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The document provides an overview of engineering materials, detailing the relationship between material structure and properties, as well as the classification of materials into metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It discusses the processing and performance of materials, highlighting the importance of structure-property correlations in material engineering. Additionally, it introduces advanced materials such as semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanomaterials.

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sinjinibanerjee1311
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1 views32 pages

E1

The document provides an overview of engineering materials, detailing the relationship between material structure and properties, as well as the classification of materials into metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It discusses the processing and performance of materials, highlighting the importance of structure-property correlations in material engineering. Additionally, it introduces advanced materials such as semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanomaterials.

Uploaded by

sinjinibanerjee1311
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Materials

Introduction
Historical perspective

2
Material Science and Engineering
• “Material science” involves investigating the
relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.

• “Material engineering” is, on the basis of


structure–property correlations (material
science), designing or engineering the
structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set of properties

3
Structure
• The structure of a material usually relates to
the arrangement of its internal components.
• Subatomic structure involves electrons within
the individual atoms and interactions with
their nuclei.
• On an atomic level, structure encompasses
the organization of atoms or molecules
relative to one another

4
Structure
• The next larger structure, which contains large
groups of atoms, is termed microstructure.
• Microstructures include crystal structure,
phases, grains etc.

5
Properties
• A property is a material trait in terms of the
kind and magnitude of response to a specific
imposed stimulus.
• Generally, definitions of properties are made
independent of material shape and size.

6
Properties
• Mechanical : Elastic modulus, strength, Ductility, toughness etc
• Electrical : Conductivity, dielectric constant, permittivity
• Thermal : heat capacity and thermal conductivity
• Magnetic : permeability, susceptibility,magnetization, curie pt
• Optical : refractive index,reflectivity,emmisivity, absorptive
• Deteriorative : chemical reactivity

7
Processing and Performance

• Processing : Methods for making materials.


Structure depends on processing.
• Performance:
Performance depends upon properties.

8
P-S-P-P relationship example

Single crystal

polycrystalline Polycrystalline with voids


9
P-S-P-P relationship example

Strength

10
Classification of Engineering Materials
1. Metals and alloys
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers (plastics)

11
Metals and alloys
• Composed of mainly metals and some
non-metals to form alloy
• Atoms are arranged in orderly manner

• Relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile, and


are resistant to fracture

12
Metals and alloys
• Extremely good conductors of electricity and
heat
• Non-transparent to visible light; lustrous
appearance (polished metal surface)
• Some of the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have
desirable magnetic properties.

13
Metals and alloys

14
Ceramics
• Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements; mostly oxides, nitrides, and carbides.

• Stiffness and strengths are comparable to those of


the metals
• Typically very hard, extremely brittle (lack
ductility), highly susceptible to fracture

15
Ceramics
• Low electrical and thermal conductivities
• Some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4)
exhibit magnetic behavior

• Resistant to high temperatures and harsh


• Transparent, translucent, or opaque

16
Ceramics

17
Polymers and Elastomers
• Very long chain (polymerized) of organic
compounds chemically based on carbon,
hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements
(viz. O,N, and Si)
• Low densities
• Not as stiff nor as strong as these other
material types but comparable due to high
strength to weight ratio
• Extremely ductile and pliable

18
Polymers and Elastomers

19
Polymers and Elastomers
• Softens at low temperature
• Mostly chemically inert
• Low electrical and thermal conductivities and
are nonmagnetic.

Elastomers are polymers having elastic


properties.

20
Polymers and Elastomers

21
Composites
• Composed of two (or more) individual
materials (metals, ceramic and polymers)
• Combination of properties that is not
displayed by any single material can be
achieved
Examples: Concrete, wood, and fiberglass

22
Density

23
Stiffness

24
Strength

25
Fracture Toughness

26
Electrical Conductivity

27
Advance Materials
• Semiconductors

• Biomaterials

• Smart materials

• Nanomaterials

28
Semiconductors
• Electrical properties that are intermediate
between the electrical conductors and
insulators
• Application: Integrated Circuit

29
Biomaterials
• Employed in components implanted into the
human body
• Must not produce toxic substances and must
be compatible with body tissues

30
Smart materials
• Sensitive to environmental changes
• Used as sensors and actuators

31
Nanomaterials
• Bottom up approach
• Properties that can not be achieved in top
down approach

32

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