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probability

Probability is a mathematical branch that quantifies the likelihood of events occurring, measuring chance, risk, and uncertainty. Key concepts include experiments, outcomes, events, and sample spaces, with probability values ranging from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain). Understanding probability is essential for making informed decisions in various fields such as finance, science, and sports.

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2 views

probability

Probability is a mathematical branch that quantifies the likelihood of events occurring, measuring chance, risk, and uncertainty. Key concepts include experiments, outcomes, events, and sample spaces, with probability values ranging from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain). Understanding probability is essential for making informed decisions in various fields such as finance, science, and sports.

Uploaded by

Qaizhar RK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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🎲 Probability Summary

Probability is the branch of math that deals with how likely something is to happen. It helps us measure
chance, risk, and uncertainty in real-life situations.

🎯 Key Concepts:

 Experiment – an action or process (like rolling a die or flipping a coin).

 Outcome – the result of a single trial (e.g., rolling a 4).

 Event – one or more outcomes (e.g., rolling an even number).

 Sample Space – all possible outcomes (e.g., for a coin flip: {Heads, Tails}).

🔢 How Probability Is Measured:

Probability (P)=Number of favorable outcomesTotal number of possible outcomes\text{Probability (P)}


= \frac{\text{Number of favorable outcomes}}{\text{Total number of possible
outcomes}}Probability (P)=Total number of possible outcomesNumber of favorable outcomes

 Probability is always between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain).

 It can also be written as a fraction, decimal, or percentage.

🧠 Types of Events:

 Certain – always happens (P = 1)

 Impossible – can’t happen (P = 0)

 Likely – more than 50% chance

 Unlikely – less than 50% chance

 Equally likely – all outcomes have the same chance (like rolling a fair die)

🎲 Examples:

 Flipping a coin:

o P(Heads) = ½

o P(Tails) = ½

 Rolling a die:

o P(rolling a 3) = 1/6

o P(rolling an even number) = 3/6 = ½


🧮 Advanced Ideas (for higher levels):

 Independent Events – one event does not affect the other.

 Dependent Events – one event affects the next.

 Complement – the opposite of an event happening:

P(not A)=1−P(A)P(\text{not A}) = 1 - P(A)P(not A)=1−P(A)

 Compound Events – involve two or more events happening together (AND/OR rules).

🔍 Why Probability Matters:

Probability is used in games, weather forecasts, sports, science, insurance, finance, and even medicine.
It helps us make smart predictions and decisions based on data.

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