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Meterology Sanjeev

The Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES) is an analytical instrument that determines the elemental composition of materials by measuring light emitted from excited atoms. It operates by exciting atoms with energy, collecting emitted light, and analyzing it to identify and quantify elements based on their specific wavelengths. While OES offers high sensitivity and rapid analysis, it has limitations such as being less effective for light elements and requiring technical expertise for operation.

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3 views

Meterology Sanjeev

The Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES) is an analytical instrument that determines the elemental composition of materials by measuring light emitted from excited atoms. It operates by exciting atoms with energy, collecting emitted light, and analyzing it to identify and quantify elements based on their specific wavelengths. While OES offers high sensitivity and rapid analysis, it has limitations such as being less effective for light elements and requiring technical expertise for operation.

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vcrsproject
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Optical

Emission
Spectrometer

Presented By
Sanjeev Kumar
Roll No. : 24132044

1
Content
• Introduction
• Principle
• Why Use Spark in OES
• Colour – Flame Testing
• Construction
• How OES Works ?
• Advantages
• Limitations

2
Optical Emission Spectrometer
Optical Emission Spectrometer
(OES):
An analytical instrument used to
determine the elemental composition
of materials by measuring the light
emitted from atoms in a sample when
they are excited by an energy source,
such as electrical discharge or a
spark.
The emitted light is analyzed to
identify and quantify the elements
present based on their characteristic
wavelengths.

3
Principle
• Excitation of Atoms: Atoms in a sample are excited by applying energy,
typically through electrical discharge or Spark. This energy causes the
electrons in the atoms to jump to higher energy levels.
• Emission of Light: As the excited electrons return to their original (ground)
state, they release energy in the form of light (photons). The wavelengths of
this emitted light are specific to each element.
• Light Analysis: The emitted light is collected and analyzed using a
spectrometer, which separates the light into its individual wavelengths.
• Element Identification: By examining the wavelengths and their intensities
in the resulting spectrum, specific elements in the sample can be identified
and quantified.

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Source : https://youtu.be/baHsO3CBTxY?si=lX34tsCPxROcdoWy
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Why Use Spark in OES ?
➢ Quick, reliable and reproducible analysis technique
➢ Can analyze wide range of elements
➢ Usually used for metals/alloy analysis, such as :-
• Steel, cast iron and high alloyed steels
• Non-ferrous metals and their alloys
• Al: wrought alloys, casting alloys, etc.
• Cu: bronze, brass, cupronickel, etc.
• Mg, Zn alloys, solders
• Nitrogen in steel
• P in aluminium
• Ultra low carbon analysis

6
Why Use Spark in OES ?
• Good limit of detection for most
materials - generally less then 50
ppm although 10 ppm detection
limits are typical.
• Higher resolution spectrometers
have limits of detection of <10ppm
• With 1ppm typical, detection of O
and N possible and can analyze wide
range of elements.

7
Colours - Flame Testing
• When an element is burned, it burns with a distinct colour.
• These colours are due to the emission spectrum of the element.

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Contruction of OES

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How OES Works ?
1. Sample Preparation : The sample is typically in solid
form, and it may be prepared by grinding, cutting, or
polishing. In some cases, samples are introduced as
liquids or gases.

2. Excitation : The prepared sample is subjected to a


high-energy source, usually an arc, spark, or plasma.
This energy excites the atoms within the sample,
promoting them to higher energy levels.

3. Emission of Light : As the excited atoms return to


their ground state, they release energy in the form of
light. This emitted light consists of photons with
specific wavelengths corresponding to the energy
differences between the excited and ground states of
the atoms. 10
How OES Works ?
4. Light Collection : The emitted
light is collected by a lens system
and directed into a spectrometer.
The spectrometer separates the
light into its component
wavelengths.
5. Spectral Analysis : A detector
(usually a charge-coupled device,
or CCD) captures the separated
light. The intensity of light at each
wavelength is recorded, producing
a spectrum that represents the
elemental composition of the
sample.

11
How OES Works ?
6. Quantification : The intensity of the
emitted light is proportional to the
concentration of the corresponding
element in the sample. By comparing the
measured intensities to those of known
standards, the concentrations of elements
can be quantified.

7. Data The resulting


Interpretation :
spectral data is analyzed to identify and
quantify the elements present in the
sample.

12
The Sample
• Generally speaking the sample is metallic, flat and freshly ground. The sample is clamped in
place and 'sparked' to generate a spectrum - this leaves 'burn' marks on the sample.
• If the sample does not 'burn' correctly than false results can be produced. Poor burning can be
caused by poor grinding and rough/uneven surfaces.

13
Advantages
• High Sensitivity : Detects trace elements at low concentrations.
• Rapid Analysis : Provides quick results, making it suitable for high-
throughput environments.
• Real-Time Results : Allows for immediate feedback during sample analysis.
• Minimal Sample Preparation : Requires little to no preparation, saving time
and effort.
• Wide Elemental Range : Capable of analyzing a broad spectrum of
elements, including metals and some non-metals.

14
Limitations
• Sample Type Limitations : Primarily effective for solid and liquid samples;
not suitable for gases.
• Sensitivity to Light Elements : Less effective at detecting light elements
(e.g., hydrogen, lithium) due to their low emission intensity.
• Cost of Equipment : Initial investment in OES equipment can be high, which
may be a barrier for some laboratories.
• Technical Expertise : Requires trained personnel for operation and data
interpretation.
• Environmental Sensitivity : Performance can be affected by environmental
factors such as temperature and humidity.

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