2n n2 y 2 + an (ny − 4n2 y 2 )
2 2
3. Lann (µy2 (t), y) = .
n2 (an − 1)2

3.3 Korovkin-type theorem

The Korovkin-type theorems ([11], [4]) is a tool to establish uniform convergence for
a sequence of operators with linearity coniditon and positive behaviour on function
space provided that the sequence converges uniformly for the test functions ei (y) =
y i , i = 0, 1, 2.
Theorem 3. Let h ∈ C([0, b]), b > 0 and Lann be an operators as defined in (7). Then

lim Lann (h, y) = h(y)

n→∞

1
uniformly on [0, b] for any b > 0 and an → 2 as n → ∞.
Proof. As proved in Lemma 2.1,

an y an y(nan y + 1)
Lann (e0 , y) = e0 (y), Lann (e1 , y) = → y, Lann (e2 , y) = → y2 .
1 − an n(an − 1)2

So from Korovkin-type theorem, Lann (h, y) converges uniformly to h for all h ∈

C([0, b]).

3.4 Modification of operators Lann

Lupas [5] introduced the following operators:
∞  
X (nr)k k
Lβn (h, r) = (Lβn h)(h) = (1 − β)nr k
β h , x ≥ 0,
k! n
k=0

for the functions h : [0, ∞) → R and n ∈ N. Here, (nr)0 = 1 and (nr)k = nr(nr +
1)...(nr + k − 1).
In 1992 [12], the author considered the value of a = 12 and we established the
result of Voronovskaya-type theorem of the following linear operators with condition
of positivity and linearity and derived some convergence estimates on a interval with

7
finite length.
∞  
 1  X (nr)k k
(Ln h)(r) = Ln2 h (r) = 2−nr k
f , x ≥ 0. (8)
2 k! n
k=0

King [13] established an approach for positive linear operators, so that the posi-
tive linear operators preserves the constant function and x2 . In [14], the authors give
detail comparative study of King’s modification with original operators and In [15]
the author established an operators preserving an expontial functions.
In the year 2022, Patel and Rathod [3], proposed the modification of Lupaş oper-
ators which preserves the function 1 and 2ar , a > 0 fixed, an established convergence
properties of the following operators.
∞  
X (nαn (x))k k
L∗n,β (h, r) = L∗n (h, x) −nαn (x)
=2 k
f , x ≥ 0, n ∈ N,
2 ! n
k=0

−βr
where αn (r) = β .
nlog2 (2 − 2 n )
Motivated by these, we established the modification of Lupaş operators in equation
(7) which preserves the function 1 and λbr , for λ > 0 and for fixed b > 0.
we introduced the operators as
∞  
X (nαn (y))k k
Ln∗,an (f, y) = (1 − an )nαn (y) akn f , y ≥ 0, n ∈ N. (9)
k! n
k=0

for a function h ∈ C([0, ∞)) such that the above sereis is convergent under the
following condition
L∗,a
n
n
(λbt , x) = λbr (10)
for all y ≥ 0 and n ∈ N. The operators defined in equation (9) are linear and posi-
tive.Note that, in particular αn (y) = y, operators (9) reduce to (7). From the condition
defined in equation (10) one can reach to

by
αn (y) =  . (11)
1 − an
nlogλ b
1 − an λ n

The operators (9) can be written as

 
by  br 
   !
1−an 1−an
logλ ∞ logλ b
 
b X 1−an λ n k
L∗,a
n
n
(f, y) = (1 − an ) 1−an λ n k
akn f . (12)
k! n
k=0

We need some lemmas which will need to prove the main theorems.

8
Lemma 3.3. Let b ≥ 0. Then one has
 
by  by 
   !
1−an 1−an
logλ ∞ logλ b
b X bk
1−an λ n
L∗,a
n
n
(λbt , y) = (1 − an ) 1−an λ n k
akn λ n = λby .
k!
k=0

Lemma 3.4. One has

Ln∗,an (1, y) = 1,
an αn (y)
L∗,a
n
n
(t, y) = ,
1 − an
(1 + nan αn (y))an αn (y)
L∗,a
n
n
(t2 , y) = .
(an − 1)2

Lemma 3.5. One has

an αn (y)
Ln∗,an ((t − y), y) = − x, (13)
(1 − an )
 2
∗,an 2 an αn (y) an αn (y)
Ln ((t − y) , y) = −x + . (14)
1 − an n(an − 1)2

Theorem 4. For h ∈ C ∗ ([0, ∞)), we have

∥L∗,a − h∥∞ ≤ 2w∗ (h,

p
n
n
2γn + σn ),

where
γn = ∥L∗,a
n
n
(λ−t ) − λ−t ∥∞ , σn = ∥L∗,a
n
n
(λ−2t ) − λ2t ∥∞ .
Moreover, γn and σn tend to zero as n → ∞ so that L∗,a
n
n
f converges uniformly
to f .
Proof. The inequality immediately follows from Theorem 4.2, definition (9) and
equality in (11) into account, for b ≥ 0, one can write
∞  nαn
X (nαn )k −bk 1 − an
L∗,a
n
n
(λ−bt , y) = (1 − an ) nαn
akn λ n = b .
k=0
k! 1 − an λ− n
 nαn
1 − an
Consider un = −b and y = limn→∞ un . Now,
1 − an λ n

 
1 − an
logλ un = nαn logλ −b .
1 − an λ n

9
Applying limit to both the sides we get,
 
1 − an by
logλ y = lim logλ un = lim nαn logλ b = lim   = −by.
n→∞ n→∞ 1 − an λ− n n→∞ 1 − an
log λ b
1 − an λ− n

Hence
y = lim un = λ−by .
n→∞
Thus, for b = 1, 2, we can obtain

lim ∥Ln∗,an (λ−t ) − λ−y ∥∞ = 0 and lim ∥L∗,a

n
n
(λ−2t ) − λ−2y ∥∞ = 0.
n→∞ n→∞

Hence, by Theorem 1, We completed the task.

Theorem 5. Let h, h′′ ∈ C([0, ∞)). Then the inequality
r
n[Ln∗,an (h; r) − h(r)] + ayln(λ)h′ (r) − r′′ (r)| ≤|An (y)||h′ (r)| + |Bn (r)||h′′ (r)|
2
r !
∗ 1
′′
+ 2(2Cn + y + Dn (y))w h ,
n

true for any r ∈ (0, ∞), where,

An (r) = nL∗,a
n
n
((α − r), r) + arln(λ),
1
Bn (r) = (nL∗,a n
((α − r)2 ; r) − r),
2 qn q
Cn (r) = n2 L∗,a
n
n
((λ−r − λ−α )4 ; r) L∗,a
n
n
((α − r)4 ; r.

Proof. By Taylor’s expansion,

1
h(α) = h(r) + h′ (r)(α − r) + h′′ (r)(α − r)2 + h(α, r)(α − r)2 , (15)
2

h′′ (η) − h′′ (r)

where h(α, y) = and η is between α and r. If we apply the operators
2
L∗,a
n
n
to both sides of equation (15), we get the following

h′′ (r) ∗,an

Ln∗,an (h; r) − h(r) − h′ (r)Ln∗,an ((α − r); r) − Ln ((α − y)2 ; y) = |L∗,a
n
n
(h(α, y)(α − r)2 ; r))|.
2

From equation (12) and (13), one has

r
n[Ln∗,an (h; r) − h(r)] + ayln(λ)h′ (r) − h′′ (r) ≤ |nL∗,a
n
n
((α − r), r) + ayln(λ)||h′ (y)|
2
1
+ |nL∗,a
n
n
((α − r)2 ; r) − r||h′′ (r)|
2

10
 + |nL∗,a
n
n
(h(α, r)(α − r)2 ; r)|.

1
Put An (y) = nL∗,a
n
n
(α − r; r) + arln(λ) and Bn (r) = (nL∗,a
n
n
((t − r)2 ; r) − r). Hence,
2
r
n[Ln∗,an (h; r) − h(r)] + arln(λ) − h′′ (r) ≤ |An (r)||h′ (r)| + |Bn (r)||h′′ (r)|.
2
+ |nL∗,a
n
n
(h(α, r)(α − r)2 ; r)|.

To finish the proof, we have to take consideration of |nL∗,a

n
n
(h(α, r)(α − r)2 , r)|. When
using the property as shown below,

(λ−y − λ−α )2
 
|h(α) − h(r)| ≤ 1+ w∗ (h, δ), δ > 0.
δ2

then, we can notice the following equality,

(λ−y − λ−α )2
 
|h(α, y)| ≤ 1+ w∗ (f ′′ , δ), δ > 0.
δ2

Moreover,
|h(α, y)| ≤ 2w∗ (h′′ , δ), |λ−y − λ−α | ≤ δ
and
(λ−y − λ−α )2
 
|h(α, y)| ≤ 2 w∗ (h′′ , δ), |λ−y − λ−α | ≥ δ.
δ2
Hence,
(λ−y − λ−α )2
 
|h(α, y)| ≤ 2 1 + w∗ (h′′ , δ).
δ2
Using this, we obtain

nLn∗,an (|h(α, y)|(α − y)2 ; r) ≤ 2nw∗ (h′′ , δ)L∗,a

n
n
((α − y)2 ; r)
2n
+ 2 w∗ (h′′ , δ)L∗,a
n
n
((λ−α − λ−r )2 (λ − r)2 , r).
δ
It is now easy to prove the given theorem. From Cauchy Schwarz’s inequality, we can
write

nL∗,a
n
n
(|h(α, y)|(α − r)2 ; r) ≤ 2nw∗ (h′′ , δ)L∗,a
n
n
((α − r)2 ; r)
2n
q q
+ 2 w∗ (h′′ , δ) L∗,a
n
n
((λ −α − λ−r )4 ; r) L∗,an ((α − r)4 ; r).
n
δ
Then, we get
r
n[Ln∗,an (h, r) − h(r)] + arln(λ)h′ (r) − h′′ (r)
2
≤ |An (r)||h′ (r)|

11
 + |Bn (r)||h′′ (r)|
r !
1
+ 2(2Cn + x + Dn (r))w∗ h′′ ,
n

that completes the proof.

4 Conclusion
In this study, we have successfully proposed and analyzed modifications to the classi-
cal Lupaş operators, leading to a new class of discrete positive linear operators with
enhanced properties. Our modifications retain essential characteristics while offering
improved approximation capabilities. We have thoroughly examined the approxi-
mating converegnce properties of these operators, demonstrating their convergence
behavior and their efficacy in approximating target functions.
Our results highlight that these modified operators not only maintain positive
linearity but also exhibit desirable asymptotic behavior as they approach infinity.
Additionally, the preservation of the form λbx for λ > 0 and fixed b > 0 further
strengthens the versatility of our modifications.
Through the analysis of convergence in uniform space and the application of a
quantitative Voronovskaya-type theorem, we have provided a comprehensive under-
standing of the performance and accuracy of these operators. The use of weighted
moduli of continuity in assessing the order of approximation has led to significant
insights into the efficiency of our proposed methods.
Overall, our findings offer valuable contributions to the theory and application
of discrete positive linear operators, paving the way for more precise and effective
function approximations in various mathematical and applied contexts.

Declarations
• Competing interests
There are no competing interests that authors need to declare.

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