Introduction to Wideband Phase Modulation

and Demodulation

OPEN ENDED LAB

COMUNICATION SYSTEM

NAME MUTI
SAP ID 70136943
SUBMITTED TO SIR RAHEEL

FEBRUARY 12, 2024

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
[Company address]
Contents
Introduction to Wideband Phase Modulation and Demodulation ............................................................ 2
Step-by-Step Explanation of the Simulink Model .................................................................................... 4
Steps to Implement the Simulink Model ........................................................................................... 5
1. Top Left: Sine Wave (Input Message Signal) ..................................................................................... 6
2. Bottom Left: PM Modulator Passband ............................................................................................. 6
3. Top Right: PM Demodulator Passband ............................................................................................. 6
4. Bottom Right: Analog Filter Design ................................................................................................... 7
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Introduction to Wideband Phase Modulation and Demodulation

1. What is Phase Modulation (PM)?

Phase Modulation (PM) is a technique in which the phase of a carrier signal is varied directly in
proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal (message signal). It is widely used in
communication systems to encode information for transmission.

In a general PM system:

s(t)=Acsin(2πfct+kpm(t))

Where:

 Ac: Amplitude of the carrier signal.

 fc: Carrier frequency.

 kp: Phase sensitivity constant.

 m(t) Message signal (modulating signal).

 The term kpm(t) represents the phase deviation introduced by the modulating signal.

2. Wideband Phase Modulation

Wideband phase modulation is a variant where the modulating signal's bandwidth is significant
compared to the carrier frequency. This broader bandwidth allows more complex information, such as
high-frequency or wide-spectrum signals, to be transmitted.

Characteristics of Wideband PM:

 Large Phase Deviation: The phase of the carrier changes over a wider range, potentially
exceeding π/2\pi/2π/2 or π\piπ.

 Higher Modulation Index (β\betaβ):

β=Δϕ/fm

Where:

o Δϕ: Maximum phase deviation.

o fm : Maximum frequency of the modulating signal.

 The carrier signal exhibits significant changes in phase to accommodate high-frequency

components of the message signal.
  Requires a higher bandwidth than narrowband PM systems.

3. Wideband Phase Demodulation

Demodulation is the process of extracting the original message signal m(t)m(t)m(t) from the modulated
signal. For wideband PM, demodulation is more complex due to the broader frequency spectrum.

Steps in Wideband PM Demodulation:

1. Input Signal Filtering:

o Filters are used to isolate the desired modulated signal from noise or other interference.

2. Phase Detection:

o A phase-locked loop (PLL) or other phase detection methods are commonly used to
track the phase changes of the carrier signal.

o The output of the phase detector represents the instantaneous phase variation (kpm(t).

3. Scaling and Recovery:

o The detected phase variation is scaled by 1/kp to recover the original modulating signal
m(t)

4. Lowpass Filtering:

o A lowpass filter eliminates high-frequency noise components, ensuring a clean

recovered signal.

4. Advantages of Wideband Phase Modulation

 Higher Data Rates:

o Wideband PM allows the transmission of more information due to its broader

bandwidth.

 Resilience to Noise:

o PM is less susceptible to amplitude noise, making it suitable for communication in noisy

environments.

 Compatibility with FM:

o Wideband PM is closely related to wideband frequency modulation (FM), enabling

interoperability in systems.

5. Applications
 Telecommunications:

o High-speed data transmission in satellite and microwave communication.

 Radar Systems:

o Phase modulation is used to encode wideband chirp signals for precise target detection.

 Seismic Data Communication:

o Wideband PM facilitates the transmission of detailed seismic waveforms.

 Military Communication:

o Secure, robust communication systems often rely on wideband PM.

Step-by-Step Explanation of the Simulink Model

1. Sine Wave Block (Message Signal):
o Function: Generates the input message signal m(t), which is a sinusoidal wave.
o Frequency: 120Hz (low-frequency message signal).
o Output: A pure sine wave that will modulate the carrier signal.
2. PM Modulator Passband:
o Function: Modulates the carrier signal by varying its phase according to the amplitude of
the message signal.
o Carrier Frequency: 250 Hz(higher frequency for transmission).
o Phase Deviation: Configured for Δϕ=π/2.
o Output: A phase-modulated signal with a frequency shift proportional to the message
signal.
3. PM Demodulator Passband:
o Function: Recovers the phase information of the modulated signal and converts it back
into an amplitude signal corresponding to the original message.
o Output: A signal with phase-related distortions and noise, requiring further filtering.
4. Wideband Spectrum Analysis (Before Filtering):
o Function: Analyzes the spectrum of the demodulated signal before filtering to show
high-frequency distortions and noise components.
o Observation: Wideband characteristics with additional noise.
5. Zero-Order Hold Blocks (Discrete Signal Sampling):
o Purpose: Converts the continuous signal into discrete form for digital processing.
o Locations in Model:
 After demodulation to discretize the noisy signal.
 After filtering to enable synchronized spectrum analysis.
6. Analog Filter Design (Butterworth Filter):
o Filter Type: Butterworth low-pass filter, designed to isolate the message signal by
removing high-frequency noise and distortions.
o Cutoff Frequency: Set slightly above the message frequency (e.g., 150 Hz150 \,
\text{Hz}150Hz) to retain the desired signal.
o Purpose: Ensures clean recovery of the 120 Hz message signal.
7. After Filter Spectrum Analysis:
o Function: Examines the filtered signal's spectrum to confirm the removal of high-
frequency distortions.
 o Observation: Displays the clean spectrum of the recovered signal, dominated by the 120
Hz component.
8. Scope (Signal Visualization):
o Connections: Displays the signals at various processing stages for comparison.
 Input Signal: The original 120 Hz sine wave.
 Modulated Signal: The phase-modulated carrier.
 Demodulated Signal (Before Filtering): Noisy version of the original signal.
 Filtered Signal (After Filtering): Clean version of the 120 Hz message signal.

Steps to Implement the Simulink Model

1. Build the Blocks:

o Add a Sine Wave Block for the input signal.
o Connect the PM Modulator Passband and set the carrier frequency to 250 Hz.
o Add the PM Demodulator Passband block to recover the phase-modulated signal.
2. Insert Analysis Components:
o Add Spectrum Analyzer Blocks at two points: before and after filtering.
o Include Zero-Order Hold Blocks for sampling.
3. Design the Filter:
o Use the Analog Filter Design Block to create a Butterworth low-pass filter.
o Set the cutoff frequency to isolate the message signal.
4. Configure the Scope:
o Add a Scope Block to display the signals at multiple points in the system.
5. Simulate the Model:
o Run the simulation and observe the results on the Scope and Spectrum Analyzer.

CIRCUIT
GRAPH

1. Top Left: Sine Wave (Input Message Signal)

 Description:
o This is the original message signal, a sine wave with a frequency of 120 Hz.
o It represents the input signal m(t), which will modulate the carrier.
 Observation:
o The sine wave is clean and periodic, with no noise or distortion.

2. Bottom Left: PM Modulator Passband

 Description:
o This shows the phase-modulated signal produced by varying the phase of the carrier
according to the input signal.
o The phase deviation is proportional to the amplitude of the sine wave message signal.
 Observation:
o The carrier signal's phase changes significantly, resulting in a distorted sinusoidal
waveform.
o The phase deviation is visibly large, characteristic of wideband phase modulation.

3. Top Right: PM Demodulator Passband

 Description:
 o This is the demodulated signal after recovering the phase variations from the modulated
signal.
o Ideally, it should resemble the original message signal m(t).
 Observation:
o The signal closely resembles the input sine wave, but minor distortions and noise are
present due to the demodulation process.

4. Bottom Right: Analog Filter Design

 Description:
o This is the output of the Butterworth filter applied to the demodulated signal.
o The filter removes high-frequency noise and smoothens the waveform.
 Observation:
o The signal is much cleaner, with minimal distortion, and closely matches the original
sine wave.

Phase Deviation (Δϕ=π/2)

 What is Phase Deviation?
o Phase deviation is the maximum change in the carrier's phase due to modulation.
o For a modulating signal amplitude m(t)m(t)m(t), the phase deviation is given by:
Δϕ=kpm(t)max Where kp is the phase sensitivity constant.
 Why π/2\pi/2π/2?
o The modulator is configured such that the maximum phase deviation is Δϕ=π/2
o This means the carrier wave's phase is shifted by a maximum of 90 relative to its
unmodulated state.
 Analysis on Scope:
o In the PM Modulator Passband plot, the carrier signal exhibits phase variations that
correspond to a π/2deviation.
o The phase shifts are noticeable as irregularities in the modulated waveform, directly
tied to the sine wave amplitude of the input message.

Conclusion

 The system successfully demonstrates phase modulation and demodulation.

 The phase deviation of π/2\pi/2π/2 is evident in the significant changes in the carrier signal's
phase, proportional to the input signal.
 The final filtered signal confirms that the original sine wave is recovered effectively, validating
the modulation and demodulation process.
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